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Doğan G, Sandıkçı M, Karagenç L. Stage-specific expression of Toll-like receptors in the seminiferous epithelium of mouse testis. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02310-z. [PMID: 39085445 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Genes encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by germ cells in the mouse testis. Nevertheless, the expression of TLRs by germ cells has only been demonstrated for TLR-3, TLR-9, and TLR-11. Furthermore, the expression of each TLR in relation to the stage of spermatogenesis remains uncertain. We aimed in the present study to examine the expression pattern of all TLRs in germ cells throughout the cycle of seminiferous epithelium in the adult mouse testis. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TLRs. Results of the present study reveal the expression of TLRs by specific populations of germ cells. Expression of TLRs, except for TLR-7, at endosomal compartments, acrosomes, and/or residual bodies was another interesting and novel finding of the present study. We further demonstrate that the expression of TLR-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -11, -12, and -13 follows a distinct spatiotemporal pattern throughout the cycle of seminiferous epithelium. While TLR-1, -3, -5, -11, and -12 are expressed in all stages, TLR-4 is expressed only in early and middle stages of spermatogenic cycle. On the other hand, TLR-2, -7, and -13 are expressed only in early stage of spermatogenic cycle. Evidence demonstrating the expression of TLRs in a stage specific manner throughout spermatogenesis strengthen the hypothesis that the expression of various TLRs by germ cells is a developmentally regulated process. However, if TLRs play a role in the regulation of proliferation, growth, maturation, and differentiation of germ cells throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Doğan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology-Embryology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09000, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sandıkçı
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology-Embryology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09000, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Levent Karagenç
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology-Embryology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09000, Aydın, Turkey.
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2
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Sheibak N, Zandieh Z, Amjadi F, Aflatoonian R. How sperm protects itself: A journey in the female reproductive system. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 163:104222. [PMID: 38489929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sperm must pass a complex route in the female reproductive tract (FRT) to reach the fertilization site and join the oocyte. Thus, it should employ several mechanisms to survive against the female immune system, fertilize the oocyte, and successfully transmit paternal genes to the next generation. In addition to self-protection, sperm may be involved in the immune tolerance to the developing embryo and regulating the FRT for embryo implantation and subsequent pregnancy. Hence, this review intends to summarize the mechanisms that protect sperm in the FRT: including immunomodulatory factors that are carried by seminal plasma, cell-to-cell and molecular interaction of sperm with epithelial and immune cells of the FRT, high regulated secretions of inflammatory factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, inducing immune tolerance to paternal antigens, and specialized expression of cell receptors and binding proteins. In most of these events sperm induces the FRT to protect itself by modulating immune responses for its own benefit. However, not all sperm in the semen are able to trigger the survival mechanisms and only high-quality sperm will overcome this challenge. A clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms that maintain sperm viability and function in the FRT can lead to new knowledge about infertility etiology and a new approach in assisted reproductive technologies for the preparation and selection of the best sperm based on the criteria that physiologically happen in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sheibak
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandieh
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Xia X, Guo W, Ma X, Liang N, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Chang Z, Zhang X. Reproductive toxicity and cross-generational effect of polyethylene microplastics in Paramisgurnus dabryanus. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137440. [PMID: 36460160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of microplastics (MPs) has become a global environmental issue due to the difficulty in its degradation and may cause unexpected ecological effects. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential effects of MPs on reproduction toxicity in aquatic species. In this study, adult loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus, F0 generation) were exposed to two concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) of polyethylene MPs (PE-MPs) for 15 or 30 days, and the toxic effects in parental loach and the offspring (F1 generation) were examined. Our results showed that PE-MPs exposure could change the indicators content of antioxidant system in the brain, liver, and gonad. PE-MPs can accumulate in the gonads, disrupt the transcription of HPG-axis related genes, alter sex hormone levels, increase cell apoptosis and gonadal pathological lesions, lead to the damage of biological characteristics of semen, and affect the reproduction in F0 generation. PE-MPs remaining in the parental gonads can be transferred to the F1 generation embryos and accumulated on the embryonic chorionic membrane, increasing mortality and malformation rates, accelerating hatching time, and decreasing hatching rate and body length. These results suggest that PE-MPs leads to a potential adverse influence on reproduction and serious impacts on population sustainability. This work provides a new perspective into the effects of MPs on reproductive damage and cross-generational effects in teleost fish, which have implications in fields of freshwater ecology and environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Wanwan Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Ning Liang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiangyu Duan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Peihan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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4
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Hasi G, Sodnompil T, Na H, Liu H, Ji M, Xie W, Nasenochir N. Whole transcriptome sequencing reveals core genes related to spermatogenesis in Bactrian camels. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad115. [PMID: 37083698 PMCID: PMC10718809 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bactrian camels survive and reproduce better in extreme climatic conditions than other domestic animals can. However, the reproductive efficiency of camels under their natural pastoral conditions is low. Several factors affect mammalian reproductive performance, including testicular development, semen quality, libido, and mating ability. Testis is a main reproductive organ of the male and is responsible for producing spermatozoa and hormones. However, our understanding of the expression patterns of the genes in camel testis is minimal. Thus, we performed total RNA-sequencing to investigate the gene expression pattern. As a result, 1,538 differential expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 702 differential expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs), and 61 differential expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified between pubertal and adult Bactrian camel testes. Then the genomic features, length distribution, and other characteristics of the lncRNAs and mRNAs in the Bactrian camel testis were investigated. Target genes of the DEmiRNAs and DEmRNAs were further subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Genes, such as AMHR2, FGF1, ACTL7A, GATA4, WNT4, ID2, LAMA1, IGF1, INHBB, and TLR2, were mainly involved in the TGF-β, PI3K-AKT, Wnt, GnRH, and Hippo signaling pathways which relate to spermatogenesis. Some of the DEmiRNAs were predicted to be associated with numerous DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs through competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network. At last, the candidate genes were validated by RT-qPCR, dual fluorescent reporter gene, and a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. This research provides high-throughput RNA sequencing data of the testes of Bactrian camels across different developmental stages. It lays the foundation for further investigations on lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs that involved in Bactrian camel spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowa Hasi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tserennadmid Sodnompil
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Haya Na
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hejie Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Musi Ji
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wangwei Xie
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Narenhua Nasenochir
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
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Priyam M, Gupta SK, Sarkar B, Naskar S, Kumar N, Foysal MJ, Sharma TR. Variation in immuno-reproductive milieu of testis in Clarias magur from pre-spawning to spawning phase: An indication towards non-canonical role of immune elements in testes. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 154:103757. [PMID: 36335659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms are major players in ensuring the normal functioning of testicular functions. However, apart from their role in active defence against pathogens, prior studies have also suggested a possibility for reproduction-related (non-immune) functions of certain immune elements. This study employs a comparative transcriptomics approach followed by network analysis for tracking the variation in the immuno-reproductive milieu of Clarias magur testis in spawning versus pre-spawning phase. The results show a significant modulation of both reproduction and immune-relevant genes in spawning versus pre-spawning phase. The functional enrichment of the upregulated reproduction-relevant gene network also shows immune-related biological processes which indicates a probability of involvement of these candidates in spermatogenesis-related events for switching from pre-spawning to spawning phase. The upregulated immune network is highly dense with 40 hubs, 10 cluster sub-networks and 142 functionally enriched pathways in comparison to its downregulated counterpart with only 5 hubs, 1 cluster and 1 enriched pathway. These findings indicate that the synchronisation in modulation of both reproductive and immune-related factors is critical for progression of testicular events guiding the switch from pre-spawning to spawning phase. The reproductive phase-dependent variation in plasma sex steroid levels and the selected genes for quantitative PCR also corroborated this hypothesis. The study also serves as a preliminary screening step for probable immune candidates that may be involved in reproductive functions of testis in addition to defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Priyam
- ICAR, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834010, India
| | - Sanjay K Gupta
- ICAR, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834010, India.
