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Srivastava S, Kulshreshtha R. Insights into the regulatory role and clinical relevance of mediator subunit, MED12, in human diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3163-3177. [PMID: 33174211 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is central to many diseases including cancer. Mutation or deregulated expression of proteins involved in transcriptional machinery leads to aberrant gene expression that disturbs intricate cellular processes of division and differentiation. The subunits of the mediator complex are master regulators of stimuli-derived transcription and are essential for transcription by RNA polymerase II. MED12 is a part of the CDK8 kinase module of the mediator complex and is essential for kinase assembly and function. Other than its function in activation of the kinase activity of CDK8 mediator, it also brings about transcription repression or activation, in response to several signalling pathways, a function that is independent of its role as a part of kinase assembly. Accumulating evidence suggests that MED12 controls complex transcription programs that are defining in cell fate determination, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. Mutations or differential expression of MED12 manifest in several human disorders and diseases. For instance, MED12 mutations are the gold standard for the diagnosis of several X-linked intellectual disability syndromes. Further, certain MED12 mutations are categorised as driver mutations in carcinogenesis as well. This is a timely review that provides for the first time a wholesome view on the critical roles and pathways regulated by MED12, its interactions along with the implications of MED12 alterations/mutations in various cancers and nonneoplastic disorders. Based on the preclinical studies, MED12 indeed emerges as an attractive novel therapeutic target for various diseases and intellectual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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2
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Mittal P, Wang X, Rajkovic A. The Role of Mediator Complex Subunit 12 in Leiomyoma Biology. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-016-0106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Croce S, Chibon F. MED12 and uterine smooth muscle oncogenesis: State of the art and perspectives. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:1603-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Keightley MC, Layton JE, Hayman JW, Heath JK, Lieschke GJ. Mediator subunit 12 is required for neutrophil development in zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23845. [PMID: 21901140 PMCID: PMC3162013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis requires the spatiotemporal organization of regulatory factors to successfully orchestrate diverse lineage specificity from stem and progenitor cells. Med12 is a regulatory component of the large Mediator complex that enables contact between the general RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery and enhancer bound regulatory factors. We have identified a new zebrafish med12 allele, syr, with a single missense mutation causing a valine to aspartic acid change at position 1046. Syr shows defects in hematopoiesis, which predominantly affect the myeloid lineage. Syr has identified a hematopoietic cell-specific requirement for Med12, suggesting a new role for this transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Cristina Keightley
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judith E. Layton
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John W. Hayman
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joan K. Heath
- Colon Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Melbourne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham J. Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Mediator and human disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:776-87. [PMID: 21840410 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of a metazoan counterpart to yeast Mediator nearly 15 years ago, a convergent body of biochemical and molecular genetic studies have confirmed their structural and functional relationship as an integrative hub through which regulatory information conveyed by signal activated transcription factors is transduced to RNA polymerase II. Nonetheless, metazoan Mediator complexes have been shaped during evolution by substantive diversification and expansion in both the number and sequence of their constituent subunits, with important implications for the development of multicellular organisms. The appearance of unique interaction surfaces within metazoan Mediator complexes for transcription factors of diverse species-specific origins extended the role of Mediator to include an essential function in coupling developmentally coded signals with precise gene expression output sufficient to specify cell fate and function. The biological significance of Mediator in human development, suggested by genetic studies in lower metazoans, is emphatically illustrated by an expanding list of human pathologies linked to genetic variation or aberrant expression of its individual subunits. Here, we review our current body of knowledge concerning associations between individual Mediator subunits and specific pathological disorders. When established, molecular etiologies underlying genotype-phenotype correlations are addressed, and we anticipate that future progress in this critical area will help identify therapeutic targets across a range of human pathologies.
