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Li P, Ma X, Gu X. The essential roles of lncRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis in gastrointestinal tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1442193. [PMID: 39161590 PMCID: PMC11330846 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1442193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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2
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Zhu T, Zhao J, Liu J, Tian S, Li S, Yuan H. Advances in the role of ion channels in leukemia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33452. [PMID: 39027429 PMCID: PMC11254732 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are widely present in cell membranes, serving as crucial pathways for the movement of ions enter and exit cells. Variations in the expression of ion channels are crucial for regulating cellular functions. Among the genes associated with leukemia, certain genes encode ion channels. When these ion channels experience dysfunction or changes in expression, they can impact the physiological functions and signal transduction of hematopoietic cells, thereby regulating leukemia cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion/migration, and apoptosis. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the research progress on the expression and function of various ion channels in leukemia, thoroughly exploring their roles and mechanisms in the onset and progression of the disease, providing new insights and ideas for identifying potential biomarkers and developing new treatment methods for leukemia, thereby promoting innovations in future leukemia diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Zhu
- Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jinnan Liu
- Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Siyu Tian
- Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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3
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Mechanisms of solid lipid nanoparticles-triggered signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Luo Q, Wu X, Zhao P, Nan Y, Chang W, Zhu X, Su D, Liu Z. OTUD1 Activates Caspase-Independent and Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis by Promoting AIF Nuclear Translocation and MCL1 Degradation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002874. [PMID: 33898171 PMCID: PMC8061361 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) plays a dual role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis, acting as a prosurvival factor in mitochondria via its NADH oxidoreductase activity and activating the caspase-independent apoptotic pathway (i.e., parthanatos) after nuclear translocation. However, whether one factor conjunctively controls the separated functions of AIF is not clear. Here, it is shown that OTU deubiquitinase 1 (OTUD1) acts as a link between the two functions of AIF via deubiquitination events. Deubiquitination of AIF at K244 disrupts the normal mitochondrial structure and compromises oxidative phosphorylation, and deubiquitination of AIF at K255 enhances its DNA-binding ability to promote parthanatos. Moreover, OTUD1 stabilizes DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 10 (DCAF10) and recruits the cullin 4A (CUL4A)-damage specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) complex to promote myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1) degradation, thereby activating caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling. Collectively, these results reveal the central role of OTUD1 in activating both caspase-independent and caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling and propose decreased OTUD1 expression as a key event promoting chemoresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Yabing Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Wan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of PathologyZhejiang Cancer HospitalZhejiang310022China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
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5
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Ganesan K, Jayachandran M, Xu B. Diet-Derived Phytochemicals Targeting Colon Cancer Stem Cells and Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3976. [PMID: 32492917 PMCID: PMC7312951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a fatal disease caused by the uncontrolled propagation and endurance of atypical colon cells. A person's lifestyle and eating pattern have significant impacts on the CRC in a positive and/or negative way. Diet-derived phytochemicals modulate the microbiome as well as targeting colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are found to offer significant protective effects against CRC, which were organized in an appropriate spot on the paper. All information on dietary phytochemicals, gut microbiome, CSCs, and their influence on CRC were accessed from the various databases and electronic search engines. The effectiveness of CRC can be reduced using various dietary phytochemicals or modulating microbiome that reduces or inverses the progression of a tumor as well as CSCs, which could be a promising and efficient way to reduce the burden of CRC. Phytochemicals with modulation of gut microbiome continue to be auspicious investigations in CRC through noticeable anti-tumorigenic effects and goals to CSCs, which provides new openings for cancer inhibition and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China; (K.G.); (M.J.)
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Muthukumaran Jayachandran
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China; (K.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China; (K.G.); (M.J.)
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6
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Analysis of the Mechanisms of Action of Naphthoquinone-Based Anti-Acute Myeloid Leukemia Chemotherapeutics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173121. [PMID: 31466259 PMCID: PMC6749238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disorder resulting from clonal proliferation of poorly differentiated immature myeloid cells. Distinct genetic and epigenetic aberrations are key features of AML that account for its variable response to standard therapy. Irrespective of their oncogenic mutations, AML cells produce elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They also alter expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes to promote cell proliferation and survival. Subsequently, selective targeting of redox homeostasis in a molecularly heterogeneous disease, such as AML, has been an appealing approach in the development of novel anti-leukemic chemotherapeutics. Naphthoquinones are able to undergo redox cycling and generate ROS in cancer cells, which have made them excellent candidates for testing against AML cells. In addition to inducing oxidative imbalance in AML cells, depending on their structure, naphthoquinones negatively affect other cellular apparatus causing neoplastic cell death. Here we provide an overview of the anti-AML activities of naphthoquinone derivatives, as well as analysis of their mechanism of action, including induction of reduction-oxidation imbalance, alteration in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, Bcl-2 modulation, initiation of DNA damage, and modulation of MAPK and STAT3 activity, alterations in the unfolded protein response and translocation of FOX-related transcription factors to the nucleus.
