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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Lam XJ, Xu B, Yeo PL, Cheah PS, Ling KH. Mitochondria dysfunction and bipolar disorder: From pathology to therapy. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:407-418. [PMID: 37388495 PMCID: PMC10300489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the major psychiatric diseases in which the impairment of mitochondrial functions has been closely connected or associated with the disease pathologies. Different lines of evidence of the close connection between mitochondria dysfunction and BD were discussed with a particular focus on (1) dysregulation of energy metabolism, (2) effect of genetic variants, (3) oxidative stress, cell death and apoptosis, (4) dysregulated calcium homeostasis and electrophysiology, and (5) current as well as potential treatments targeting at restoring mitochondrial functions. Currently, pharmacological interventions generally provide limited efficacy in preventing relapses or recovery from mania or depression episodes. Thus, understanding mitochondrial pathology in BD will lead to novel agents targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and formulating new effective therapy for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jieh Lam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Daxuecheng Outer Ring E Rd, Panyu Qu, Guangzhou Shi, Guangdong 511434, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ling Yeo
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Thant MT, Khine HEE, Nealiga JQL, Chatsumpun N, Chaotham C, Sritularak B, Likhitwitayawuid K. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Anti-Adipogenic Effect of Compounds from Dendrobium delacourii. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041156. [PMID: 35208957 PMCID: PMC8879119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of Dendrobium delacourii revealed 11 phenolic compounds, and the structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of their NMR and HR-ESI-MS data. All compounds were investigated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and anti-adipogenic properties. Phoyunnanin E (10) and phoyunnanin C (11) showed the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition by comparing with acarbose, which was used as a positive control. Kinetic study revealed the non-competitive inhibitors against the enzyme. For anti-adipogenic activity, densifloral B (3) showed the strongest inhibition when compared with oxyresveratrol (positive control). In addition, densifloral B might be responsible for the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation via downregulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), which are major transcription factors in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Thazin Thant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.T.T.); (K.L.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pharmacy, Yangon 11031, Myanmar
| | - Hnin Ei Ei Khine
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (H.E.E.K.); (J.Q.L.N.)
| | - Justin Quiel Lasam Nealiga
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (H.E.E.K.); (J.Q.L.N.)
| | - Nutputsorn Chatsumpun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (H.E.E.K.); (J.Q.L.N.)
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Boonchoo Sritularak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.T.T.); (K.L.)
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.T.T.); (K.L.)
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Zou XS, Yin HL, Shi L, Li HP, Wang MH, Song WC, Luo Y, Chen WL, Wu HZ, Yang YF, Zan JF, Liu YW, Dan HX, Yin Q, You PT. Treatment with Gaoziban Tablet Ameliorates Depression by Promoting GSK-3β Phosphorylation to Enhance the Wnt/β-catenin Activation in the Hippocampus of Rats. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2021.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Głombik K, Budziszewska B, Basta-Kaim A. Mitochondria-targeting therapeutic strategies in the treatment of depression. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:169-178. [PMID: 33766747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depression is an affective disease with a complex clinical picture that is characterized by mood and emotional disturbances. It is known that several factors contribute to the risk of developing depression. The concept that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the causes of depression is supported by a wide range of studies on cell cultures, animal models, and clinical research. An understanding the relationship between mitochondrial processes and central nervous system abnormalities that occur in the course of depression can guide the development of novel mitochondrial targeted therapeutic strategies as well as the usage of currently available antidepressants in a new context. This brief review aims to summarize recent findings on mitochondria dysfunction in depression, provide insight into therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial pathways, allude to future promising therapies, and discuss factors that can be used to improve treatment outcomes. The main focus is on new aspects (the effects of nutraceuticals and physical activity on brain metabolism), which can be combined with the available treatment options [monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical drugs] to enhance their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głombik
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Kraków 31-343, Poland.
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Kraków 31-343, Poland
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Lee K, Shin JM, Chun J, Song K, Nho CW, Kim YS. Igalan induces detoxifying enzymes mediated by the Nrf2 pathway in HepG2 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22297. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Mi Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoul South Korea
| | - Ji Min Shin
- Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and TechnologyGangneung South Korea
- Division of Bio‐Medical Science & TechnologyKIST School, Korea University of Science and TechnologySeoul South Korea
| | - Jaemoo Chun
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoul South Korea
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta Georgia
| | - Kwangho Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoul South Korea
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and TechnologyGangneung South Korea
- Division of Bio‐Medical Science & TechnologyKIST School, Korea University of Science and TechnologySeoul South Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoul South Korea
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Ricken R, Bopp S, Schlattmann P, Himmerich H, Bschor T, Richter C, Elstner S, Stamm TJ, Schulz-Ratei B, Lingesleben A, Reischies FM, Sterzer P, Borgwardt S, Bauer M, Heinz A, Hellweg R, Lang UE, Adli M. Ghrelin Serum Concentrations Are Associated with Treatment Response During Lithium Augmentation of Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:692-697. [PMID: 28911006 PMCID: PMC5581484 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium augmentation of antidepressants is an effective strategy in treatment-resistant depression. The proteohormone ghrelin is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of treatment response with the course of ghrelin levels during lithium augmentation. METHOD Ghrelin serum concentrations and severity of depression were measured in 85 acute depressive patients before and after 4 weeks of lithium augmentation. RESULTS In a linear mixed model analysis, we found a significant effect of response*time interaction (F1.81=9.48; P=.0028): under treatment, ghrelin levels increased in nonresponders and slightly decreased in responders to lithium augmentation. The covariate female gender had a significant positive effect (F1.83=4.69; P=.033), whereas time, response, appetite, and body mass index (kg/m2) did not show any significant effect on ghrelin levels (P>.05). CONCLUSION This is the first study showing that the course of ghrelin levels separates responders and nonresponders to lithium augmentation. Present results support the hypothesis that ghrelin serum concentrations might be involved in response to pharmacological treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ricken
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor).,Correspondence: Roland Ricken, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ()
| | - Sandra Bopp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Tom Bschor
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Christoph Richter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Samuel Elstner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Thomas J Stamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Brigitte Schulz-Ratei
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Alexandra Lingesleben
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Friedel M Reischies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
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Gumru S, Aricioglu F. Antipsychotics: Neurobiological Bases for a Therapeutic Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20130320010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salih Gumru
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Feyza Aricioglu
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul-Turkey
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Wang W, Gu L, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Ammonium Increases TRPC1 Expression Via Cav-1/PTEN/AKT/GSK3β Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:762-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dysregulation of the NF-κB pathway as a potential inducer of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 70:18-27. [PMID: 26424419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A century of investigations enhanced our understanding of bipolar disorder although it remains a complex multifactorial disorder with a mostly unknown pathophysiology and etiology. The role of the immune system in this disorder is one of the most controversial topics in genetic psychiatry. Though inflammation has been consistently reported in bipolar patients, it remains unclear how the immunologic process influences the disorder. One of the core components of the immune system is the NF-κB pathway, which plays an essential role in the development of innate and adaptive immunity. Remarkably, the NF-κB pathway received only little attention in bipolar studies, as opposed to studies of related psychiatric disorders where immune dysregulation has been proposed to explain the neurodegeneration in patient conditions. If immune dysregulation can also explains the neurodegeneration in bipolar disorder, it will underscore the role of the immune system in the chronicity and pathophysiology of the disorder and may promote personalized therapeutic strategies. This is the first review to summarize the current knowledge of the pathophysiological functions of NF-κB in bipolar disorder.