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Philibert RA, Beach SRH, Gunter TD, Brody GH, Madan A, Gerrard M. The effect of smoking on MAOA promoter methylation in DNA prepared from lymphoblasts and whole blood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:619-628. [PMID: 19777560 PMCID: PMC3694401 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior work using lymphoblast DNA prepared from 192 subjects from the Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS) demonstrated that decreased MAOA promoter methylation was associated with lifetime symptom count for nicotine dependence (ND) and provided suggestive evidence that the amount of methylation is genotype dependent. In the current investigation, we replicate and extend these prior findings in three ways using another 289 IAS subjects and the same methodologies. First, we show that methylation is dependent on current smoking status. Second, we introduce a factor analytic approach to DNA methylation, highlighting three distinct regions of the promoter that may function in somewhat different ways for males and females. Third, we directly compare the methylation signatures in DNA prepared from whole blood and lymphoblasts from a subset of these subjects and provide suggestive evidence favoring the use of lymphoblast DNA. We conclude that smoking reliably decreases MAOA methylation, but exact characterization of effects on level of methylation depend on genotype, smoking history, current smoking status, gender, and region of the promoter-associated CpG Island examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
,Neuroscience and Genetics Programs, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Rm 2-126 MEB Psychiatry Research/MEB, Iowa City, IA, USA. 52242-1000 TEL 319-353-4986, FAX 301-353-3003,
| | - Steven R. H. Beach
- Institute for Behavioral Research, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Tracy D. Gunter
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Institute for Behavioral Research, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Anup Madan
- The Swedish Hospital Institute for Neuroscience, Seattle, WA
| | - Meg Gerrard
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
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Roser P, Kawohl W. Turner syndrome and schizophrenia: a further hint for the role of the X-chromosome in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:239-42. [PMID: 20218787 DOI: 10.3109/15622970701599060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of sex chromosomes are associated with various forms of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Turner syndrome occurs approximately threefold more frequently in female schizophrenics compared to the general female population. A single case is reported. We report on a case of a 41-year-old woman with Turner syndrome, schizophrenia, mental retardation, and hypothyroidism. A polymorphism of the HOPA gene within Xq13 termed HOPA(12bp) is associated with schizophrenia, mental retardation, and hypothyroidism. Interestingly, Xq13 is the X-chromosome region that contains the X-inactivation center and a gene escaping X-inactivation whose gene product may be involved in the X-inactivation process as well as in the pathogenesis of sex chromosome anomalies such as Turner syndrome. These genes that escape X-inactivation may produce their gene products in excess, influencing normal brain growth and differentiation. Our case gives a further hint for an involvement of the X-chromosome in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Roser
- Research Group Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology, Department of General and Social Psychiatry ZH West, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The human CDK8 subcomplex is a histone kinase that requires Med12 for activity and can function independently of mediator. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:650-61. [PMID: 19047373 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00993-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The four proteins CDK8, cyclin C, Med12, and Med13 can associate with Mediator and are presumed to form a stable "CDK8 subcomplex" in cells. We describe here the isolation and enzymatic activity of the 600-kDa CDK8 subcomplex purified directly from human cells and also via recombinant expression in insect cells. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant CDK8 subcomplex identifies predicted (TFIIH and RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain [Pol II CTD]) and novel (histone H3, Med13, and CDK8 itself) substrates for the CDK8 kinase. Notably, these novel substrates appear to be metazoan-specific. Such diverse targets imply strict regulation of CDK8 kinase activity. Along these lines, we observe that Mediator itself enables CDK8 kinase activity on chromatin, and we identify Med12--but not Med13--to be essential for activating the CDK8 kinase. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis of the endogenous CDK8 subcomplex reveals several associated factors, including GCN1L1 and the TRiC chaperonin, that may help control its biological function. In support of this, electron microscopy analysis suggests TRiC sequesters the CDK8 subcomplex and kinase assays reveal the endogenous CDK8 subcomplex--unlike the recombinant submodule--is unable to phosphorylate the Pol II CTD.
