1
|
Ohmori H, Hirai Y, Matsui R, Watanabe D. High resolution recording of local field currents simultaneously with sound-evoked calcium signals by a photometric patch electrode in the auditory cortex field L of the chick. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 392:109863. [PMID: 37075913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functioning of the brain is based on both electrical and metabolic activity of neural ensembles. Accordingly, it would be useful to measure intracellular metabolic signaling simultaneously with electrical activity in the brain in vivo. NEW METHOD We innovated a PhotoMetric-patch-Electrode (PME) recording system that has a high temporal resolution incorporating a photomultiplier tube as a light detector. The PME is fabricated from a quartz glass capillary to transmit light as a light guide, and it can detect electrical signals as a patch electrode simultaneously with a fluorescence signal. RESULTS We measured the sound-evoked Local Field Current (LFC) and fluorescence Ca2+ signal from neurons labeled with Ca2+-sensitive dye Oregon Green BAPTA1 in field L, the avian auditory cortex. Sound stimulation evoked multi-unit spike bursts and Ca2+ signals, and enhanced the fluctuation of LFC. After a brief sound stimulation, the cross-correlation between LFC and Ca2+ signal was prolonged. D-AP5 (antagonist for NMDA receptors) suppressed the sound-evoked Ca2+ signal when applied locally by pressure from the tip of PME. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS In contrast to existing multiphoton imaging or optical fiber recording methods, the PME is a patch electrode pulled simply from a quartz glass capillary and can measure fluorescence signals at the tip simultaneously with electrical signal at any depth of the brain structure. CONCLUSION The PME is devised to record electrical and optical signals simultaneously with high temporal resolution. Moreover, it can inject chemical agents dissolved in the tip-filling medium locally by pressure, allowing manipulation of neural activity pharmacologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harunori Ohmori
- Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pochechuev MS, Fedotov IV, Martynov GN, Solotenkov MA, Ivashkina OI, Rogozhnikova OS, Fedotov AB, Anokhin KV, Zheltikov AM. Implantable graded-index fibers for neural-dynamics-resolving brain imaging in awake mice on an air-lifted platform. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200025. [PMID: 35666011 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a versatile framework for cellular brain imaging in awake mice based on suitably tailored segments of graded-index (GRIN) fiber. Closed-form solutions to ray-path equations for graded-index waveguides are shown to offer important insights into image-transmission properties of GRIN fibers, suggesting useful recipes for optimized GRIN-fiber-based deep-brain imaging. We show that the lengths of GRIN imaging components intended for deep-brain studies in freely moving rodents need to be chosen as a tradeoff among the spatial resolution, the targeted imaging depth and the degree of fiber-probe invasiveness. In the experimental setting that we present in this paper, the head of an awake mouse with a GRIN-fiber implant is fixed under a microscope objective, but the mouse is free to move around an in-house-built flat-floored air-lifted platform, exploring a predesigned environment, configured as an arena for one of standard cognitive tests. We show that cellular-resolution deep-brain imaging can be integrated in this setting with robust cell-specific optical neural recording to enable in vivo studies with minimal physical restraints on animal models. The enhancement of the information capacity of the fluorescence signal, achieved via a suitable filtering of the GRIN-fiber readout, is shown to open routes toward practical imaging modalities whereby the deep-brain neuronal dynamics and axonal connections underpinning the integrative functions of essential brain structures can be studied in awake rodent models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya V Fedotov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, IQSE, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maxim A Solotenkov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Ivashkina
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Rogozhnikova
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei B Fedotov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS,", Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei M Zheltikov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, IQSE, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adaptive Wave-Front Shaping and Beam Focusing through Fiber Bundles for High-Resolution Bioimaging. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an adaptive wave-front shaping of optical beams transmitted through fiber bundles as a powerful resource for multisite, high-resolution bioimaging. With the phases of all the beamlets delivered through up to 6000 different fibers within the fiber bundle controlled individually, by means of a high-definition spatial light modulator, the overall beam transmitted through the fiber bundle can be focused into a beam waist with a diameter less than 1 μm within a targeted area in a biotissue, providing a diffraction-limited spatial resolution adequate for single-cell or even subcellular bioimaging. The field intensity in the adaptively-focused continuous-wave laser beam in our fiber-bundle-imaging setting is more than two orders of magnitude higher than the intensity of the speckle background. Once robust beam focusing was achieved with a suitable phase profile across the input face of the fiber bundle, the beam focus can be scanned over a targeted area with no need for a further adaptive search, by applying a physically intuitive, wave-front-tilting phase mask on the field of input beamlets. This method of beam-focus scanning promises imaging speeds compatible with the requirements of in vivo calcium imaging.
Collapse
|
4
|
Osaki Y, Sako W, Harada M, Izumi Y. Magnetic resonance tractography exhibiting retrograde degeneration of the corticospinal tract in a patient with a unilateral spinal cord tumor. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02020. [PMID: 33638938 PMCID: PMC8035459 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transection-induced axonal retrograde degeneration, in contrast to Wallerian degeneration, has not been widely recognized in clinical practice. AIMS OF THE STUDY To assess a potential of corticospinal tractography for detecting axonal retrograde degeneration. METHODS We assessed the corticospinal tractography of a 74-year-old woman with monoplegia of the lower limb due to a unilateral thoracic spinal cord tumor. RESULTS The tractography revealed integrity reduction of the corticospinal tract in the cerebra contralateral to the spinal cord tumor. CONCLUSIONS The present report supports that magnetic resonance tractography has the potential for detecting this under-recognized phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Osaki
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Wataru Sako
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Harada
- Department of Radiology, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuishin Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pochechuev MS, Solotenkov MA, Fedotov IV, Ivashkina OI, Anokhin KV, Zheltikov AM. Multisite cell- and neural-dynamics-resolving deep brain imaging in freely moving mice with implanted reconnectable fiber bundles. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000081. [PMID: 32459884 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a reconnectable implantable ultraslim fiber-optic microendoscope that integrates a branching fiber bundle (BFB) with gradient-index fiber lenses, enabling a simultaneous fluorescence imaging of individual cells in distinctly separate brain regions, including brain structures as distant as the neocortex and hippocampus. We show that fluorescence images of individual calcium-indicator-expressing neurons in the brain of freely moving transgenic mice can be recorded, via the implanted BFB probe, in parallel with time- and cell-resolved traces of calcium signaling, thus enabling correlated circuit-dynamics studies at -multiple sites within the brain of freely moving animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matvey S Pochechuev
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Solotenkov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Fedotov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N.Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskii pr. 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Ivashkina
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei M Zheltikov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N.Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Long-latency optical responses from the dorsal inferior colliculus of Seba's fruit bat. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:831-844. [PMID: 32776247 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We used a novel microendoscope system to record simultaneously optical activity (fluorescence of a calcium indicator dye) and electrical activity (multi-unit activity and local field potentials) from the dorsal inferior colliculus of the echolocating bat, Carollia perspicillata. Optically recorded calcium responses to wide-band noise and to frequency-modulated bursts were recorded at probe depths down to 1300 µm, with the majority of active sites encountered at more shallow depths down to 800 µm. Calcium activity exhibited long latencies, within the time span of 50-100 ms after stimulus onset, significantly longer than onset latencies of either multi-unit activity or local field potentials. Latencies and amplitude/latency trading of these electrical responses were consistent with those seen in standard electrophysiological recordings, confirming that the microendoscope was able to record both neural and optical activity successfully. Optically recorded calcium responses rose and decayed slowly and were correlated in time with long-latency negative deflections in local field potentials. These data suggest that calcium-evoked responses may reflect known, sustained inhibitory interactions in the inferior colliculus.