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Zhang W, Liu J, Hu X, Li P, Leak RK, Gao Y, Chen J. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduce Neonatal Hypoxic/Ischemic Brain Injury by Promoting Phosphatidylserine Formation and Akt Signaling. Stroke 2015; 46:2943-50. [PMID: 26374481 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) attenuate neonatal hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) brain damage, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study tested the hypothesis that n-3 PUFAs enhance Akt-dependent prosurvival signaling by promoting the biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine in neuronal cell membranes. METHODS Dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation was initiated on the second day of pregnancy in dams. H/I was induced in 7-day-old rat pups by ipsilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen for 2.5 hours). Neurological outcomes, brain tissue loss, cell death, and the activation of signaling events were assessed after H/I. The effects of n-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death and the underlying mechanism of protection were also examined in primary cortical neuron cultures. RESULTS n-3 PUFAs reduced brain tissue loss at 7 days after H/I and improved neurological outcomes, whereas inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling by LY294002 partially abrogated this neuroprotective effect. Docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid also prevented ischemic neuronal death through the Akt prosurvival pathway in vitro. Furthermore, docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid increased the production of phosphatidylserine, the major membrane-bound phospholipids, after ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. A reduction in membrane phosphatidylserine by shRNA-mediated knockdown of phosphatidylserine synthetase-1 attenuated Akt activation and neuronal survival after docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in the oxygen-glucose deprivation model. CONCLUSIONS n-3 PUFAs robustly protect against H/I-induced brain damage in neonates by activating Akt prosurvival pathway in compromised neurons. In addition, n-3 PUFAs promote the formation of membrane phosphatidylserine, thereby promoting Akt activity and improving cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.).
| | - Jia Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.)
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.)
| | - Peiying Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.)
| | - Rehana K Leak
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.)
| | - Yanqin Gao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.)
| | - Jun Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (W.Z., J.L., X.H., P.L., Y.G., J.C.); Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (X.H., J.C.); Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (R.K.L.); Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA (X.H., J.C.).
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Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a shared action believed to be involved in the regulation of behavior by psychoactive drugs such as antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. However, little is known about the identity of the substrates through which GSK3β affects behavior. We identified fragile X mental retardation-related protein 1 (FXR1P), a RNA binding protein associated to genetic risk for schizophrenia, as a substrate for GSK3β. Phosphorylation of FXR1P by GSK3β is facilitated by prior phosphorylation by ERK2 and leads to its down-regulation. In contrast, behaviorally effective chronic mood stabilizer treatments in mice inhibit GSK3β and increase FXR1P levels. In line with this, overexpression of FXR1P in the mouse prefrontal cortex also leads to comparable mood-related responses. Furthermore, functional genetic polymorphisms affecting either FXR1P or GSK3β gene expression interact to regulate emotional brain responsiveness and stability in humans. These observations uncovered a GSK3β/FXR1P signaling pathway that contributes to regulating mood and emotion processing. Regulation of FXR1P by GSK3β also provides a mechanistic framework that may explain how inhibition of GSK3β can contribute to the regulation of mood by psychoactive drugs in mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder. Moreover, this pathway could potentially be implicated in other biological functions, such as inflammation and cell proliferation, in which FXR1P and GSK3 are known to play a role.
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Donati RJ, Schappi J, Czysz AH, Jackson A, Rasenick MM. Differential effects of antidepressants escitalopram versus lithium on Gs alpha membrane relocalization. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:40. [PMID: 26162823 PMCID: PMC4499192 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma membrane localization can play a significant role in the ultimate function of certain proteins. Specific membrane domains like lipid rafts have been shown to be inhibitory domains to a number of signaling proteins, including Gsα, and chronic antidepressant treatment facilitates Gs signaling by removing Gsα form lipid rafts. The intent of this study is to compare the effects of the selective serotnin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, with that of the mood stabilizing drug, lithium. Results There are a number of mechanisms of action proposed for lithium as a mood stabilizing agent, but the interactions between G proteins (particularly Gs) and mood stabilizing drugs are not well explored. Of particular interest was the possibility that there was some effect of mood stabilizers on the association between Gsα and cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), similar to that seen with long-term antidepressant treatment. This was examined by biochemical and imaging (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching: FRAP) approaches. Results indicate that escitalopram was effective at liberating Gsα from lipid rafts while lithium was not. Conclusions There are a number of drug treatments for mood disorders and yet there is no unifying hypothesis for a cellular or molecular basis of action. It is evident that there may in fact not be a single mechanism, but rather a number of different mechanisms that converge at a common point. The results of this study indicate that the mood stabilizing agent, lithium, and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, act on their cellular targets through mutually exclusive pathways. These results also validate the hypothesis that translocation of Gsα from lipid rafts could serve as a biosignature for antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Donati
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA. .,Basic and Health Science Department, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Schappi
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
| | - Andrew H Czysz
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
| | - Alexander Jackson
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA
| | - Mark M Rasenick
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA. .,The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
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Park SW, Lee JG, Seo MK, Cho HY, Lee CH, Lee JH, Lee BJ, Baek JH, Seol W, Kim YH. Effects of mood-stabilizing drugs on dendritic outgrowth and synaptic protein levels in primary hippocampal neurons. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:278-90. [PMID: 25307211 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mood-stabilizing drugs, such as lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA), are widely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, a disease marked by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Growing evidence suggests that Li exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, leading to an increase in neural plasticity. The present study investigated whether other mood-stabilizing drugs produce similar effects in primary hippocampal neurons. METHODS The effects of the mood-stabilizing drugs Li, VPA, carbamazepine (CBZ), and lamotrigine (LTG) on hippocampal dendritic outgrowth were examined. Western blotting analysis was used to measure the expression of synaptic proteins - that is, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), neuroligin 1 (NLG1), β-neurexin, and synaptophysin (SYP). To determine neuroprotective effects, we used a B27-deprivation cytotoxicity model which causes hippocampal cell death upon removal of B27 from the culture medium. RESULTS Li (0.5-2.0 mM), VPA (0.5-2.0 mM), CBZ (0.01-0.10 mM), and LTG (0.01-0.10 mM) significantly increased dendritic outgrowth. The neurotrophic effect of Li and VPA was blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and protein kinase A signaling; the effects of CBZ and LTG were not affected by inhibition of these signaling pathways. Li, VPA, and CBZ prevented B27 deprivation-induced decreases in BDNF, PSD-95, NLG1, β-neurexin, and SYP levels, whereas LTG did not. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Li, VPA, CBZ, and LTG exert neurotrophic effects by promoting dendritic outgrowth; however, the mechanism of action differs. Furthermore, certain mood-stabilizing drugs may exert neuroprotective effects by enhancing synaptic protein levels against cytotoxicity in hippocampal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea; Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Busan, Korea
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15
