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Li Y, Ma A, Wang Y, Guo Q, Wang C, Fu H, Liu B, Ma Q. Enhancer-driven gene regulatory networks inference from single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae369. [PMID: 39082647 PMCID: PMC11289686 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the intricate relationships between transcription factors (TFs), enhancers, and genes through the inference of enhancer-driven gene regulatory networks (eGRNs) is crucial in understanding gene regulatory programs in a complex biological system. This study introduces STREAM, a novel method that leverages a Steiner forest problem model, a hybrid biclustering pipeline, and submodular optimization to infer eGRNs from jointly profiled single-cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility data. Compared to existing methods, STREAM demonstrates enhanced performance in terms of TF recovery, TF-enhancer linkage prediction, and enhancer-gene relation discovery. Application of STREAM to an Alzheimer's disease dataset and a diffuse small lymphocytic lymphoma dataset reveals its ability to identify TF-enhancer-gene relations associated with pseudotime, as well as key TF-enhancer-gene relations and TF cooperation underlying tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Anjun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yizhong Wang
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Cankun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Bingqiang Liu
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Onisiforou A, Christodoulou CC, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Zanos P, Georgiou P. Transcriptomic analysis reveals sex-specific patterns in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1345498. [PMID: 38689734 PMCID: PMC11058985 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1345498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The hippocampus, vital for memory and learning, is among the first brain regions affected in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and exhibits adult neurogenesis. Women face twice the risk of developing AD compare to men, making it crucial to understand sex differences in hippocampal function for comprehending AD susceptibility. Methods We conducted a comprehensive analysis of bulk mRNA postmortem samples from the whole hippocampus (GSE48350, GSE5281) and its CA1 and CA3 subfields (GSE29378). Our aim was to perform a comparative molecular signatures analysis, investigating sex-specific differences and similarities in the hippocampus and its subfields in AD. This involved comparing the gene expression profiles among: (a) male controls (M-controls) vs. female controls (F-controls), (b) females with AD (F-AD) vs. F-controls, (c) males with AD (M-AD) vs. M-controls, and (d) M-AD vs. F-AD. Furthermore, we identified AD susceptibility genes interacting with key targets of menopause hormone replacement drugs, specifically the ESR1 and ESR2 genes, along with GPER1. Results The hippocampal analysis revealed contrasting patterns between M-AD vs. M-controls and F-AD vs. F-controls, as well as M-controls vs. F-controls. Notably, BACE1, a key enzyme linked to amyloid-beta production in AD pathology, was found to be upregulated in M-controls compared to F-controls in both CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields. In M-AD vs. M-controls, the GABAergic synapse was downregulated, and the Estrogen signaling pathway was upregulated in both subfields, unlike in F-AD vs. F-controls. Analysis of the whole hippocampus also revealed upregulation of the GABAergic synapse in F-AD vs. F-controls. While direct comparison of M-AD vs. F-AD, revealed a small upregulation of the ESR1 gene in the CA1 subfield of males. Conversely, F-AD vs. F-controls exhibited downregulation of the Dopaminergic synapse in both subfields, while the Calcium signaling pathway showed mixed regulation, being upregulated in CA1 but downregulated in CA3, unlike in M-AD vs. M-controls. The upregulated Estrogen signaling pathway in M-AD, suggests a compensatory response to neurodegenerative specifically in males with AD. Our results also identified potential susceptibility genes interacting with ESR1 and ESR2, including MAPK1, IGF1, AKT1, TP53 and CD44. Conclusion These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific disease mechanisms in AD pathogenesis. Region-specific analysis offers a more detailed examination of localized changes in the hippocampus, enabling to capture sex-specific molecular patterns in AD susceptibility and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onisiforou
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Panos Zanos
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Psychoneuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Barreto GE. Repurposing of Tibolone in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1115. [PMID: 37509151 PMCID: PMC10377087 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterised by the accumulation of amyloid-beta and tau in the brain, leading to the progressive loss of memory and cognition. The causes of its pathogenesis are still not fully understood, but some risk factors, such as age, genetics, and hormones, may play a crucial role. Studies show that postmenopausal women have a higher risk of developing AD, possibly due to the decrease in hormone levels, especially oestrogen, which may be directly related to a reduction in the activity of oestrogen receptors, especially beta (ERβ), which favours a more hostile cellular environment, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, mainly affecting key processes related to transport, metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. Given the influence of hormones on biological processes at the mitochondrial level, hormone therapies are of clinical interest to reduce the risk or delay the onset of symptoms associated with AD. One drug with such potential is tibolone, which is used in clinics to treat menopause-related symptoms. It can reduce amyloid burden and have benefits on mitochondrial integrity and dynamics. Many of its protective effects are mediated through steroid receptors and may also be related to neuroglobin, whose elevated levels have been shown to protect against neurological diseases. Its importance has increased exponentially due to its implication in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we discuss recent advances in tibolone, focusing on its mitochondrial-protective effects, and highlight how valuable this compound could be as a therapeutic alternative to mitigate the molecular pathways characteristic of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Zhang T, Wei W, Chang S, Liu N, Li H. Integrated Network Pharmacology and Comprehensive Bioinformatics Identifying the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Yizhiqingxin Formula for Treatment of Comorbidity With Alzheimer’s Disease and Depression. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:853375. [PMID: 35548356 PMCID: PMC9081443 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.853375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Yizhiqinxin formula (YZQX) has been used to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or major depression disorder (MDD). However, its specific underlying mechanisms and therapeutic targets remain unclear.Methods: The ingredients and putative targets of YZQX were screened using the TCMSP and Drugbank databases. Next, the GEO database was used to retrieve relevant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AD or MDD and normal tissues. The PPI network was established, merged, and further screened to identify the main ingredients and core targets of YZQX against AD and MDD comorbidities. We performed enrichment analysis of core targets to identify biological processes and pathways. Finally, AutoDock software was used to validate the binding affinity between the crucial targets of direct action and their corresponding ingredients.Results: A total of 43 ingredients were identified from YZQX, of which 43 were screened to yield 504 targets. By establishing the PPI network, 92 targets were regarded as targets of YZQX against AD and MDD comorbidities in the core network. Promising targets (HSP90AA1, ESR1, AKT1, VCAM1, EGFR, CDK1, MAPK1, CDK2, MYC, HSPB1, and HSPA5) and signaling pathways (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, MAPK signaling pathway, etc.) were filtered and refined to elucidate the underlying mechanism of YZQX against AD and MDD comorbidities. Molecular docking confirmed the ingredients of YZQX (quercetin and kaempferol) could bind well to multiple crucial targets.Conclusion: The ingredients of YZQX, such as quercetin and kaempferol, might treat AD and MDD comorbidities by acting on multiple targets and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Surui Chang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nanyang Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nanyang Liu, ; Hao Li,
| | - Hao Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nanyang Liu, ; Hao Li,
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Xie Y, Yan B, Hou M, Zhou M, Liu C, Sun M, He K, Fang C, Chen Y, Huang L. Erzhi pills ameliorate cognitive dysfunction and alter proteomic hippocampus profiles induced by d-galactose and Aβ 1-40 injection in ovariectomized Alzheimer's disease model rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1402-1414. [PMID: 34672897 PMCID: PMC8547838 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1990353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Erzhi pills are a classic Chinese medicine prescription, but their effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not clear. OBJECTIVE The protective effects of Erzhi pills in AD rats and their potential mechanisms were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS An AD rat model was established by ovariectomy combined with d-galactose and Aβ1-40 injection. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated, model, oestradiol valerate (0.80 mg/kg), Erzhi pills high-dose (1.50 g/kg), and Erzhi pills low-dose (0.75 g/kg). Learning and memory abilities were evaluated with the Morris water maze test, oestrogen levels with an ELISA kit, and hippocampal neuron morphology and Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm with H&E and Nissl staining. The expression of ERβ, Aβ1-40, and p-tau404 was determined by immunohistochemistry. Nano LC-LTQ-Orbitrap Proteomics determined potential targets and related signalling pathways. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the related proteins. RESULTS Erzhi pills (1.5, 0.75 g/kg) markedly reduced escape latencies on the MWM, increased numbers of platform crossings, numbers of neurons, Nissl bodies, oestrogen levels (100.18, 43.04 pg/mL), and ERβ-positive cells (57.42, 39.83); Aβ1-40 (18.85, 36.83)- and p-tau404 (14.42, 29.71)-positive cells were significantly decreased. Proteomics identified more than 100 differentially expressed proteins involved in 48 signalling pathways, five of which are involved in the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Western blotting showed decreased expression of GSK3β and Bad, while Akt, PI3K, 14-3-3, Bcl-xl, and Bcl-2 were upregulated. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Erzhi pills may serve as a potential agent for AD therapeutics by improving learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Clinical Development Department, Shandong Qidu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zibo, China
| | - Min Hou
- Pharmacy Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Jingdezhen, Jingdezhen, China
| | - Maofu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengsheng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun He
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Cong Fang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Nephrology Department, Jiang Xi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Ulhaq ZS, Garcia CP. Estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to dementia. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1281-1293. [PMID: 32335869 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence supports the involvement of sex steroid hormones in the development and progression of dementia. Attention has been largely focused on the association between genetic variants of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα, ESR1) with dementia, although several studies indicate that ERβ is predominantly expressed in the brain. Interestingly, however, a limited number of studies evaluate the role of ERβ (ESR2) in dementia. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the association between ESR2 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of dementia. All the relevant studies evaluating ESR2 genetic polymorphisms and dementia were identified through online databases. In total, 14 studies including 20,609 subjects were analyzed. Collectively, it was found that a combined data set of ESR2 polymorphisms was not associated with dementia risk. Interestingly, ESR2 rs4986938 polymorphism is significantly associated with dementia in the Asian population (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.91, P = 0.006). The carrier of A allele in rs4986938 exhibits a protective effect against dementia (A vs. G, OR = 0.6633, P = 0.012; AA + GA vs. GG, OR = 0.6499, P = 0.014; GA vs. AA + GG, OR = 0.6672, P = 0.025; GA vs. GG, OR = 0.6617, P = 0.022). In conclusion, our study suggests that ESR2 genetic polymorphisms are not significantly associated with dementia risk. ESR2 rs4986938 may have potential as a genetic marker for dementia in the Asian population. However, further studies need to verify this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang, Batu, East Java, 65151, Indonesia.