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Philibert RA, Gunter TD, Beach SR, Brody G, Madan A. MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:565-70. [PMID: 18454435 PMCID: PMC3685146 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of epigenetic phenomenon, such as methylation, in mediating vulnerability to behavioral illness has become increasingly appreciated. One prominent locus at which epigenetic phenomena are thought to be in play is the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) locus. In order to examine the role of methylation at this locus, we performed quantitative methylation analysis across the promoter region of this gene in lymphoblast lines derived from 191 subjects participating in the Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS). We analyzed the resulting data with respect to genotype and lifetime symptom counts for the more common major behavioral disorders in the IAS, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and substance use disorders (alcohol (AD) and nicotine dependence (ND)). We found that methylation status was significantly associated with lifetime symptom counts for ND (P < 0.001) and AD (P < 0.008) in women, but not men. Furthermore, a trend was found for women homozygous for the 3,3 allele to have a higher degree of overall methylation than women homozygous for the 4,4 allele (P < 0.10). We conclude that methylation of MAOA may play a significant role in common psychiatric illness and that further examination of epigenetic processes at this locus is in order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
,Neuroscience and Genetics Programs, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Rm 2-126 MEB Psychiatry Research/MEB, Iowa City, IA, USA. 52242-1000 TEL 319-353-4986, FAX 301-353-3003,
| | - Tracy D. Gunter
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | - Anup Madan
- The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
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Abstract
The Mediator complex is a fluid assemblage of approximately 25 proteins that is essential for eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription (MED)12 (HOPA) is a 25-kb Xq13 member of the Mediator complex that plays a key role in the complex and directly moderates receptor tyrosine kinase, nuclear receptor and Wnt pathway signaling. Sequence variation in two MED12 protein domains has been linked to neuropsychiatric illness. First, variants in the Leu-Ser domain have been linked to Opitz-Kaveggia and Lujan syndromes, which are forms of X-linked mental retardation. Second, a balanced polymorphism in the C terminus opposite-paired domain, a key motif in the MED12-mediated transcriptional repression of Wnt signaling, has been associated with increased risk for psychosis. We conclude that variation of MED12 is associated with a wide variety of clinical presentations whose severity is dependent on the location and nature of the variation, and that a thorough understanding of MED12's role in transcriptional regulation could have significant benefits for human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Philibert
- The University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, Room 2-126 MEB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA.
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11
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Philibert RA, Bohle P, Secrest D, Deaderick J, Sandhu H, Crowe R, Black DW. The association of the HOPA(12bp) polymorphism with schizophrenia in the NIMH Genetics Initiative for Schizophrenia sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:743-7. [PMID: 17299734 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HOPA (MED12) is an X-chromosome gene that codes for a critical member of the Mediator Complex, a group of proteins that regulates transcription via the nuclear receptor, Wnt and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase pathways. In prior association and meta-analyses, we have shown that the presence of an evolutionarily conserved, 12 bp (4 amino acid) insertional polymorphism in exon 43 of this gene is associated with increased risk for an endophenotype of schizophrenia. In this communication, we describe the results of our work with subjects and data from the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) Genetics Initiative for Schizophrenia. We report that the presence of the HOPA(12bp) polymorphism is associated with increased risk for schizophrenia in subjects of European ancestry. In the light of this new study and the prior wealth of clinical and basic science data, we conclude that the HOPA(12bp) allele is a risk factor for schizophrenia in subjects of European ancestry and suggest that further studies to define the endophenotype and mechanisms of illness associated with this polymorphism are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1000, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) coregulators (coactivators and corepressors) are essential elements in regulating nuclear receptor-mediated transcription. In a little more than a decade since their discovery, these proteins have been studied mechanistically and reveal that the regulation of transcription is a highly controlled and complex process. Because of their central role in regulating NR-mediated transcription and in coordinating intercompartmental metabolic processes, disruptions in coregulator biology can lead to pathological states. To date, the extent to which they are involved in human disease has not been widely appreciated. In a complete literature survey, we have identified nearly 300 distinct coregulators, revealing that a great variety of enzymatic and regulatory capabilities exist for NRs to regulate transcription and other cellular events. Here, we substantiate that coregulators are broadly implicated in human pathological states and will be of growing future interest in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Risheg H, Graham JM, Clark RD, Rogers RC, Opitz JM, Moeschler JB, Peiffer AP, May M, Joseph SM, Jones JR, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE, Friez MJ. A recurrent mutation in MED12 leading to R961W causes Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome. Nat Genet 2007; 39:451-3. [PMID: 17334363 DOI: 10.1038/ng1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome (also known as FG syndrome) is an X-linked disorder characterized by mental retardation, relative macrocephaly, hypotonia and constipation. We report here that the original family for whom the condition is named and five other families have a recurrent mutation (2881C>T, leading to R961W) in MED12 (also called TRAP230 or HOPA), a gene located at Xq13 that functions as a thyroid receptor-associated protein in the Mediator complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Risheg
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA
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14
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Abstract
Uncommon polymorphisms, particularly balanced uncommon polymorphisms, present a significant challenge to our understanding of their role in behavior. We have recently demonstrated that an uncommon candidate gene polymorphism for schizophrenia, known as HOPA12bp, is the defining polymorphism for a large X-chromosome haplotype in population disequilibrium and that it is associated with a positive syndrome of psychosis. Not all studies, however, have shown this effect. In this report, we reviewed prior studies and conducted meta-analysis of studies using probands of northern European extraction. We found that the presence of the HOPA12bp is a significant risk factor for psychosis for both men and women and suggest that differences in the case definition of schizophrenia may affect the strength of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA.