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Machado-Vieira R, Zanetti MV, Teixeira AL, Uno M, Valiengo LL, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Oba-Shinjo SM, de Sousa RT, Zarate CA, Gattaz WF, Marie SKN. Decreased AKT1/mTOR pathway mRNA expression in short-term bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:468-73. [PMID: 25726893 PMCID: PMC5863235 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence implicates intracellular signaling cascades dysfunction in the pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder (BD). Regulation of AKT/mTOR pathway is a critical signaling pathway in synaptic neurotransmission and plasticity, also modulating cell proliferation and migration. Gene expression of the AKT/mTOR pathway was assessed in 25 BD (DSM-IV-TR criteria) unmedicated depressed individuals at baseline and after 6 weeks of lithium therapy and 31 matched healthy controls. Decreases in blood AKT1 and mTOR mRNA expression, as well as in BAD/BCL-2 expression ratio were observed in short-term BD patients during depressive episodes in comparison to healthy controls. There was no significant change in the expression of AKT1, mTOR, BCL-2, BAD and NDUFA6 after lithium therapy in the total group of BD subjects. However, the changes in AKT1 expression after lithium treatment were positively correlated with depression improvement. An integrated activity within this pathway was observed at both baseline and post-treatment. The present results support an integrated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activity in a similar fashion to the described in previous human postmortem and rodents brain studies. Overall, the results reinforce a role for AKT1 and mTOR in the pathophysiology of BD and support the relevance of blood mRNA expression as a valid surrogate biological source to study brain intracellular signaling cascades changes and convergent molecular pathways in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miyuki Uno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro L Valiengo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rafael T de Sousa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kim KJ, Lee J, Park Y, Lee SH. ATF3 Mediates Anti-Cancer Activity of Trans-10, cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:134-40. [PMID: 25767681 PMCID: PMC4354314 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a family of isomers of linoleic acid. CLA increases growth arrest and apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells through an isomer-specific manner. ATF3 belongs to the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors and is associated with apoptosis in colorectal cancer. The present study was performed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which t10, c12-CLA stimulates ATF3 expression and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. t10, c12-CLA increased an apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells in dose dependent manner. t10, c12-CLA induced ATF3 mRNA and luciferase activity of ATF3 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. The responsible region for ATF3 transcriptional activation by t10, c12-CLA is located between −147 and −1850 of ATF3 promoter. mRNA stability of ATF3 was not affected by t10, c12-CLA treatment. t10, c12-CLA increases GSK3β expression and suppresses IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. The knockdown of ATF3 suppressed expression of GSK3β and NAG-1 and PARP cleavage. The results suggest that t10, c12-CLA induces apoptosis through ATF3-mediated pathway in human colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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ROY MADHUMITA, TAPADIA MADHUG, JOSHI SHOBHNA, KOCH BIPLOB. Molecular and genetic basis of depression. J Genet 2015; 93:879-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Koutsoukos E, Angelopoulos E. Mood regulation in bipolar disorders viewed through the pendulum dynamics concept. Int J Bipolar Disord 2014; 2:9. [PMID: 26092396 PMCID: PMC4452624 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-014-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorders have been characterized by powerful fluctuations of energy, mood, and thinking patterns. Mood episodes (manic or depressive) could be considered as deviations of a psycho-physiological index above or below a conventionally defined value called 'normothymia'. In the present study, we analyzed the feedback techniques used to suppress the oscillatory activity exhibited on an inverted pendulum device. Subsequently, we examine the degree that this multimodal feedback design could be considered on a hypothetical pendulum where the mood plays the role of the suspended mass, and the force balance compensation circuitry is substituted by drug-specific therapeutic interventions. The study does not concern a model of bipolar illness that could simulate numerically various phases of mood episodes but focuses on the functional similarities regarding the correction treatments applied on the two different oscillating systems giving a potential perspective of how techniques of feedback control may enhance the conceptualization of the treatment schemes followed in recent guidelines for biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Our theoretical consideration, along with observations on clinical level, gives support to the concept that the compensation of the mood oscillations should be adaptive with selective therapeutic interventions that compensate the excited system in different time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Koutsoukos
- />Signal Processing Laboratory, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou Efessiou, Athens, 115 27 Greece
- />Medical School, 1st Psychiatric Dept., Eginition Hospital, Athens University, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Ave., Athens, 115 28 Greece
| | - Elias Angelopoulos
- />Signal Processing Laboratory, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou Efessiou, Athens, 115 27 Greece
- />Medical School, 1st Psychiatric Dept., Eginition Hospital, Athens University, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Ave., Athens, 115 28 Greece
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Lakshmanan J, Zhang B, Nweze IC, Du Y, Harbrecht BG. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Regulates IL-1β Mediated iNOS Expression in Hepatocytes by Down-Regulating c-Jun. J Cell Biochem 2014; 116:133-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaganathan Lakshmanan
- Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD; Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research; School of Medicine; University of Louisville; Louisville 40202 Kentucky
| | - Baochun Zhang
- Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD; Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research; School of Medicine; University of Louisville; Louisville 40202 Kentucky
| | - Ikenna C. Nweze
- Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD; Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research; School of Medicine; University of Louisville; Louisville 40202 Kentucky
| | - Yibo Du
- Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD; Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research; School of Medicine; University of Louisville; Louisville 40202 Kentucky
| | - Brian G. Harbrecht
- Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD; Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research; School of Medicine; University of Louisville; Louisville 40202 Kentucky
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Watanabe S, Iga J, Nishi A, Numata S, Kinoshita M, Kikuchi K, Nakataki M, Ohmori T. Microarray analysis of global gene expression in leukocytes following lithium treatment. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:190-8. [PMID: 24590544 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the molecular effects of lithium, we studied global gene expression changes induced by lithium in leukocytes from healthy subjects. METHODS Eight healthy male subjects participated in this study. Lithium was prescribed for weeks to reach a therapeutic serum concentration. Leukocyte counts and serum lithium concentrations were determined at baseline (before medication), after 1 and 2 weeks of medication and at 2 weeks after stopping medication. Gene expression profiling was performed at each time point using Agilent G4112F Whole Human Genome arrays (The Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Expression of some candidate genes was also assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Gene ontology analysis revealed that the cellular and immune responses to stimulus and stress indeed played a major role in the cellular response to lithium treatment. Pathway analysis revealed that the interleukin 6 pathway, the inhibitor of differentiation pathway, and the methane metabolism pathway were regulated by lithium. Using real-time PCR, we also confirmed that five candidate genes in these pathways were significantly changed, including suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and myeloperoxidase. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation suggests that the molecular action of lithium is mediated in part by its effects on the cellular and immune response to stimulus and stress followed by the interleukin 6, inhibitor of differentiation, and methane metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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21