| | - Cristian Peinado Garcia
- Department of General Surgery, Weston General Hospital, Grange Rd, Weston-super-Mare, BS23 4QT, UK
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7
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Tan GCY, Chu C, Lee YT, Tan CCK, Ashburner J, Wood NW, Frackowiak RS. The influence of microsatellite polymorphisms in sex steroid receptor genes ESR1, ESR2 and AR on sex differences in brain structure. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117087. [PMID: 32593802 PMCID: PMC8960998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and oestrogen receptor beta (ESR2) play essential roles in mediating the effect of sex hormones on sex differences in the brain. Using Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and gene sizing in two independent samples (discovery n = 173, replication = 61), we determine the common and unique influences on brain sex differences in grey (GM) and white matter (WM) volume between repeat lengths (n) of microsatellite polymorphisms AR(CAG)n, ESR1(TA)n and ESR2(CA)n. In the hypothalamus, temporal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior insula and prefrontal cortex, we find increased GM volume with increasing AR(CAG)n across sexes, decreasing ESR1(TA)n across sexes and decreasing ESR2(CA)n in females. Uniquely, AR(CAG)n was positively associated with dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal GM volume and the anterior corona radiata, left superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, thalamus and internal capsule WM volume. ESR1(TA)n was negatively associated with the left superior corona radiata, left cingulum and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus WM volume uniquely. ESR2(CA)n was negatively associated with right fusiform and posterior cingulate cortex uniquely. We thus describe the neuroanatomical correlates of three microsatellite polymorphisms of steroid hormone receptors and their relationship to sex differences. Microsatellite polymorphisms in sex hormone receptor genes influence volume in regions of brain sex difference AR(CAG)n repeat length is positively associated with grey and white matter volume across males and females ESR1(TA)n repeat length is negatively associated with grey and white matter volume across males and females ESR2(CA)n repeat length is negatively associated with grey matter volume in females but not in males Repeat length was associated with volume in the hypothalamus, insula, temporal cortices, prefrontal cortices, inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi in the three genes. These regions were largely replicated in an independent cohort acquired on a separate scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Chern-Yee Tan
- Institute of Mental Health, National Healthcare Group, Singapore; Clinical Imaging Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore.
| | - Carlton Chu
- DeepMind Technologies Limited, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Yu Teng Lee
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London (UCL), United Kingdom, UK
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Nogara PRB, Godoy-Santos AL, Fonseca FCP, Cesar-Netto C, Carvalho KC, Baracat EC, Maffulli N, Pontin PA, Santos MCL. Association of estrogen receptor β polymorphisms with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471:63-69. [PMID: 32472323 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction is three times more common in females, and some patients may have a predisposition without a clinically evident cause, suggesting that individual characteristics play an important role in tendinopathy. The present study investigated the association of rs4986938 (+ 1730G > A; AluI RFLP) and rs1256049 (- 1082G > A; RsaI RFLP) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) gene with PTT dysfunction. A total of 400 participants were recruited. The PTT dysfunction group: these patients underwent surgery, with PTT tendinopathy confirmed by histopathology and magnetic resonance image (MRI). The control group was composed of participants with no clinical or MRI evidence of PTT dysfunction. Each group was composed of 100 postmenopausal women, 50 premenopausal women, and 50 men. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples, and genotypes were obtained by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Concerning the ER-β SNP rs4986938, there were significant differences in the frequencies of alleles between test and control groups of all the cases, only postmenopausal women and only men (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0001). Considering the PTT dysfunction group and comparing postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women adding men, the analysis showed significant differences in the allelic distribution (p = 0.0450): the allele A in postmenopausal women is a risk factor. The ER-β SNP rs1256049 did not show differences in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes between groups. The ER-β SNP rs4986938, but not ER -β SNPs rs1256049, may contribute to PTT insufficiency in the Brazilian population, with additional risk in postmenopausal women. Addition, in men the genetic factor could be more determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R B Nogara
- Department of Cell Biology, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A L Godoy-Santos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Service, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F C P Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Service, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Cesar-Netto
- Department of Orthopedic, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - K C Carvalho
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Baracat
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, School of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - P A Pontin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Service, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M C L Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Rua Francisco H. Dos Santos, Jd. das Américas, Curitiba PR, 81531-990, Brazil.