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Fujii R, Takumi T. TLS facilitates transport of mRNA encoding an actin-stabilizing protein to dendritic spines. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5755-65. [PMID: 16317045 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TLS (translocation in liposarcoma), an RNA-binding protein, was originally identified as a heterogeneous ribonuclear protein (hnRNP). Recently, we showed that TLS is localized in neuronal dendrites of mouse hippocampal neurons and is translocated to the spines, where local translation takes place, in an mGluR5 activation-dependent manner. However, the specific role of TLS has not been clarified. TLS-null neurons display abnormal spine morphology, suggesting that TLS-deficiency may impair activity-dependent actin reorganization in spines. To address this issue, we screened for mouse brain transcripts by their in vitro binding to TLS, and identified RNAs that associate with TLS, including mRNAs encoding actin-related proteins such as actin-stabilizing protein Nd1-L. Nd1-L transcripts were increased in the dendrites upon mGluR activation and significantly reduced in TLS-null dendrites. Overexpression of Nd1-L in mouse hippocampal neurons prevented damage to spine structure caused by actin destabilization. Our results demonstrate that TLS associates with mRNA encoding an actin-related protein and may be involved in actin reorganization in spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Fujii
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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Levenson JM, Choi S, Lee SY, Cao YA, Ahn HJ, Worley KC, Pizzi M, Liou HC, Sweatt JD. A bioinformatics analysis of memory consolidation reveals involvement of the transcription factor c-rel. J Neurosci 2004; 24:3933-43. [PMID: 15102909 PMCID: PMC6729420 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5646-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Consolidation of long-term memory (LTM) is a complex process requiring synthesis of new mRNAs and proteins. Many studies have characterized the requirement for de novo mRNA and protein synthesis; however, few studies have comprehensively identified genes regulated during LTM consolidation. We show that consolidation of long-term contextual memory in the hippocampus triggers altered expression of numerous genes encompassing many aspects of neuronal function. Like contextual memory formation, this altered gene expression required NMDA receptor activation and was specific for situations in which the animal formed an association between a physical context and a sensory stimulus. Using a bioinformatics approach, we found that regulatory elements for several transcription factors are over-represented in the upstream region of genes regulated during consolidation of LTM. Using a knock-out mouse, we found that c-rel, one of the transcription factors identified in our bioinformatics study, is necessary for hippocampus-dependent long-term memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levenson
- Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Spinks R, Sandhu HK, Andreasen NC, Philibert RA. Association of the HOPA12bp allele with a large X-chromosome haplotype and positive symptom schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 127B:20-7. [PMID: 15108174 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
HOPA is a X-chromosome gene that encodes an essential nuclear receptor co-activator. Previously, we have demonstrated that an exonic polymorphism, termed HOPA(12bp), in the Opa (Opposite Paired) domain of this gene that is critical for neuronal growth and differentiation is associated with a low risk for schizophrenia. But curiously, we have also noted that all HOPA(12bp) probands have the same haplotype immediately surrounding the HOPA(12bp), and other investigators have found evidence of population stratification with the HOPA(12bp) allele. Since deleterious alleles are weeded from the population, and the HOPA(12bp) allele is not rare, these prior findings suggest the possibility that positive selection may be occurring with respect to the HOPA(12bp) allele and that unique phenotypic features may be associated with this allele. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed symptom data collected from schizophrenic probands and conducted haplotyping studies around the HOPA(12bp) polymorphism. Consistent with our hypotheses, genotyping studies of 43 unrelated HOPA(12bp) males and 137 HOPA(wild) males demonstrated that the HOPA(12bp) allele is associated with a large conserved DNA haplotype that extends over several genes known to be critical for human survival. Furthermore, ANOVA analysis of symptom data demonstrated that HOPA(12bp) schizophrenic probands (n = 14) have significantly lower severity of negative symptoms (P < 0.002) and better attention (P < 0.002) than matched controls (n = 30). Taken together, these findings further refine the behavioral endophenotype associated with the HOPA(12bp) allele and suggest that the sequence surrounding HOPA may need to be considered to fully understand the molecular basis of the phenotype associated with the HOPA(12bp) allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Spinks
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Psychiatry Research/MEB, Iowa City, USA
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Abstract