Collapse
|
7
|
Andreoni A, Tian L. Maps of neuronal activity across the mouse brain. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 3:335-336. [PMID: 31073176 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Andreoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou Y, Qiu L, Wang H, Chen X. Induction of activity synchronization among primed hippocampal neurons out of random dynamics is key for trace memory formation and retrieval. FASEB J 2020; 34:3658-3676. [PMID: 31944374 PMCID: PMC7079015 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902274r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Memory is thought to be encoded by sparsely distributed neuronal ensembles in memory‐related regions. However, it is unclear how memory‐eligible neurons react during learning to encode trace fear memory and how they retrieve a memory. We implemented a fiber‐optic confocal fluorescence endomicroscope to directly visualize calcium dynamics of hippocampal CA1 neurons in freely behaving mice subjected to trace fear conditioning. Here we report that the overall activity levels of CA1 neurons showed a right‐skewed lognormal distribution, with a small portion of highly active neurons (termed Primed Neurons) filling the long‐tail. Repetitive training induced Primed Neurons to shift from random activity to well‐tuned synchronization. The emergence of activity synchronization coincided with the appearance of mouse freezing behaviors. In recall, a partial synchronization among the same subset of Primed Neurons was induced from random dynamics, which also coincided with mouse freezing behaviors. Additionally, training‐induced synchronization facilitated robust calcium entry into Primed Neurons. In contrast, most CA1 neurons did not respond to tone and foot shock throughout the training and recall cycles. In conclusion, Primed Neurons are preferably recruited to encode trace fear memory and induction of activity synchronization among Primed Neurons out of random dynamics is critical for trace memory formation and retrieval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Hou X, Lin R, Fan M, Pang S, Jiang L, Liu Q, Fu L. Advanced endoscopic methods in gastrointestinal diseases: a systematic review. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:905-920. [PMID: 31281783 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.05.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic imaging is the main method for detecting gastrointestinal diseases, which adversely affect human health. White light endoscopy (WLE) was the first method used for endoscopic examination and is still the preliminary step in the detection of gastrointestinal diseases during clinical examination. However, it cannot accurately diagnose gastrointestinal diseases owing to its poor correlation with histopathological diagnosis. In recent years, many advanced endoscopic methods have emerged to improve the detection accuracy by endoscopy. Chromoendoscopy (CE) enhances the contrast between normal and diseased tissues using biocompatible dye agents. Narrow band imaging (NBI) can improve the contrast between capillaries and submucosal vessels by changing the light source acting on the tissue using special filters to realize the visualization of the vascular structure. Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) technique uses the reflectance spectrum estimation technique to obtain individual spectral images and reconstructs an enhanced image of the mucosal surface using three selected spectral images. The i-Scan technology takes advantage of the different reflective properties of normal and diseased tissues to obtain images, and enhances image contrast through post-processing algorithms. These abovementioned methods can be used to detect gastrointestinal diseases by observing the macroscopic structure of the digestive tract mucosa, but the ability of early cancer detection is limited with low resolution. However, based on the principle of confocal imaging, probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) can enable cellular visualization with high-performance probes, which can present cellular morphology that is highly consistent with that shown by biopsy to provide the possibility of early detection of cancer. Other endoscopic imaging techniques including endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) and photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE), are also promising for diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases. This review focuses on these technologies and aims to provide an overview of different technologies and their clinical applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengke Fan
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Suya Pang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Longjie Jiang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pochechuev MS, Fedotov IV, Ivashkina OI, Roshchina MA, Meshchankin DV, Sidorov-Biryukov DA, Fedotov AB, Anokhin KV, Zheltikov AM. Reconnectable fiberscopes for chronic in vivo deep-brain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700106. [PMID: 29045067 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reconnectable bundles consisting of thousands of optical fibers are shown to enable high-quality image transmission, offering a platform for the creation of implantable fiberscopes for minimally invasive in vivo brain imaging. Experiments on various lines of transgenic mice verify the performance of this fiberscope as a powerful tool for chronic in vivo neuroimaging using genetically encoded calcium indicators, neuronal activity markers as well as axon growth regulators and brain-specific protein drivers in deep regions of live brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Pochechuev
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Fedotov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - O I Ivashkina
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - M A Roshchina
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - D V Meshchankin
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Sidorov-Biryukov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - A B Fedotov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - K V Anokhin
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Zheltikov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yashiro H, Nakahara I, Funabiki K, Riquimaroux H. Micro-endoscopic system for functional assessment of neural circuits in deep brain regions: Simultaneous optical and electrical recordings of auditory responses in mouse’s inferior colliculus. Neurosci Res 2017; 119:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Iijima N, Miyamoto S, Matsumoto K, Takumi K, Ueta Y, Ozawa H. Development of an imaging system for in vivo real-time monitoring of neuronal activity in deep brain of free-moving rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:289-298. [PMID: 28550404 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have newly developed a system that allows monitoring of the intensity of fluorescent signals from deep brains of rats transgenically modified to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) via an optical fiber. One terminal of the optical fiber was connected to a blue semiconductor laser oscillator/green fluorescence detector. The other terminal was inserted into the vicinity of the eGFP-expressing neurons. Since the optical fiber was vulnerable to twisting stresses caused by animal movement, we also developed a cage in which the floor automatically turns, in response to the turning of the rat's head. This relieved the twisting stress on the optical fiber. The system then enabled real-time monitoring of fluorescence in awake and unrestrained rats over many hours. Using this system, we could continuously monitor eGFP-expression in arginine vasopressin-eGFP transgenic rats. Moreover, we observed an increase of eGFP-expression in the paraventricular nucleus under salt-loading conditions. We then performed in vivo imaging of eGFP-expressing GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, via a bundle consisting of 3000 thin optical fibers. With the combination of the optical fiber bundle connection to the fluorescence microscope, and the special cage system, we were able to capture and retain images of eGFP-expressing neurons from free-moving rats. We believe that our newly developed method for monitoring and imaging eGFP-expression in deep brain neurons will be useful for analysis of neuronal functions in awake and unrestrained animals for long durations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Iijima