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Kim J, Yang M, Kim SH, Kim JC, Wang H, Shin T, Moon C. Possible role of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70356. [PMID: 23940567 PMCID: PMC3734066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin compound with potent neurotoxic effects characterized by neuronal destruction in selective regions, including the hippocampus. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates many cellular processes, and is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of lithium, a selective GSK-3 inhibitor, on the hippocampus of adult C57BL/6 mice with TMT treatment (2.6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and on cultured hippocampal neurons (12 days in vitro) with TMT treatment (5 µM). Lithium (50 mg/kg, i.p., 0 and 24 h after TMT injection) significantly attenuated TMT-induced hippocampal cell degeneration, seizure, and memory deficits in mice. In cultured hippocampal neurons, lithium treatment (0–10 mM; 1 h before TMT application) significantly reduced TMT-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the dynamic changes in GSK-3/β-catenin signaling were observed in the mouse hippocampus and cultured hippocampal neurons after TMT treatment with or without lithium. Therefore, lithium inhibited the detrimental effects of TMT on the hippocampal neurons in vivo and in vitro, suggesting involvement of the GSK-3/β-catenin signaling pathway in TMT-induced hippocampal cell degeneration and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology and Neurosceince Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurosceince Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TS); (CM)
| | - Changjong Moon
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TS); (CM)
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Neural plasticity and proliferation in the generation of antidepressant effects: hippocampal implication. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:537265. [PMID: 23862076 PMCID: PMC3703717 DOI: 10.1155/2013/537265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that changes underlying depression and antidepressant-like effects involve not only alterations in the levels of neurotransmitters as monoamines and their receptors in the brain, but also structural and functional changes far beyond. During the last two decades, emerging theories are providing new explanations about the neurobiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant strategies based on cellular changes at the CNS level. The neurotrophic/plasticity hypothesis of depression, proposed more than a decade ago, is now supported by multiple basic and clinical studies focused on the role of intracellular-signalling cascades that govern neural proliferation and plasticity. Herein, we review the state-of-the-art of the changes in these signalling pathways which appear to underlie both depressive disorders and antidepressant actions. We will especially focus on the hippocampal cellularity and plasticity modulation by serotonin, trophic factors as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through intracellular signalling pathways—cAMP, Wnt/β-catenin, and mTOR. Connecting the classic monoaminergic hypothesis with proliferation/neuroplasticity-related evidence is an appealing and comprehensive attempt for improving our knowledge about the neurobiological events leading to depression and associated to antidepressant therapies.
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Liu J, Baek C, Han X, Shoureshi P, Soriano S. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in ketamine-induced developmental neuroapoptosis in rats. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110 Suppl 1:i3-9. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Oliva CA, Vargas JY, Inestrosa NC. Wnt signaling: role in LTP, neural networks and memory. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:786-800. [PMID: 23665425 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt components are key regulators of a variety of developmental processes, including embryonic patterning, cell specification, and cell polarity. The Wnt signaling pathway participates in the development of the central nervous system and growing evidence indicates that Wnts also regulates the function of the adult nervous system. In fact, most of the key components including Wnts and Frizzled receptors are expressed in the adult brain. Wnt ligands have been implicated in the regulation of synaptic assembly as well as in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Deregulation of Wnt signaling has been associated with several pathologies, and more recently has been related to neurodegenerative diseases and to mental and mood disorders. In this review, we focus our attention on the Wnt signaling cascade in postnatal life and we review in detail the presence of Wnt signaling components in pre- and postsynaptic regions. Due to the important role of Wnt proteins in wiring neural circuits, we discuss recent findings about the role of Wnt pathways both in basal spontaneous activities as well as in activity-dependent processes that underlie synaptic plasticity. Finally, we review the role of Wnt in vivo and we finish with the most recent data in literature that involves the effect of components of the Wnt signaling pathway in neurological and mental disorders, including a special emphasis on in vivo studies that relate behavioral abnormalities to deficiencies in Wnt signaling, as well as the data that support a neuroprotective role of Wnt proteins in relation to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Seo MK, Song JC, Lee SJ, Koo KA, Park YK, Lee JG, Park SW, Kim YH. Antidepressant-like effects of Bupleuri Radix extract. Eur J Integr Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2012.07.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liu S, Sun N, Xu Y, Yang C, Ren Y, Liu Z, Cao X, Sun Y, Xu Q, Zhang K, Shen Y. Possible association of the GSK3β gene with the anxiety symptoms of major depressive disorder and P300 waveform. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1382-9. [PMID: 23030648 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) may play an important role in the brain of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD); therefore, we investigated whether the GSK3β gene is involved in the etiology of MDD and whether it affects MDD endophenotypes. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6438552, rs7633279, and rs334558) were genotyped in 559 MDD patients and 486 healthy controls. To explore quantitative traits of MDD, we analyzed the association of these SNPs with the factor scores of the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). We also determined the effects of these SNPs on the measurement of the P300 wave. Although no significant association between GSK3β SNPs and MDD was found, some genotypes and haplotypes were associated with anxiety symptoms in MDD. The three SNPs were associated with the HAMA total score and with the HAMD anxiety and somatization factor score (p<0.05). Three-locus haplotype analysis showed the C-T-G carriers to have a strong association with the HAMA total score (p=0.032). Moreover, the P300 latency and amplitude were also associated with GSK3β genotypes. The individuals with the T allele genotype, both in rs6438552 and rs7633279, have a longer P300 latency than those carrying the C/C (p=0.04) and A/A genotype (p=0.013). The individuals with the G/G genotype in rs334558 have a lower amplitude than those carrying the A allele genotype (p=0.007). Our findings show, for the first time, that GSK3β polymorphisms may play an important role in MDD endophenotypes, especially in anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Song N, Boku S, Nakagawa S, Kato A, Toda H, Takamura N, Omiya Y, Kitaichi Y, Inoue T, Koyama T. Mood stabilizers commonly restore staurosporine-induced increase of p53 expression and following decrease of Bcl-2 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:183-9. [PMID: 22484386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in dentate gyrus (DG) is involved in the action mechanism of mood stabilizers. However, it is poorly understood how mood stabilizers affect adult neurogenesis in DG. Neurogenesis consists of proliferation, survival (anti-apoptosis) and differentiation of neural precursor cells in adult DG. Using in vitro culture of adult rat DG-derived neural precursor cells (ADP), we have already shown that four mood stabilizers, such as lithium (Li), valproate (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ) and lamotrigine (LTG), commonly decrease staurosporine (STS)-induced apoptosis of ADP. These suggest that the common anti-apoptotic effect of mood stabilizers could be involved in mood-stabilizing effects. Past studies have shown that Li and VPA increase the expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic gene. In addition, it has been shown that Li decreases the expression of p53, which plays a prominent role in apoptosis and regulates the expression of Bcl-2. Therefore, p53 and Bcl-2 can be considered to mediate the common anti-apoptotic effects of Li, VPA, CBZ and LTG. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the common anti-apoptotic effects of mood stabilizers, we investigated the effects of Li, VPA, CBZ and LTG on STS-induced expression changes of p53, Bcl-2 and other p53-related molecules using SH-SY5Y cells as a model of neural precursor-like cells. STS increased the expression of p53 and decreased that of Bcl-2. These effects of STS on p53 and Bcl-2 are restored by all of Li, VPA, CBZ and LTG. In addition, p53 overexpression decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 and Bcl-2 may be involved in a part of mood-stabilizing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Glycogen synthase kinase 3: a point of integration in Alzheimer's disease and a therapeutic target? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:276803. [PMID: 22779025 PMCID: PMC3384908 DOI: 10.1155/2012/276803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) has been implicated in neurological disorders; therefore, it is not surprising that there has been an increased focus towards developing therapies directed to this kinase. Unfortunately, these current therapies have not taken into consideration the physiological role of GSK3 in crucial events like synaptic plasticity. With this in mind we will discuss the relationship of synaptic plasticity with GSK3 and tau protein and their role as potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. Finally, we will provide perspectives in developing a cocktail therapy for Alzheimer's treatment.