| | - Biplab Sarkar
- ICAR, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834010, India
| | - Soumen Naskar
- ICAR, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834010, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, WA 6845 Australia
| | - T R Sharma
- ICAR, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834010, India
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6
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Atli MO, Hitit M, Özbek M, Köse M, Bozkaya F. Cell-Specific Expression Pattern of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Roles in Animal Reproduction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:65-93. [PMID: 35434748 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a part of the innate immune system, have critical roles in protection against infections and involve in basic pathology and physiology. Secreted molecules from the body or pathogens could be a ligand for induction of the TLR system. There are many immune and non-immune types of cells that express at a least single TLR on their surface or cytoplasm. Those cells may be a player in a defense system or in the physiological regulation mechanisms. Reproductive tract and organs contain different types of cells that have essential functions such as hormone production, providing an environment for embryo/fetus, germ cell production, etc. Although lower parts of reproductive organs are in a relationship with outsider contaminants (bacteria, viruses, etc.), upper parts should be sterile to provide a healthy pregnancy and germ cell production. In those areas, TLRs bear controller or regulator roles. In this chapter, we will provide current information about physiological functions of TLR in the cells of the reproductive organs and tract, and especially about their roles in follicle selection, maturation, follicular atresia, ovulation, corpus luteum (CL) formation and regression, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, sperm production, maturation, capacitation as well as the relationship between TLR polymorphism and reproduction in domestic animals. We will also discuss pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-induced TLRs that involve in reproductive inflammation/pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Osman Atli
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özbek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Köse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Faruk Bozkaya
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
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7
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Farghali HA, AbdElKader NA, Fathi M, Emam IA, AbuBakr HO, Alijuaydi SH, Salem NY, Khattab MS, Salama A, Ramadan ES, Yehia SG, Abdelnaby EA. The efficiency of intrauterine infusion of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of acute endometritis as assessed by endoscopic, Doppler, oxidative, immunohistochemical, and gene expression alterations in jennies. Theriogenology 2022; 181:147-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Colombo I, Mislei B, Mari G, Iacono E, Merlo B. Effect of platelet lysate on uterine response of mares susceptible to persistent mating-induced endometritis. Theriogenology 2021; 179:204-210. [PMID: 34894489 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many mares are susceptible to persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), an important cause of reduced fertility. Platelet lysate (PL) derives from freeze-thawing platelets after concentration, so that growth factors are released from the platelets. Among the advantages of PL compared to platelet-rich plasma (PRP), it can be frozen stored and allogenic use for PL might also be conceivable. Platelet-rich plasma beneficially reduced inflammatory response in PMIE mares when administered 24 h pre- or 4 h post-AI. The aim of this study was to test the effect of PL on inflammatory uterine response in mares susceptible to PMIE. A total of 14 mares susceptible to PMIE (based on presence of fluid or inflammatory cells 24 h after AI) underwent an untreated (Ctr) cycle followed by a treated (PL) cycle. From each mare, 100 mL of citrated whole blood was obtained for PRP production by centrifugation. The resultant PRP was brought to a final volume of 10 mL with platelet poor plasma and frozen at -80 °C to obtain PL. On untreated cycles, mares were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen 36 h after ovulation induction. On treated cycles, PL was thawed, infused into the uterus 12 h after ovulation induction, and AIs were performed 24 h later. The number of neutrophils in uterine cytology (score 1(normal)-3(severe inflammation)) evaluated by optical microscopy, uterine fluid accumulation (height x width) and uterine edema (score 0-3) observed in ultrasonography, were analysed. Pregnancy was evaluated by ultrasonography 14 days after ovulation. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed on cytology score (PL 1.3 ± 0.1 vs Ctr 2.0 ± 0.1), fluid accumulation (PL 79.5 ± 30.1 mm2 vs Ctr 342.7 ± 52.9 mm2) and edema score (PL 1.8 ± 0.2 vs Ctr 2.3 ± 0.2) in treated mares. Pregnancy rate in PL-treated cycles (3/12) and control cycles (2/14), were not significantly different (P > 0.05). According to the results, we conclude that treatment with PL in mares classified as susceptible to PMIE appears to reduce the inflammatory response after breeding, based on clinical signs of uterine edema, IUF accumulation and PMNs migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Colombo
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Mislei
- AUB INFA, National Institute of Artificial Insemination, University of Bologna, Via Gandolfi 16, 40057, Granarolo dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Gaetano Mari
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy; AUB INFA, National Institute of Artificial Insemination, University of Bologna, Via Gandolfi 16, 40057, Granarolo dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Eleonora Iacono
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Barbara Merlo
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Segabinazzi LGTM, Canisso IF, Podico G, Cunha LL, Novello G, Rosser MF, Loux SC, Lima FS, Alvarenga MA. Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050490. [PMID: 33922743 PMCID: PMC8146422 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, including pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria and fungi, may gain access to the uterus during breeding, and infectious endometritis plays a major role in equine subfertility. This study aimed to assess the post-breeding inflammatory response, endometrial culture, and embryo recovery of mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) treated with plasma-rich (PRP) or -poor (PPP) plasma. Mares (n = 12) susceptible to PBIE had three cycles randomly assigned to receive intrauterine infusions of lactate ringer solution (LRS, control), or autologous PRP or PPP pre- (−48 and −24 h) and post-breeding (6 and 24 h). Mares were bred with fresh semen from one stallion. Intrauterine fluid accumulation (IUF) and endometrial neutrophils were assessed every 24 h up to 96 h post-breeding. Uterine cytokines (Ilβ, IL6, CXCL8, and IL10) were evaluated before (0 h), 6, and 24 h post-breeding, and endometrial culture three and nine days after breed. Embryo flushing was performed 8 days post-ovulation. Data were analyzed with mixed model, Tukey’s post-hoc test, and multivariate regression. PRP treatment reduced endometrial neutrophils, post-breeding IUF, and pro-inflammatory cytokines when compared to control-assigned cycles, but not significantly different than PPP. Controls had a significantly higher percentage of positive bacterial cultures (33%) in comparison to PRP-assigned cycles (0%), whereas cycles treated with PPP were not significantly different from the other groups (25%). The PRP-assigned cycles had significantly greater embryo recovery rates (83%) than the control (33%), though not significantly different than PPP (60%). Plasma infusion reduced the duration and intensity of the post-breeding inflammatory response and improved embryo recovery in mares susceptible to PBIE. Platelets incrementally downregulate PBIE and appear to have a dose-dependent antimicrobial property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (L.G.T.M.S.); (G.P.); (L.L.C.); (G.N.); (F.S.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618681, Brazil;
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre PO Box 334, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (L.G.T.M.S.); (G.P.); (L.L.C.); (G.N.); (F.S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (L.G.T.M.S.); (G.P.); (L.L.C.); (G.N.); (F.S.L.)
| | - Lais L. Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (L.G.T.M.S.); (G.P.); (L.L.C.); (G.N.); (F.S.L.)
| | - Guilherme Novello
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (L.G.T.M.S.); (G.P.); (L.L.C.); (G.N.); (F.S.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618681, Brazil;
| | - Michael F. Rosser
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Shavahn C. Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA;
| | - Fabio S. Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (L.G.T.M.S.); (G.P.); (L.L.C.); (G.N.); (F.S.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marco A. Alvarenga
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618681, Brazil;
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10
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Antonuccio P, Marini HR, Micali A, Romeo C, Granese R, Retto A, Martino A, Benvenga S, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D, Di Paola R, Fusco R, Cervellione RM, Minutoli L. The Nutraceutical N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Reveals Widespread Molecular Effects Unmasking New Therapeutic Targets in Murine Varicocele. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030734. [PMID: 33668991 PMCID: PMC7996616 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicocele is an age-related disease with no current medical treatments positively impacting infertility. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression is present in normal testis with an involvement in the immunological reactions. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), a nuclear receptor, in fertility is still unclear. N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an emerging nutraceutical compound present in plants and animal foods, is an endogenous PPAR-α agonist with well-demonstrated anti-inflammatory and analgesics characteristics. In this model of mice varicocele, PPAR-α and TLR4 receptors’ roles were investigated through the administration of ultra-micronized PEA (PEA-um). Male wild-type (WT), PPAR-α knockout (KO), and TLR4 KO mice were used. A group underwent sham operation and administration of vehicle or PEA-um (10 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 days. Another group (WT, PPAR-α KO, and TLR4 KO) underwent surgical varicocele and was treated with vehicle or PEA-um (10 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 days. At the end of treatments, all animals were euthanized. Both operated and contralateral testes were processed for histological and morphometric assessment, for PPAR-α, TLR4, occludin, and claudin-11 immunohistochemistry and for PPAR-α, TLR4, transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3), phospho-extracellular signal-Regulated-Kinase (p-ERK) 1/2, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) Western blot analysis. Collectively, our data showed that administration of PEA-um revealed a key role of PPAR-α and TLR4 in varicocele pathophysiology, unmasking new nutraceutical therapeutic targets for future varicocele research and supporting surgical management of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Antonuccio
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (P.A.); (C.R.); (R.G.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Herbert Ryan Marini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (H.R.M.); (S.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Romeo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (P.A.); (C.R.); (R.G.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Roberta Granese
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (P.A.); (C.R.); (R.G.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Annalisa Retto
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (P.A.); (C.R.); (R.G.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonia Martino
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (P.A.); (C.R.); (R.G.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (H.R.M.); (S.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (D.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (D.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (D.I.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-2213655; Fax: +39-090-2213300
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (D.I.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (H.R.M.); (S.B.); (L.M.)