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan. .,Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanamaru, Ohtawara, 324-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinji Miyamoto
- Indeco Inc., 1-11-14 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0003, Japan.,Activelase, 3-5-22 Imai, Oume-si, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Ken Takumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.,Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Girven KS, Sparta DR. Probing Deep Brain Circuitry: New Advances in in Vivo Calcium Measurement Strategies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:243-251. [PMID: 27984692 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neuronal ensembles in awake and behaving animals is a critical question in contemporary neuroscience research. Through the examination of calcium fluctuations, which are correlated with neuronal activity, we are able to better understand complex neural circuits. Recently, the development of technologies including two-photon microscopy, miniature microscopes, and fiber photometry has allowed us to examine calcium activity in behaving subjects over time. Visualizing changes in intracellular calcium in vivo has been accomplished utilizing GCaMP, a genetically encoded calcium indicator. GCaMP allows researchers to tag cell-type specific neurons with engineered fluorescent proteins that alter their levels of fluorescence in response to changes in intracellular calcium concentration. Even with the evolution of GCaMP, in vivo calcium imaging had yet to overcome the limitation of light scattering, which occurs when imaging from neural tissue in deep brain regions. Currently, researchers have created in vivo methods to bypass this problem; this Review will delve into three of these state of the art techniques: (1) two-photon calcium imaging, (2) single photon calcium imaging, and (3) fiber photometry. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three techniques. Continued advances in these imaging techniques will provide researchers with unparalleled access to the inner workings of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasey S. Girven
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology and ‡Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Dennis R. Sparta
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology and ‡Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanford CA, Soden ME, Baird MA, Miller SM, Schulkin J, Palmiter RD, Clark M, Zweifel LS. A Central Amygdala CRF Circuit Facilitates Learning about Weak Threats. Neuron 2016; 93:164-178. [PMID: 28017470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fear is a graded central motive state ranging from mild to intense. As threat intensity increases, fear transitions from discriminative to generalized. The circuit mechanisms that process threats of different intensity are not well resolved. Here, we isolate a unique population of locally projecting neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) that produce the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). CRF-producing neurons and CRF in the CeA are required for discriminative fear, but both are dispensable for generalized fear at high US intensities. Consistent with a role in discriminative fear, CRF neurons undergo plasticity following threat conditioning and selectively respond to threat-predictive cues. We further show that excitability of genetically isolated CRF-receptive (CRFR1) neurons in the CeA is potently enhanced by CRF and that CRFR1 signaling in the CeA is critical for discriminative fear. These findings demonstrate a novel CRF gain-control circuit and show separable pathways for graded fear processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Sanford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Marta E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Madison A Baird
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Samara M Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jay Schulkin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Michael Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Bi A, Gao Q, Zhang S, Huang K, Liu Z, Gao T, Zeng W. Advances of Molecular Imaging for Monitoring the Anatomical and Functional Architecture of the Olfactory System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:4-14. [PMID: 26616533 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system of organisms serves as a genetically and anatomically model for studying how sensory input can be translated into behavior output. Some neurologic diseases are considered to be related to olfactory disturbance, especially Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and so forth. However, it is still unclear how the olfactory system affects disease generation processes and olfaction delivery processes. Molecular imaging, a modern multidisciplinary technology, can provide valid tools for the early detection and characterization of diseases, evaluation of treatment, and study of biological processes in living subjects, since molecular imaging applies specific molecular probes as a novel approach to produce special data to study biological processes in cellular and subcellular levels. Recently, molecular imaging plays a key role in studying the activation of olfactory system, thus it could help to prevent or delay some diseases. Herein, we present a comprehensive review on the research progress of the imaging probes for visualizing olfactory system, which is classified on different imaging modalities, including PET, MRI, and optical imaging. Additionally, the probes' design, sensing mechanism, and biological application are discussed. Finally, we provide an outlook for future studies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quansheng Gao
- Laboratory of the Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hirai Y, Nishino E, Ohmori H. Simultaneous recording of fluorescence and electrical signals by photometric patch electrode in deep brain regions in vivo. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3930-42. [PMID: 25761950 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00005.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its widespread use, high-resolution imaging with multiphoton microscopy to record neuronal signals in vivo is limited to the surface of brain tissue because of limited light penetration. Moreover, most imaging studies do not simultaneously record electrical neural activity, which is, however, crucial to understanding brain function. Accordingly, we developed a photometric patch electrode (PME) to overcome the depth limitation of optical measurements and also enable the simultaneous recording of neural electrical responses in deep brain regions. The PME recoding system uses a patch electrode to excite a fluorescent dye and to measure the fluorescence signal as a light guide, to record electrical signal, and to apply chemicals to the recorded cells locally. The optical signal was analyzed by either a spectrometer of high light sensitivity or a photomultiplier tube depending on the kinetics of the responses. We used the PME in Oregon Green BAPTA-1 AM-loaded avian auditory nuclei in vivo to monitor calcium signals and electrical responses. We demonstrated distinct response patterns in three different nuclei of the ascending auditory pathway. On acoustic stimulation, a robust calcium fluorescence response occurred in auditory cortex (field L) neurons that outlasted the electrical response. In the auditory midbrain (inferior colliculus), both responses were transient. In the brain-stem cochlear nucleus magnocellularis, calcium response seemed to be effectively suppressed by the activity of metabotropic glutamate receptors. In conclusion, the PME provides a powerful tool to study brain function in vivo at a tissue depth inaccessible to conventional imaging devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Hirai
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan; and Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Nishino
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Harunori Ohmori