Coregulators are a group of proteins, which modulate the nuclear receptor transactivation function. In this study, a new "coregulator disease" concept was proposed from observations of a case of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and cases involving Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and X-linked dementia and hypothyroidism syndrome. In addition, coregulators are thought to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases such as hormone-dependent cancers and leukemia. Based on these observations, the clinical disorders associated with some coregulator abnormalities were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Yanase
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Björklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Sandhu HK, Sarkar M, Turner BM, Wassink TH, Philibert RA. Polymorphism analysis of HOPA: a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 123B:33-8. [PMID: 14582143 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
HOPA is a 25 kb Xq13 gene that codes for a member of the thyroid receptor co-activator protein (TRAP) family of nuclear receptor co-activators. In our prior research, polymorphisms in the opposite paired (Opa) domain of HOPA have been associated with a syndrome of aberrant behavior, most prominently psychosis, and hypothyroidism. These Opa domain polymorphisms are intriguing because subsequent research has demonstrated that changes in the Opa domain of the C. elegans orthologue of HOPA results in altered neurogenesis and release of transcriptional suppression. In an effort to determine whether other allelic polymorphisms in this gene exist and may potentially contribute to increased susceptibility to neuropsychiatric illness, we have performed single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of all 45 exons and each of the two potential promoter regions of HOPA using DNA from a panel of patients with psychosis. We found a rare promoter polymorphism in an individual with schizoaffective disorder and extremely low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The most common exonic polymorphism in HOPA is the previously demonstrated HOPA(12 bp) polymorphism. Transmission disequilibrium analysis of the HOPA(12 bp) polymorphism showed segregation with affected status in six of eight instances. We suggest that this evidence supports previous associations of HOPA(12 bp) with a broad range of neuropsychiatric illness and conclude that further studies of this uncommon polymorphism are merited.
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Hung CC, Yeh JI, Fang JS, Chen CH. No association of a dodecamer duplication in the human opposite paired (HOPA) gene with mental retardation and schizophrenia in Chinese patients from Taiwan. Psychiatry Res 2003; 119:163-6. [PMID: 12860370 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The human opposite paired-containing (HOPA) gene is believed to be a co-activator of the thyroid hormone receptor and involved in thyroid hormone signal transduction. The gene consists of 45 exons and includes a dodecamer duplication in exon 43, which has been reported to be associated with mental retardation, autism, psychiatric disorders and hypothyroidism. We were interested to know if the 12-bp duplication variant of the HOPA gene is a risk factor for mental retardation and schizophrenia in the Chinese population. We investigated the prevalence of the 12-bp variant in a sample of Chinese mental retardation and schizophrenic patients from Taiwan by PCR-based genotyping. None of the mentally retarded and schizophrenic patients were found to have this dodecamer duplication variant. Our results indicate that the HOPA polymorphism might be very rare in our population and is unlikely to be a major risk factor for mental retardation and schizophrenia in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Hung
- Graduate Institute of Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 970, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kirov G, Georgieva L, Nikolov I, Zammit S, Jones G, Poriazova N, Tolev T, Owen R, Jones S, Owen MJ. Association analysis of the HOPA12bp polymorphism in schizophrenia and manic depressive illness. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 118B:16-9. [PMID: 12627458 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Variations in exon 42 of the HOPA (human opposite paired) gene have been associated with mental retardation, hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders. We attempted to replicate the association with schizophrenia using 309 parent-offspring trios from Bulgaria and 367 unrelated cases and 368 blood donors from the UK. We also tested 125 bipolar trios from Bulgaria, 112 bipolar trios from the UK and a sample of 178 unrelated bipolar cases and 188 blood donors from the UK. The frequency of HOPA(12bp) in the 556 UK blood donors was 2.6% and it was not significantly different in the UK patients groups, where it ranged from 1.2 to 3.8%. Sixteen mothers transmitted the HOPA(12bp) allele to schizophrenic offspring, while 12 did not transmit, a non-significant difference. There was a trend for under-transmission of the rare allele to bipolar patients (T/NT = 4/10) and they had a lower rate of that allele than schizophrenic patients in the Bulgarian population (1% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.043). However the two diagnostic groups had similar allele frequencies in the UK populations: 2% versus 2.6%, P = 0.6. We conclude that the HOPA polymorphism is unlikely to be a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of these major psychiatric disorders although there could be a small effect in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kirov
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF144 4XN, Wales, UK.