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11
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Dubey B, Jackson M, Zeigler-Johnson C, Devarajan K, Flores-Obando RE, McFarlane-Anderson N, Tulloch-Reid M, Aiken W, Kimbro K, Jones D, Kidd LR, Gibbs D, Kumar S, Ragin C. Interactive effect of TLR SNPs and exposure to sexually transmitted infections on prostate cancer risk in Jamaican men. Prostate 2020; 80:1365-1372. [PMID: 32894795 PMCID: PMC7710572 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) risk increases with African ancestry and a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Also, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes influence PC risk. This pilot study explores interactions between STIs and TLR-related SNPs in relation to PC risk among Jamaican men. METHODS This case-control study evaluates two TLR related SNPs in 356 Jamaican men (194 controls and 162 cases) with or without history of STIs using stepwise penalized logistic regression in multivariable analyses. RESULTS Age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1>.12; p < .001) and IRF3_rs2304206 GG genotype (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29-0<.78; p = .003) modulated PC risk in people with history of STIs. In the population with no history of STIs, resulting interactions between risk factors did not survive correction for multiple hypothesis testing. CONCLUSION Overall, an interaction between the IFR3_rs2304206 variant and a history of exposure to STIs leads to greater decrease of PC risk than the presence of polymorphic genotype alone. These findings are suggestive and require further validation. Identification of gene variants along with detection of lifestyle behaviors may contribute to identification of men at a greater risk of PC development in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dubey
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, PA, USA
| | - Maria Jackson
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Charnita Zeigler-Johnson
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Norma McFarlane-Anderson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Marshall Tulloch-Reid
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - William Aiken
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Kevin Kimbro
- Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dominique Jones
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - LaCreis R. Kidd
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Denise Gibbs
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, PA, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Camille Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, PA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, , Phone: 215-728-1148, FAX: 215-214-1622
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12
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Co-Administration of the Traditional Medicines Hachimi-Jio-Gan and Hochu-Ekki-To Can Reverse Busulfan-Induced Aspermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051716. [PMID: 32138301 PMCID: PMC7084192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Busulfan is used as a chemotherapeutic drug to treat childhood and adult chronic myelogenous leukemia, and as an immunosuppressive agent before bone marrow transplantation. A key side effect of busulfan is the alteration of male reproductive function. Infertility caused by anti-cancer treatments has become a significant concern, but there are currently limited treatments for this condition. Recently, we demonstrated that Gosha-jinki-gan, a traditional Japanese medicine, completely reversed the spermatogenesis defects caused by cancer treatment in mice. Hochu-ekki-to and Hachimi-jio-gan are commonly used to treat male infertility, and Hachimi-jio-gan shares herbal ingredients with Gosha-jinki-gan. Therefore, in the present study, we administered Hachimi-jio-gan and Hochu-ekki-to alone or in combination to mice with severe aspermatogenesis caused by busulfan treatment. We performed testis weight measurements, quantitative histological assessments of the testes and the epididymis, and evaluated sperm counts and morphology. We also assessed the expression of immune mediators and macrophage markers. Treatment with a combination of both the medicines significantly reduced busulfan-induced testicular toxicity when compared to the lone treatment with either medicine. We demonstrated that treatment efficacy was related to a differential impact on testicular inflammation, and that the synergistic effect of co-administration completely reversed the busulfan-induced damage to the reproductive functions.
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13
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Canisso IF, Segabinazzi LG, Fedorka CE. Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares - a Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1432. [PMID: 32093296 PMCID: PMC7073041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-breeding endometritis (i.e., inflammation/infection of the endometrium), is a physiological reaction taking place in the endometrium of mares within 48 hours post-breeding, aimed to clear seminal plasma, excess sperm, microorganisms, and debris from the uterine lumen in preparation for the arrival of an embryo. Mares are classified as susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) based on their ability to clear this inflammation/infection by 48 hours post-breeding. Mares susceptible to PBIE, or those with difficulty clearing infection/inflammation, have a deficient immune response and compromised physical mechanisms of defense against infection. Molecular pathways of the innate immune response known to be involved in PBIE are discussed herein. The role of the adaptive uterine immune response on PBIE remains to be elucidated in horses. Advances in the pathobiology of microbes involved in PBIE are also revised here. Traditional and non-traditional therapeutic modalities for endometritis are contrasted and described in the context of clinical and molecular aspects. In recent years, the lack of efficacy of traditional therapeutic modalities, alongside the ever-increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, has enforced the development of non-traditional therapies. Novel biological products capable of modulating the endometrial inflammatory response are also discussed here as part of the non-traditional therapies for endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Lorenzo G.T.M. Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA;
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carleigh E. Fedorka
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA;
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14
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Altmäe S, Franasiak JM, Mändar R. The seminal microbiome in health and disease. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:703-721. [PMID: 31732723 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the fact that there are more microbial than human cells in our body and that humans contain more microbial than human genes, the microbiome has huge potential to influence human physiology, both in health and in disease. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has helped to elucidate functional, quantitative and mechanistic aspects of the complex microorganism-host interactions that underlie human physiology and pathophysiology. The microbiome of semen is a field of increasing scientific interest, although this microbial niche is currently understudied compared with other areas of microbiome research. However, emerging evidence is beginning to indicate that the seminal microbiome has important implications for the reproductive health of men, the health of the couple and even the health of offspring, owing to transfer of microorganisms to the partner and offspring. As this field expands, further carefully designed and well-powered studies are required to unravel the true nature and role of the seminal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Reet Mändar
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Munipalli SB, Mounika MR, Aisha J, Yenugu S. Tlr1-13, Nod1/2 and antimicrobial gene expression in the epididymis and testis of rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13437. [PMID: 31637753 DOI: 10.1111/and.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD) receptors along with antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are crucial for innate immunity. The pathology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with the disrupted expression of TLRs, NODs and AMPs in the kidney, lungs and other organs. However, such a relation in the male reproductive tract is not yet investigated. In this study, we analysed the expression pattern of Tlr1-13, Nod1/2 receptors and AMPs (β-defensins and defensin-like proteins of the Sperm-Associated Antigen 11 (Spag11) family) in the male reproductive tissues (caput, cauda and testis) obtained from diabetic or insulin-treated diabetic or untreated control rats. Alterations in the expression pattern of Tlr1-13, Nod 1/ 2, Defb1, 2, 21, 24, 27, 30 and Spag11a/ c/ t were observed under diabetic conditions. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats could modulate the expression pattern of only some these genes. Results of our study indicate perturbed gene expression profile of Tlrs, Nod1/2, Defbs and Spag11 isoforms in the epididymis and testis of diabetic rats, and this could be one of the important reasons for the increased risk of infections in the male genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Babu Munipalli
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Marri Reddy Mounika
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jamil Aisha
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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16
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Fang Y, Xia W, Cai W, Zhang X, Zhang J, Fu X, Li S, Fang X, Sun S, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhu S, Li J. Effects of TLR4 overexpression on sperm quality, seminal plasma biomarkers, sperm DNA methylation and pregnancy rate in sheep. Theriogenology 2019; 142:368-375. [PMID: 31711688 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification provides a means to enhancing disease resistance in animals. In this study, the first generation of genetically modified (GM) sheep overexpressing TLR4 was produced by microinjection for better disease resistance. To compare semen characteristics including sperm quality, seminal plasma biochemical index, sperm DNA methylation and pregnancy rate of three-year old transgenic sheep with TLR4 overexpressed (toll like receptor 4, TLR4) and non-transgenic ram. Sixteen transgenic ram of F0 generation were produced by microinjection of the TLR4 plasmid into the pronucleus of fertilized ova. Seven transgenic sheep of F1 generation was produced by breeding F0 transgenic founders with non-transgenic sheep of the same breed. There were no significant differences between transgenic and control rams for all semen quality parameters, including semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm viability, and percentages of sperm with an intact plasma membrane, acrosomal integrity, and viable sperm with high mitochondrial membrane potential in both F0 and F1 generation. Furthermore, no significant differences were found for seminal plasma concentrations of zinc, neutral alpha-glucosidase, acid phosphatase or fructose, nor for levels of H19 and IGF2R methylation in sperm DNA. In addition, pregnancy rate was also similar between these two groups. In conclusion, there was no evidence that TLR4 overexpression altered the sperm quality, seminal plasma or sperm DNA of transgenic sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangwei Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaohuan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuchun Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shien Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Junjie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei Province, Baoding, China.