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan; and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Circuit-dependent striatal PKA and ERK signaling underlies rapid behavioral shift in mating reaction of male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6718-23. [PMID: 25964359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of reward-seeking and aversive behaviors is controlled by two distinct D1 and D2 receptor-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons, namely the direct pathway MSNs (dMSNs) and the indirect pathway MSNs (iMSNs), but the dynamic modulation of signaling cascades of dMSNs and iMSNs in behaving animals remains largely elusive. We developed an in vivo methodology to monitor Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of the activities of PKA and ERK in either dMSNs or iMSNs by microendoscopy in freely moving mice. PKA and ERK were coordinately but oppositely regulated between dMSNs and iMSNs by rewarding cocaine administration and aversive electric shocks. Notably, the activities of PKA and ERK rapidly shifted when male mice became active or indifferent toward female mice during mating behavior. Importantly, manipulation of PKA cascades by the Designer Receptor recapitulated active and indifferent mating behaviors, indicating a causal linkage of a dynamic activity shift of PKA and ERK between dMSNs and iMSNs in action selection.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mielke L, Preaudet A, Belz G, Putoczki T. Confocal laser endomicroscopy to monitor the colonic mucosa of mice. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:81-88. [PMID: 25960174 PMCID: PMC5803490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a unique organ system that provides an epithelial barrier between our underlying immune system and luminal pathogens. Disruption of gastrointestinal homeostasis, as a result of impaired barrier function, is associated with numerous pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. In parallel to the clinical development of endoscopy technologies to monitor and diagnose these pathologies in humans, advanced mouse colonoscopy techniques are being developed. When these technologies are coupled with model systems of human disease, which are essential to our understanding of the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases, the requirement for euthanasia of multiple cohorts of mice is eliminated. Here we highlight the suitability of white light endoscopy to monitor the progression of colitis in mice. We further outline the experimental power of combined standard endoscopy with confocal microendoscopy, which permits visualization of fluorescent markers in a single animal in real-time. Together, these technologies will enhance our understanding of the interplay between components of the gastrointestinal microenvironment and their role in disease. Monitoring of mucosal damage using white light endoscopy Monitoring of the epithelial barrier using confocal endomicroscopy Monitoring of the vasculature architecture using confocal endomicroscopy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mielke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adele Preaudet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracy Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Overexpression of the type 1 adenylyl cyclase in the forebrain leads to deficits of behavioral inhibition. J Neurosci 2015; 35:339-51. [PMID: 25568126 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2478-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 adenylyl cyclase (AC1) is an activity-dependent, calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase expressed in the nervous system that is implicated in memory formation. We examined the locomotor activity, and impulsive and social behaviors of AC1+ mice, a transgenic mouse strain overexpressing AC1 in the forebrain. Here we report that AC1+ mice exhibit hyperactive behaviors and demonstrate increased impulsivity and reduced sociability. In contrast, AC1 and AC8 double knock-out mice are hypoactive, and exhibit increased sociability and reduced impulsivity. Interestingly, the hyperactivity of AC1+ mice can be corrected by valproate, a mood-stabilizing drug. These data indicate that increased expression of AC1 in the forebrain leads to deficits in behavioral inhibition.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gorshkov K, Zhang J. Visualization of cyclic nucleotide dynamics in neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:395. [PMID: 25538560 PMCID: PMC4255612 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) transduce many neuromodulatory signals from hormones and neurotransmitters into specific functional outputs. Their production, degradation and signaling are spatiotemporally regulated to achieve high specificity in signal transduction. The development of genetically encodable fluorescent biosensors has provided researchers with useful tools to study these versatile second messengers and their downstream effectors with unparalleled spatial and temporal resolution in cultured cells and living animals. In this review, we introduce the general design of these fluorescent biosensors and describe several of them in more detail. Then we discuss a few examples of using cyclic nucleotide fluorescent biosensors to study regulation of neuronal function and finish with a discussion of advances in the field. Although there has been significant progress made in understanding how the specific signaling of cyclic nucleotide second messengers is achieved, the mechanistic details in complex cell types like neurons are only just beginning to surface. Current and future fluorescent protein reporters will be essential to elucidate the role of cyclic nucleotide signaling dynamics in the functions of individual neurons and their networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Dr. Jin Zhang, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Laboratory of Dr. Jin Zhang, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spatially Selective Holographic Photoactivation and Functional Fluorescence Imaging in Freely Behaving Mice with a Fiberscope. Neuron 2014; 84:1157-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
22
|
Gore BB, Soden ME, Zweifel LS. Visualization of plasticity in fear-evoked calcium signals in midbrain dopamine neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:575-9. [PMID: 25320348 PMCID: PMC4201808 DOI: 10.1101/lm.036079.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is broadly implicated in fear-related processes, yet we know very little about signaling dynamics in these neurons during active fear conditioning. We describe the direct imaging of calcium signals of dopamine neurons during Pavlovian fear conditioning using fiber-optic confocal microscopy coupled with the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3. We observed calcium transients in a subset of dopamine neurons to an unconditioned fear stimulus on the first day of Pavlovian fear conditioning. On the second day, calcium transients occurred in response to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. These results demonstrate plasticity in dopamine neuron calcium signals and the occurrence of activity-dependent processes in these neurons during fear conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Gore
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98053, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98053, USA
| | - Marta E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98053, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98053, USA