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James CD, Morgan IM, Bristol ML. The Relationship between Estrogen-Related Signaling and Human Papillomavirus Positive Cancers. Pathogens 2020; 9:E403. [PMID: 32455952 PMCID: PMC7281727 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High risk-human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known carcinogens. Numerous reports have linked the steroid hormone estrogen, and the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), to HPV-related cancers, although the exact nature of the interactions remains to be fully elucidated. Here we will focus on estrogen signaling and describe both pro and potentially anti-cancer effects of this hormone in HPV-positive cancers. This review will summarize: (1) cell culture-related evidence, (2) animal model evidence, and (3) clinical evidence demonstrating an interaction between estrogen and HPV-positive cancers. This comprehensive review provides insights into the potential relationship between estrogen and HPV. We suggest that estrogen may provide a potential therapeutic for HPV-related cancers, however additional studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. James
- School of Dentistry, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- School of Dentistry, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Molly L. Bristol
- School of Dentistry, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Vegeto E, Villa A, Della Torre S, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Cristofani R, Galbiati M, Maggi A, Poletti A. The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5572525. [PMID: 31544208 PMCID: PMC7156855 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, including genetic and environmental factors. Many of these diseases show a sex prevalence and sex steroids were shown to have a role in the progression of specific forms of neurodegeneration. Estrogens were reported to be neuroprotective through their action on cognate nuclear and membrane receptors, while adverse effects of male hormones have been described on neuronal cells, although some data also suggest neuroprotective activities. The response of the CNS to sex steroids is a complex and integrated process that depends on (i) the type and amount of the cognate steroid receptor and (ii) the target cell type-either neurons, glia, or microglia. Moreover, the levels of sex steroids in the CNS fluctuate due to gonadal activities and to local metabolism and synthesis. Importantly, biochemical processes involved in the pathogenesis of NDs are increasingly being recognized as different between the two sexes and as influenced by sex steroids. The aim of this review is to present current state-of-the-art understanding on the potential role of sex steroids and their receptors on the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative disorders, namely, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the peculiar motoneuron disease spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, in which hormonal therapy is potentially useful as disease modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vegeto
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DiSS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Knowledge-Based Neuroendocrine Immunomodulation (NIM) Molecular Network Construction and Its Application. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061312. [PMID: 29848990 PMCID: PMC6099962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that the neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) network plays an important role in maintaining and modulating body function and the homeostasis of the internal environment. The disequilibrium of NIM in the body is closely associated with many diseases. In the present study, we first collected a core dataset of NIM signaling molecules based on our knowledge and obtained 611 NIM signaling molecules. Then, we built a NIM molecular network based on the MetaCore database and analyzed the signaling transduction characteristics of the core network. We found that the endocrine system played a pivotal role in the bridge between the nervous and immune systems and the signaling transduction between the three systems was not homogeneous. Finally, employing the forest algorithm, we identified the molecular hub playing an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), based on the NIM molecular network constructed by us. The results showed that GSK3B, SMARCA4, PSMD7, HNF4A, PGR, RXRA, and ESRRA might be the key molecules for RA, while RARA, STAT3, STAT1, and PSMD14 might be the key molecules for AD. The molecular hub may be a potentially druggable target for these two complex diseases based on the literature. This study suggests that the NIM molecular network in this paper combined with the forest algorithm might provide a useful tool for predicting drug targets and understanding the pathogenesis of diseases. Therefore, the NIM molecular network and the corresponding online tool will not only enhance research on complex diseases and system biology, but also promote the communication of valuable clinical experience between modern medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
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Yan Y, Dominguez S, Fisher DW, Dong H. Sex differences in chronic stress responses and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:120-126. [PMID: 29888307 PMCID: PMC5991323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects women in both disease prevalence and severity, but the mechanisms underlying this sex divergence are unknown. Though some have suggested this difference in risk is a reflection of known differences in longevity between men and women, mounting clinical and preclinical evidence supports women also having intrinsic susceptibilities towards the disease. While a number of potential risk factors have been hypothesized to affect these differences in risks, none have been definitively verified. In this review, we discuss a novel hypothesis whereby women's susceptibility to chronic stress also mediates increased risk for AD. As stress is a risk factor for AD, and women are twice as likely to develop mood disorders where stress is a major etiology, it is possible that sex dimorphisms in stress responses contribute to the increase in women with AD. In line with this, sex divergence in biochemical responses to stress have been noted along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and among known molecular effectors of AD, with crosstalk between these processes also being likely. In addition, activation of the cortical corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) signaling pathway leads to distinct female-biased increases in molecules associated with AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the different biochemical responses to stress between women and men may represent an intrinsic, sex-dependent risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Sky Dominguez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel W. Fisher
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563099, China
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Maney DL. Polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors: From gene sequence to behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:47-65. [PMID: 28705582 PMCID: PMC6312198 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors have received much interest as potential mediators of human behaviors and mental disorders. Candidate gene association studies have identified about 50 genetic variants of androgen and estrogen receptors that correlate with human behavioral phenotypes. Because most of these polymorphisms lie outside coding regions, discerning their effect on receptor function is not straightforward. Thus, although discoveries of associations improve our ability to predict risk, they have not greatly advanced our understanding of underlying mechanisms. This article is intended to serve as a starting point for psychologists and other behavioral biologists to consider potential mechanisms. Here, I review associations between polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors and human behavioral phenotypes. I then consider ways in which genetic variation can affect processes such as mRNA transcription, splicing, and stability. Finally, I suggest ways that hypotheses about mechanism can be tested, for example using in vitro assays and/or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Maney
- Department of Psychology, 36 Eagle Row, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Emamzadeh FN. Role of Apolipoproteins and α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:344-355. [PMID: 28695482 PMCID: PMC5541107 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive brain disorder that interferes with activities of normal life. The main pathological feature of this disease is the loss of more than 80% of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Dopaminergic neuronal cell death occurs when intraneuronal, insoluble, aggregated proteins start to form Lewy bodies (LBs), the most important component of which is a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn). α-Syn structurally contains hexameric repeats of 11 amino acids, which are characteristic of apolipoproteins and thus α-syn can also be considered an apolipoprotein. Moreover, apolipoproteins seem to be involved in the incidence and development of PD. Some apolipoproteins such as ApoD have a neuroprotective role in the brain. In PD, apoD levels increase in glial cells surrounding dopaminergic cells. However, elevated levels of some other apolipoproteins such as ApaA1 and ApoE are reported as a vulnerability factor of PD. At present, when a clinical diagnosis of PD is made, based on symptoms such as shaking, stiff muscles and slow movement, serious damage has already been done to nerve cells of the SN. The diagnosis of PD in its earlier stages, before this irreversible damage, would be of enormous benefit for future treatment strategies designed to slow or halt the progression of PD. This review presents the roles of apolipoproteins and α-syn in PD and how some of them could potentially be used as biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK.
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15
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Gujski M, Pinkas J, Wierzbińska-Stępniak A, Owoc A, Bojar I. Does genetic testing for ERα gene polymorphisms provide new possibilities of treatment for cognitive function disorders in postmenopausal women? Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1224-1232. [PMID: 28883865 PMCID: PMC5575213 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.62451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is commonly considered that cognitive abilities decrease with age, especially with respect to processing and psychomotor speed. It is an interesting issue whether, apart from the ageing process, the undergoing of menopause itself deteriorates cognitive functions, compared to women at reproductive age. Hopes for improvement of cognitive functions were pinned on the use of menopausal hormone therapy. However, the results of studies concerning the effect of hormone replacement therapy on cognition proved to be contradictory. It seems that the essence of the problem is more complicated than only estrogen deficiency. It is suggested that estrogen receptor α (ERα) polymorphism may be responsible for the differences in the effect of estrogens on cognitive processes. The article presents current knowledge concerning the effect of estrogens on the central nervous system, especially the role of ERα polymorphism, with respect to foreseeing benefits from the use of exogenous estrogens for cognitive functions. At the present stage of research, ERα appears to be poorly specific; nevertheless, it may be an important instrument for the classification of peri- and post-menopausal patients in the group where therapy with the use of estrogens may bring about benefits in terms of prevention and treatment of cognitive disorders. It also seems necessary to conduct prophylactic, screening examination of cognitive functions in post-menopausal women, in order to identify those at risk of the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Gujski
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Pinkas
- School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Alfred Owoc
- Center for Public Health and Health Promotion, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Bojar
- Department for Woman Health, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
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16