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Yao S, Huang HY, Han X, Ye Y, Qin Z, Zhao G, Li F, Hu G, Hu L, Ji H. Keratin 14-high subpopulation mediates lung cancer metastasis potentially through Gkn1 upregulation. Oncogene 2019; 38:6354-6369. [PMID: 31320708 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer-related death. Elucidating the metastasis process can provide new avenues to inhibit this malignant behavior of cancer cells. Here we found that human lung cancers with high Keratin 14 (K14) expression were associated with nodal metastasis and poor survival. Using the KrasG12D/Trp53L/L lung cancer mouse model, we confirmed that K14-high cancer cells harbored increased metastatic potential. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Gastrokine 1 (Gkn1) expression positively correlated with K14 level, cancer metastasis, and poor patient survival. Importantly, ectopic expression of Gkn1 enhanced the metastatic capability of K14-low cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of Gkn1 did the opposite, indicating the importance of Gkn1 in mediating the metastasis of K14-high cells. Further study demonstrated that Gkn1 expression conferred K14-high cells resistance to anoikis, which is critical for cancer metastasis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that K14-high cells contribute to lung cancer metastasis potentially through inhibition of anoikis via upregulation of Gkn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangkun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Luanpitpong S, Poohadsuan J, Samart P, Kiratipaiboon C, Rojanasakul Y, Issaragrisil S. Reactive oxygen species mediate cancer stem-like cells and determine bortezomib sensitivity via Mcl-1 and Zeb-1 in mantle cell lymphoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3739-3753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Chow MJ, Babak MV, Tan KW, Cheong MC, Pastorin G, Gaiddon C, Ang WH. Induction of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway by Highly Cytotoxic Organoruthenium Schiff-Base Complexes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3020-3031. [PMID: 29979603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current anticancer drug discovery efforts focus on the identification of first-in-class compounds with a mode-of-action distinct from conventional DNA-targeting agents for chemotherapy. An emerging trend is the identification of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting compounds that induce ER stress in cancer cells, leading to cell death. However, a limited pool of such compounds has been identified to date, and there are limited studies done on such compounds to allow for the rational design of ER stress-inducing agents. In our present study, we present a series of highly cytotoxic, ER stress-inducing Ru(II)-arene Schiff-Base (RAS) complexes, bearing iminoquinoline chelate ligands. We demonstrate that by structural modification to the iminoquinoline ligand, we could tune its π-acidity and influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, switching between a ROS-mediated ER stress pathway activation and one that is not mediated by ROS induction. Our current study adds to the available ER stress inducers and shows how structural tuning could be used as a means to modulate the mode-of-action of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Juinn Chow
- Centre for Translational Medicine , Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , MD6 Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive , 117599 Singapore
| | - Maria V Babak
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Kwan Wei Tan
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Mei Chi Cheong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , 117456 Singapore
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France.,Oncology Section, FMTS , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg 67200 , France
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , 117456 Singapore
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Radhakrishnan H, Ilm K, Walther W, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Daniel PT, Gillissen B, Stein U. MACC1 regulates Fas mediated apoptosis through STAT1/3 - Mcl-1 signaling in solid cancers. Cancer Lett 2017. [PMID: 28649004 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MACC1 was identified as a novel player in cancer progression and metastasis, but its role in death receptor-mediated apoptosis is still unexplored. We show that MACC1 knockdown sensitizes cancer cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis. For the first time, we provide evidence for STAT signaling as a MACC1 target. MACC1 knockdown drastically reduced STAT1/3 activating phosphorylation, thereby regulating the expression of its apoptosis targets Mcl-1 and Fas. STAT signaling inhibition by the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib mimicked MACC1 knockdown-mediated molecular signatures and apoptosis sensitization to Fas activation. Despite the increased Fas expression, the reduced Mcl-1 expression was instrumental in apoptosis sensitization. This reduced Mcl-1-mediated apoptosis sensitization was Bax and Bak dependent. MACC1 knockdown also increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis. MACC1 overexpression enhanced STAT1/3 phosphorylation and increased Mcl-1 expression, which was abrogated by ruxolitinib. The central role of Mcl-1 was strengthened by the resistance of Mcl-1 overexpressing cells to apoptosis induction. The clinical relevance of Mcl-1 regulation by MACC1 was supported by their positive expression correlation in patient-derived tumors. Altogether, we reveal a novel death receptor-mediated apoptosis regulatory mechanism by MACC1 in solid cancers through modulation of the STAT1/3-Mcl-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Radhakrishnan
- Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Integrative Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Ilm
- Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Peter T Daniel
- Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gillissen
- Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Stein
- Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Singh AK, Sharma N, Ghosh M, Park YH, Jeong DK. Emerging importance of dietary phytochemicals in fight against cancer: Role in targeting cancer stem cells. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3449-3463. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1129310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R. S. Pura, Jammu, India
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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12
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Chow MJ, Alfiean M, Pastorin G, Gaiddon C, Ang WH. Apoptosis-independent organoruthenium anticancer complexes that overcome multidrug resistance: self-assembly and phenotypic screening strategies. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3641-3649. [PMID: 30155208 PMCID: PMC6094174 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major impediment to chemotherapy and limits the efficacies of conventional anticancer drugs. A strategy to bypass multidrug resistance is to develop new drug candidates capable of inducing apoptosis-independent programmed cell death. However, cellular pathways implicated in alternative programmed cell death are not well-elucidated and multifactorial, making a target-based discovery approach a challenge. Here, we show that a coordination-directed three-component assembly and phenotypic screening strategy could be employed as a viable alternative for the identification of apoptosis-independent organoruthenium anticancer agents. Through an on-plate synthesis and screening of 195 organoruthenium complexes against apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant cancers, we identified two apoptosis-independent hits. Subsequent validation of the two hits showed a lack of induction of apoptotic biomarkers, a caspase-independent activity and an equal efficacy in both apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant colorectal cancers. This validated their apoptosis-independent modes-of-action, paving the way as potential candidates for the treatment of highly-refractory cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Juinn Chow
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore .
| | - Mohammad Alfiean
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore .
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
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13
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14
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Overexpression of CHI3L1 is associated with chemoresistance and poor outcome of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39740-55. [PMID: 26452028 PMCID: PMC4741859 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose CHI3L1 as a prognostic biomarker for patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) and also suggest possible biological functions of CHI3L1. We measured CHI3L1 expression with quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 180 women with EOC and evaluated correlations between CHI3L1 expression, clinicopathological characteristics, and the outcomes of the patients. The expression of CHI3L1 was higher in cancerous tissues than in normal tissues. The expression of CHI3L1 was also higher in patients with a serous histological type, advanced stage, and chemoresistance. Patients with high CHI3L1 expression had a shorter progression-free survival (p < 0.001)and overall survival (p < 0.001). Patients with high CHI3L1 expression also had a high risk of recurrence (p < 0.001)and death (p < 0.001). In vitro studies showed that CHI3L1 up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein and hampered paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. These results suggest that CHI3L1 shows potential as a prognostic biomarker for EOC. CHI3L1 may promote chemoresistance via inhibition of drug-induced apoptosis by up-regulating Mcl-1.