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98053, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98053, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang C, Kaza AK, Hitchcock RW, Sachse FB. Local delivery of fluorescent dye for fiber-optics confocal microscopy of the living heart. Front Physiol 2014; 5:367. [PMID: 25309455 PMCID: PMC4174735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber-optics confocal microscopy (FCM) is an emerging imaging technology with various applications in basic research and clinical diagnosis. FCM allows for real-time in situ microscopy of tissue at sub-cellular scale. Recently FCM has been investigated for cardiac imaging, in particular, for discrimination of cardiac tissue during pediatric open-heart surgery. FCM relies on fluorescent dyes. The current clinical approach of dye delivery is based on systemic injection, which is associated with high dye consumption, and adverse clinical events. In this study, we investigated approaches for local dye delivery during FCM imaging based on dye carriers attached to the imaging probe. Using three-dimensional confocal microscopy, automated bench tests, and FCM imaging we quantitatively characterized dye release of carriers composed of open-pore foam only and foam loaded with agarose hydrogel. In addition, we compared local dye delivery with a model of systemic dye delivery in the isolated perfused rodent heart. We measured the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of images acquired in various regions of the heart. Our evaluations showed that foam-agarose dye carriers exhibited a prolonged dye release vs. foam-only carriers. Foam-agarose dye carriers allowed reliable imaging of 5–9 lines, which is comparable to 4–8 min of continuous dye release. Our study in the living heart revealed that the SNR of FCM images using local and systemic dye delivery is not different. However, we observed differences in the imaged tissue microstructure with the two approaches. Structural features characteristic of microvasculature were solely observed for systemic dye delivery. Our findings suggest that local dye delivery approach for FCM imaging constitutes an important alternative to systemic dye delivery. We suggest that the approach for local dye delivery will facilitate clinical translation of FCM, for instance, for FCM imaging during pediatric heart surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aditya K Kaza
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert W Hitchcock
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frank B Sachse
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marinelli M, McCutcheon JE. Heterogeneity of dopamine neuron activity across traits and states. Neuroscience 2014; 282:176-97. [PMID: 25084048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons fire irregularly, with interspersed clusters of high-frequency spikes, commonly called 'bursts'. In this review we examine such heterogeneity in activity, and provide insight into how it can participate in psychiatric conditions such as drug addiction. We first describe several techniques used to evaluate dopamine neuron activity, and comment on the different measures that each provides. We next describe the activity of dopamine neurons in 'basal' conditions. Specifically, we discuss how the use of anesthesia and reduced preparations may alter aspects of dopamine cell activity, and how there is heterogeneity across species and regions. We also describe how dopamine cell firing changes throughout the peri-adolescent period and how dopamine neuron activity differs across the population. In the final section, we discuss how dopamine neuron activity changes in response to life events. First, we focus attention on drugs of abuse. Drugs themselves change firing activity through a variety of mechanisms, with effects on firing while drug is present differing from those seen after drug discontinuation. We then review how stimuli that are rewarding, aversive, or salient can evoke changes in firing rate and discharge pattern of dopamine neurons, and provide behavioral relevance of dopamine signaling. Finally, we discuss how stress can modulate dopamine neuron firing and how this may contribute to the role that stressful experiences play in psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marinelli
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, C0875, BME 6.114A, Austin, TX 78756, USA.
| | - J E McCutcheon
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Molecular neuroimaging of post-injury plasticity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:630-8. [PMID: 24909382 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nerve injury induces long-term changes in neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which has often been implicated as the origin of sensory dysfunction. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. C-fos is an immediate early gene, which has been shown to play an instrumental role in plasticity. By developing a new platform to image real-time changes in gene expression in vivo, we investigated whether injury modulates the levels of c-fos in layer V of S1, since previous studies have suggested that these neurons are particularly susceptible to injury. The yellow fluorescent protein, ZsYellow1, under the regulation of the c-fos promoter, was expressed throughout the rat brain. A fiber-based confocal microscope that enabled deep brain imaging was utilized, and local field potentials were collected simultaneously. In the weeks following limb denervation in adult rats (n=10), sensory stimulation of the intact limb induced significant increases in c-fos gene expression in cells located in S1, both contralateral (affected, 27.6±3 cells) and ipsilateral (8.6±3 cells) to the injury, compared to controls (n=10, 13.4±3 and 1.0±1, respectively, p value<0.05). Thus, we demonstrated that injury activates cellular mechanisms that are involved in reshaping neuronal connections, and this may translate to neurorehabilitative potential.
Collapse
|
26
|
Soden ME, Jones GL, Sanford CA, Chung AS, Güler AD, Chavkin C, Luján R, Zweifel LS. Disruption of dopamine neuron activity pattern regulation through selective expression of a human KCNN3 mutation. Neuron 2013; 80:997-1009. [PMID: 24206670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-activated small conductance potassium channel SK3 plays an essential role in the regulation of dopamine neuron activity patterns. Here we demonstrate that expression of a human disease-related SK3 mutation (hSK3Δ) in dopamine neurons of mice disrupts the balance between tonic and phasic dopamine neuron activity. Expression of hSK3Δ suppressed endogenous SK currents, reducing coupling between SK channels and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and increasing permissiveness for burst firing. Consistent with enhanced excitability of dopamine neurons, hSK3Δ increased evoked calcium signals in dopamine neurons in vivo and potentiated evoked dopamine release. Specific expression of hSK3Δ led to deficits in attention and sensory gating and heightened sensitivity to a psychomimetic drug. Sensory-motor alterations and psychomimetic sensitivity were recapitulated in a mouse model of transient, reversible dopamine neuron activation. These results demonstrate the cell-autonomous effects of a human ion channel mutation on dopamine neuron physiology and the impact of activity pattern disruption on behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
ZELMER A, WARD T. Noninvasive fluorescence imaging of small animals. J Microsc 2013; 252:8-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. ZELMER
- Immunology and Infection Department; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - T.H. WARD
- Immunology and Infection Department; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Conductier G, Martin AO, Risold PY, Jego S, Lavoie R, Lafont C, Mollard P, Adamantidis A, Nahon JL. Control of ventricular ciliary beating by the melanin concentrating hormone-expressing neurons of the lateral hypothalamus: a functional imaging survey. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:182. [PMID: 24324458 PMCID: PMC3839296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic peptide Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH) is known to control a large number of brain functions in mammals such as food intake and metabolism, stress response, anxiety, sleep/wake cycle, memory, and reward. Based on neuro-anatomical and electrophysiological studies these functions were attributed to neuronal circuits expressing MCHR1, the single MCH receptor in rodents. In complement to our recently published work (1) we provided here new data regarding the action of MCH on ependymocytes in the mouse brain. First, we establish that MCHR1 mRNA is expressed in the ependymal cells of the third ventricle epithelium. Second, we demonstrated a tonic control of MCH-expressing neurons on ependymal cilia beat frequency using in vitro optogenics. Finally, we performed in vivo measurements of CSF flow using fluorescent micro-beads in wild-type and MCHR1-knockout mice. Collectively, our results demonstrated that MCH-expressing neurons modulate ciliary beating of ependymal cells at the third ventricle and could contribute to maintain cerebro-spinal fluid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Conductier
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Agnès O. Martin
- UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- U661, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- UMR-5203, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Laboratoire d’Histologie, IFR 133, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France
| | - Sonia Jego
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raphaël Lavoie
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chrystel Lafont
- UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- U661, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- UMR-5203, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Mollard
- UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- U661, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- UMR-5203, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Station de Primatologie, UPS 846, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Rousset sur Arc, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Louis Nahon, UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Angius D, Wang H, Spinner RJ, Gutierrez-Cotto Y, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ. A systematic review of animal models used to study nerve regeneration in tissue-engineered scaffolds. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8034-9. [PMID: 22889485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on biomaterial nerve scaffolds has been carried out for 50 years. Only three materials (collagen, polycaprolactone and polyglycollic acid) have progressed to clinical use. Pre-clinical animal models are critical for testing nerve scaffolds prior to implementation in clinical practice. We have conducted a systematic review of 416 reports in which animal models were used for evaluation of nerve regeneration into synthetic conduits. A valid animal model of nerve regeneration requires it to reproduce the specific processes that take place in regeneration after human peripheral nerve injury. No distinct animal species meets all the requirements for an ideal animal model. Certain models are well suited for understanding regenerative neurobiology while others are better for pre-clinical evaluation of efficacy. The review identified that more than 70 synthetic materials were tested in eight species using 17 different nerves. Nerve gaps ranged from 1 to 90 mm. More than 20 types of assessment methodology were used with no standardization of methods between any of the publications. The review emphasizes the urgent need for standardization or rationalization of animal models and evaluation methods for studying nerve repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Angius
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hayashi Y, Tagawa Y, Yawata S, Nakanishi S, Funabiki K. Spatio-temporal control of neural activity in vivo using fluorescence microendoscopy. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2722-32. [PMID: 22780218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Controlling neural activity with high spatio-temporal resolution is desired for studying how neural circuit dynamics control animal behavior. Conventional methods for manipulating neural activity, such as electrical microstimulation or pharmacological blockade, have poor spatial and/or temporal resolution. Algal protein channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enables millisecond-precision control of neural activity. However, a photostimulation method for high spatial resolution mapping in vivo is yet to be established. Here, we report a novel optical/electrical probe, consisting of optical fiber bundles and metal electrodes. Optical fiber bundles were used as a brain-insertable endoscope for image transfer and stimulating light delivery. Light-induced activity from ChR2-expressing neurons was detected with electrodes bundled to the endoscope, enabling verification of light-evoked action potentials. Photostimulation through optical fiber bundles of transgenic mice expressing ChR2 in layer 5 cortical neurons resulted in single-whisker movement, indicating spatially restricted activation of neurons in vivo. The probe system described here and a combination of various photoactive molecules will facilitate studies on the causal link between specific neural activity patterns and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Systems Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kanamori A, Catrinescu MM, Belisle JM, Costantino S, Levin LA. Retrograde and Wallerian axonal degeneration occur synchronously after retinal ganglion cell axotomy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:62-73. [PMID: 22642911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Axonal injury and degeneration are pivotal pathological events in diseases of the nervous system. In the past decade, it has been recognized that the process of axonal degeneration is distinct from somal degeneration and that axoprotective strategies may be distinct from those that protect the soma. Preserving the cell body via neuroprotection cannot improve function if the axon is damaged, because the soma is still disconnected from its target. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of axonal degeneration is critical for developing new therapeutic interventions for axonal disease treatment. We combined in vivo imaging with a multilaser confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and in vivo axotomy with a diode-pumped solid-state laser to assess the time course of Wallerian and retrograde degeneration of unmyelinated retinal ganglion cell axons in living rats for 4 weeks after intraretinal axotomy. Laser injury resulted in reproducible axon loss both distal and proximal to the site of injury. Longitudinal polarization-sensitive imaging of axons demonstrated that Wallerian and retrograde degeneration occurred synchronously. Neurofilament immunostaining of retinal whole-mounts confirmed axonal loss and demonstrated sparing of adjacent axons to the axotomy site. In vivo fluorescent imaging of axonal transport and photobleaching of labeled axons demonstrated that the laser axotomy model did not affect adjacent axon function. These results are consistent with a shared mechanism for Wallerian and retrograde degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyasu Kanamori
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yuryev M, Khiroug L. Dynamic longitudinal investigation of individual nerve endings in the skin of anesthetized mice using in vivo two-photon microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:046007. [PMID: 22559685 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.046007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of individual cutaneous nerve endings has previously relied on laborious procedures of tissue excision, fixation, sectioning and staining for light or electron microscopy. We present a method for non-invasive, longitudinal two-photon microscopy of single nerve endings within the skin of anesthetized transgenic mice. Besides excellent signal-to-background ratio and nanometer-scale spatial resolution, this method offers time-lapse "movies" of pathophysiological changes in nerve fine structure over minutes, hours, days or weeks. Structure of keratinocytes and dermal matrix is visualized simultaneously with nerve endings, providing clear landmarks for longitudinal analysis. We further demonstrate feasibility of dissecting individual nerve fibers with infra-red laser and monitoring their degradation and regeneration. In summary, our excision-free optical biopsy technique is ideal for longitudinal microscopic analysis of animal skin and skin innervations in vivo and can be applied widely in preclinical models of chronic pain, allergies, skin cancers and a variety of dermatological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yuryev
- University of Helsinki, Neuroscience Center, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Blanco G, Ribchester RR. Confocal Microendoscopy of Neuromuscular Synapses in Living Mice. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2012; 2:1-8. [PMID: 26069002 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a step-by-step method for vital imaging of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and axons using fiber-optic confocal microendoscopy (CME). A commercially available system, the Cellvizio Lab, can be applied to transgenic mouse lines expressing yellow fluorescent protein in all or pseudorandom sub-subsets of motor neurons. Microscopic imaging in vivo is achieved by means of a flexible optical fiber probe that excites and collects the emitted light from fluorescently labeled structures. The hand-held probe is introduced through small skin incisions to visualize nerves and neuromuscular junctions from superficial muscles. Interpolation software then reconstructs the images in real time. The images are of sufficient quality to permit screening of axonal and neuromuscular synaptic integrity and other aspects of their phenotype in live animals. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:1-8 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Blanco