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Chen LH, Fan YH, Kao PYP, Ho DTY, Ha JCT, Chu LW, Song YQ. Genetic Polymorphisms in Estrogen Metabolic Pathway Associated with Risks of Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from a Southern Chinese Population. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65:332-339. [PMID: 28102888 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether genetic variations on the estrogen metabolic pathway would be associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Individuals were recruited at the Memory Clinic, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS Chinese individuals with (n = 426) and without (n = 350) AD. MEASUREMENTS All subjects underwent a standardized cognitive assessment and genotyping of four candidate genes on the estrogen metabolic pathway (estrogen receptor α gene (ESR1), estrogen receptor β gene (ESR2), cytochrome P450 19A1 gene (CYP19A1), cytochrome P450 11A1 gene (CYP11A1)). RESULTS Apart from consistent results showing an association between apolipoprotein (APO)E and AD, strong evidence of disease associations were found for polymorphisms in ESR2 and CYP11A1 based on the entire data set. For ESR2, significant protective effects were found for A alleles of rs4986938 (permuted P = .02) and rs867443 (permuted P = .02). For CYP11A1, significant risk effects were found for G alleles of rs11638442 (permuted P = .03) and rs11632698 (permuted P = .03). Stratifying subjects according to APOE ε4 status, their genetic effects continued to be significant in the APOE ε4-negative subgroup. Associations between CYP11A1 polymorphisms (rs2279357, rs2073475) and risk of AD were detected in women but not men. Further gene-level analysis confirmed the above association between ESR2 and CYP11A1, and pathway-level analysis highlighted the genetic effect of the estrogen metabolic pathway on disease susceptibility (permuted pathway-level P = .03). CONCLUSION Consistent with previous biological findings for sex steroid hormones in the central nervous system, genetic alterations on the estrogen metabolic pathway were revealed in the Chinese population. Confirmation of these present findings in an independent population is warranted to elucidate disease pathogenesis and to explore the potential of hormone therapy in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hua Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Hui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Yu Ping Kao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Deborah Tip Yin Ho
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joyce Cheuk Tung Ha
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Leung Wing Chu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, Strategic Research Theme on Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, Strategic Research Theme on Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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17
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Estrogen receptor beta polymorphisms and cognitive performance in women: associations and modifications by genetic and environmental influences. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1369-1379. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Vargas KG, Milic J, Zaciragic A, Wen KX, Jaspers L, Nano J, Dhana K, Bramer WM, Kraja B, van Beeck E, Ikram MA, Muka T, Franco OH. The functions of estrogen receptor beta in the female brain: A systematic review. Maturitas 2016; 93:41-57. [PMID: 27338976 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Females have unique and additional risk factors for neurological disorders. Among classical estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has been suggested as a therapeutic target. However, little is known about the role of ERβ in the female brain. Six electronic databases were searched for articles evaluating the role of ERβ in the female brain and the influence of age and menopause on ERβ function. After screening 3186 titles and abstracts, 49 articles were included in the review, all of which were animal studies. Of these, 19 focused on cellular signaling, 7 on neuroendocrine pathways, 8 on neurological disorders, 4 on neuroprotection and 19 on psychological and psychiatric outcomes (6 studies evaluated two or more outcomes). Our findings showed that ERβ phosphorylated and activated intracellular second messenger proteins and regulated protein expression of genes involved in neurological functions. It also promoted neurogenesis, modulated the neuroendocrine regulation of stress response, conferred neuroprotection against ischemia and inflammation, and reduced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Targeting ERβ may constitute a novel treatment for menopausal symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and neurological diseases. However, to establish potential therapeutic and preventive strategies targeting ERβ, future studies should be conducted in humans to further our understanding of the importance of ERβ in women's mental and cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris G Vargas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Milic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asija Zaciragic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ke-Xin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Jaspers
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bledar Kraja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania; University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Tirana, Albania
| | - Ed van Beeck
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Zhao L, Woody SK, Chhibber A. Estrogen receptor β in Alzheimer's disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:178-90. [PMID: 26307455 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionally affects women and men. The female susceptibility for AD has been largely associated with the loss of ovarian sex hormones during menopause. This review examines the current understanding of the role of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in the regulation of neurological health and its implication in the development and intervention of AD. Since its discovery in 1996, research conducted over the last 15-20 years has documented a great deal of evidence indicating that ERβ plays a pivotal role in a broad spectrum of brain activities from development to aging. ERβ genetic polymorphisms have been associated with cognitive impairment and increased risk for AD predominantly in women. The role of ERβ in the intervention of AD has been demonstrated by the alteration of AD pathology in response to treatment with ERβ-selective modulators in transgenic models that display pronounced plaque and tangle histopathological presentations as well as learning and memory deficits. Future studies that explore the potential interactions between ERβ signaling and the genetic isoforms of human apolipoprotein E (APOE) in brain aging and development of AD-risk phenotype are critically needed. The current trend of lost-in-translation in AD drug development that has primarily been based on early-onset familial AD (FAD) models underscores the urgent need for novel models that recapitulate the etiology of late-onset sporadic AD (SAD), the most common form of AD representing more than 95% of the current human AD population. Combining the use of FAD-related models that generally have excellent face validity with SAD-related models that hold more reliable construct validity would together increase the predictive validity of preclinical findings for successful translation into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Sarah K Woody
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Anindit Chhibber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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20
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Cheng D, Liang B, Hao Y, Zhou W. Estrogen receptor α gene polymorphisms and risk of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from a meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:1031-8. [PMID: 25061285 PMCID: PMC4085310 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s65921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Human estrogen receptor α (ESR1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, is one of the key mediators of hormonal response in estrogen-sensitive tissues. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that two of the most widely studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ESR1 – PvuII (T/C, rs223493) and Xbal (A/G, rs9340799) – are possibly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, individual study results are still controversial. Materials and methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, SpringerLink, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for eligible studies assessing the association of ESR1 polymorphisms and AD risk (last search performed in November 2013). Thereafter, a meta-analysis of 13,192 subjects from 18 individual studies was conducted to evaluate the association between ESR1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to AD. Results The results indicated that a significant association was found between the ESR1 PvuII polymorphism and AD risk in Caucasian populations (CC + CT versus TT, odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.28, P=0.03; CT versus TT, OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.31, P=0.02), whereas no evidence of association was found in Asian populations. Nevertheless, we did not find any significant association between the ESR1 XbaI polymorphism and AD risk for any model in Caucasian and Asian populations (all P>0.05). Conclusion Based on this meta-analysis, we conclude that the ESR1 PvuII polymorphism might be a risk factor in AD development in Caucasian populations, not in Asian populations. Further confirmation is needed from better-designed and larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Cheng
- Department of Transfusion, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, High Vocational Technological College, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Hao
- Department of Transfusion, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Zhou
- Department of Transfusion, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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21
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Xing Y, Jia J, Ji X, Tian T. Estrogen associated gene polymorphisms and their interactions in the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 111:53-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fernández-Martínez M, Elcoroaristizabal Martín X, Blanco Martín E, Galdos Alcelay L, Ugarriza Serrano I, Gómez Busto F, Alvarez-Álvarez M, Molano Salazar A, Bereincua Gandarias R, Inglés Borda S, Uterga Valiente JM, Indakoetxea Juanbeltz B, Gómez Beldarraín MÁ, Moraza López J, Barandiarán Amillano M, M de Pancorbo M. Oestrogen receptor polymorphisms are an associated risk factor for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in women APOE {varepsilon}4 carriers: a case-control study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003200. [PMID: 24052609 PMCID: PMC3780298 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oestrogen receptor (ER) genes: rs9340799, rs2234693, rs2228480 (in the ESR1 gene) and rs4986938 (in the ESR2 gene) as a risk factor for amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCIa) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its possible association with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. DESIGN We have investigated the independent and combined association of different alleles of the oestrogen receptor genes and APOE*ε4 allele with cognitive impairment using a case-control design. SETTING Participants were prospectively recruited from the neurology departments of several Basque Country hospitals. PARTICIPANTS This study comprised 816 Caucasian participants who were aged 50 years and older: 204 MCIa, 350 sporadic patients with AD and 262 healthy controls. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical criteria and neuropsychological tests were used to establish the diagnostic groups (MCIa, AD and healthy controls). A dichotomous variable was used for each allele and genotype and the association with MCIa and AD was established using Logistic Regression Models. RESULTS Neither alleles nor genotypes of SNPs rs9340799, rs2234693, rs2228480 and rs4986938 of oestrogen receptor genes (ESR1 and ESR2) are independently associated with the risk of MCIa or AD. However, the genetic profile created with the combination of the less represented alleles of these SNPs (expressed as XPAA) was associated with an increased risk for MCIa (OR=3.30, 95% CI 1.28 to 8.54, p=0.014) and AD (OR=5.16, 95% CI 2.19 to 12.14, p<0.001) in women APOE*ε4 allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS The less represented alleles of SNPs studied are associated with MCIa and AD in APOE*E4 carriers. In particular, the genetic profile created with the less represented alleles of ESR1 and ESR2 SNPs are associated with an increased risk for MCIa and AD in women APOEε4 allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fernández-Martínez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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23