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15
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Chow MJ, Licona C, Pastorin G, Mellitzer G, Ang WH, Gaiddon C. Structural tuning of organoruthenium compounds allows oxidative switch to control ER stress pathways and bypass multidrug resistance. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4117-4124. [PMID: 30155055 PMCID: PMC6013925 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00268d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major impediment to the success of chemotherapy in many cancer types. One particular MDR mechanism is the inherent or acquired adaptation of the cellular survival pathways that render malignant cells resistant to apoptotic cell death. Since most drugs act through apoptosis, compounds capable of inducing alternative forms of programmed cell death (PCD) can potentially be harnessed to bypass MDR. We investigated two organoruthenium complexes, RAS-1H and RAS-1T, and demonstrated that although they both induced non-apoptotic PCD through ER stress pathways, their modes-of-action were drastically different despite modest structural variations. RAS-1T acted through ROS-mediated ER stress while RAS-1H was ROS-independent. We further showed that they were more efficacious against apoptosis-resistant cells compared to clinical drugs including oxaliplatin. This work provides the basis for underpinning ER stress modulation using metal complexes to bypass apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Juinn Chow
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore
| | - Cynthia Licona
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France . ; Tel: +33 68 52 53 56
- Section Oncology , FMTS , Strasbourg University , Strasbourg , France
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Georg Mellitzer
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France . ; Tel: +33 68 52 53 56
- Section Oncology , FMTS , Strasbourg University , Strasbourg , France
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France . ; Tel: +33 68 52 53 56
- Section Oncology , FMTS , Strasbourg University , Strasbourg , France
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16
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Vurusaner B, Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P, Poli G, Basaga H. Oxysterols and mechanisms of survival signaling. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 49:8-22. [PMID: 27017897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols, a family of oxidation products of cholesterol, are increasingly drawing attention of scientists to their multifaceted biochemical properties, several of them of clear relevance to human pathophysiology. Taken up by cells through both vesicular and non-vesicular ways or often generated intracellularly, oxysterols contribute to modulate not only the inflammatory and immunological response but also cell viability, metabolism and function by modulating several signaling pathways. Moreover, they have been recognized as elective ligands for the most important nuclear receptors. The outcome of such a complex network of intracellular reactions promoted by these cholesterol oxidation products appears to be largely dependent not only on the type of cells, the dynamic conditions of the cellular and tissue environment but also on the concentration of the oxysterols. Here focus has been given to the cascade of molecular events exerted by relatively low concentrations of certain oxysterols that elicit survival and functional signals in the cells, with the aim to contribute to further expand the knowledge about the biological and physiological potential of the biochemical reactions triggered and modulated by oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Vurusaner
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey.
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17
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Kim BR, Yoon K, Byun HJ, Seo SH, Lee SH, Rho SB. The anti-tumor activator sMEK1 and paclitaxel additively decrease expression of HIF-1α and VEGF via mTORC1-S6K/4E-BP-dependent signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6540-51. [PMID: 25153728 PMCID: PMC4171649 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we found that sMEK1 effectively regulates pro-apoptotic activity when combined with a traditional chemotherapeutic drug. Therefore, combinational therapeutic strategies targeting critical molecular and cellular mechanisms are urgently required. In this present work, we evaluated whether sMEK1 enhanced the pro-apoptotic activity of chemotherapeutic drugs in ovarian carcinoma cells. Combined with a chemotherapeutic drug, sMEK1 showed an additive effect on the suppression of ovarian cancer cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and regulating related gene expression levels or protein activities. In addition, the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was strongly inhibited by the combined treatment, showing de-repression of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and suppression of ras homolog enriched in the brain (Rheb) and mTOR and raptor in aggressive ovarian carcinoma cells and mouse xenograft models. Treatment with sMEK1 and paclitaxel reduced phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) and 4E-binding protein (4E-BP), two critical downstream targets of the mTOR-signaling pathway. Furthermore, both sMEK1 and paclitaxel significantly inhibited the expression of signaling components downstream of S6K/4E-BP, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our data suggest that the combination of sMEK1 and paclitaxel is a promising and effective targeted therapy for chemotherapy-resistant or recurrent ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boh-Ram Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; These Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kyungsil Yoon
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; These Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyun-Jung Byun
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Seo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Yong In University, 470, Samga-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bae Rho
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Chinh Chung D, Thanh Long L, Nghia Son H, Tri Bao L, Minh Si D, Dong LV. Downregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Enhances Chemosensitivity by Induction of Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26199906 PMCID: PMC4503841 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common cancers worldwide, is resistant to anticancer drugs. Angiogenesis is a major cause of tumor resistance to chemotherapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of small-interfering RNA targeting VEGF gene (VEGF-siRNA) on chemosensitivity of HCC cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, transfection was performed on Hep3B cells. After transfection with siRNAs, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were examined. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and anti-apoptotic gene expression were also analyzed after treatment with VEGF-siRNA in combination with doxorubicin in Hep3B cells. RESULTS Transfection of VEGF-siRNA into Hep3B cells significantly reduced the expression of VEGF at both mRNA and protein levels. Combination therapy with VEGF-siRNA and doxorubicin more effectively suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis than the respective monotherapies. This could be explained by the significant downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and SURVIVIN. CONCLUSION VEGF-siRNA enhanced the chemosensitivity of doxorubicin in Hep3B cells at least in part by suppressing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Therefore, the downregulation of VEGF by siRNA combined with doxorubicin treatment has been shown to yield promising results for eradicating HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Chinh Chung
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Long
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Nghia Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Tri Bao
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do Minh Si
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Dong
- Department of Immunology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi City, Vietnam
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19
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Castells M, Milhas D, Gandy C, Thibault B, Rafii A, Delord JP, Couderc B. Microenvironment mesenchymal cells protect ovarian cancer cell lines from apoptosis by inhibiting XIAP inactivation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e887. [PMID: 24176845 PMCID: PMC3824693 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is characterized by high frequency of recurrence (70% of patients) and carboplatin resistance acquisition. Carcinoma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSC) have been shown to induce ovarian cancer chemoresistance through trogocytosis. Here we examined CA-MSC properties to protect ovarian cancer cells from carboplatin-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was determined by Propidium Iodide and Annexin-V-FITC labelling and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage analysis. We showed a significant increase of inhibitory concentration 50 and a 30% decrease of carboplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells incubated in the presence of CA-MSC-conditioned medium (CM). A molecular analysis of apoptosis signalling pathway in response to carboplatin revealed that the presence of CA-MSC CM induced a 30% decrease of effector caspases-3 and -7 activation and proteolysis activity. CA-MSC secretions promoted Akt and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP; caspase inhibitor from inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family) phosphorylation. XIAP depletion by siRNA strategy permitted to restore apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells stimulated by CA-MSC CM. The factors secreted by CA-MSC are able to confer chemoresistance to carboplatin in ovarian cancer cells through the inhibition of effector caspases activation and apoptosis blockade. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway and the phosphorylation of its downstream target XIAP underlined the implication of this signalling pathway in ovarian cancer chemoresistance. This study reveals the potentialities of targeting XIAP in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castells