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Karege F, Perroud N, Burkhardt S, Fernandez R, Ballmann E, La Harpe R, Malafosse A. Alterations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and PTEN phosphatase in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 63:224-31. [PMID: 21422769 DOI: 10.1159/000322145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported alterations in protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt and in its downstream target, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, in depression and suicide. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible impairment of the upstream regulators, namely phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and PTEN. METHODS The ventral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 11) of 24 suicide victims and 24 drug-free nonsuicide subjects was used. The antemortem diagnoses of major depression disorder were obtained from the institutional records or psychological autopsy, and toxicological analyses were performed. Protein levels of PI3K and PTEN were assayed using the immunoblot method, and the kinase activity of PI3K and Akt was determined by phosphorylation of specific substrates. RESULTS A decrease was observed in the enzymatic activity of PI3K [ANOVA: F(3, 44) = 9.20; p < 0.001] and Akt1 [ANOVA: F(3, 44) = 13.59; p < 0.001], without any change in protein levels, in both depressed suicide victims and depressed nonsuicide subjects (p < 0.01 and p < 0.002, respectively). PTEN protein levels were increased in the same groups [ANOVA: F(3, 44) = 10.5; p < 0.001]. No change was observed in nondepressed suicide victims. CONCLUSION This study concludes that attenuation of kinase activity of PKB/Akt in depressed suicide victims may be due to the combined dysregulation of PTEN and PI3K resulting in insufficient phosphorylation of lipid second messengers. The effect is associated with major depression rather than with suicide per se. Given the cellular deficits reported in major depression, the study of enzymes involved in cell survival and neuroplasticity is particularly relevant to neurotrophic factor dysregulation in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Karege
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland.
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Kao CF, Fang YS, Zhao Z, Kuo PH. Prioritization and evaluation of depression candidate genes by combining multidimensional data resources. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18696. [PMID: 21494644 PMCID: PMC3071871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large scale and individual genetic studies have suggested numerous susceptible genes for depression in the past decade without conclusive results. There is a strong need to review and integrate multi-dimensional data for follow up validation. The present study aimed to apply prioritization procedures to build-up an evidence-based candidate genes dataset for depression. Methods Depression candidate genes were collected in human and animal studies across various data resources. Each gene was scored according to its magnitude of evidence related to depression and was multiplied by a source-specific weight to form a combined score measure. All genes were evaluated through a prioritization system to obtain an optimal weight matrix to rank their relative importance with depression using the combined scores. The resulting candidate gene list for depression (DEPgenes) was further evaluated by a genome-wide association (GWA) dataset and microarray gene expression in human tissues. Results A total of 5,055 candidate genes (4,850 genes from human and 387 genes from animal studies with 182 being overlapped) were included from seven data sources. Through the prioritization procedures, we identified 169 DEPgenes, which exhibited high chance to be associated with depression in GWA dataset (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p = 0.00005). Additionally, the DEPgenes had a higher percentage to express in human brain or nerve related tissues than non-DEPgenes, supporting the neurotransmitter and neuroplasticity theories in depression. Conclusions With comprehensive data collection and curation and an application of integrative approach, we successfully generated DEPgenes through an effective gene prioritization system. The prioritized DEPgenes are promising for future biological experiments or replication efforts to discoverthe underlying molecular mechanisms for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Fang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WHIM. Disruption of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta activity leads to abnormalities in physiological measures in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:246-52. [PMID: 21392539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3β) signaling pathways is thought to underlie the pathophysiology of mood disorders. In order to demonstrate that the loss of normal GSK-3β activity results in disturbances of physiological measures, we attempted to determine whether sleep-wake architecture, circadian rhythms of core body temperature and activity were altered in transgenic mice overexpressing GSK-3β activity specifically in the brain. Cortical electroencephalographic activity, body temperature (BT) and body locomotor activity (LMA) were continuously monitored using a biopotential telemetry probe. Normal circadian patterns were maintained for different measurements in both genotypes. No differences were found in total time spent asleep and waking over the 24-h recording session. However, transgenic animals overexpressing GSK-3β showed alteration in sleep continuity characterized by an increases in number of non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episodes (GSK-3β, 227.2 ± 1.7 vs. WT, 172.6 ± 1.4, p < 0.05) and decreases in mean episode duration (GSK-3β, 3.0 ± 0.1 vs. WT, 4.4 ± 0.2, p < 0.05). Additionally, transgenic animals exhibited marked enhancement of basal LMA and BT levels during the first part of the dark period, under both light-dark and free running dark-dark circadian cycles. Our findings indicate that transgenic mice overexpressing GSK-3β activity exhibit severe fragmentation of sleep-wake cycle during both the light and dark periods, without showing deviancy in total durations of vigilance states. The results strongly suggest that GSK-3β activity is elemental for the maintenance of circadian motor behavior levels required for proper regulation of BT and sleep-wake organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Dept of Neurosciences, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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On the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase b/Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in photodynamic injury of crayfish neurons and glial cells. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:229-35. [PMID: 21318403 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic treatment that causes intense oxidative stress and cell death is currently used in neurooncology. However, along with tumor cells, it may damage healthy neurons and glia. To study the involvement of signaling processes in photodynamic injury or protection of neurons and glia, we used crayfish mechanoreceptor consisting of a single neuron surrounded by glial cells. It was photosensitized with alumophthalocyanine Photosens. Application of specific inhibitors showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase did not participate in photoinduced death of neurons and glia. Akt was involved in photoinduced necrosis but not in apoptosis of neurons and glia. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β participated in photoinduced apoptosis of glial cells and in necrosis of neurons. Therefore, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway was not involved as a whole in photodynamic injury of crayfish neurons and glia but its components, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, independently and cell specifically regulated death of neurons and glial cells. According to these data, necrosis in this system was a controlled but not a non-regulated cell death mode. The obtained results may be used for the search of pharmacological agents selectively modulating death and survival of normal neurons and glial cells during photodynamic therapy of brain tumors.