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Estrogen receptor polymorphisms and incident dementia: The prospective 3C study. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 10:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Yesufu A, Bandelow S, Hogervorst E. Meta-analyses of the effect of hormone treatment on cognitive function in postmenopausal women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:173-94. [PMID: 19803851 DOI: 10.2217/17455057.3.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As we age, most of us experience a certain degree of cognitive decline. In most cases, this decline is gradual. However, in some cases, cognitive impairment is so severe that it can be classified as dementia and this impacts greatly on activities of daily living. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, has been linked to the reduction in estrogen levels that comes with aging. More specifically, many researchers have hypothesized that estrogen, and hence estrogen replacement via hormone therapy, could protect against cognitive decline in women. However, recent randomized, controlled trials did not reflect this. In fact, some reports showed that hormone therapy could have detrimental effects on cognitive function in older postmenopausal women. The most publicized of these has been the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Studies have thus yielded conflicting results and conclusions. The reasons for this may be due to a number of factors, such as the age of participants, the time of hormone therapy onset ('window of opportunity' theory), type of treatment, type of menopause (surgical or natural) and, possibly, genetic risk factors. We performed quantitative and qualitative meta-analyses and reviewed each of these factors in detail. The future may lie in combining these factors in order to fully understand the potential mechanisms behind estrogen and its effect on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Yesufu
- Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Philips S, Richter A, Oesterreich S, Rae JM, Flockhart DA, Perumal NB, Skaar TC. Functional characterization of a genetic polymorphism in the promoter of the ESR2 gene. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:37-43. [PMID: 21979797 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-011-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESR2 gene encodes the estrogen receptor beta protein. Several studies have shown that genetic variants in the ESR2 gene are associated with a variety of clinical phenotypes. However, very little is known about the functional significance of ESR2 genetic variants. We used a bioinformatics approach to identify regions of the ESR2 promoter that is evolutionarily conserved across the genomes of several species. We resequenced 1.6 kb of the ESR2 gene which included 0.8 kb of the promoter, 0.3 kb of exon ON, and 0.5 kb of the following intron. We identified five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR2 promoter and one SNP in the intron. Phase analysis indicated that the SNPs likely exist in 11 different haplotypes. Three of the SNPs (rs8008187, rs3829768, rs35036378) were predicted to alter transcription factor binding sites in the ESR2 promoter. All three were detected only in African American subjects. The rs35036378 SNP was in the TATA box and was highly conserved across species. ESR2 promoter reporter assays in LNCaP and SKBR3 cell lines showed that the variant construct containing the rs35036378 SNP allele had approximately 50% less activity relative to the wild-type construct. We conclude that the rs35036378 SNP appears to cause a reduced promoter activity of the ESR2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Philips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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Elcoroaristizabal Martín X, Fernández Martínez M, Galdos Alcelay L, Molano Salazar A, Bereincua Gandarias R, Inglés Borda S, Gómez Busto F, Uterga Valiente JM, Indakoetxea Juanbeltz B, Gómez Beldarraín MA, de Pancorbo MM. Progression from amnesic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: ESR1 and ESR2 polymorphisms and APOE gene. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 32:332-41. [PMID: 22311091 DOI: 10.1159/000335541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many genes have been studied to determine how they might be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Estrogens have a protective effect in the central nervous system. The mechanisms of action of estrogens are mediated by two estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ. Thus, these genes could also play a role in the progression of amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCIa) to AD. The aim of this study was to examine the role of ER single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as a risk factor for MCIa, as well as the interaction with apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 in the progression to AD. METHODS 79 MCIa patients and 138 healthy controls were analyzed. SNPs were genotyped via restriction fragment length polymorphisms and real-time PCR, RT-PCR or RT-PCR (TaqMan) assays. RESULTS There is a lack of association between MCIa patients who converted to AD and ER SNPs. APOE ε4 allele is an independent risk factor of MCIa (OR=1.86; 95% CI=1.02-3.38, p=0.042) with a high prevalence in converted subjects. APOE ε4 is able to predict the progression from MCIa patients to AD (OR=2.55; 95% CI=1.20-5.42, p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS The presence of the APOE ε4 allele, and not the alleles of ER SNPs, is a risk factor for MCIa. Furthermore, APOE genotype seems to predict the conversion from MCIa to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Elcoroaristizabal Martín
- BIOMICS Research Group, Department of Zoology and Cellular Biology A, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Lucio Lascaray (CIEA), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Zhao Q, Lee JH, Pang D, Temkin A, Park N, Janicki SC, Zigman WB, Silverman W, Tycko B, Schupf N. Estrogen receptor-Beta variants are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in women with down syndrome. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 32:241-9. [PMID: 22156442 PMCID: PMC3250648 DOI: 10.1159/000334522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Genetic variants that affect estrogen activity may influence the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the relation of polymorphisms in the gene for the estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) to the risk of AD in women with Down syndrome. METHODS Two hundred and forty-nine women with Down syndrome, 31-70 years of age and nondemented at baseline, were followed at 14- to 18-month intervals for 4 years. Women were genotyped for 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR2 gene, and their association with AD incidence was examined. RESULTS Among postmenopausal women, we found a 2-fold increase in the risk of AD for women carrying 1 or 2 copies of the minor allele at 3 SNPs in introns seven (rs17766755) and six (rs4365213 and rs12435857) and 1 SNP in intron eight (rs4986938) of ESR2. CONCLUSION These findings support a role for estrogen and its major brain receptors in modulating susceptibility to AD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Joseph H. Lee
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Deborah Pang
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,Department of Psychology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, N.Y
| | - Alexis Temkin
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Naeun Park
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Sarah C. Janicki
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Warren B. Zigman
- Department of Psychology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, N.Y
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y.,*Nicole Schupf, PhD, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, PO Box 16, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA), Tel. +1 212 305 2381, E-Mail
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Xin J, Zhang J, Gao Y, Xiong L. Association of estrogen receptor β gene polymorphisms with vascular dementia in women. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:1029-35. [PMID: 22183267 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to explore a potential association between the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) gene polymorphisms and vascular dementia (VaD) in women. The relationship of two polymorphisms (rs944050 and rs4986938) and their associated haplotypes in the ERβ gene with VaD were examined in 121 Chinese Han women (>50 years of age) including 61 with VaD and 60 healthy age-matched controls. The potential associations were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression. The variant allele G of rs944050 in the ERβ gene increased the risk of VaD (odds ratio = 2.02, 95% confidence interval = 1.08-3.77). In haplotype analyses, the ERβ haplotype containing the polymorphism rs944050 variant allele and the polymorphism rs4986938 wild-type allele was associated with VaD (odds ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-2.84). The polymorphism rs944050 in the ERβ gene was associated with an increased risk of VaD in Chinese Han women. Further studies regarding the association between the ERβ gene polymorphisms and VaD are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xin
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
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Zhao L, Yao J, Mao Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Brinton RD. 17β-Estradiol regulates insulin-degrading enzyme expression via an ERβ/PI3-K pathway in hippocampus: relevance to Alzheimer's prevention. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:1949-63. [PMID: 20053478 PMCID: PMC2889185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), an enzyme that primarily degrades insulin, has recently been demonstrated to play a significant role in the catabolism of amyloid β (Aβ) protein in the brain. Reduced IDE expression and/or activity have been associated with the etiology and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using three model systems, the present investigation provides the first documentation indicating that estrogen robustly regulates the expression of IDE in normal, menopausal and early-stage AD brains. In vitro analyses in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons revealed that 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) increased IDE in both mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner. Further pharmacological analyses indicated that 17β-E2-induced IDE expression was dependent upon estrogen receptor (ER) β and required activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). In vivo analyses in adult female rats revealed a brain region-specific responsive profile. Ovariectomy (OVX) induced a significant decline in IDE expression in the hippocampus, which was prevented by 17β-E2. Neither OVX nor 17β-E2 affected IDE expression in the cerebellum. In vivo analyses in triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) female mice revealed an inverse correlation between the age-related increase in Aβ load and the decrease in IDE expression in the hippocampal formation. Treatment with 17β-E2 attenuated Aβ accumulation/plaque formation and elevated hippocampal IDE expression in 12-month-old 3xTg-AD OVX mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that 17β-E2 regulates IDE expression in a brain region-specific manner and such a regulatory role in the hippocampus, mediated by an ERβ/PI3-K pathway, could serve as a direct mechanism underlying estrogen-mediated preventative effect against AD when initiated at the onset of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Zisu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Ryan J, Scali J, Carrière I, Peres K, Rouaud O, Scarabin PY, Ritchie KA, Ancelin ML. Oestrogen receptor polymorphisms and late-life depression. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199:126-31. [PMID: 21804148 PMCID: PMC3623726 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.091751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests a role for oestrogen in depression but the involvement of oestrogen receptor polymorphisms remains unknown. AIMS To determine the association between oestrogen receptor polymorphisms and late-life depression and the modifying effect of hormone treatment. METHOD Depression was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, according to DSM-IV criteria and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale. The association between oestrogen receptor α and β (ER-α and ER-β) polymorphisms with severe depression was examined in 6017 community-dwelling elderly people using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS In women, the ER-α rs2234693 and rs9340799 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of late-life depression. The A allele of ER-β rs1256049 increased the risk of depression, but only for non-current users of hormone treatment. In men, only the ER-β rs4986938 polymorphism showed a weak association with depression risk. CONCLUSIONS Oestrogen receptor polymorphisms are associated with severe late-life depression risk in women only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ryan