- 1] EA4553, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse F-31052, France [2] University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France
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20
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Singh V, Prajeeth CK, Gudi V, Bénardais K, Voss EV, Stangel M. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) induces apoptosis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:288-97. [PMID: 23607690 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine, CdA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is licensed to treat hairy cell leukaemia, and has been shown recently to have beneficial effects in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The therapeutic effects of CdA have been suggested to be mediated partly through its potent toxicity towards lymphocytes. However, the effects of CdA on other immune cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CdA on the induction of apoptosis in human monocytes, monocyte-derived immature (ImDC) and mature (mDC) dendritic cells. Treatment of monocytes with CdA strongly induced apoptosis after 24 h, while apoptosis induction in DC was evident after 72 h. Furthermore, CdA treatment strongly induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 in monocytes, whereas activation of caspases was undetected in DC. The mitochondrial membrane potential in DC was reduced significantly after CdA treatment. DNA hypodiploid assessment showed fragmented nuclei in DC after CdA treatment together with activation of p53 protein. These results revealed that CdA induces caspase-independent apoptosis in DC and suggest cell type specific effects of CdA. This mechanism may contribute to the effect of CdA in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Chiang YC, Chang MC, Chen PJ, Wu MM, Hsieh CY, Cheng WF, Chen CA. Epigenetic silencing of BLU through interfering apoptosis results in chemoresistance and poor prognosis of ovarian serous carcinoma patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:213-27. [PMID: 23329649 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is usually present at the advanced stage, during which the patients generally have poor prognosis. Our study aimed to evaluate the correlation of gene methylation and the clinical outcome of patients with advanced-stage, high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. The methylation status of eight candidate genes was first evaluated by methylation-specific PCR and capillary electrophoresis to select three potential genes including DAPK, CDH1, and BLU (ZMYND10) from the exercise group of 40 patients. The methylation status of these three genes was further investigated in the validation group consisting of 136 patients. Patients with methylated BLU had significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS; hazard ratio (HR) 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.56, P=0.013) and overall survival (OS; HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.07-3.11, P=0.027) in the multivariate analysis. Methylation of BLU was also an independent risk factor for 58 patients undergoing optimal debulking surgery for PFS (HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.03-5.42, P=0.043) and OS (HR 3.96, 95% CI 1.45-10.81, P=0.007) in the multivariate analysis. A possible mechanism of BLU in chemoresistance was investigated in ovarian cancer cell lines by in vitro apoptotic assays. In vitro studies have shown that BLU could upregulate the expression of BAX and enhance the effect of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Our study suggested that methylation of BLU could be a potential prognostic biomarker for advanced ovarian serous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Chakrabarti M, Banik NL, Ray SK. Photofrin based photodynamic therapy and miR-99a transfection inhibited FGFR3 and PI3K/Akt signaling mechanisms to control growth of human glioblastoma In vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55652. [PMID: 23409016 PMCID: PMC3567141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in humans. We explored the molecular mechanisms how the efficacy of photofrin based photodynamic therapy (PDT) was enhanced by miR-99a transfection in human glioblastoma cells. Our results showed almost similar uptake of photofrin after 24 h in different glioblastoma cells, but p53 wild-type cells were more sensitive to radiation and photofrin doses than p53 mutant cells. Photofrin based PDT induced apoptosis, inhibited cell invasion, prevented angiogenic network formation, and promoted DNA fragmentation and laddering in U87MG and U118MG cells harvoring p53 wild-type. Western blotting showed that photofrin based PDT was efficient to block the angiogenesis and cell survival pathways. Further, photofrin based PDT followed by miR-99a transfection dramatically increased miR-99a expression and also increased apoptosis in glioblastoma cell cultures and drastically reduced tumor growth in athymic nude mice, due to down regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and PI3K/Akt signaling mechanisms leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Therefore, our results indicated that the anti-tumor effects of photofrin based PDT was strongly augmented by miR-99a overexpression and this novel combination therapeutic strategy could be used for controlling growth of human p53 wild-type glioblastomas both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Deane EE, Jia A, Qu Z, Chen JX, Zhang XH, Woo NYS. Induction of apoptosis in sea bream fibroblasts by Vibrio harveyi haemolysin and evidence for an anti-apoptotic role of heat shock protein 70. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:287-302. [PMID: 27081923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we exposed black sea bream, Mylio macrocephalus (Basilewsky), fibroblast (BSF) and silver sea bream, Sparus sarba Forsskål, fibroblast (SSF) cell lines to a recombinant Vibrio harveyi haemolysin (VHH) and investigated mechanisms involved in apoptosis. A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, followed by an increase in caspase 3 activity, occurred within 2-8 h of VHH exposure, in both cell lines; however, VHH did not alter cellular levels of reactive oxygen species. As heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is known to prevent the onset of apoptosis in certain mammalian cells, we aimed to test whether such a protective effect is operative in VHH-exposed fibroblasts. The amounts of HSP70 were elevated in SSF and BSF via an acute heat shock or an acute heat shock followed by a 6 h recovery. It was found that the VHH-mediated reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential was suppressed in cells that had a 6 h post-heat shock recovery, and the protective effect of heat shock-induced HSP70 was attenuated following treatment of cells with the HSP70 inhibitor, quercetin. This study demonstrates how haemolysin causes cell death via induction of apoptosis and provides evidence as to the role of HSP70 as an anti-apoptotic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Deane
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - A Jia
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Z Qu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - J-X Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - X-H Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - N Y S Woo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis 2010; 15:715-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Mesothelin, a secreted protein, is overexpressed in some cancers, but its exact function remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible function of mesothelin. Real-time PCR, RT (reverse transcription)-PCR, cytotoxicity assays, proliferative assays, apoptotic assays by Hoechst staining, detection of active caspases 3 and 7 by flow cytometric analysis, and immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were performed. Cancer tissues in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer patients expressed higher levels of mesothelin as assessed using real-time PCR than paclitaxel-sensitive ovarian cancer patients (the mean crossing point value change of mesothelin was 26.9+/-0.4 in the resistant group and 34.3+/-0.7 for the sensitive group; P<0.001). Mesothelin also protected cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. The protein expression of Bcl-2 family members, such as Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, was significantly increased regardless of whether cells were treated with exogenous mesothelin or were mesothelin-transfectants. Furthermore, mesothelin-treated cells revealed rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 for enhancing MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activity. The anti-apoptotic ability was suppressed and the expression of Bcl-2 family in response to mesothelin was altered by inhibiting PI3K activity, but not by inhibiting MAPK activity. Thus mesothelin can inhibit paclitaxel-induced cell death mainly by involving PI3K signalling in the regulation of Bcl-2 family expression. Mesothelin is a potential target in reducing resistance to cytotoxic drugs.