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard R Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ohya TR, Sumiyama K, Takahashi-Fujigasaki J, Dobashi A, Saito S, Tajiri H. In vivo histologic imaging of the muscularis propria and myenteric neurons with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in porcine models (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75:405-10. [PMID: 22248608 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The submucosal tunneling technique enables us to endoscopically access deeper tissue layers. Use of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) provides optical histologic imaging on the site. OBJECTIVE To determine the technical feasibility of ex vivo and in vivo pCLE imaging of the muscularis propria and myenteric neurons by using submucosal endoscopy with a mucosal flap safety valve (SEMF). DESIGN Acute porcine model study. SETTING Animal laboratory. INTERVENTION Two ex vivo and 6 in vivo porcine models were used. A submucosal space was created with SEMF, and a neuronal molecular probe was topically applied onto the muscularis. Confocal imaging of the stained muscularis was performed by using pCLE. The selected sites were sampled, and the histopathology of the sites was analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The two main outcome measures were the procedural success rate of submucosal access and the correlation between pCLE and histologic images. RESULTS Submucosal access to the pCLE study site was successful in all attempts (100%; 17/17 sites). The muscularis propria was visualized with pCLE in the ex vivo and in vivo porcine models in 83.3% of sites (20/24), and the neuron-like cells were identified in 41.7% of sites (10/24). LIMITATIONS Animal experiment. CONCLUSION The muscularis propria and myenteric neurons could be selectively visualized with pCLE in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko R Ohya
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dugué GP, Akemann W, Knöpfel T. A comprehensive concept of optogenetics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 196:1-28. [PMID: 22341318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59426-6.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental questions that neuroscientists have previously approached with classical biochemical and electrophysiological techniques can now be addressed using optogenetics. The term optogenetics reflects the key program of this emerging field, namely, combining optical and genetic techniques. With the already impressively successful application of light-driven actuator proteins such as microbial opsins to interact with intact neural circuits, optogenetics rose to a key technology over the past few years. While spearheaded by tools to control membrane voltage, the more general concept of optogenetics includes the use of a variety of genetically encoded probes for physiological parameters ranging from membrane voltage and calcium concentration to metabolism. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in this rapidly growing discipline and attempt to sketch some of its future prospects and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Dugué
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ghaffarieh A, Levin LA. Optic nerve disease and axon pathophysiology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23206593 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398309-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathy is the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Although the most common optic neuropathy is glaucoma, there are also many other optic neuropathies, for example, those associated with multiple sclerosis, giant cell arteritis, ischemia, and many other diseases. In almost all cases, the pathogenesis involves injury to the retinal ganglion cell axon, with consequent somal and axonal degeneration. This chapter reviews the clinical and pathophysiological properties associated with three of the most common optic neuropathies, as well as recent findings in understanding axonal degeneration. It concludes with a status report on therapies for optic nerve disease, including axoprotection, an approach being studied that has the goal of maintaining axonal integrity and function after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghaffarieh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Confocal laser endomicroscopy of airways problems and prospects. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2011. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract83519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have described the principle and method of confocal laser endomicroscopy using the system Cellvizio lung probe Alveoflex (Mauna Kea Technologies, France) to study the distal lower respiratory tract in real time. Acynoscopy has been performed in 25 patients aged from 24 to 75 years with different lung pathology. The problems associated with using of this technology and its potential practical applications are discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In the preceding series of articles, the history of vertebrate motoneuron and motor unit neurobiological studies has been discussed. In this article, we select a few examples of recent advances in neuroscience and discuss their application or potential application to the study of motoneurons and the control of movement. We conclude, like Sherrington, that in order to understand normal, traumatized, and diseased human behavior, it is critical to continue to study motoneuron biology using all available and emerging tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Historical Review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brownstone
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chudakov DM, Matz MV, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA. Fluorescent proteins and their applications in imaging living cells and tissues. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:1103-63. [PMID: 20664080 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its homologs from diverse marine animals are widely used as universal genetically encoded fluorescent labels. Many laboratories have focused their efforts on identification and development of fluorescent proteins with novel characteristics and enhanced properties, resulting in a powerful toolkit for visualization of structural organization and dynamic processes in living cells and organisms. The diversity of currently available fluorescent proteins covers nearly the entire visible spectrum, providing numerous alternative possibilities for multicolor labeling and studies of protein interactions. Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins enable tracking of photolabeled molecules and cells in space and time and can also be used for super-resolution imaging. Genetically encoded sensors make it possible to monitor the activity of enzymes and the concentrations of various analytes. Fast-maturing fluorescent proteins, cell clocks, and timers further expand the options for real time studies in living tissues. Here we focus on the structure, evolution, and function of GFP-like proteins and their numerous applications for in vivo imaging, with particular attention to recent techniques.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kim T, Choi H, Ryu B, Gang G, Kim S, Koo D, Kim J, Han J, Park C, Her S, Lee D. Real-time in vivo bioluminescence imaging of lentiviral vector–mediated gene transfer in mouse testis. Theriogenology 2010; 73:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
41
|