- Inserm U1061, Hôpital La Colombière, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Jacqueline Scali
- Neuropsychiatrie : recherche épidémiologique et clinique
INSERM : U1061Université Montpellier IHôpital La Colombière39 Avenue Charles Flahault - BP 34493 - Pav 42 Calixte Cavalier 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, FR
| | - Isabelle Carrière
- Neuropsychiatrie : recherche épidémiologique et clinique
INSERM : U1061Université Montpellier IHôpital La Colombière39 Avenue Charles Flahault - BP 34493 - Pav 42 Calixte Cavalier 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, FR
| | - Karine Peres
- Epidémiologie et Biostatistique
INSERM : U897Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux IIInstitut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)146, rue Léo-Saignat 33076 Bordeaux, FR
| | - Olivier Rouaud
- Neuroépidémiologie
INSERM : U708Université Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie - GH Pitié-Salpetriere, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)47, Boulevard de L'Hopital 75651 Paris Cedex 13, FR
| | - Pierre-Yves Scarabin
- CESP, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations
INSERM : U1018Université Paris XI - Paris SudHôpital Paul BrousseAssistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France, FR
| | - Karen A. Ritchie
- Neuropsychiatrie : recherche épidémiologique et clinique
INSERM : U1061Université Montpellier IHôpital La Colombière39 Avenue Charles Flahault - BP 34493 - Pav 42 Calixte Cavalier 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, FR,Epidemiology
Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, GB
| | - Marie-Laure Ancelin
- Neuropsychiatrie : recherche épidémiologique et clinique
INSERM : U1061Université Montpellier IHôpital La Colombière39 Avenue Charles Flahault - BP 34493 - Pav 42 Calixte Cavalier 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, FR
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Yu KD, Rao NY, Chen AX, Fan L, Yang C, Shao ZM. A systematic review of the relationship between polymorphic sites in the estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) gene and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 126:37-45. [PMID: 20390341 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen signal is mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER). The specific role of ER-beta, a second ER, in breast carcinogenesis is not known. A number of association studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between polymorphic sites in the ESR2 gene and breast cancer risk, however, the results are inconsistent. We searched PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science database (updated to 10 January 2010) and identified 13 relevant case-control studies, and approximately 28 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one micro-satellite marker were reported in the literature. The median number of study subjects was 776 (range 158-13,550). Three genetic variants [(CA)n, rs2987983, and rs4986938] showed significant overall associations with breast cancer, and rs4986938 was reported twice. Because rs4986938 and rs1256049 were the most extensively studied polymorphisms, we subsequently conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate their relationship with breast cancer risk (9 studies of 10,837 cases and 16,021 controls for rs4986938; 8 studies of 11,652 cases and 15,726 controls for rs1256049). For rs4986938, the women harboring variant allele seemed to be associated with a decreased risk either in the dominant model [pooled OR = 0.944, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.897-0.993, fixed-effects] or in the co-dominant model (AG vs. GG) (OR = 0.944, 95% CI 0.895-0.997, fixed-effects). rs1256049 was not associated with breast cancer risk in any model. Five studies had investigated the effect of haplotypes in the ESR2 gene on breast cancer risk, and four of them had positive outcomes. In summary, the present systematic review suggests that SNP rs4986938 as well as haplotypes in the ESR2 gene might be associated with breast cancer. The need for additional studies examining these issues seems of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Da Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital/Cancer Institute, Breast Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Havas D, Hutter-Paier B, Ubhi K, Rockenstein E, Crailsheim K, Masliah E, Windisch M. A longitudinal study of behavioral deficits in an AβPP transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 25:231-43. [PMID: 21403389 PMCID: PMC4944527 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the age-dependent alterations in transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is important for understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and designing experimental therapies. Cross-studies have previously characterized some time-dependent behavioral and pathological alterations in AβPP Tg mice, however, a more comprehensive longitudinal study is needed to fully examine the progressive nature of behavioral deficits in these mice. In order to better understand the age- and gender-dependent progression of behavioral alterations, we performed a longitudinal study wherein Tg mice overexpressing human AβPP751 with the London (V717I) and Swedish (K670M/N671L) mutations under the regulatory control of the neuron specific murine (m)Thy-1 promoter (mThy1-hAβPP751) were behaviorally analyzed at 3 months and then re-tested at 6 and 9 months of age. The results show that there was an age-associated impairment in learning in the water maze task and habituation in the hole-board task. Motor coordination of the mThy1-hAβPP751 Tg mice was well-preserved throughout the investigated life span however, gender-specific deficits were observed in spontaneous activity and thigmotaxis. Neuropathologically, mThy1-hAβPP751 Tg mice displayed a progressive increase in the number of Aβ plaques and mean plaque size in the cortex and hippocampus from 3 to 6 and from 6 to 9 months of age. Taken together, these results indicate that the mThy1-hAβPP751 Tg mice model AD from the early onset of the disease through to later stages, allowing them to be utilized at numerous points during the timeline for drug test designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karl Crailsheim
- Department of Zoology, Karl Franzens-University, 8010, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Srivastava DP, Penzes P. Rapid estradiol modulation of neuronal connectivity and its implications for disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:77. [PMID: 22654827 PMCID: PMC3356153 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have multiple actions in the brain including modulating synaptic plasticity, connectivity, and cognitive behaviors. While the classical view of estrogens are as endocrine signals, whose effects manifest via the regulation of gene transcription, mounting evidence has been presented demonstrating that estrogens have rapid effects within specific areas of the brain. The emergence that 17 β-estradiol can be produced locally in the brain which can elicit rapid (within minutes) cellular responses has led to its classification as a neurosteroid. Moreover, recent studies have also begun to detail the molecular and cellular underpinnings of how 17 β-estradiol can rapidly modulate spiny synapses (dendritic spines). Remodeling of dendritic spines is a key step in the rewiring of neuronal circuitry thought to underlie the processing and storage of information in the forebrain. Conversely, abnormal remodeling of dendritic spines is thought to contribute to a number of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we review recent molecular and cellular work that offers a potential mechanism of how 17 β-estradiol may modulate synapse structure and function of cortical neurons. This mechanism allows cortical neurons to respond to activity-dependent stimuli with greater efficacy. In turn this form of plasticity may provide an insight into how 17 β-estradiol can modulate the rewiring of neuronal circuits, underlying its ability to influencing cortically based behaviors. We will then go on to discuss the potential role of 17 β-estradiol modulation of neural circuits and its potential relevance for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
- *Correspondence: Deepak P. Srivastava, Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. e-mail:
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
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Grover S, Talwar P, Baghel R, Kaur H, Gupta M, Gourie-Devi M, Bala K, Sharma S, Kukreti R. Genetic variability in estrogen disposition: Potential clinical implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1391-410. [PMID: 20886541 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Variability in the physiological levels of neuroactive estrogens is widely believed to play a role in predisposition to several disorders of the central nervous system. Local biosynthesis of estrogens in the brain as well as their circulating serum levels are known to contribute to this pool of neuroactive steroids. It has been well accepted that estrogens modulate neuronal functions by affecting genesis, differentiation, excitability, and degeneration of nerve cells. These actions of estrogens appear to be more prominent in females with higher concentrations and marked variability of circulating serum levels occurring over a woman's lifetime. However, our knowledge regarding the variability of neuroactive steroid levels is very limited. Furthermore, several studies have recently reported differences in the synchronization of circulating and neuronal levels of estradiol. In the absence of reliable circulating steroid levels, knowledge of genetic variability in estrogen disposition may play a determining factor in predicting altered susceptibility or severity of neuropsychiatric disorders in women. Over the past decade, several genetic variants have been linked to both differential serum estrogen levels and predisposition to diverse types of neuropsychiatric disorders in women. Polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen-metabolizing enzymes as well as estrogen receptors may account for this phenotypic variability. In this review, we attempt to show the contribution of genetics in determining estrogenicity in females with a particular emphasis on the central nervous system. This knowledge will further provide a driving force for unearthing the novel field of "Estrogen Pharmacogenomics." © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are significant individual differences in the extent to which mood and cognition change as a function of reproductive stage, menstrual phase, postpartum, and hormone therapy use. This review explores the extent to which variations or polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) predict cognitive and mood outcomes. METHODS A literature search was conducted from 1995 to November 2009 through PubMed, Embase, and PsychINFO. Twenty-five manuscripts that summarize investigations of ESR1 in mental health were reviewed. RESULTS Among studies investigating ESR1 in relation to cognition, 11 of 14 case-control studies reported an association between ESR1 polymorphisms and risk for developing dementia. Three of four prospective cohort studies reported an association between ESR1 polymorphisms and significant cognitive decline. There are inconsistencies between case-control and cohort studies regarding whether specific ESR1 alleles increase or decrease the risk for cognitive dysfunction. The relationships between ESR1 and cognitive impairment tend to be specific to or driven by women and restricted to risk for Alzheimer disease rather than other dementia causes. Three of five studies examining ESR1 polymorphisms in relation to anxiety or depressive symptoms found significant associations. Significant associations have also been reported between ESR1 polymorphisms and childhood-onset mood disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. CONCLUSIONS A strong relationship between ESR1 variants and cognitive outcomes is evident, and preliminary evidence suggests a role of the ESR1 gene in certain mood outcomes. Insights into the discordant results will come from future studies that include haplotype analyses, analyses within specific ethnic/racial populations, and sex-stratified analyses.