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Matrisciano F, Busceti CL, Bucci D, Orlando R, Caruso A, Molinaro G, Cappuccio I, Riozzi B, Gradini R, Motolese M, Caraci F, Copani A, Scaccianoce S, Melchiorri D, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F. Induction of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 is involved in stress-induced hippocampal damage. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16447. [PMID: 21304589 PMCID: PMC3029367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mechanisms that mediate stress-induced hippocampal damage may shed new light into the pathophysiology of depressive disorders and provide new targets for therapeutic intervention. We focused on the secreted glycoprotein Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway, involved in neurodegeneration. Mice exposed to mild restraint stress showed increased hippocampal levels of Dkk-1 and reduced expression of β-catenin, an intracellular protein positively regulated by the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. In adrenalectomized mice, Dkk-1 was induced by corticosterone injection, but not by exposure to stress. Corticosterone also induced Dkk-1 in mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures and primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and, at least in the latter model, the action of corticosterone was reversed by the type-2 glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. To examine whether induction of Dkk-1 was causally related to stress-induced hippocampal damage, we used doubleridge mice, which are characterized by a defective induction of Dkk-1. As compared to control mice, doubleridge mice showed a paradoxical increase in basal hippocampal Dkk-1 levels, but no Dkk-1 induction in response to stress. In contrast, stress reduced Dkk-1 levels in doubleridge mice. In control mice, chronic stress induced a reduction in hippocampal volume associated with neuronal loss and dendritic atrophy in the CA1 region, and a reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Doubleridge mice were resistant to the detrimental effect of chronic stress and, instead, responded to stress with increases in dendritic arborisation and neurogenesis. Thus, the outcome of chronic stress was tightly related to changes in Dkk-1 expression in the hippocampus. These data indicate that induction of Dkk-1 is causally related to stress-induced hippocampal damage and provide the first evidence that Dkk-1 expression is regulated by corticosteroids in the central nervous system. Drugs that rescue the canonical Wnt pathway may attenuate hippocampal damage in major depression and other stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Bucci
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Caruso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Gemma Molinaro
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Riozzi
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Roberto Gradini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Motolese
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Scaccianoce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
- Istituto San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University “Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Boku S, Nakagawa S, Masuda T, Nishikawa H, Kato A, Toda H, Song N, Kitaichi Y, Inoue T, Koyama T. Effects of mood stabilizers on adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:111-7. [PMID: 20888882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) is considered to be partly involved in the action of mood stabilizers. However, it remains unclear how mood stabilizers affect neural precursor cells in adult DG. We have established a culture system of adult rat DG-derived neural precursor cells (ADP) and have shown that lithium, a mood stabilizer, and dexamethasone, an agonist of glucocorticoid receptor, reciprocally regulate ADP proliferation. Neurogenesis constitutes not only proliferation of neural precursor cells but also apoptosis and differentiation. To develop further understanding of mood stabilizer effects on neural precursor cells in adult DG, we investigated and compared the effects of four common mood stabilizers-lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine-on ADP proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. ADP proliferation, decreased by dexamethasone, was examined using Alamar Blue assay. Using TUNEL assay, ADP apoptosis induced by staurosporine was examined. The differentiated ADP induced by retinoic acid was characterized by immunostaining with anti-GFAP or anti-Tuj1 antibody. Lithium and valproate, but not carbamazepine and lamotrigine, recovered ADP proliferation decreased by dexamethasone. All four mood stabilizers decreased ADP apoptosis. Retinoic acid differentiated ADP into both neurons and astrocytes. Lithium and carbamazepine increased the ratio of neurons and decreased that of astrocytes. However, valproate and lamotrigine increased the ratio of astrocytes and decreased that of neurons. Therefore, these four stabilizers exhibited both common and differential effects on ADP proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Abstract
Existing psychotropic medications for the treatment of mental illnesses, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics, are clinically suboptimal. They are effective in only a subset of patients or produce partial responses, and they are often associated with debilitating side effects that discourage adherence. There is growing enthusiasm in the promise of pharmacogenetics to personalize the use of these treatments to maximize their efficacy and tolerability; however, there is still a long way to go before this promise becomes a reality. This article reviews the progress that has been made in research toward understanding how genetic factors influence psychotropic drug responses and the challenges that lie ahead in translating the research findings into clinical practices that yield tangible benefits for patients with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, Room 857, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Russell P, Williams A, Abbott A, Chadwick J, Ehya F, Flores R, Hardamon C. Effect of lithium salts on lactate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:551-6. [PMID: 20597606 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903357627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitions of 30 nM rabbit muscle 1-phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) by lithium, potassium, and sodium salts showed inhibition or not depending upon the anion present. Generally, potassium salts were more potent inhibitors than sodium salts; the extent of inhibition by lithium salts also varied with the anion. Li(2)CO(3) was a relatively potent inhibitor of PFK-1 but LiCl and lithium acetate were not. Our results suggest that extents of inhibition by monovalent salts were due to both cations and anions, and the latter needs to be considered before inhibition can be credited to the cation. An explanation for monovalent salt inhibitions is proffered involving interactions of both cations and anions at negative and positive sites of PFK-1 that affect enzyme activity. Our studies suggest that lithium cations per se are not inhibitors: the inhibitors are the lithium salts, and we suggest that in vitro studies involving the effects of monovalent salts on enzymes should involve more than one anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Russell
- Department of Biology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Petit-Paitel A. GSK-3β : une kinase au cœur des maladies neuro-dégénératives ? Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:516-21. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010265516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Akt regulates the expression of MafK, synaptotagmin I, and syntenin-1, which play roles in neuronal function. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:18. [PMID: 20233453 PMCID: PMC2844376 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Akt regulates various cellular processes, including cell growth, survival, and metabolism. Recently, Akt's role in neurite outgrowth has also emerged. We thus aimed to identify neuronal function-related genes that are regulated by Akt. METHODS We performed suppression subtractive hybridization on two previously established PC12 sublines, one of which overexpresses the wild-type (WT) form and the other, the dominant-negative (DN) form of Akt. These sublines respond differently to NGF's neuronal differentiation effect. RESULTS A variety of genes was identified and could be classified into several functional groups, one of which was developmental processes. Two genes involved in neuronal differentiation and function were found in this group. v-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K (MafK) induces the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and immature telencephalon neurons, and synaptotagmin I (SytI) is essential for neurotransmitter release. Another gene, syntenin-1 (Syn-1) was also recognized in the same functional group into which MafK and SytI were classified. Syn-1 has been reported to promote the formation of membrane varicosities in neurons. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses show that the transcript levels of these three genes were lower in PC12 (WT-Akt) cells than in parental PC12 and PC12 (DN-Akt) cells. Furthermore, treatment of PC12 (WT-Akt) cells with an Akt inhibitor resulted in the increase of the expression of these genes and the improvement of neurite outgrowth. These results indicate that dominant-negative or pharmacological inhibition of Akt increases the expression of MafK, SytI, and Syn-1 genes. Using lentiviral shRNA to knock down endogenous Syn-1 expression, we demonstrated that Syn-1 promotes an increase in the numbers of neurites and branches. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that Akt negatively regulates the expression of MafK, SytI, and Syn-1 genes that all participate in regulating neuronal integrity in some way or another.