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17
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Zhang K, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang X, Hu X, Liang Z, Li J. Toll-like receptors and high mobility group box 1 in granulosa cells during bovine follicle maturation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3447-3462. [PMID: 31544976 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are present in the ovaries and reproductive tract of various mammals. The biological function of TLR during ovulation is one of the main contents in the research of reproductive immunology. In this study, we found that messenger RNA levels of TLR1-TLR10 in granulosa cells were different, and TLRs and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in granulosa cells of large follicles were significantly higher than those of small and middle follicles. Coimmunoprecipitation results showed that HMGB1 interacts with TLR2 in granulosa cells, especially large follicles. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that TLRs and HMGB1 were present in granulosa cell layer of ovarian follicles. We also found 25 mIU/ml follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) significantly upregulated the expression of TLRs and HMGB1. These results suggest that TLR2/4 and HMGB1 in granulosa cells may be involved in the ovarian innate immune and ovarian follicular maturation, regulated by FSH. However, further research of the function and mechanisms of TLRs and HMGB1 in granulosa cells are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xurong Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuequan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zijing Liang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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18
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Archana SS, Selvaraju S, Binsila BK, Arangasamy A, Krawetz SA. Immune regulatory molecules as modifiers of semen and fertility: A review. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1485-1504. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Siddalingappa Archana
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
- Department of BiochemistryJain University Bengaluru India
| | - Sellappan Selvaraju
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
| | - B. Krishnan Binsila
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
| | - Arunachalam Arangasamy
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
| | - Stephen A. Krawetz
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and GeneticsC.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan
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19
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Chen H, Liu T, Holt WV, Yang P, Zhang L, Zhang L, Han X, Bian X, Chen Q. Advances in understanding mechanisms of long-term sperm storage-the soft-shelled turtle model. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:1-23. [PMID: 31290136 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term sperm storage is a special reproductive strategy, which can extend the time window between mating and fertilization in some animal species. Spermatozoa of the soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, can be stored in the epididymis and oviduct for at least six months and one year, respectively. How spermatozoa can be stored in vivo for such a prolonged period is yet to be explained. We analyze the mechanisms that contribute to long-term sperm storage in P. sinensis, and compare them with other species from three different perspectives: the spermatozoon itself, the storage microenvironment and the interaction between the spermatozoon and microenvironment. Characteristics of soft-shelled turtle spermatozoa itself, such as the huge cytoplasmic droplet with its content of several large lipid droplets (LDs) and onion-like mitochondira, facilitate long-term sperm storage. The microenvironment of reproductive tract, involving in the secretions, structural barriers, exosomes, androgen receptors, Toll-like receptors and survival factor Bcl-2, are important for the maintenance of spermatozoa long-term storage. Sperm heads are always embedded among the oviductal cilia and even intercalate into the apical hollowness of the ciliated cells, indicating that the ciliated cells support the stored spermatozoa. RNA seq is firstly used to detect the molecular mechanism of sperm storage, which shows that autophagy, apoptosis and immune take part in the long-term sperm storage in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - William V Holt
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linli Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangkun Han
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xunguang Bian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Periovulatory administration of firocoxib did not alter ovulation rates and mitigated post-breeding inflammatory response in mares. Theriogenology 2019; 138:24-30. [PMID: 31280182 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a therapeutic option for the treatment of inflammation. However, negative effects of non-selective NSAIDs for treatment of mares with endometritis have been described, including delayed uterine clearance and impairment of ovulations. Firocoxib is a specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor and has the ability to act in the uterus of mares. We investigated the effects of firocoxib on ovulation rate, numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and COX-2 protein levels in the endometrial tissue of susceptible mares after insemination. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, twenty mares were evaluated in two consecutive estrous cycles broken into the following groups: Control - no pharmacological interference; Treatment - mares were treated with 0.2 mg/kg of firocoxib orally. The treatment began on the day of ovulation induction, and firocoxib was administered until one day after artificial insemination (AI). Ovulation was induced with 1 mg of deslorelin acetate and the mares were inseminated 24 h after the injection. Ovulation was confirmed 48 h after induction, and embryos were collected eight days after ovulation. Experiment 2: Nine mares susceptible to persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE) were artificially inseminated. The mares were examined with ultrasound and inseminated with fresh semen in two consecutive cycles, control and treated, in a cross-over study design. The amount of intrauterine fluid was measured, and endometrial samples were collected 24 h after AI. The number of PMNs was determined by endometrial cytology and biopsy, and COX-2 labeling in endometrial samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Firocoxib treatment did not induce ovulatory failure or affect embryo recovery rate in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, firocoxib treatment reduced inflammation after AI in mares as evidenced with results regarding PMN numbers/percentage and endometrial COX-2 staining. In conclusion, the proposed treatment with firocoxib reduced endometrial inflammation in mares susceptible to PMIE after breeding, with no adverse effects.
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21
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Powell D, Subramanian S, Suwansa-Ard S, Zhao M, O'Connor W, Raftos D, Elizur A. The genome of the oyster Saccostrea offers insight into the environmental resilience of bivalves. DNA Res 2019; 25:655-665. [PMID: 30295708 PMCID: PMC6289776 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oysters are keystone species in estuarine ecosystems and are of substantial economic value to fisheries and aquaculture worldwide. Contending with disease and environmental stress are considerable challenges to oyster culture. Here we report a draft genome of the Sydney Rock Oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, an iconic and commercially important species of edible oyster in Australia known for its enhanced resilience to harsh environmental conditions. This is the second reference genome to be reported from the family Ostreidae enabling a genus-level study of lophotrochozoan genome evolution. Our analysis of the 784-megabase S. glomerata genome shows extensive expansions of gene families associated with immunological non-self-recognition. Transcriptomic analysis revealed highly tissue-specific patterns of expression among these genes, suggesting a complex assortment of immune receptors provide this oyster with a unique capacity to recognize invading microbes. Several gene families involved in stress response are notably expanded in Saccostrea compared with other oysters, and likely key to this species’ adaptations for improved survival higher in the intertidal zone. The Sydney Rock Oyster genome provides a valuable resource for future research in molluscan biology, evolution and environmental resilience. Its close relatedness to Crassostrea will further comparative studies, advancing the means for improved oyster agriculture and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Sankar Subramanian
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-Ard
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- NSW Department of Industry, Department of Primary Industries, DPI Fisheries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, Australia
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
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22
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Hassanian SM, Hasanzadeh M, Rezayi M, Maftouh M, Mehramiz M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Therapeutic potential of toll-like receptors in treatment of gynecological cancers. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:549-564. [PMID: 30729633 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune system. They are expressed in various regions of the female reproductive tract, and their regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of gynecological lesions. There is growing evidence that ligands for several TLRs are potentially anticancer agents, some of which have already been approved by the FDA, and these compounds are now undergoing clinical evaluation. There is a rationale for using these ligands as adjuvants in the treatment or prevention of gynecological cancer. Some TLR agonists that are of potential interest in the treatment of gynecological lesions include imiquimod, motolimod, cervarix, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). In this review, we outline the different functions of TLRs in gynecological cancer with particular emphasis on the value of TLR agonists as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of gynecological cancer. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):549-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrane Mehramiz
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Liman N, Alan E, Apaydın N. The expression and localization of Toll-like receptors 2, 4, 5 and 9 in the epididymis and vas deferens of a adult tom cats. Theriogenology 2019; 128:62-73. [PMID: 30743105 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules, which provide protection against infections of the reproductive tract. This study demonstrates for the first time the expression and localization patterns of TLRs in the caput, corpus and cauda segments of the epididymal duct (ED) and the vas deferens (VD) of adult domestic cats using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. While immunoblot analyses revealed relatively similar protein levels for TLRs 2, 4, 5, and 9 in three segments of the ED, the protein levels of TLR2 and TLR4 in the VD were found to be significantly higher than those measured in the ED segments (P < 0.05). On the other hand, immunostaining showed that TLRs exhibited regional- and cell-specific localization patterns. TLR2 and TLR5 were immunolocalized to the nucleus and cytoplasm of the principal cells in all ducts. TLR4 was restricted to the stereocilia, and TLR9 was located in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. Narrow cells displayed positive immunoreactions for TLR4 and TLR5. The basal cells of the different ED segments were positive for all four TLRs. TLR2, TLR5 and TLR9 were detected in the cytoplasmic droplets of the spermatozoa. TLR4 and TLR9 were detected along the entire length of the sperm tail, whilst TLR2 and TLR5 were absent in the midpiece. TLR2 and TLR5 were also detected in the equatorial segment of the sperm head. These results suggest that TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 are important not only for the protection of the ED, VD and spermatozoa but also for the maturation and storage of spermatozoa in the ED and VD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nusret Apaydın
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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24