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23
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Philibert RA, Nelson JJ, Sandhu HK, Crowe RR, Coryell WH. Association of an exonic LDHA polymorphism with altered respiratory response in probands at high risk for panic disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 117B:11-7. [PMID: 12555229 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by recurrent discrete episodes of fear accompanied by a variety of physiological and psychological symptoms, often with prominent respiratory components. A series of clinical observations has led some investigators to hypothesize that subtle alterations in ventilatory regulation are integral to at least a subtype of PD. In order to identify genetic factors that might predispose individuals to these alterations in ventilatory response, we conducted single stranded conformation polymorphism analysis across the exons of the lactate dehydrogenase A and B genes (LDHA and LDHB) using DNA prepared from 86 subjects previously characterized by respiratory response to a CO(2) challenge with a variable genetic loading for PD. Remarkably, a single conserved LDHA exon 5 haplotype conferred increased risk for a paradoxical ventilatory response pattern to CO(2) inhalation which robustly separated well subjects at high risk for PD from low-risk control subjects. But, comparison of LDHA exon 5 genotypes in PD probands (n = 25) to that of random newborn controls (n = 182) did not demonstrate any significant differences. Given the pivotal role of LDH in the metabolism of lactate, a known inducer of panic attacks, and the dependence of LDH activity on cell pH, we suggest that LDHA polymorphisms may contribute to the variability to CO(2) respiratory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1000, USA.
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24
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Moghal N, Sternberg PW. A component of the transcriptional mediator complex inhibits RAS-dependent vulval fate specification in C. elegans. Development 2003; 130:57-69. [PMID: 12441291 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS signaling pathways is important for normal development and the prevention of disease in humans. We have used a genetic screen in C. elegans to identify genes that antagonize the activity of activated LET-23, a member of the EGFR family of RTKs. We identified two loss-of-function mutations in dpy-22, previously cloned as sop-1, that promote the ability of activated LET-23 to induce ectopic vulval fates. DPY-22 is a glutamine-rich protein that is most similar to human TRAP230, a component of a transcriptional mediator complex. DPY-22 has previously been shown to regulate WNT responses through inhibition of the beta-catenin-like protein BAR-1. We provide evidence that DPY-22 also inhibits RAS-dependent vulval fate specification independently of BAR-1, and probably regulates the activities of multiple transcription factors during development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that although inhibition of BAR-1-dependent gene expression has been shown to require the C-terminal glutamine-rich region, this region is dispensable for inhibition of RAS-dependent cell differentiation. Thus, the glutamine-rich region contributes to specificity of this class of mediator protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Moghal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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25
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Beyer KS, Klauck SM, Benner A, Poustka F, Poustka A. Association studies of the HOPA dodecamer duplication variant in different subtypes of autism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:110-5. [PMID: 11840515 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The HOPA gene in Xq13 is coding for a protein involved in a nuclear thyroid receptor complex. Previous studies suggested association of the dodecamer duplication in the OPA-repeat region in exon 43 (according to the genomic database sequence) with autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia/hypothyroidism. We determined the frequency of this 12 bp duplication variant in a sample of 155 patients divided in different subtypes of autism, 278 parents of those patients, and 157 control individuals. The allele frequency of the duplication variant was not significantly different between autistic patients, their parents, and the control group. Therefore, it is unlikely that this 12 bp duplication variant of the HOPA gene has major relevance to the susceptibility to different subtypes of autism at least in this German patient sample. In addition, we identified a third variant with a 15 bp deletion in the OPA-repeat region, recently described by another group, in one autistic patient. This third allele was also present in the patient's nonautistic mother and sister, who are heterozygous for this variant, but could not be detected in any other individual genotyped in this study. Expression analysis revealed transcription of all three allelic variants in lymphoblastoid cell lines. Furthermore, we identified a new splice variant that utilizes an additional 9 bp of the 3' intron subsequent to exon 39. Both alternative transcripts are coexpressed in all fetal and adult tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Beyer