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26
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Hallak M, Win T, Shpilberg O, Bittner S, Granot Y, Levy I, Nathan I. The anti-leukaemic activity of novel synthetic naphthoquinones against acute myeloid leukaemia: induction of cell death via the triggering of multiple signalling pathways. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:459-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Bar EE, Stearns D. New developments in medulloblastoma treatment: the potential of a cyclopamine–lovastatin combination. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:185-95. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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de Sousa RRR, Queiroz KCS, Souza ACS, Gurgueira SA, Augusto AC, Miranda MA, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira CV, Aoyama H. Phosphoprotein levels, MAPK activities and NFkappaB expression are affected by fisetin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:439-44. [PMID: 17847710 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601162063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, polyphenolic phytochemicals, are ubiquitous in plants and are commonly present in the human diet. They may exert diverse beneficial effects, including antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities. The present study was designed to evaluate three biomolecules that play important roles in the apoptotic process: mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein phosphatases and NFkappaB, using HL60 cells treated with fisetin as an experimental model. Our results demonstrated that cells treated with fisetin presented high expression of NFkappaB, activation of MAPK p38 and an increase of phosphoprotein levels; inhibition of enzymes involved in redox status maintenance were also observed. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that fisetin is likely to exert beneficial and/or toxic actions on cells not through its potential as antioxidant but rather through its modulation of protein kinase and phosphatase signaling cascades. Additionally, our results also indicate that the cellular effects of fisetin will ultimately depend on the cell type and on the extent to which they associate with the cells, either by interactions at the membrane or by uptake into the cytosol.
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29
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Renukaradhya GJ, Webb TJR, Khan MA, Lin YL, Du W, Gervay-Hague J, Brutkiewicz RR. Virus-induced inhibition of CD1d1-mediated antigen presentation: reciprocal regulation by p38 and ERK. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4301-8. [PMID: 16177070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A critical component of the host's innate immune response involves lipid Ag presentation by CD1d molecules to NK T cells. In this study we used murine CD1d1-transfected L (L-CD1) cells to study the effect of viruses on CD1d-mediated Ag presentation to NKT cells and found that an infection with vesicular stomatitis and vaccinia (but not lymphocytic choriomeningitis) virus inhibited murine CD1d1-mediated Ag presentation. This was under the reciprocal control of the MAPKs, p38 and ERK, and was due to changes in the intracellular trafficking of CD1d1. The reciprocal regulation of CD1d1-mediated Ag presentation by MAPK suggests that the targeting of these pathways is a novel means of immune evasion by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Walther Oncology Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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30
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Récher C, Beyne-Rauzy O, Demur C, Chicanne G, Dos Santos C, Mas VMD, Benzaquen D, Laurent G, Huguet F, Payrastre B. Antileukemic activity of rapamycin in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2004; 105:2527-34. [PMID: 15550488 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of growth and survival in many cell types. Its constitutive activation has been involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. In this study, we show that mTOR inhibition by rapamycin strongly inhibits the growth of the most immature acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines through blockade in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Accordingly, 2 downstream effectors of mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K, are phosphorylated in a rapamycin-sensitive manner in a series of 23 AML cases. Interestingly, the mTOR inhibitor markedly impairs the clonogenic properties of fresh AML cells while sparing normal hematopoietic progenitors. Moreover, rapamycin induces significant clinical responses in 4 of 9 patients with either refractory/relapsed de novo AML or secondary AML. Overall, our data strongly suggest that mTOR is aberrantly regulated in most AML cells and that rapamycin and analogs, by targeting the clonogenic compartment of the leukemic clone, may be used as new compounds in AML therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Female
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Recurrence
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Récher
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U563, CPTP, Département d'Oncogenèse et signalisation dans les cellules hématopoïétiques, IFR30, Toulouse, France.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Toole
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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32
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van de Donk NWCJ, de Weerdt O, Veth G, Eurelings M, van Stralen E, Frankel SR, Hagenbeek A, Bloem AC, Lokhorst HM. G3139, a Bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, induces clinical responses in VAD refractory myeloma. Leukemia 2004; 18:1078-84. [PMID: 15085157 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Bcl-2 in multiple myeloma is associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Conversely, suppression of Bcl-2 enhanced the chemosensitivity of myeloma cells in vitro. G3139 is an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted to the first six codons of the Bcl-2 mRNA open reading frame. In this study, G3139 was delivered as a continuous intravenous infusion for 7 days at a fixed dose of 7 mg/kg/day in combination with VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone) chemotherapy. In total, 10 heavily pretreated patients with refractory myeloma participated in this trial, including eight patients with VAD refractory disease. The combination of G3139 and VAD was feasible and well tolerated. Seven patients (70%) responded including four patients (40%) with a partial response and three patients (30%) with a minor response. Median progression-free survival was 6 months (range, 2-7+ months) and median overall survival has not been reached. G3139 downregulated Bcl-2 protein levels in peripheral blood circulating myeloma cells, B cells, T cells, and monocytes. These results indicate that G3139 may overcome classical resistance and restore sensitivity of myeloma tumor cells to VAD chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W C J van de Donk
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Abstract
Recipients of stem cell transplantation are at risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Longitudinal studies performed in adults have shown that significant bone demineralization occurs following myeloablative therapy and subsequent immune suppression. Among children and adolescents, cross-sectional analyses indicate that younger patients are also at risk for long-term bone toxicity. Strategies to detect and manage this disorder in pediatric SCT recipients are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Mattano
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Michigan State University/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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34
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Ferreira CV, Bos CL, Versteeg HH, Justo GZ, Durán N, Peppelenbosch MP. Molecular mechanism of violacein-mediated human leukemia cell death. Blood 2004; 104:1459-64. [PMID: 15130948 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Violacein, a pigment isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum in the Amazon River, presents diverse biologic properties and attracts interest as a consequence of its antileukemic activity. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism mediating this activity will provide further relevant information for understanding its effects on the cellular physiology of untransformed cells and for considering its possible clinical application. Here, we show that violacein causes apoptosis in HL60 leukemic cells but is ineffective in this respect in other types of leukemia cells or in normal human lymphocytes and monocytes. Violacein cytotoxicity in HL60 cells was preceded by activation of caspase 8, transcription of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) target genes, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. Thus, violacein effects resemble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) signal transduction in these cells. Accordingly, infliximab, an antibody that antagonizes TNF-alpha-induced signaling abolished the biologic activity of violacein. Moreover, violacein directly activated TNF receptor 1 signaling, because a violacein-dependent association of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) to this TNF receptor was observed in coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Hence, violacein represents the first member of a novel class of cytotoxic drugs mediating apoptosis of HL60 cells by way of the specific activation of TNF receptor 1.