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Palladino MA, Fasano GA, Patel D, Dugan C, London M. Effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation on hypoxia and inflammatory gene expression pathways of the rat testis. Basic Clin Androl 2018; 28:14. [PMID: 30473791 PMCID: PMC6238406 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-018-0079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infection and inflammation of the testis impairs fertility, yet an understanding of inflammatory responses of the testis is incomplete. We are interested in identifying gene pathways involved in the detection and clearance of infectious microbes in the male reproductive tract. In previous studies in our lab focused on hypoxia-responsive genes of the testis, preliminary experiments suggested that genes classically categorized as hypoxia genes are also activated during antimicrobial responses. The purpose of this study was to identify hypoxia and inflammatory gene pathways that contribute to antimicrobial protection of the testis and to consider possible cross-talk and interactions between these pathways. Inflammation was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using P. aeruginosa or E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) protein and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured, and hypoxia and inflammatory gene expression patterns in testis were analyzed by gene expression profiling using real-time quantitative PCR arrays. Results In LPS-treated rats, HIF-1α protein increased with no change in Hif-1α mRNA. Western Blot analysis also demonstrated no change in NF-κB and inhibitory NFKB alpha (IκBα) protein levels following LPS treatment. Five hypoxia pathway genes (Angptl4, Egr1, Ier3, Pai1, and Glut1), and 11 inflammatory pathway genes (Ccl12, Cc13, Cd14, Cxcl10, Icam1, Il10, Il1b, Il6, Nfkbia, Tlr2, Tnf) up-regulated after 3 h of inflammation. Angptl4, Ccl12, Cc13, Cd14, Egr1, Nfkbia, Tlr2, and Tnf remained elevated at 6 h. Six genes were up-regulated at 6 h only (Bhlhe40, C3, Jak2, Nlrp3, Slc11a1, Tlr1). One gene (Tlr5) was down-regulated after 3 h and no genes at 6 h. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay results suggest a decrease in NF-κB binding activity following LPS treatment. Conclusions Testicular HIF-1α is up-regulated following LPS-induced inflammation. In contrast to other tissues, in which HIF-1α is up-regulated through transcriptional activation via NF-κB, we conclude that HIF-1α in the testis is not up-regulated through an increase in Hif-1α mRNA or through NF-κB-dependent mechanisms. Hypoxia pathway genes and genes involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and cytokine-mediated signaling comprise major functional categories of up-regulated genes, demonstrating that both hypoxia and classic inflammatory pathways are involved in inflammatory responses of the testis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12610-018-0079-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dharm Patel
- Monmouth University, 400 Cedar Avenue, West Long Branch, NJ 07764 USA
| | - Christine Dugan
- Monmouth University, 400 Cedar Avenue, West Long Branch, NJ 07764 USA
| | - Marie London
- Monmouth University, 400 Cedar Avenue, West Long Branch, NJ 07764 USA
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25
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Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:391-412. [PMID: 29730580 PMCID: PMC7106078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed. TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration
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26
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Amjadi F, Zandieh Z, Salehi E, Jafari R, Ghasemi N, Aflatoonian A, Fazeli A, Aflatoonian R. Variable localization of Toll-like receptors in human fallopian tube epithelial cells. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2018; 45:1-9. [PMID: 29662819 PMCID: PMC5897241 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2018.45.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the localization, expression, and function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in fallopian tube epithelial cells. Methods The localization of TLRs in fallopian tube epithelial cells was investigated by immunostaining. Surprisingly, the intensity of staining was not equal in the secretory and ciliated cells. After primary cell culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells, ring cloning was used to isolate colonies of ciliated epithelial cells, distinct from non-ciliated epithelial cells. The expression of TLRs 1–10 was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein localization was confirmed by immunostaining. The function of the TLRs was determined by interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production in response to TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands. Results Fallopian tube epithelial cells expressed TLRs 1–10 in a cell-type-specific manner. Exposing fallopian tube epithelial cells to TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 agonists induced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8. Conclusion Our findings suggest that TLR expression in the fallopian tubes is cell-type-specific. According to our results, ciliated cells may play more effective role than non-ciliated cells in the innate immune defense of the fallopian tubes, and in interactions with gametes and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandieh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Salehi
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ghasemi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Aflatoonian
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Schöniger S, Gräfe H, Richter F, Schoon HA. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 as transcript and protein in the healthy and diseased equine endometrium. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:278-287. [PMID: 29547726 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) acts immunomodulatory and restricts bacterial growth. In the uterus of women and mice, it likely contributes to tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Pregnancy failure in mares is often caused by endometritis and endometrosis. The pathogenesis of nonsuppurative endometritis and endometrosis is still uncertain. To the authors' knowledge, no information on IDO1 expression in the equine endometrium is published. Aim of this study was to examine the presence of IDO1 as transcripts and proteins in the healthy and diseased endometrium of 25 mares and to determine its cellular expression. By PCR, IDO1 transcripts were detected in healthy (3 mares) and diseased endometria (22 mares). Western blot on 15 samples showed the concurrent presence of IDO1 proteins. Immunohistochemistry revealed its expression in macrophages and epithelial cells. Endometria of 21 mares showed an intense staining of glandular epithelia, whereas glands of the remaining 4 mares were negative or contained only few positive cells. Tissue samples of all mares showed a minimal to mild IDO1 expression in the surface epithelium and glandular ducts. Quantification of immunohistochemistry on biopsies of 6 mares collected at different stages of the same endometrial cycle indicated that the IDO1 expression is not influenced by the endometrial cycle. This study confirmed IDO1 expression also in the equine endometrium and suggests an immunomodulatory role of uterine macrophages and epithelial cells. A markedly reduced glandular IDO1 expression as detected in 4 mares may be associated with alterations of uterine immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schöniger
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Germany.
| | - Hilke Gräfe
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Kenny LC, Kell DB. Immunological Tolerance, Pregnancy, and Preeclampsia: The Roles of Semen Microbes and the Father. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 4:239. [PMID: 29354635 PMCID: PMC5758600 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely considered, in many cases, to involve two separable stages (poor placentation followed by oxidative stress/inflammation), the precise originating causes of preeclampsia (PE) remain elusive. We have previously brought together some of the considerable evidence that a (dormant) microbial component is commonly a significant part of its etiology. However, apart from recognizing, consistent with this view, that the many inflammatory markers of PE are also increased in infection, we had little to say about immunity, whether innate or adaptive. In addition, we focused on the gut, oral and female urinary tract microbiomes as the main sources of the infection. We here marshall further evidence for an infectious component in PE, focusing on the immunological tolerance characteristic of pregnancy, and the well-established fact that increased exposure to the father's semen assists this immunological tolerance. As well as these benefits, however, semen is not sterile, microbial tolerance mechanisms may exist, and we also review the evidence that semen may be responsible for inoculating the developing conceptus (and maybe the placenta) with microbes, not all of which are benign. It is suggested that when they are not, this may be a significant cause of PE. A variety of epidemiological and other evidence is entirely consistent with this, not least correlations between semen infection, infertility and PE. Our view also leads to a series of other, testable predictions. Overall, we argue for a significant paternal role in the development of PE through microbial infection of the mother via insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Kenny
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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29
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Segabinazzi LG, Friso AM, Correal SB, Crespilho AM, Dell'Aqua JA, Miró J, Papa FO, Alvarenga MA. Uterine clinical findings, fertility rate, leucocyte migration, and COX-2 protein levels in the endometrial tissue of susceptible mares treated with platelet-rich plasma before and after AI. Theriogenology 2017; 104:120-126. [PMID: 28822903 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE) results in decreased fertility in horses, thereby causing a significant impact in the horse market. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a modulator of the inflammatory response, has been largely used in veterinary medicine. Here, we investigated the effects of PRP on uterine inflammation, conception rate, endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration, and COX-2 protein levels in the endometrial tissue. Thirteen PMIE-susceptible mares were used for artificial insemination (AI). The mares were inseminated with fresh semen in three consecutive cycles in a cross-over study design. The following cycle classifications were used: control cycle, no pharmacological interference; pre-AI, 20 mL of PRP was infused 24 h before AI; and post-AI, 20 mL of PRP was infused four h after AI. Follicular dynamics were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasound. When a follicle larger than 35 mm was detected, ovulation was induced with deslorelin acetate (1 mg, im). AI was performed 24 h after ovulation induction. Intrauterine fluid (FLU) was evaluated by ultrasonography before and 24 h after AI. PMNs in uterine cytology (CYT) and biopsy (HIS) were also observed before and 24 h after AI. Pregnancy was determined within 14 days after ovulation. Number of COX-2 positive cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Both PRP treatments resulted in a decrease of PMNs in the CYT after breeding when compared to controls. FLU did not differ between cycles; however, the conception rates were significantly higher in the PRP mares. Mares positive for endometritis decreased in both treatment groups, and a more intense positive COX-2 labeling was observed in the control group when compared to the two treatment groups. In conclusion, PRP beneficially reduces inflammatory response in PMIE mares independent of when treatments were administered, thus increasing chances of successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo G Segabinazzi
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Aime M Friso
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sebastian B Correal
- Equine Reproduction Service, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - André M Crespilho
- Santo Amaro University, UNISA, São Paulo, Brazil; Severino Sombra University, Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Dell'Aqua
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jordi Miró
- Equine Reproduction Service, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederico O Papa
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Alvarenga
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.