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily includes receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and vitamin D, as well as different "orphan" receptors of unknown ligand. Ligands for some of these receptors have been recently identified, showing that products of lipid metabolism such as fatty acids, prostaglandins, or cholesterol derivatives can regulate gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors. Nuclear receptors act as ligand-inducible transcription factors by directly interacting as monomers, homodimers, or heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor with DNA response elements of target genes, as well as by "cross-talking" to other signaling pathways. The effects of nuclear receptors on transcription are mediated through recruitment of coregulators. A subset of receptors binds corepressor factors and actively represses target gene expression in the absence of ligand. Corepressors are found within multicomponent complexes that contain histone deacetylase activity. Deacetylation leads to chromatin compactation and transcriptional repression. Upon ligand binding, the receptors undergo a conformational change that allows the recruitment of multiple coactivator complexes. Some of these proteins are chromatin remodeling factors or possess histone acetylase activity, whereas others may interact directly with the basic transcriptional machinery. Recruitment of coactivator complexes to the target promoter causes chromatin decompactation and transcriptional activation. The characterization of corepressor and coactivator complexes, in concert with the identification of the specific interaction motifs in the receptors, has demonstrated the existence of a general molecular mechanism by which different receptors elicit their transcriptional responses in target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Abstract
Over the past decade, various components of the transcription machinery have been identified as potential targets for activators. Recently, metazoan versions of yeast Mediator have been isolated and found to act as key coactivators to many transcription factors. Recent work has defined the composition, function and biology of metazoan mediator complexes, which has led us to propose a new nomenclature for the variously named versions of the mediator complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rachez
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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28
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Abstract
The TRAP/SMCC/Mediator complex is a mammalian transcriptional regulatory complex that contains over 25 polypeptides and is, in part, phylogenetically conserved. It was originally isolated as a thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-associated protein (TRAP) complex that mediates TR-activated transcription from DNA templates in conjunction with the general transcription machinery, and probably acts in vivo after the action of other receptor-interacting coactivators involved in chromatin remodeling. Subsequently, the TRAP complex was identified as a more broadly used coactivator complex for a wide variety of activators. The TRAP220 subunit mediates ligand-dependent interactions of the complex with TR and other nuclear receptors; and genetic ablation of murine TRAP220 has revealed that it is essential both for optimal TR function and for a variety of early developmental and adult homeostasis events in mice, but not for cell viability per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
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29
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30
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Zhang H, Emmons SW. A C. elegans mediator protein confers regulatory selectivity on lineage-specific expression of a transcription factor gene. Genes Dev 2000; 14:2161-72. [PMID: 10970880 PMCID: PMC316889 DOI: 10.1101/gad.814700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans caudal homolog, pal-1, is required for neurogenesis in the male tail. We show that expression of pal-1 in the postembryonic neuroblast cell V6 can be initiated by two alternate pathways. One pathway, acting in wild type, requires a regulatory element in the fifth pal-1 intron. The other pathway, independent of this element, is normally repressed by the newly identified gene sop-1, which encodes a homolog of the mammalian Mediator complex protein TRAP230. In sop-1 mutants, pal-1 is activated by a pathway that is stimulated by bar-1/beta-catenin, a component of the Wnt signal transduction pathway. The results support a physiological role of the Mediator complex in conveying regulatory signals to the transcriptional apparatus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Genotype
- Helminth Proteins/biosynthesis
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Helminth Proteins/physiology
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Introns
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Suppression, Genetic
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Wnt Proteins
- Zebrafish Proteins
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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31
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Michaelis RC, Copeland-Yates SA, Sossey-Alaoui K, Skinner C, Friez MJ, Longshore JW, Simensen RJ, Schroer RJ, Stevenson RE. The HOPA gene dodecamer duplication is not a significant etiological factor in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2000; 30:355-8. [PMID: 11039861 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005583517994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A recent study has suggested that a dodecamer duplication in the HOPA gene in Xq13 may occur in a significant portion of male patients with autism. We have determined the incidence of this duplication in 202 patients from the South Carolina Autism Study. The incidence of the duplication was not significantly different between patients and controls. Three of the female patients inherited the duplication from nonautistic fathers. In addition, there was no systematic skewing of X inactivation in the female patients with the duplication, or in nonautistic mothers and sisters with the duplication. These findings suggest that the dodecamer duplication in the HOPA gene does not play a significant role in the etiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Michaelis
- J. C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, South Carolina 29646, USA.