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35
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Fresno Vara JA, Casado E, de Castro J, Cejas P, Belda-Iniesta C, González-Barón M. PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30:193-204. [PMID: 15023437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1682] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases, PI3Ks, constitute a lipid kinase family characterized by their ability to phosphorylate inositol ring 3'-OH group in inositol phospholipids to generate the second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI-3,4,5-P(3)). RPTK activation results in PI(3,4,5)P(3) and PI(3,4)P(2) production by PI3K at the inner side of the plasma membrane. Akt interacts with these phospholipids, causing its translocation to the inner membrane, where it is phosphorylated and activated by PDK1 and PDK2. Activated Akt modulates the function of numerous substrates involved in the regulation of cell survival, cell cycle progression and cellular growth. In recent years, it has been shown that PI3K/Akt signalling pathway components are frequently altered in human cancers. Cancer treatment by chemotherapy and gamma-irradiation kills target cells primarily by the induction of apoptosis. However, the development of resistance to therapy is an important clinical problem. Failure to activate the apoptotic programme represents an important mode of drug resistance in tumor cells. Survival signals induced by several receptors are mediated mainly by PI3K/Akt, hence this pathway may decisively contribute to the resistant phenotype. Many of the signalling pathways involved in cellular transformation have been elucidated and efforts are underway to develop treatment strategies that target these specific signalling molecules or their downstream effectors. The PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in many of the mechanisms targeted by these new drugs, thus a better understanding of this crossroad can help to fully exploit the potential benefits of these new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Angel Fresno Vara
- Cátedra de Oncología y Medicina Paliativa, Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain
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36
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Sugimura M, Sagae S, Ishioka SI, Nishioka Y, Tsukada K, Kudo R. Mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in an ovarian cancer cell line and its paclitaxel-resistant clone. Oncology 2004; 66:53-61. [PMID: 15031599 DOI: 10.1159/000076335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2002] [Accepted: 05/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the complicated network of paclitaxel (PTX)-induced apoptosis pathways and to elucidate mechanisms of drug resistance in ovarian cancer, we looked at PTX-induced apoptosis by using cDNA microarray. We also quantitated the changes in apoptosis-related proteins in the process of apoptosis. METHODS An ovarian cancer cell line KF, and its PTX-resistant clone KFTX, were treated with PTX or carboplatin (CBDCA). After exposure to PTX or CBDCA, the induction of apoptosis was examined by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Changes in mRNA expression after 12 h of exposure to PTX were studied using cDNA microarray and RT-PCR. Changes in P53 and Bcl-2 levels were also measured over 24 h by ELISA. RESULTS With increased doses of PTX or CBDCA, an increase in apoptosis was noted in both cell lines. cDNA microarray revealed that PTX treatment upregulated expression of caspase 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, their activator apaf-1, and stress reaction-related genes, gadd34, gadd153 in KF, although most of them were unchanged or downregulated in KFTX. bag-1 and hsc70 were markedly upregulated in KFTX. p53 and bcl-2 were not upregulated in either cell line. Results from protein studies also supported the cDNA microarray data. CONCLUSIONS p53-independent mitochondrial pathways and stress-reaction-induced pathways play critical roles in PTX-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Suppression of those pathways and upregulation of bag-1 and hsp-70 played an important role in acquiring resistance to PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sugimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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37
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Barragán M, Campàs C, Bellosillo B, Gil J. Protein kinases in the regulation of apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 44:1865-70. [PMID: 14738137 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of several protein kinase pathways in the regulation of apoptosis and cell survival has been analyzed in a wide range of models. This article reviews current understanding of the protein kinases involved in the control of apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. Protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) play important roles in the survival of these leukemic cells. These survival pathways affect proteins involved in the control of apoptosis by altering their expression or function. The elucidation of the signal transduction network involved in the survival of B-CLL cells could provide novel pharmacological targets for the therapy of B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Barragán
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, Pavelló de Govern, 4a planta. Feixa Llarga s/n. E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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38
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Cheung ZH, Chan YM, Siu FKW, Yip HK, Wu W, Leung MCP, So KF. Regulation of caspase activation in axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:383-93. [PMID: 15033167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2002] [Revised: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transection of the optic nerve initiates massive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Interestingly, despite the severity of the injury, RGC loss was not observed until several days after axotomy. The mechanisms responsible for this initial lack of RGC death remained unknown. In the current study, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that caspases-3 and -9 activation in the RGCs were not detected until day 3 post-axotomy, coinciding with the onset of axotomy-induced RGC loss. Interestingly, elevated Akt phosphorylation was observed in axotomized retinas during the absence of caspase activation. Inhibiting the increase in Akt phosphorylation by intravitreal injection of wortmannin and LY294002, inhibitors of PI3K, resulted in premature nuclear fragmentation, caspases-3 and -9 activation in the ganglion cell layer. Our findings thus indicate that the PI3K/Akt pathway may serve as an endogenous regulator of caspase activation in axotomized RGCs, thereby, contributing to the late onset of RGC death following axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda H Cheung
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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39
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Martelli AM, Tazzari PL, Tabellini G, Bortul R, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Ruggeri A, Conte R, Cocco L. A new selective AKT pharmacological inhibitor reduces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, TRAIL, all-trans-retinoic acid, and ionizing radiation of human leukemia cells. Leukemia 2003; 17:1794-805. [PMID: 12970779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that the reduced capacity of tumor cells of undergoing cell death through apoptosis plays a key role both in the pathogenesis of cancer and in therapeutic treatment failure. Indeed, tumor cells frequently display multiple alterations in signal transduction pathways leading to either cell survival or apoptosis. In mammals, the pathway based on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt conveys survival signals of extreme importance and its downregulation, by means of pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, considerably lowers resistance to various types of therapy in solid tumors. We recently described an HL60 leukemia cell clone (HL60AR cells) with a constitutively active PI3K/Akt pathway. These cells were resistant to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Treatment with two pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, wortmannin and Ly294002, restored sensitivity of HL60AR cells to the aforementioned treatments. However, these inhibitors have some drawbacks that may severely limit or impede their clinical use. Here, we have tested whether or not a new selective Akt inhibitor, 1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate (Akt inhibitor), was as effective as Ly294002 in lowering the sensitivity threshold of HL60 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, TRAIL, ATRA, and ionizing radiation. Our findings demonstrate that, at a concentration which does not affect PI3K activity, the Akt inhibitor markedly reduced resistance of HL60AR cells to etoposide, cytarabine, TRAIL, ATRA, and ionizing radiation. This effect was likely achieved through downregulation of expression of antiapoptotic proteins such as c-IAP1, c-IAP2, cFLIP(L), and of Bad phosphorylation on Ser 136. The Akt inhibitor did not influence PTEN activity. At variance with Ly294002, the Akt inhibitor did not negatively affect phosphorylation of protein kinase C-zeta and it was less effective in downregulating p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity. The Akt inhibitor increased sensitivity to apoptotic inducers of K562 and U937, but not of MOLT-4, leukemia cells. Overall, our results indicate that selective Akt pharmacological inhibitors might be used in the future for enhancing the sensitivity of leukemia cells to therapeutic treatments that induce apoptosis or for overcoming resistance to these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche Umane e Fisiopatologia dell'Apparato Locomotore, Sezione di Anatomia, Cell Signalling Laboratory, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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40