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30
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de Oliveira Francisco D, de Paula Andres M, Gueuvoghlanian-Silva BY, Podgaec S, Fridman C. CCDC22 gene polymorphism is associated with advanced stages of endometriosis in a sample of Brazilian women. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:939-944. [PMID: 28470452 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the assumption that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of endometriosis, this study aimed to investigate the possibility of rs498679 (TLR4 gene), rs1799964 (TNF-α gene), rs3024496 (IL-10 gene), and rs2294021 (CCDC22 gene) polymorphisms being associated with the occurrence of this disease in a sample of Brazilian women. METHODS We conducted a case-control study with 100 women with histological confirmation of endometriosis (endometriosis group) and 100 women submitted to laparoscopy for benign disorders, in which the absence of endometriosis was confirmed (control group). All samples were genotyped by real-time PCR technique for rs498679, rs1799964, rs3024496, and rs2294021 polymorphisms. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in genotypic or allelic frequencies between control and endometriosis groups for rs498679 (TLR4 gene), rs1799964 (TNF-α gene), rs3024496 (IL-10 gene), neither when comparing endometriosis subgroups (I-II versus III-IV). On the other hand, significant difference between stages I-II and III-IV of the disease was found in genotypic and allelic frequencies for the rs2294021 (CCDC22 gene) SNP (p = 0.048 and p = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the rs2294021 (CCDC22 gene) polymorphism could be associated with increased susceptibility to endometriosis in Brazilian women when the allele C is present. In order to clarify this result, further studies should be conducted on a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Oliveira Francisco
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Rua Teodoro Sampaio, n°115, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05405-000, Brazil
| | - Marina de Paula Andres
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinics Hospital, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, 10th floor, Department of Gynecology, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Yasmim Gueuvoghlanian-Silva
- Jewish Teaching and Research Institute, Albert Einstein Hospital, Avenida Albert Einstein 627, Morumbi, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Podgaec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinics Hospital, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, 10th floor, Department of Gynecology, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05403-010, Brazil
- Jewish Teaching and Research Institute, Albert Einstein Hospital, Avenida Albert Einstein 627, Morumbi, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Cintia Fridman
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Rua Teodoro Sampaio, n°115, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05405-000, Brazil.
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31
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Xu Y, Huang Y, Cai S. Characterization and function analysis of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:111-119. [PMID: 28025158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) is an important adapter protein which links downstream of MyD88, and involved in the complex composed of MyD88 and TRAF6 to activate TLRs signaling pathway. In this study, an IRAK-1 homolog (FpIRAK-1) was cloned from the red tail shrimp Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. The ORF of FpIRAK-1 consisted of 2874 bp encoding a protein of 957 amino acids which contains a death domain (DD) and a catalytic domain of serine/threonine kinases (STKc). Homology analysis revealed that the predicted amino acid sequence of FpIRAK-1 shared 71% similarities with IRAK-1 of Litopenaeus vannamei. Real-time RT-PCR indicated that FpIRAK-1 was constitutively expressed in various tissues of F. penicillatus. The expression level of FpIRAK-1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated and then decreased gradually after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. Gene knockdown of FpIRAK-1 enhanced the sensitivity of shrimps to WSSV and V. alginolyticus challenge, suggesting FpIRAK-1 could play a positive role against bacterial and viral pathogens. In conclusion, the results of this study provide some insights into the function of FpIRAK-1 in activating Toll signaling pathway and the host defense against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Yucong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
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Ji YF, Xu J, Zhang T, Chen LY. Decreased Toll-like receptor-2 messenger ribonucleic acid and increased Toll-like receptor-4 in the tubal epithelium next to the infiltrated trophoblasts during tubal pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2016; 107:282-288.e1. [PMID: 27793374 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression patterns of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in the tubal epithelial cells next to the infiltrated trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface during tubal pregnancy. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING University-based obstetrics and gynecology hospital. PATIENT(S) Thirty-seven women undergoing salpingectomy for tubal ampullary pregnancy and nine nonpregnant patients with benign uterine or appendix disease. INTERVENTION(S) Oviduct tissues with ectopic gestations were separated into implantation site (group 1) and nonimplantation site (group 2). Tissues from ampullary fallopian tubes during mid-secretory phase (group 3) were collected as the control group. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Differences of TLR2 and TLR4 expression patterns between group 1 and group 2 and between the pregnant group (combined group 1 and group 2) and the nonpregnant group (group 3). RESULT(S) Comparing the pregnant group with group 3, TLR4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were both significantly up-regulated in the pregnant group. In contrast, TLR2 mRNA was significantly down-regulated, whereas TLR2 protein showed a tendency toward reduction. Detailed analysis between group 1 and group 3 revealed statistically significantly higher TLR2 and TLR4 protein in group 1. In terms of mRNA, TLR4 expression was still shown to be significantly increased in group 1, whereas TLR2 expression was markedly decreased in group 1. CONCLUSION(S) Decreased TLR2 mRNA and increased TLR4 in the tubal epithelial cells next to the infiltrated trophoblasts may be associated with aspects of the pathophysiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy in immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fen Ji
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Li You Chen
- Center of Gynecological Laparoscopy, People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Hu L, Li Q, Yang P, Gandahi JA, Arain TS, Le Y, Zhang Q, Liu T, Y Waqas M, Ahmad N, Liu Y, Chen Q. Expression of TLR2/4 on Epididymal Spermatozoa of the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis During the Hibernation Season. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1578-1584. [PMID: 27532861 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa are known to be stored in the epididymis of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis for long periods during hibernation, but the mechanism that underlies the sperm storage is poorly understood. This study was carried out to confirm the presence of TLR2/4 (Toll-like receptor 2/4) in epididymal spermatozoa during the hibernation season and to analyze whether TLRs play a role in sperm storage. The structure and ultrastructure of a spermatozoon during the hibernation stage were investigated using light- and transmission electron-microscopy. RT-PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression, while protein expression was determined via Western blot. TLR2/4 mRNA and proteins were detected in spermatozoa. Immunofluorescence staining was used to confirm TLR2/4 localization in the spermatozoon, and TLR2/4 were localized in the midpiece and the posterior segment of the head of the spermatozoon, which corresponded to the cytoplasmic droplets (CDs) of the turtle spermatozoon. As TLRs play critical roles in detecting and responding to invading pathogens, this study provided molecular evidence that TLR2/4 might contribute to sperm storage in the epididymides. Anat Rec, 299:1578-1584, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jameel A Gandahi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Tamseel S Arain
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Y Waqas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Gu BX, Wang X, Yin BL, Guo HB, Zhang HL, Zhang SD, Zhang CL. Abnormal expression of TLRs may play a role in lower embryo quality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016; 62:353-8. [PMID: 27367829 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2016.1187683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Toll-like receptors (TLRs) localize in mammalian ovary, including granulosa cells, cumulus cells, and theca cells. Previous studies demonstrated that TLRs may be important for the cumulus-oocyte complex expansion and fertilization. There is no evidence to indicate that the deletion of TLRs will induce infertility; however, the abnormal expression of TLRs may decrease oocyte quality and fertility rate. In the present study, we investigated the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on the expression of TLRs in cumulus cells by using western-blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses. We found that the expression of TLR4 and 9 in cumulus cells was influenced significantly by PCOS. We also observed that overweight/obesity changed the expression of TLR2 and 5 in cumulus cells of PCOS subjects. In addition, we found that the rate of available embryos of women with PCOS was slightly lower. These results indicate that the abnormal expression of TLRs in cumulus may be a reason for the lower embryo quality of women with PCOS. ABBREVIATIONS ART: assisted reproductive technology BMI: body mass index COC: cumulus-cell-oocyte complex PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome q RT-PCR quantitative real-time PCR TLRs: Toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Xia Gu
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Bao-Li Yin
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Guo
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - He-Long Zhang
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Shao-Di Zhang
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Cui-Lian Zhang
- a Reproductive Medicine Center , Henan Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