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Abstract
Research increasingly suggests that changes in estrogen levels during aging may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease, the most common type of dementia. This update reviews the newest information about estrogen and cognitive aging, including information regarding the role of bioavailable estrogen in older women and men, use of selective estrogen receptor modulators to improve cognition, and studies of genetic risk factors to elucidate the effects of endogenous estrogen on aging and cognition. Future trials are needed to determine whether alternate timing, dosage, formulation, or method of administration of hormone replacement can reduce the risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Janicki
- G. H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-19, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Sugiyama N, Barros RPA, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. ERbeta: recent understanding of estrogen signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:545-52. [PMID: 20646931 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a second estrogen receptor, ERbeta, and the finding that 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (3betaAdiol) strongly binds to ERbeta, have opened up a new aspect of estrogen signaling. Some of the major shifts in our understanding come from finding ERbeta in tissues which do not express ERalpha but are estrogen-responsive; these were called sites of 'indirect estrogen action'. Two key sites that fall into this category are the brain and the prostate. Studies of ERbeta in the past 10 years have led us to hypothesize that estrogen signaling depends on the balance between ERalpha and ERbeta, and that inadequate predominance of one or the other isoform could lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Sugiyama
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
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Liang K, Yang L, Yin C, Xiao Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Huang J. Estrogen stimulates degradation of beta-amyloid peptide by up-regulating neprilysin. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:935-42. [PMID: 19897485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal estrogen depletion is a characterized risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), a human disorder linked to high levels of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) in brain tissue. Previous studies suggest that estrogen negatively regulates the level of Abeta in the brain, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that estrogen promotes Abeta degradation mainly through a principal Abeta degrading enzyme, neprilysin, in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We also demonstrate that up-regulation of neprilysin by estrogen is dependent on both estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERalpha and ERbeta), and ligand-activated ER regulates expression of neprilysin through physical interactions between ER and estrogen response elements (EREs) identified in the neprilysin gene. These results were confirmed by in vitro gel shift and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, which demonstrate specific binding of ERalpha and ERbeta to two putative EREs in the neprilysin gene. The EREs also enhance ERalpha- and ERbeta-dependent reporter gene expression in a yeast model system. Therefore, the study described here provides a putative mechanism by which estrogen positively regulates expression of neprilysin to promote degradation of Abeta, reducing risk for AD. These results may lead to novel approaches to prevent or treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Liang
- State Key Lab of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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Khattri A, Pandey RK, Gupta NJ, Chakravarty B, Deenadayal M, Singh L, Thangaraj K. Estrogen receptor beta gene mutations in Indian infertile men. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:513-20. [PMID: 19509112 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that estrogens play an important role in male fertility. Estrogen signaling is mediated by Estrogen Receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta). Association of ERbeta with male infertility has not been analyzed to date except for genotyping of known polymorphisms in two different studies, which yielded controversial interpretation. Hence, we performed sequencing of all the exons and untranslated regions of ERbeta gene in 300 infertile and 255 fertile control Indian men. We identified eight novel mutations and four known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Of the eight novel mutations, four were non-synonymous, of which one was detected only in infertile men, whereas the other three mutations were detected only in fertile men. Using different bioinformatics tools, we predicted that non-synonymous mutations were benign and they neither altered the structure nor the function of the protein. Among synonymous novel mutations, one was detected in both fertile and infertile men, two were exclusive to infertile men and one was exclusive to fertile men. None of the known SNPs or novel mutations showed statistically significant difference between infertile and fertile men. Moreover, infertile men having ERbeta mutations had normal reproductive tract and serum hormone levels. Our results suggest that the SNPs and mutations in ERbeta gene are not a common cause of spermatogenesis failure in Indian men, although mutations specifically found in infertile men can affect transcription, translation or have synergic effect with other variants in causing infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khattri
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Dresner-Pollak R, Kinnar T, Friedlander Y, Sharon N, Rosenmann H, Pollak A. Estrogen Receptor Beta Gene Variant Is Associated with Vascular Dementia in Elderly Women. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:339-42. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2008.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Dresner-Pollak
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talia Kinnar
- Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Nir Sharon
- Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanna Rosenmann
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arthur Pollak
- Heart Institute Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kim JJ, Choi YM, Choung SH, Yoon SH, Lee GH, Moon SY. Estrogen receptor beta gene +1730 G/A polymorphism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2009; 93:1942-7. [PMID: 19185861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the +1730 G/A polymorphism in the estrogen receptor (ER)-beta gene is associated with susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. PATIENT(S) Women with (n = 138) or without (n = 290) PCOS. INTERVENTION(S) Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Genotype distribution and allele frequency of the +1730 G/A polymorphism in the ER-beta gene. RESULT(S) There was a significant difference in the genotype distribution between the patients with PCOS and controls (non-GG rates were 22.1% for patients with PCOS and 36.6% for controls). There was also a significant difference in the G and A allele frequencies between these two groups (11.7% in patients vs. 19.1% in controls with A allele). But in patients with PCOS there were no significant differences in the serum levels of hormones, biochemical variables, or ovarian morphology between GG and non-GG genotypes. CONCLUSION(S) The ER-beta gene +1730 G/A polymorphism may be associated with pathophysiologic aberrancies involved in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Nott SL, Huang Y, Fluharty BR, Sokolov AM, Huang M, Cox C, Muyan M. Do Estrogen Receptor beta Polymorphisms Play A Role in the Pharmacogenetics of Estrogen Signaling? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:239-259. [PMID: 19337586 DOI: 10.2174/187569208786733820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen hormones play critical roles in the regulation of many tissue functions. The effects of estrogens are primarily mediated by the estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta. ERs are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate a complex array of genomic events that orchestrate cellular growth, differentiation and death. Although many factors contribute to their etiology, estrogens are thought to be the primary agents for the development and/or progression of target tissue malignancies. Many of the current modalities for the treatment of estrogen target tissue malignancies are based on agents with diverse pharmacology that alter or prevent ER functions by acting as estrogen competitors. Although these compounds have been successfully used in clinical settings, the efficacy of treatment shows variability. An increasing body of evidence implicates ERalpha polymorphisms as one of the contributory factors for differential responses to estrogen competitors. This review aims to highlight the recent findings on polymorphisms of the lately identified ERbeta in order to provide a functional perspective with potential pharmacogenomic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Nott
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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Fortunato G, Calcagno G, Bresciamorra V, Salvatore E, Filla A, Capone S, Liguori R, Borelli S, Gentile I, Borrelli F, Borgia G, Sacchetti L. Multiple sclerosis and hepatitis C virus infection are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in interferon pathway genes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:141-52. [PMID: 18338947 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the interferon (IFN) pathway to determine their contribution to multiple sclerosis (MS) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A total of 182 patients with MS, 103 patients with chronic hepatitis C, and 118 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Of the 35 SNPs studied, 3 were in IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR-1), 10 in IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR-2), 9 in Stat1, 5 in Stat2, and 8 in IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). Compared to controls, Stat1 gene polymorphisms were significantly more frequent in MS patients (rs# 2066802 OR = 7.46, 95% CI = 2.22-25.10; rs# 1547550 OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.01-2.81) and in HCV patients (rs# 2066802 OR = 5.95, 95% CI = 1.55-22.81; rs# 1547550 OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.24-4.24). Also one IRF-1 gene SNP was associated with MS (rs# 2070721 OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.03-4.09), and four IRF-1 gene SNPs were associated with HCV infection (rs# 2070721 OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.23-5.43; rs# 2070723 OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.26-18.20; rs# 2070728 OR = 9.81, 95% CI = 1.21-79.4; rs# 2070729 OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.23-10.48; rs# 839 OR = 4.67, 95%CI = 1.29-16.87). Characteristic nucleotide combinations on single chromosomes (haplotype) generated block structures, including SNPs, that differed between patients and controls. Using a permutation test to detect differences in haplotype distribution between groups, the CCATTGA and the CCGAA haplotypes in the IRF-1 gene were more frequent in MS (p = 0.03) and in HCV patients (p = 0.001) than in controls. In conclusion, our data show that genetic variants in the IRF-1 and Stat1 genes of the IFN pathway are associated with MS and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Fortunato
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Association study of the oestrogen signalling pathway genes in relation to age at natural menopause. J Genet 2008; 86:269-76. [PMID: 18305346 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-007-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in influencing the variation of age at natural menopause (AANM). Estrogen receptor beta (ESR2), is an important factor in the mechanism of action of estrogen, while the aromatase gene (CYP19) and the 17-alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP17) are involved in the biosynthesis of estrogen. We tested whether polymorphisms of ESR2, CYP19 and CYP17 genes are associated with AANM in Caucasian females. A total of 52 SNPs (17 for ESR2, 28 for CYP19, and 7 for CYP17) were successfully genotyped for 229 Caucasian women having experienced natural menopause. Comprehensive statistical analyses focusing on the association of these genes with AANM were conducted. The effects of age, height and age at menarche on AANM were adjusted when conducting association analyses. We found that six SNPs (2, 6-7, 9, 13 and 16) within ESR2 were not significantly associated with AANM after Bonferroni correction. However, two blocks of ESR2 were associated with AANM. For CYP19, two SNPs (24 and 27) were nominally associated with AANM. No significant association was observed between CYP17 and AANM. Our results suggest that genetic variation in the ESR2 and CYP19 genes may influence the variation in AANM in Caucasian women.