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Tse R, Marroquin BA, Dorscheid DR, White SR. Beta-adrenergic agonists inhibit corticosteroid-induced apoptosis of airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L393-404. [PMID: 12730077 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00030.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial damage is a feature of persistent asthma. Treatment with inhaled and oral corticosteroids may suppress inflammation and gain clinical control despite continued epithelial damage. We have previously demonstrated that corticosteroids elicit apoptosis of airway epithelial cells in culture. beta-Adrenergic receptor agonists are commonly used in asthma therapy and can inhibit corticosteroid-induced apoptosis of eosinophils. We tested the hypothesis that beta-adrenergic agonists would inhibit corticosteroid-induced airway epithelial cell apoptosis in cultured primary airway epithelial cells and in the cell line 1HAEo-. Albuterol treatment inhibited dexamethasone-induced apoptosis completely but did not inhibit apoptosis induced by Fas receptor activation. The protective effect of albuterol was duplicated by two different analogs of protein kinase A. The protective effect was not associated with increased translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor to the nucleus nor with changes in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional activation or repression. We demonstrate that beta-adrenergic agonists can inhibit corticosteroid-induced apoptosis but not apoptosis induced by Fas activation. These data suggest that one potential deleterious effect of corticosteroid therapy in asthma can be prevented by concomitant beta-adrenergic agonist treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tse
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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41
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Misra S, Ghatak S, Zoltan-Jones A, Toole BP. Regulation of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25285-8. [PMID: 12738783 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c300173200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in cancer cells is often due to ATP-dependent efflux pumps, but is also linked to alterations in cell survival and apoptotic signaling pathways. We have found previously that perturbation of hyaluronan-tumor cell interaction by treatment with hyaluronan oligosaccharides suppresses the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt cell survival signaling pathway in cancer cells and reduces tumor growth in vivo. Here we find that these oligomers suppress both the MAP kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways in multidrug resistant tumor cells and sensitize these cells to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs. On the other hand, increased hyaluronan production induces resistance in drug-sensitive tumor cells. Likewise, increased expression of emmprin, which is a glycoprotein that is present on the surface of most malignant cancer cells and that stimulates hyaluronan production, also induces increased resistance. Thus, perturbation of hyaluronan signaling may provide a dual therapeutic role, since it has intrinsic suppressive effects on tumor growth as well as sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Mattano
- Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Michigan State University, 601 John Street, Suite E-300, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
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43
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44
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Ogasawara T, Yasuyama M, Kawauchi K. Constitutive activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Int J Hematol 2003; 77:364-70. [PMID: 12774925 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling molecules such as p21(ras) (Ras), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Akt kinase play pivotal roles in the proliferation and survival of lymphoid cells in response to many kinds of stimulation. It is not fully understood, however, how these molecules participate in the growth of malignant lymphoid cells. We determined whether Ras, MAPKs such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK, and Akt kinase are activated in B-cell tumors, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Burkitt-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and plasma cell leukemia. We found that Lyn protein tyrosine kinase was constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine, and that ERK and p38 MAPK were constitutively active in all cases of the B-cell tumor. In contrast, activation of Ras and Akt kinase was found in limited cases, and JNK kinase activity was not observed in any case. These results suggest that ERK and p38 play roles in the oncogenesis of B-cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Ogasawara
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Daini Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Cimbora T, Bombek S, Polanc S, Osmak M. Methyl 2-(2-chloroethylaminocarbonyl)diazenecarboxylate SB-166 inhibits the growth of different tumour cell lines, including drug-resistant sublines. Toxicol In Vitro 2003; 17:159-64. [PMID: 12650669 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently we synthesized new drugs, diazenecarboxamides (shortly diazenes), that were cytotoxic for several tumour cell lines. Because the solubility and biological activity of these drugs was relatively low, new compounds have been synthesized. In the present study we examined the cytotoxic effect of nine compounds: an imidazolidin-2-one (SB-282: methyl 5-benzoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-ylcarbamate), two diazenecarboxamides (UP-140: N-phenyl-2-(2-quinolinyl)diazenecarboxamide; JK-1090: N-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(2-pyridinyl)diazenecarboxamide), two aminocarbonyl substituted diazenecarboxylates (SB-178: methyl 2-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]diazenecarboxylate; SB-166: methyl 2-[[(2-chloroethyl)amino]carbonyl]diazenecarboxylate) and four diazenedicarboxamides (SB-410: N(1)-(2-chloroethyl)-N(2)-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-diazenedicarboxamide; SB-472: N(1)-(2-chloroethyl)-N(2)-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,2-diazenedicarboxamide; SB-503: N(1)-(4-sec-butylphenyl)-N(2)-(2-chloroethyl)-1,2-diazenedicarboxamide; SB-474: N(1)-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N(2)-(2-chloroethyl)-1,2-diazenedicarboxamide). Using a modified colorimetric MTT assay, their cytotoxicity was determined on eight human cell lines: laryngeal carcinoma parental and two drug-resistant cell lines, glioblastoma parental and drug-resistant cell lines, cervical carcinoma parental and drug-resistant cell lines and breast adenocarcinoma cells. Results show that diazene SB-166 was very effective, reducing significantly the cell survival of all eight examined cell lines, including four drug-resistant cell lines. Compound SB-410 was cytotoxic for all examined cell lines, but mostly only in the highest concentration. Other compounds were not significantly cytotoxic to any of the treated cell lines. Our results, especially those obtained on drug-resistant cells, encourage further research on compound SB-166 as a potential anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cimbora
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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46