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Hagan S, Khurana N, Chandra S, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D, Hellstrom WJG, Sikka SC. Differential expression of novel biomarkers (TLR-2, TLR-4, COX-2, and Nrf-2) of inflammation and oxidative stress in semen of leukocytospermia patients. Andrology 2015; 3:848-55. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hagan
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - N. Khurana
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - S. Chandra
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - A. B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - D. Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - W. J. G. Hellstrom
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - S. C. Sikka
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
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Bhanothu V, Lakshmi V, Theophilus JP, Rozati R, Badhini P, Vijayalaxmi B. Investigation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 (2258G/A) and Interferon Gamma (+874T/A) Gene Polymorphisms among Infertile Women with Female Genital Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130273. [PMID: 26114934 PMCID: PMC4483232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) coordinate with a diverse array of cellular programs through the transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes and play an important role in immune system, reproductive physiology and basic pathology. Alterations in the functions of TLR2 2258G (guanine)/ A, IFN-γ (+874T/A) and signalling molecules that result from polymorphisms are often associated with susceptibility or resistance, which may, in turn, establish the innate host response to various infectious diseases. Presently, we proposed to investigate the risk of common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of TLR2 and IFN-γ genes, for their effect on infertility in women with female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) and healthy women as controls. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Genotyping of TLR2 and IFN-γ gene polymorphisms was performed by amplification refractory mutation system multi-gene/multi-primer polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 175 FGTB patients and 100 healthy control women (HCW). The TLR2 polymorphism [adenine (A) allele] was observed in 57.7 and 58.0% of FGTB patients and HCW, respectively. The IFN-γ (+874T/A) polymorphism (A allele) was significant in 74.3 and 71.0% of FGTB patients and HCW, respectively, while the odds ratios for the AA and TA genotypes for predisposition of FGTB were found to be 0.304 and 1.650 in HCW, respectively. The SNP of TLR2 was not associated with FGTB but the SNP of IFN-γ was found to be associated with mycobacteria infections and to induce infertility. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE At present, we hypothesize that infertile women with FGTB and HCW without tuberculosis (TB) have identical frequency of TLR variants, which may be adequate in the production of IFN-γ in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Thus, the study appears to be the first of its kind reporting a mutation in the IFN-γ gene [+874 T (thymine) to A] responsible for susceptibility to TB infections and further inducing infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Bhanothu
- Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Vemu Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Jane P. Theophilus
- Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Roya Rozati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Owaisi Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Prabhakar Badhini
- Department of Genetics, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Boda Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Owaisi Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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Gregory M, Cyr DG. The blood-epididymis barrier and inflammation. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 4:e979619. [PMID: 26413391 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-epididymis barrier (BEB) is a critical structure for male fertility. It enables the development of a specific luminal environment that allows spermatozoa to acquire both the ability to swim and fertilize an ovum. The presence of tight junctions and specific cellular transporters can regulate the composition of the epididymal lumen to favor proper sperm maturation. The BEB is also at the interface between the immune system and sperm. Not only does the BEB protect maturing spermatozoa from the immune system, it is also influenced by cytokines released during inflammation, which can result in the loss of barrier function. Such a loss is associated with an immune response, decreased sperm functions, and appears to be a contributing factor to post-testicular male infertility. Alterations in the BEB may be responsible for the formation of inflammatory conditions such as sperm granulomas. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the morphological, physiological and pathological components associated with the BEB, the role of immune function on the regulation of the BEB, and how disturbance of these factors can result in inflammatory lesions of the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gregory
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier; University of Quebec ; Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel G Cyr
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier; University of Quebec ; Laval, QC, Canada
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Redgrove KA, McLaughlin EA. The Role of the Immune Response in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of the Male Genital Tract: A Double-Edged Sword. Front Immunol 2014; 5:534. [PMID: 25386180 PMCID: PMC4209867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the world, with more than 100 million cases reported annually. While there have been extensive studies into the adverse effects that CT infection has on the female genital tract, and on the subsequent ability of these women to conceive, studies into the consequences on male fertility have been limited and controversial. This is in part due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection, where it is estimated that 50% of men with Chlamydia fail to show any symptoms. It is accepted, however, that acute and/or persistent CT infection is the causative agent for conditions such as urethritis, epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, and potentially prostatitis. As with most infections, the immune system plays a fundamental role in the body’s attempts to eradicate the infection. The first and most important immune response to Chlamydia infection is a local one, whereby immune cells such as leukocytes are recruited to the site of infections, and subsequently secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interferon gamma. Immune cells also work to initiate and potentiate chronic inflammation through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the release of molecules with degradative properties including defensins, elastase, collagenase, cathespins, and lysozyme. This long-term inflammation can lead to cell proliferation (a possible precursor to cancer), tissue remodeling, and scarring, as well as being linked to the onset of autoimmune responses in genetically disposed individuals. This review will focus on the ability of the immune system to recognize and clear acute and persistent chlamydial infections in the male genital tract, and on the paradoxical damage that chronic inflammation resulting from the infection can cause on the reproductive health of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Redgrove
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Biology and Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia ; School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Biology and Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia ; School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
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Nguyen PV, Kafka JK, Ferreira VH, Roth K, Kaushic C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:410-27. [PMID: 24976268 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male and female reproductive tracts are complex microenvironments that have diverse functional demands. The immune system in the reproductive tract has the demanding task of providing a protective environment for a fetal allograft while simultaneously conferring protection against potential pathogens. As such, it has evolved a unique set of adaptations, primarily under the influence of sex hormones, which make it distinct from other mucosal sites. Here, we discuss the various components of the immune system that are present in both the male and female reproductive tracts, including innate soluble factors and cells and humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity under homeostatic conditions. We review the evidence showing unique phenotypic and functional characteristics of immune cells and responses in the male and female reproductive tracts that exhibit compartmentalization from systemic immunity and discuss how these features are influenced by sex hormones. We also examine the interactions among the reproductive tract, sex hormones and immune responses following HIV-1 infection. An improved understanding of the unique characteristics of the male and female reproductive tracts will provide insights into improving clinical treatments of the immunological causes of infertility and the design of prophylactic interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
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Narciandi F, Lloyd A, Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. A novel subclass of bovine β-defensins links reproduction and immunology. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:769-77. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-defensins are effector molecules of the innate immune system, found in many diverse species. Their presence in invertebrates as well as vertebrates suggests highly conserved functional roles. Most β-defensins are believed to act as antimicrobial agents at epithelial surfaces, although additional functions have also been described, including immune regulatory activity, wound repair and a role in coat-colour determination. High expression of β-defensins have been found in testis and epididymidal epithelium as well as in the seminal fluid of humans, macaque, rat, mouse and cow. Human and macaque β-defensins have recently been shown to affect sperm motility while a mutation in β-defensin 126 is associated with reduced fertility in men. Genetic variation in bovine defensin genes may explain the increased incidence of low fertility in cattle. Here, we present a summary of the known functions of β-defensins as well as their emerging role in reproduction and their potential to improve fertility in cattle.