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Abstract
Existing psychotropic medications for the treatment of mental illnesses, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics, are clinically suboptimal. They are effective in only a subset of patients or produce partial responses, and they are often associated with debilitating side effects that discourage adherence. There is growing enthusiasm in the promise of pharmacogenetics to personalize the use of these treatments to maximize their efficacy and tolerability; however, there is still a long way to go before this promise becomes a reality. This article reviews the progress that has been made in research toward understanding how genetic factors influence psychotropic drug responses and the challenges that lie ahead in translating the research findings into clinical practices that yield tangible benefits for patients with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Kajiyama Y, Iijima Y, Chiba S, Furuta M, Ninomiya M, Izumi A, Shibata S, Kunugi H. Prednisolone causes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and altered expression of apoptotic genes in mice hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:159-65. [PMID: 19883713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are known to cause psychiatric disorders including depression. Prednisolone (PSL) is one of the most widely used synthetic glucocorticoids to treat various medical diseases; however, little is known about PSL-induced behavioral changes and its molecular basis in the brain. Growing evidence has implicated that hippocampal remodeling or damage play a role in the pathogenic effect of glucocorticoids. In this study, mice were administered PSL (50 or 100mg/kg) or vehicle for 6 or 7 days and subjected to a series of behavioral tests, i.e., open field, elevated plus maze, prepulse inhibition, forced swim, and tail suspension tests. Hippocampal tissues were subject to microarray analysis using the GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (Affymetrix) containing 45,101 probes of transcripts. Increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors assessed with open field, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension tests were observed. Microarray analysis detected 108 transcripts with a fold change of >2.0 or <0.5 in which many cell-death-related genes were found. The microarray data was validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results demonstrated that PSL causes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and suggest that altered gene expressions related to hippocampal remodeling or damage are involved in the effect of PSL on such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kajiyama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Genetic association of the interaction between the BDNF and GSK3B genes and major depressive disorder in a Chinese population. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 117:393-401. [PMID: 20033742 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Escribano C, Delgado-Martín C, Rodríguez-Fernández JL. CCR7-Dependent Stimulation of Survival in Dendritic Cells Involves Inhibition of GSK3β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6282-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mechanisms contributing to the phase-dependent regulation of neurogenesis by the novel antidepressant, agomelatine, in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2390-403. [PMID: 19571795 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Agomelatine is a novel antidepressant acting as a melatonergic receptor agonist and serotonergic (5-HT(2C)) receptor antagonist. In adult rats, chronic agomelatine treatment enhanced cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus (VH), a region pertinent to mood disorders. This study compared the effects of agomelatine on cell proliferation, maturation, and survival and investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects. Agomelatine increased the ratio of mature vs immature neurons and enhanced neurite outgrowth of granular cells, suggesting an acceleration of maturation. The influence of agomelatine on maturation and survival was accompanied by a selective increase in the levels of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) vs those of VEGF (vascular endothelial factor) and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), which were not affected. Agomelatine also activated several cellular signals (extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, protein kinase B, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta) known to be modulated by antidepressants and implicated in the control of proliferation/survival. Furthermore, as agomelatine possesses both melatonergic agonist and serotonergic (5-HT(2C)) antagonist properties, we determined whether melatonin and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists similarly influence cell proliferation and survival. Only the 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists, SB243,213 or S32006, but not melatonin, mimicked the effects of agomelatine on cell proliferation in VH. The promoting effect of agomelatine on survival was not reproduced by the 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists or melatonin alone. However, it was blocked by a melatonin antagonist, S22153. These results show that agomelatine treatment facilitates all stages of neurogenesis and suggest that a joint effect of melatonin agonism and 5HT(2C) antagonism may be involved in promotion by agomelatine of survival in the hippocampus.