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Haasl RJ, Ahmadi MR, Meethal SV, Gleason CE, Johnson SC, Asthana S, Bowen RL, Atwood CS. A luteinizing hormone receptor intronic variant is significantly associated with decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease in males carrying an apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:37. [PMID: 18439297 PMCID: PMC2396156 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical studies support the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele as a major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), though ~50% of AD patients do not carry the allele. APOE transports cholesterol for luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulated steroidogenesis, and both LH and neurosteroids have been implicated in the etiology of AD. Since polymorphisms of LH beta-subunit (LHB) and its receptor (LHCGR) have not been tested for their association with AD, we scored AD and age-matched control samples for APOE genotype and 14 polymorphisms of LHB and LHCGR. Thirteen gene-gene interactions between the loci of LHB, LHCGR, and APOE were associated with AD. The most strongly supported of these interactions was between an LHCGR intronic polymorphism (rs4073366; lhcgr2) and APOE in males, which was detected using all three interaction analyses: linkage disequilibrium, multi-dimensionality reduction, and logistic regression. While the APOE ε4 allele carried significant risk of AD in males [p = 0.007, odds ratio (OR) = 3.08(95%confidence interval: 1.37, 6.91)], ε4-positive males carrying 1 or 2 C-alleles at lhcgr2 exhibited significantly decreased risk of AD [OR = 0.06(0.01, 0.38); p = 0.003]. This suggests that the lhcgr2 C-allele or a closely linked locus greatly reduces the risk of AD in males carrying an APOE ε4 allele. The reversal of risk embodied in this interaction powerfully supports the importance of considering the role gene-gene interactions play in the etiology of complex biological diseases and demonstrates the importance of using multiple analytic methods to detect well-supported gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Haasl
- Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Abstract
A plethora of in vitro and in vivo studies have supported the neuroprotective role of estrogens and their impact on the neurotransmitter systems implicated in cognition. Recent hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) trials in non-demented postmenopausal women suggest a temporary positive effect (notably on verbal memory), and four meta-analyses converge to suggest a possible protective effect in relation to Alzheimer's disease (reducing risk by 29 to 44%). However, data from the only large randomized controlled trial published to date, the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, did not confirm these observations and have even suggested an increase in dementia risk for women using HRT compared to controls. Apart from methodological differences, one key shortcoming of this trial has probably been the focus on late-onset (postmenopausal) hormonal changes, i.e. at a time when the neurodegenerative process has already begun and without taking into account individual lifetime exposure to hormone variability. Multifactorial models based on an exhaustive view of all hormonal events throughout the reproductive life (rather than on a specific exposure to a given steroid) together with other risk factors (notably genetic risk factors related to estrogen receptor polymorphisms) should be explored to clarify the role of hormonal risk factors, or protective factors for cognitive dysfunction and dementia.
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Miyashita A, Arai H, Asada T, Imagawa M, Matsubara E, Shoji M, Higuchi S, Urakami K, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Toyabe S, Akazawa K, Kanazawa I, Ihara Y, Kuwano R. Genetic association of CTNNA3 with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in females. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2854-69. [PMID: 17761686 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, was found to exhibit a trend toward a higher risk in females than in males through epidemiological studies. Therefore, we hypothesized that gender-related genetic risks could exist. To reveal the ones for late-onset AD (LOAD), we extended our previous genetic work on chromosome 10q (genomic region, 60-107 Mb), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic association analyses were performed on the same chromosomal region, where the existence of genetic risk factors for plasma Abeta42 elevation in LOAD was implied on a linkage analysis. Two-step screening of 1140 SNPs was carried out using a total of 1408 subjects with the APOE-epsilon3*3 genotype: we first genotyped an exploratory sample set (LOAD, 363; control, 337), and then genotyped some associated SNPs in a validation sample set (LOAD, 336; control, 372). Seven SNPs, spanning about 38 kb, in intron 9 of CTNNA3 were found to show multiple-hit association with LOAD in females, and exhibited more significant association on Mantel-Haenszel test (allelic P-values(MH-F) = 0.000005945-0.0007658). Multiple logistic regression analysis of a total of 2762 subjects (LOAD, 1313; controls, 1449) demonstrated that one of the seven SNPs directly interacted with the female gender, but not with the male gender. Furthermore, we found that this SNP exhibited no interaction with the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Our data suggest that CTNNA3 may affect LOAD through a female-specific mechanism independent of the APOE-epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Miyashita
- Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Rexrode KM, Ridker PM, Hegener HH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Zee RYL. Polymorphisms and haplotypes of the estrogen receptor-beta gene (ESR2) and cardiovascular disease in men and women. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1749-56. [PMID: 17702854 PMCID: PMC2085372 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cohort studies suggest an association between variation in the estrogen receptor-alpha gene (ESR1) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but data are lacking for the effect of variation in the estrogen receptor-beta gene (ESR2). METHODS Three polymorphisms of the ESR2 gene, and their associated haplotypes, were evaluated in 296 white women from the Women's Health Study and 566 white men from the Physicians' Health Study who developed CVD [myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemic stroke], each matched 1:1 to a member of the cohort study who remained free from CVD. Blood samples and cardiovascular risk information were collected at baseline. RESULTS Women, but not men, who developed CVD or MI, but not ischemic stroke, were more likely to have the rs1271572 polymorphism variant T allele (P = 0.05 and 0.02) and less likely to have the rs1256049 polymorphism variant A allele (P = 0.003 and 0.004). No associations were observed for rs4986938. In conditional logistic multivariate regression, the rs1271572 variant was associated with increased odds of CVD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.10-2.01] and MI (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 0.96-2.23), whereas the rs1256049 variant was associated with decreased odds of CVD (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17-0.79) and MI (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.09-0.73) in women. A common haplotype that included the rs1271572 variant was associated with a 7-fold increased risk of MI in women. CONCLUSIONS Two tightly linked polymorphisms of ESR2 were associated with risk of CVD, particularly MI, in women but not men. Additional studies of ESR2 genetic variation and risk of CVD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Combarros O, Riancho JA, Arozamena J, Mateo I, Llorca J, Infante J, Sánchez-Juan P, Zarrabeitia MT, Berciano J. Interaction between estrogen receptor-α and butyrylcholinesterase genes modulates Alzheimer’s disease risk. J Neurol 2007; 254:1290-2. [PMID: 17410321 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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