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La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, Salmeri M, Morgia G, Favilla V, Cimino S, Calogero AE. Microbiological investigation in male infertility: a practical overview. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1-14. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.062968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of inflammation and/or infection of the male accessory sex glands are very important for the potential effects that these conditions may have on male fertility. The clinical andrologist should be aware of the pathophysiological role of the main determinants of sperm damage when these conditions occur, in particular, seminal leukocytes, oxidative stress and cytokines. In addition, it is important to have a good knowledge of the methodologies to be used in clinical practice. This article summarizes the methods used to look for and to identify the micro-organisms responsible for male urogenital tract infections. These include sperm culture, urine culture, urethral swabbing, the Meares–Stamey test and balanopreputial swabbing. Finally, we discuss the role of human papilloma virus infection in male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A. Condorelli
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enzo Vicari
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Morgia
- Department of Urology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Aldo E. Calogero
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, Tumino D, Morgia G, Favilla V, Cimino S, Calogero AE. Markers of semen inflammation: supplementary semen analysis? J Reprod Immunol 2013; 100:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Saeidi S, Shapouri F, Amirchaghmaghi E, Hoseinifar H, Sabbaghian M, Sadighi Gilani MA, Pacey AA, Aflatoonian R. Sperm protection in the male reproductive tract by Toll-like receptors. Andrologia 2013; 46:784-90. [PMID: 23998272 DOI: 10.1111/and.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm function can be affected by infection. Our understanding of innate immune system molecular mechanisms has been expanded, by the discovery of 'Toll-like receptors' (TLRs). It seems that these receptors could play a critical role in the protection of spermatozoa. This study seeks to examine the presence and distribution of TLRs in different parts of the human male reproductive tract and spermatozoa. So, TLR gene expression was examined by RT-PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) analysis used to compare the expression of TLRs in all sections of the male reproductive tract and TLRs 2, 3 and 4 in testicular sperm extraction (TESE) samples, which contained spermatozoa (TESE+) and those that did not (TESE-). Results showed that all TLR genes were expressed in different parts of the human male reproductive tract and spermatozoa. Moreover, Q-PCR indicated that the relative expression of TLRs did not significantly change in different parts of the male reproductive tract but this technique has shown only relative TLR2 expression in TESE- is lower than TESE+ samples. It could be concluded that TLRs may provide a broad spectrum of protection from infection in the male reproductive tract. Furthermore, TLRs may influence on the developmental process during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saeidi
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Anastasiadou M, Avdi M, Michailidis G. Expression of avian β-defensins and Toll-like receptor genes in the rooster epididymis during growth and Salmonella infection. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 140:224-31. [PMID: 23830764 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epididymis is an organ involved in the maturation, transport, and storage of sperm prior to ejaculation. As epididymis is exposed to a constant risk of inflammatory conditions that may lead to transient or permanent sterility, protection of this organ from pathogens is an essential aspect of reproductive physiology. The families of antimicrobial peptides β-defensins and the pattern-recognition receptors Toll-like (TLR) mediate innate immunity in various vertebrates including avian species. As rooster infertility is a major concern in the poultry industry, the objectives of this study were to determine the expression profile of the entire family of the avian β-defensins (AvBD) and TLR genes in the rooster epididymis, to investigate whether sexual maturation affects their epididymidal mRNA abundance and to determine the changes in their expression levels in response to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection in the epididymis of sexually mature roosters. RNA was extracted from the epididymis of healthy pubertal, sexually mature and aged birds, and from sexually mature SE infected birds. RT-PCR analysis revealed that 10 members of the AvBD and nine members of the TLR gene families were expressed in the epididymis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the epididymidal mRNA abundance of certain AvBD and TLR genes was developmentally regulated with respect to sexual maturation. SE infection resulted in a significant induction of AvBD 1, 9, 10, 12 and 14, as well as TLR 1-2, 2-1, 2-2, 4, 5 and 7 genes, in the epididymis of sexually mature roosters, compared to healthy birds of the same age. These findings provide strong evidence to suggest that the rooster epididymis is capable of initiating an inflammatory response to Salmonella, through activation of certain members of the AvBD and TLR gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anastasiadou
- Laboratory of Physiology of Reproduction of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chen M, Cai LY, Kanno N, Kato T, Lu J, Jin F, Wang H, Sekita M, Higuchi M, Yoshida S, Yako H, Ueharu H, Izumi SI, Kato Y. Detection of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in semen of human male infertile patients. J Reprod Dev 2013; 59:457-62. [PMID: 23748714 PMCID: PMC3934121 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated an ectopic expression of the human herpesvirus 1 thymidine kinase (HHV1-TK) gene by functioning of an intrinsic endogenous promoter in the transgenic rat (TG-rat), suggesting that HHV1 infection in humans induces expression of the TK gene with the ectopic promoter in the testis and results in accumulation of HHV1-TK protein, triggering male infertility similar to that in the TG-rat. Hence, in this study, we started to investigate a relationship between infection of herpesvirus and human male infertility. Semen was donated by Chinese male infertile patients (153 men, aged 21-49 years) with informed consent, followed by DNA preparation and analysis by PCR and DNA sequencing. Semen volume, sperm number and density, and sperm motility were examined. DNAs of HHV1, HHV4, HHV5 and HHV6 were confirmed by PCR, electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Finally, virus DNA was identified in 59 patients (39%). The number of carriers was 39 (25%) for HHV1, 6 (4%) for HHV4, 33 (22%) for HHV5 and 3 (2%) for HHV6, respectively. Moreover, double-infection was found in 22 out of 59 specimens (37%), most of which were double-infection of HHV1 and HHV5 (15 out of 22 carriers). Though slight severity was present in some of the carriers, the relationship between virus infection and sperm impairment was not conclusive. Accordingly, it is essential to examine whether the viral HHV1-TK gene is expressed in the testis of the infertile human HHV carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Necrosis is the dominant cell death pathway in uropathogenic Escherichia coli elicited epididymo-orchitis and is responsible for damage of rat testis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52919. [PMID: 23301002 PMCID: PMC3534655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is a frequent medical condition, compromising approximately one in twenty men, with infections of the reproductive tract constituting a major etiological factor. Bacterial epididymo-orchitis results in acute inflammation most often caused by ascending canalicular infections from the urethra via the continuous male excurrent ductal system. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) represent a relevant pathogen in urogenital tract infections. To explore how bacteria can cause damage and cell loss and thus impair fertility, an in vivo epididymo-orchitis model was employed in rats by injecting UPEC strain CFT073 into the vas deference in close proximity to the epididymis. Seven days post infection bacteria were found predominantly in the testicular interstitial space. UPEC infection resulted in severe impairment of spermatogenesis by germ cell loss, damage of testicular somatic cells, a decrease in sperm numbers and a significant increase in TUNEL (+) cells. Activation of caspase-8 (extrinsic apoptotic pathway), caspase-3/−6 (intrinsic apoptotic pathway), caspase-1 (pyroptosis pathway) and the presence of 180 bp DNA fragments, all of which serve as indicators of the classical apoptotic pathway, were not observed in infected testis. Notably, electron microscopical examination revealed degenerative features of Sertoli cells (SC) in UPEC infected testis. Furthermore, the passive release of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), as an indication of necrosis, was observed in vivo in infected testis. Thus, necrosis appears to be the dominant cell death pathway in UPEC infected testis. Substantial necrotic changes seen in Sertoli cells will contribute to impaired spermatogenesis by loss of function in supporting the dependent germ cells.
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Lipopolysaccharide induces epididymal and testicular antimicrobial gene expression in vitro: insights into the epigenetic regulation of sperm-associated antigen 11e gene. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:239-53. [PMID: 23271618 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Quintar AA, Leimgruber C, Pessah OA, Doll A, Maldonado CA. Androgen depletion augments antibacterial prostate host defences in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:845-859. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wang T, Zhang X, Chen Q, Deng T, Zhang Y, Li N, Shang T, Chen Y, Han D. Toll-like receptor 3-initiated antiviral responses in mouse male germ cells in vitro. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:106. [PMID: 22262694 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.096719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis is an immunoprivileged site where local cell-initiated innate immunity plays a crucial role in antimicrobial responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate innate immune responses in testicular somatic cells. Although several TLRs are expressed in some stages of male germ cells, the potential role of TLRs in triggering antimicrobial responses in the germ cells has yet to be exclusively studied. The current study demonstrates that TLR3 is constitutively expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes and can be activated by a synthetic double-strained RNA analog, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. TLR3 activation in these male germ cells up-regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin IL1B, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, through activation of nuclear factor kappa B; it also induces production of type 1 interferons (IFNA and IFNB) through the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3. In addition, TLR3 activation increases the production of two major antiviral proteins, namely, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase and MX1 protein, by germ cells. Data in this article describe an antiviral response of male germ cells through the activation of TLR3 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Taylor BD, Darville T, Ferrell RE, Kammerer CM, Ness RB, Haggerty CL. Variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes are associated with Chlamydia trachomatis among women with pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:603-9. [PMID: 22238472 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the innate immune response. We examined whether TLR variants are associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). METHODS We tested whether 18 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) assayed in 4 TLR genes (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6) and 2 adaptor molecules (TIRAP, MyD88) were associated with C. trachomatis among 205 African American women with clinically suspected PID from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health Study. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). An empirical P value of <.004 was considered significant. RESULTS Women with PID who carried the TLR4 rs1927911 CC genotype had significantly increased odds of C. trachomatis (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6-8.8; P = .002). The TLR1 rs5743618TT genotype was also associated with C. trachomatis (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.2; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS Among African American women with PID, variants in the TLR1 and TLR4 genes, which may increase signaling, were associated with increased C. trachomatis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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