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Tazzari PL, Cappellini A, Bortul R, Ricci F, Billi AM, Tabellini G, Conte R, Martelli AM. Flow cytometric detection of total and serine 473 phosphorylated Akt. J Cell Biochem 2003; 86:704-15. [PMID: 12210737 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of regulatory proteins is important for biological studies and is also established as a prognostic marker for cancer diagnosis. Very recently, it has been highlighted that the serine/threonine kinase Akt plays a fundamental role in survival pathways and is also involved in the onset of resistance to anti-neoplastic drugs and ionizing radiation in cell lines derived from solid tumors. For its full activation Akt needs to be phosphorylated on Serine 473 residue. Molecules that are fundamental in determining resistance to therapeutic treatments might serve in the future as clinical markers to tailor therapy and/or predict treatment response. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not flow cytometric analysis of total Akt and of its form phosphorylated on Serine 473 could be related to standard techniques such as Western blotting with phosphospecific antibodies and in vitro kinase assay. To this end, we employed as experimental models HL-60 and PC-12 lines in which there is an enhancement of Akt activity. Our results showed that flow cytometry analysis, performed on fixed and permeabilized cells, correlated well with the results provided by in vitro activity assays and Western blots. Therefore, our findings might indicate that flow cytometric study of Akt (both total and phosphorylated) content may be applied in routine work for phenotyping of hematological and non-hematological neoplasias, and allow for its use as a useful marker for the classification and the prognosis of neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Tazzari
- Servizio di Immunoematologia e Trasfusionale, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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47
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van de Donk NWCJ, Kamphuis MMJ, van Dijk M, Borst HPE, Bloem AC, Lokhorst HM. Chemosensitization of myeloma plasma cells by an antisense-mediated downregulation of Bcl-2 protein. Leukemia 2003; 17:211-9. [PMID: 12529680 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Accepted: 08/13/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) complementary to the first six codons of the Bcl-2 mRNA, G3139 (oblimersen sodium; Genasense), has been shown to downregulate Bcl-2 and produce responses in a variety of malignancies including drug-resistant lymphoma. Incubation of ex vivo purified plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) with carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled antisense ODNs resulted in a time- and dose-dependent uptake in the cytoplasm and nucleus. No major differences in uptake of Bcl-2 antisense ODNs were observed among patients' samples. Incubation of purified myeloma plasma cells with G3139, but not solvent or reverse polarity control ODNs, resulted in a reduction (>75%) of Bcl-2 mRNA levels after 2 and 4 days, as measured by Real-Time PCR. Treatment with G3139 led to a sequence-specific reduction of Bcl-2 protein levels within 4 days of exposure in 10 out of 11 clinical samples from patients with chemosensitive and multidrug-resistant disease, without significant reduction of alpha-Actin, Bax, Bcl-XL, or Mcl-1 proteins. This resulted in a significantly enhanced sensitivity of the myeloma tumor cells to dexamethasone or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. G3139 can consistently enter myeloma cells, downregulate the expression of Bcl-2, and enhance the efficacy of myeloma therapy. These data support further clinical evaluation of G3139 therapy in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W C J van de Donk
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Neri LM, Borgatti P, Capitani S, Martelli AM. The nuclear phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway: a new second messenger system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1584:73-80. [PMID: 12385889 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid second messengers, particularly those derived from the polyphosphoinositide cycle, play a pivotal role in several cell signaling networks. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) generate specific inositol lipids that have been implicated in a plethora of cell functions. One of the best-characterized targets of PI3K lipid products is the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt. Recent findings have implicated Akt in cancer progression because it stimulates cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis. Evidence accumulated over the past 15 years has highlighted the presence of an autonomous nuclear inositol lipid metabolism, and suggests that lipid molecules are important components of signaling pathways operating within the nucleus. PI3Ks, their lipid products, and Akt have also been identified at the nuclear level. In this review, we shall summarize the most updated findings about these molecules in relationship with the nuclear compartment and provide an overview of the possible mechanisms by which they regulate important cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Neri
- Dipartimento di Morfologia ed Embriologia, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Università di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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49
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Schwänen C, Hecker T, Hübinger G, Wölfle M, Rittgen W, Bergmann L, Karakas T. In vitro evaluation of bendamustine induced apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2002; 16:2096-105. [PMID: 12357363 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2001] [Accepted: 05/24/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bendamustine is a novel cytostatic agent, with activity in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas including B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). The knowledge about its mode of action, however, is still limited. Here, we investigated the in vitro ability of bendamustine to induce apoptosis on freshly isolated peripheral lymphocytes in B-CLL and analyze the potential underlying mechanisms of action for inducing apoptosis. In CLL cells taken from 37 previously treated and untreated CLL patients, we investigated the influence of bendamustine alone, and in combination with fludarabine, on the induction of apoptosis and changes of Bcl-2 and Bax expression on mRNA and protein level using the RNase protection assay or flow cytometry, respectively. Apoptotic cells were determined with flow cytometry using the fluorescent DNA-binding agent 7-ADD. Using bendamustine alone in concentrations from 1 microg/ml to 50 microg/ml, a dose- and time-dependent manner of cytotoxicity from 30.4% to 94.8% after 48 h could be observed. The LD50 for untreated and pretreated CLL cells was 7.3 or 4.4 microg/ml, respectively. The median apoptotic rate was similar in both groups. The combination of bendamustine with fludarabine led to a highly synergistic effect in inducing apoptosis, which was 150% higher than expected for bendamustine plus fludarabine. The level of the initial Bcl-2 and Bax protein and the m-RNA expression remained unchanged during the incubation with bendamustine. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the in vitro efficacy of bendamustine in inducing apoptosis in B-CLL cells alone and in combination with fludarabine.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bendamustine Hydrochloride
- Blotting, Western
- Flow Cytometry
- In Vitro Techniques
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/pharmacology
- Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/therapeutic use
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schwänen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Germany
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van de Donk NWCJ, Kamphuis MMJ, Lokhorst HM, Bloem AC. The cholesterol lowering drug lovastatin induces cell death in myeloma plasma cells. Leukemia 2002; 16:1362-71. [PMID: 12094262 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2001] [Accepted: 01/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin is an irreversible inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase and blocks the production of mevalonate, a critical compound in the production of cholesterol and isoprenoids. Isoprenylation of target proteins, like the GTP-binding protein Ras, is essential for their membrane localization and subsequent participation in intracellular signaling cascades. Lovastatin effectively decreased the viability of plasma cells from cell lines (n = 10) and myeloma patients' samples (n = 8) in a dose- and time-dependent way. Importantly, co-incubation of lovastatin with dexamethasone had a synergistic effect in inducing plasma cell cytotoxity. This effect was not the consequence of a change in the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 or Bax induced by lovastatin. The decrease in plasma cell viability was the result of induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. Mevalonate effectively reversed the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of lovastatin in plasma cells. The cytotoxic activity of lovastatin was higher in Pgp expressing cell lines, but did not correlate with the multidrug resistance (MDR)-related proteins LRP, Bcl-2 and Bax. Lovastatin treatment resulted in a shift of Ras localization from the membrane to the cytosol that was reversed by mevalonate. The data presented in this paper warrant study of lovastatin alone or in combination with therapeutic drugs, in the treatment of myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W C J van de Donk
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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