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Aubry JM, Schwald M, Ballmann E, Karege F. Early effects of mood stabilizers on the Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway and on cell survival and proliferation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:419-29. [PMID: 19440698 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium, some of the anticonvulsants, and several second-generation antipsychotic drugs are common medications widely prescribed to treat bipolar disorder. Molecular targets and cellular events that mediate their effects have been described for these drugs but are only partially unraveled. Few comparative studies have been performed. OBJECTIVES We evaluated seven mood stabilizers (MS) in the same in vitro system and found several differences and similarities in their cellular mechanisms (proliferation and cell survival). As some MS were previously shown to activate the Akt/GSK-3beta axis, this pathway was explored for other drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SH-SY5Y cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium. Effects of MS drugs on serum-induced cell proliferation and on slowing of cell death were analyzed. Phosphorylation and expression of Akt-1 and GSK-3beta mRNA and protein were assessed for the seven drugs as well. RESULTS Lithium, Valproate, Olanzapine, and Clozapine enhance proliferation and protect cells against serum withdrawal-induced injury. These drugs also activate Akt-1 and GSK-3beta phosphorylation. Interestingly, gene expression of Akt-1 mRNA and protein, but not GSK-3beta, was increased. The other drugs Lamotrigine, Haloperidol, and Carbamazepine did not affect cellular events nor activate Akt/GSK-3beta axis. CONCLUSION Valproate and atypical antipsychotics (Olanzapine and Clozapine) regulate SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and survival, activate the Akt/GSK-3beta axis, and stimulate gene expression of Akt-1 mRNA and protein, as does Lithium. The other medications have no effect. The study shows the importance of the Akt/GSK-3 axis in MS actions but also pinpoints a different dependence of these drugs on this signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Aubry
- Department of Psychiatry, Bipolar Program, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 6-8 rue du 31 Décembre, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland
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Bheda A, Yue W, Gullapalli A, Whitehurst C, Liu R, Pagano JS, Shackelford J. Positive reciprocal regulation of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 and beta-catenin/TCF signaling. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5955. [PMID: 19536331 PMCID: PMC2694282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are involved in the regulation of distinct critical cellular processes. Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH L1) has been linked to several neurological diseases as well as human cancer, but the physiological targets and the regulation of UCH L1 expression in vivo have been largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that UCH L1 up-regulates beta-catenin/TCF signaling: UCH L1 forms endogenous complexes with beta-catenin, stabilizes it and up-regulates beta-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription. We also show that, reciprocally, beta-catenin/TCF signaling up-regulates expression of endogenous UCH L1 mRNA and protein. Moreover, using ChIP assay and direct mutagenesis we identify two TCF4-binding sites on the uch l1 promoter that are involved in this regulation. Since the expression and deubiquitinating activity of UCH L1 are required for its own basic promoter activity, we propose that UCH L1 up-regulates its expression by activation of the oncogenic beta-catenin/TCF signaling in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bheda
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei Yue
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Gullapalli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chris Whitehurst
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Renshui Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph S. Pagano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julia Shackelford
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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47
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Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The role of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder: convergent evidence for neurotrophic effects as a unifying hypothesis. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11 Suppl 2:92-109. [PMID: 19538689 PMCID: PMC2800957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lithium has been and continues to be the mainstay of bipolar disorder (BD) pharmacotherapy for acute mood episodes, switch prevention, prophylactic treatment, and suicide prevention. Lithium is also the definitive proof-of-concept agent in BD, although it has recently been studied in other psychoses as well as diverse neurodegenerative disorders. Its neurotrophic effects can be viewed as a unifying model to explain several integrated aspects of the pathophysiology of mood disorders and putative therapeutics for those disorders. Enhancing neuroprotection (which directly involves neurotrophic effects) is a therapeutic strategy intended to slow or halt the progression of neuronal loss, thus producing long-term benefits by favorably influencing outcome and preventing either the onset of disease or clinical decline. The present article: (i) reviews what has been learned regarding lithium's neurotrophic effects since Cade's original studies with this compound; (ii) presents human data supporting the presence of cellular atrophy and death in BD as well as neurotrophic effects associated with lithium in human studies; (iii) describes key direct targets of lithium involved in these neurotrophic effects, including neurotrophins, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum key proteins; and (iv) discusses lithium's neurotrophic effects in models of apoptosis and excitotoxicity as well as its potential neurotrophic effects in models of neurological disorders. Taken together, the evidence reviewed here suggests that lithium's neurotrophic effects in BD are an example of an old molecule acting as a new proof-of-concept agent. Continued work to decipher lithium's molecular actions will likely lead to the development of not only improved therapeutics for BD, but to neurotrophic enhancers that could prove useful in the treatment of many other illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Husseini K Manji
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
Clinicians have long used lithium to treat manic depression. They have also observed that lithium causes granulocytosis and lymphopenia while it enhances immunological activities of monocytes and lymphocytes. In fact, clinicians have long used lithium to treat granulocytopenia resulting from radiation and chemotherapy, to boost immunoglobulins after vaccination, and to enhance natural killer activity. Recent studies revealed a mechanism that ties together these disparate effects of lithium. Lithium acts through multiple pathways to inhibit glycogen synthetase kinase-3beta (GSK3 beta). This enzyme phosphorylates and inhibits nuclear factors that turn on cell growth and protection programs, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and WNT/beta-catenin. In animals, lithium upregulates neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT3), as well as receptors to these growth factors in brain. Lithium also stimulates proliferation of stem cells, including bone marrow and neural stem cells in the subventricular zone, striatum, and forebrain. The stimulation of endogenous neural stem cells may explain why lithium increases brain cell density and volume in patients with bipolar disorders. Lithium also increases brain concentrations of the neuronal markers n-acetyl-aspartate and myoinositol. Lithium also remarkably protects neurons against glutamate, seizures, and apoptosis due to a wide variety of neurotoxins. The effective dose range for lithium is 0.6-1.0 mM in serum and >1.5 mM may be toxic. Serum lithium levels of 1.5-2.0 mM may have mild and reversible toxic effects on kidney, liver, heart, and glands. Serum levels of >2 mM may be associated with neurological symptoms, including cerebellar dysfunction. Prolonged lithium intoxication >2 mM can cause permanent brain damage. Lithium has low mutagenic and carcinogenic risk. Lithium is still the most effective therapy for depression. It "cures" a third of the patients with manic depression, improves the lives of about a third, and is ineffective in about a third. Recent studies suggest that some anticonvulsants (i.e., valproate, carbamapazine, and lamotrigene) may be useful in patients that do not respond to lithium. Lithium has been reported to be beneficial in animal models of brain injury, stroke, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury, and other conditions. Clinical trials assessing the effects of lithium are under way. A recent clinical trial suggests that lithium stops the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Balkhi SE, Megarbane B, Poupon J, Baud FJ, Galliot-Guilley M. Lithium poisoning: Is determination of the red blood cell lithium concentration useful? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:8-13. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650802392398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Kim HJ, Thayer SA. Lithium increases synapse formation between hippocampal neurons by depleting phosphoinositides. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1021-30. [PMID: 19188338 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mood-stabilizing effects of lithium are well documented, although its mechanism of action remains unknown. Increases in gray matter volume detected in patients with bipolar disorder who were treated with lithium suggest that changes in the number of synapses might underlie its therapeutic effects. We investigated the effects of lithium on the number of synaptic connections between hippocampal neurons in culture. Confocal imaging of neurons expressing postsynaptic density protein 95 fused to green fluorescent protein (PSD95-GFP) enabled visualization of synaptic sites. PSD95-GFP fluorescent puncta represented functional synapses, and lithium (4 h, 5 mM) increased their number by 150 +/- 12%. The increase was time- and concentration-dependent (EC(50) = 1.0 +/- 0.6 mM). Lithium induced a parallel increase in the presynaptic marker synaptophysin-GFP. Valproic acid, another mood stabilizer, also increased the number of fluorescent puncta at a clinically relevant concentration. Inhibition of postsynaptic glutamate receptors or presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release significantly reduced lithium-induced synapse formation, indicating that glutamatergic synaptic transmission was required. Pretreatment with exogenous myo-inositol inhibited synapse formation, demonstrating that depletion of inositol was necessary to increase synaptic connections. In contrast, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta did not mimic lithium-induced synapse formation. Pharmacological and lipid reconstitution experiments showed that new synapses formed as a result of depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate rather than a build-up of polyphosphoinositides or changes in the activity of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, or phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Increased synaptic connections may underlie the mood-stabilizing effects of lithium in patients with bipolar disorder and could contribute to the convulsions produced by excessive doses of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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