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32
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DeLisi LE, Smith AB, Razi K, Stewart J, Wang Z, Sandhu HK, Philibert RA. Investigation of a candidate gene for schizophrenia on Xq13 previously associated with mental retardation and hypothyroidism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 96:398-403. [PMID: 10898921 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<398::aid-ajmg30>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Weak support for linkage of schizophrenia to proximal Xq has previously been reported. In addition, an increased prevalence of thyroid disorder has been noted in families of individuals with schizophrenia. Recently, a gene mapped to Xq13 termed HOPA has been found to be associated with mental retardation, hypothyroidism, and depression and to function as a coactivator for the thyroid receptor. We therefore examined the HOPA gene in a group of 111 probands from a larger cohort of multiplex families with schizophrenia, several of whom (n = 53) also had a family history of hypothyroidism. Four males and two females were found with an alteration in exon 42 of the HOPA gene compared with 8/492 males and 18/471 females (942 X chromosomes) compared with consecutively screened newborns (chi(2) = 3.92, P < 0.05). However, when available family members of each of the probands with an exon 42 variation were subsequently screened, the mutation did not segregate with schizophrenia in three of five families, although all 6 probands with an exon 42 variation did have hypothyroidism in either themselves (n = 3) or their mothers (n = 3) (P < 0.008). These findings replicate prior findings demonstrating an association between HOPA polymorphisms and hypothyroidism. In addition, the increased frequency of HOPA variants in this population may also provide a genetic basis for the familial association of thyroid disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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33
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Philibert RA, Winfield SL, Sandhu HK, Martin BM, Ginns EI. The structure and expression of the human neuroligin-3 gene. Gene 2000; 246:303-10. [PMID: 10767552 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuroligins are a family of proteins that are thought to mediate cell to cell interactions between neurons. During the sequencing at an Xq13 locus associated with a mental retardation syndrome in some studies, we discovered a portion of the human orthologue of the rat neuroligin-3 gene. We now report the structure and the expression of that gene. The gene spans approximately 30kb and contains eight exons. Unlike the rat gene, it codes for at least two mRNAs and at least one of which is expressed outside the CNS. Interestingly, the putative promoter for the gene overlaps the last exon of the neighboring HOPA gene and is located less than 1kb from an OPA element in which a polymorphism associated with mental retardation is found. These findings suggest a possible role for the neuroligin gene in mental retardation and that the role of the gene in humans may differ from its role in rats.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes/genetics
- Humans
- Introns
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-126b Psychiatry Research/MEB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA.
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34
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Ito M, Yuan CX, Okano HJ, Darnell RB, Roeder RG. Involvement of the TRAP220 component of the TRAP/SMCC coactivator complex in embryonic development and thyroid hormone action. Mol Cell 2000; 5:683-93. [PMID: 10882104 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The TRAP220 component of the TRAP/SMCC complex, a mammalian homologof the yeast Mediator that shows diverse coactivation functions, interacts directly with nuclear receptors. Ablation of the murine Trap220 gene revealed that null mutants die during an early gestational stage with heart failure and exhibit impaired neuronal development with extensive apoptosis. Primary embryonic fibroblasts derived from null mutants show an impaired cell cycle regulation and a prominent decrease of thyroid hormone receptor function that is restored by ectopic TRAP220 but no defect in activation by Gal4-RARalpha/RXRalpha, p53, or VP16. Moreover, haploinsufficient animals show growth retardation, pituitary hypothyroidism, and widely impaired transcription in certain organs. These results indicate that TRAP220 is essential for a wide range of physiological processes but also that it has gene- and activator-selective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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35
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Ito M, Yuan CX, Malik S, Gu W, Fondell JD, Yamamura S, Fu ZY, Zhang X, Qin J, Roeder RG. Identity between TRAP and SMCC complexes indicates novel pathways for the function of nuclear receptors and diverse mammalian activators. Mol Cell 1999; 3:361-70. [PMID: 10198638 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The human thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (TRAP) complex, an earlier described coactivator for nuclear receptors, and an SRB- and MED-containing cofactor complex (SMCC) that mediates activation by Gal4-p53 are shown to be virtually the same with respect to specific polypeptide subunits, coactivator functions, and mechanisms of action (activator interactions). In parallel with ligand-dependent interactions of nuclear receptors with the TRAP220 subunit, p53 and VP16 activation domains interact directly with a newly cloned TRAP80 subunit. These results indicate novel pathways for the function of nuclear receptors and other activators (p53 and VP16) through a common coactivator complex that is likely to target RNA polymerase II. Identification of the TRAP230 subunit as a previously predicted gene product also suggests a coactivator-related transcription defect in certain disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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