Wong F, Fan L, Wells S, Hartley R, Mackenzie FE, Oyebode O, Brown R, Thomson D, Coleman MP, Blanco G, Ribchester RR. Axonal and neuromuscular synaptic phenotypes in Wld(S), SOD1(G93A) and ostes mutant mice identified by fiber-optic confocal microendoscopy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 42:296-307. [PMID: 19683573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used live imaging by fiber-optic confocal microendoscopy (CME) of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) expression in motor neurons to observe and monitor axonal and neuromuscular synaptic phenotypes in mutant mice. First, we visualized slow degeneration of axons and motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions following sciatic nerve injury in Wld(S) mice with slow Wallerian degeneration. Protection of axotomized motor nerve terminals was much weaker in Wld(S) heterozygotes than in homozygotes. We then induced covert modifiers of axonal and synaptic degeneration in heterozygous Wld(S) mice, by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis, and used CME to identify candidate mutants that either enhanced or suppressed axonal or synaptic degeneration. From 219 of the F1 progeny of ENU-mutagenized BALB/c mice and thy1.2-YFP16/Wld(S) mice, CME revealed six phenodeviants with suppression of synaptic degeneration. Inheritance of synaptic protection was confirmed in three of these founders, with evidence of Mendelian inheritance of a dominant mutation in one of them (designated CEMOP_S5). We next applied CME repeatedly to living Wld(S) mice and to SOD1(G93A) mice, an animal model of motor neuron disease, and observed degeneration of identified neuromuscular synapses over a 1-4day period in both of these mutant lines. Finally, we used CME to observe slow axonal regeneration in the ENU-mutant ostes mouse strain. The data show that CME can be used to monitor covert axonal and neuromuscular synaptic pathology and, when combined with mutagenesis, to identify genetic modifiers of its progression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Wong
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH89JZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Villiger M, Goulley J, Friedrich M, Grapin-Botton A, Meda P, Lasser T, Leitgeb RA. In vivo imaging of murine endocrine islets of Langerhans with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1599-607. [PMID: 19484218 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Structural and functional imaging of the islets of Langerhans and the insulin-secreting beta cells represents a significant challenge and a long-lasting objective in diabetes research. In vivo microscopy offers a valuable insight into beta cell function but has severe limitations regarding sample labelling, imaging speed and depth, and was primarily performed on isolated islets lacking native innervations and vascularisation. This article introduces extended-focus optical coherence microscopy (xfOCM) to image murine pancreatic islets in their natural environment in situ, i.e. in vivo and in a label-free condition. METHODS Ex vivo measurements on excised pancreases were performed and validated by standard immunohistochemistry to investigate the structures that can be observed with xfOCM. The influence of streptozotocin on the signature of the islets was investigated in a second step. Finally, xfOCM was applied to make measurements of the murine pancreas in situ and in vivo. RESULTS xfOCM circumvents the fundamental physical limit that trades lateral resolution for depth of field, and achieves fast volumetric imaging with high resolution in all three dimensions. It allows label-free visualisation of pancreatic lobules, ducts, blood vessels and individual islets of Langerhans ex vivo and in vivo, and detects streptozotocin-induced islet destruction. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate the potential value of xfOCM in high-resolution in vivo studies to assess islet structure and function in animal models of diabetes, aiming towards its use in longitudinal studies of diabetes progression and islet transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Villiger
- Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martin JR. In VivoBrain Imaging: Fluorescence or Bioluminescence, Which to Choose? J Neurogenet 2009; 22:285-307. [DOI: 10.1080/01677060802298517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
44
|
Parekattil S, Yeung LL, Su LM. Intraoperative Tissue Characterization and Imaging. Urol Clin North Am 2009; 36:213-21, ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Dynamic visualization of cellular signaling. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 119:79-97. [PMID: 19499207 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of cellular signaling is critically dependent on our ability to visualize and quantify specific signaling events with high spatial and temporal resolution in the cellular context. Over the past decade or so, biosensors based on fluorescent proteins and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have emerged as one major class of fluorescent probes that are capable of tracking a variety of cellular signaling events, such as second messenger dynamics and enzyme activation/activity, in time and space. Here we review recent advances in the development of such biosensors and some biological insights revealed by these biosensors in living cells, tissue, and organisms.
Collapse
|
46
|
Real-time monitoring of cyclic nucleotide signaling in neurons using genetically encoded FRET probes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:3-17. [PMID: 18941898 DOI: 10.1007/s11068-008-9035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Signaling cascades involving cyclic nucleotides play key roles in signal transduction in virtually all cell types. Elucidation of the spatiotemporal regulation of cyclic nucleotide signaling requires methods for tracking the dynamics of cyclic nucleotides and the activities of their regulators and effectors in the native biological context. Here we review a series of genetically encoded FRET-based probes for real-time monitoring of cyclic nucleotide signaling with a particular focus on their implementation in neurons. Current data indicate that neurons have a very active metabolism in cyclic nucleotide signaling, which is tightly regulated through a variety of homeostatic regulations.
Collapse
|
47
|
Engelbrecht CJ, Johnston RS, Seibel EJ, Helmchen F. Ultra-compact fiber-optic two-photon microscope for functional fluorescence imaging in vivo. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:5556-64. [PMID: 18542658 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a small, lightweight two-photon fiberscope and demonstrate its suitability for functional imaging in the intact brain. Our device consists of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber for efficient delivery of near-IR femtosecond laser pulses, a spiral fiber-scanner for resonant beam steering, and a gradient-index lens system for fluorescence excitation, dichroic beam splitting, and signal collection. Fluorescence light is remotely detected using a standard photomultiplier tube. All optical components have 1 mm dimensions and the microscope's headpiece weighs only 0.6 grams. The instrument achieves micrometer resolution at frame rates of typically 25 Hz with a field-of-view of up to 200 microns. We demonstrate functional imaging of calcium signals in Purkinje cell dendrites in the cerebellum of anesthetized rats. The microscope will be easily portable by a rat or mouse and thus should enable functional imaging in freely behaving animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Engelbrecht
- Dept. of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
St. Croix C, Zipfel WR, Watkins SC. Potential solutions for confocal imaging of living animals. Biotechniques 2007; 43:14-9. [DOI: 10.2144/000112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of confocal and multiphoton microscopy for in vivo studies in animals continues to be an area of exciting technical and commercial development. However, the application of these technologies at high resolution, such that molecular and subcellular information is collected, remains an elusive goal. This review discusses the practical and performance limitations and the potential uses of currently available systems. We also highlight the ongoing developments in both miniaturized and bench-mounted systems for single and multiphoton optical sectioning studies in animals and in human clinical trials.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang J, Allen MD. FRET-based biosensors for protein kinases: illuminating the kinome. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:759-65. [DOI: 10.1039/b706628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|