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Zhang Y, Gao J, Li N, Xu P, Qu S, Cheng J, Wang M, Li X, Song Y, Xiao F, Yang X, Liu J, Hong H, Mu R, Li X, Wang Y, Xu H, Xie Y, Gao T, Wang G, Aa J. Targeting cAMP in D1-MSNs in the nucleus accumbens, a new rapid antidepressant strategy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:667-681. [PMID: 38322327 PMCID: PMC10840425 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression; however, the regulatory strategy that targets the NAc to achieve an exclusive and outstanding anti-depression benefit has not been elucidated. Here, we identified a specific reduction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the subset of dopamine D1 receptor medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) in the NAc that promoted stress susceptibility, while the stimulation of cAMP production in NAc D1-MSNs efficiently rescued depression-like behaviors. Ketamine treatment enhanced cAMP both in D1-MSNs and dopamine D2 receptor medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) of depressed mice, however, the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine solely depended on elevating cAMP in NAc D1-MSNs. We discovered that a higher dose of crocin markedly increased cAMP in the NAc and consistently relieved depression 24 h after oral administration, but not a lower dose. The fast onset property of crocin was verified through multicenter studies. Moreover, crocin specifically targeted at D1-MSN cAMP signaling in the NAc to relieve depression and had no effect on D2-MSN. These findings characterize a new strategy to achieve an exclusive and outstanding anti-depression benefit by elevating cAMP in D1-MSNs in the NAc, and provide a potential rapid antidepressant drug candidate, crocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shimeng Qu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinqian Cheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingrui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xueru Li
- School of Foreign Languages, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaheng Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ronghao Mu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianming Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiye Aa
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Unit of PK–PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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2
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Bukatova S, Bacova Z, Osacka J, Bakos J. Mini review of molecules involved in altered postnatal neurogenesis in autism. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37815399 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2269304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiology of autism is complex, but emerging research points to potential abnormalities and alterations in neurogenesis. The aim of the present review is to describe the advances in the understanding of the role of selected neurotrophins, neuropeptides, and other compounds secreted by neuronal cells in the processes of postnatal neurogenesis in conjunction with autism. We characterize the fundamental mechanisms of neuronal cell proliferation, generation of major neuronal cell types with special emphasis on neurogenic niches - the subventricular zone and hippocampal areas. We also discuss changes in intracellular calcium levels and calcium-dependent transcription factors in the context of the regulation of neurogenesis and cell fate determination. To sum up, this review provides specific insight into the known association between alterations in the function of the entire spectrum of molecules involved in neurogenesis and the etiology of autism pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Bukatova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Bacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Osacka
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Bakos
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Deyama S, Kaneda K. Role of neurotrophic and growth factors in the rapid and sustained antidepressant actions of ketamine. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109335. [PMID: 36403852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression proposes that reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contribute to neuronal atrophy or loss in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus and impaired hippocampal adult neurogenesis, which are associated with depressive symptoms. Chronic, but acute, treatment with typical monoaminergic antidepressants can at least partially reverse these deficits, in part via induction of BDNF and/or VEGF expression, consistent with their delayed onset of action. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Rodent studies have revealed that ketamine rapidly increases BDNF and VEGF release and/or expression in the PFC and hippocampus, which in turn increases the number and function of spine synapses in the PFC and hippocampal neurogenesis. Ketamine also induces the persistent release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the PFC of male mice. These neurotrophic effects of ketamine are associated with its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. In this review, we first provide an overview of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression and then discuss the role of BDNF, VEGF, IGF-1, and other growth factors (IGF-2 and transforming growth factor-β1) in the antidepressant effects of ketamine and its enantiomers. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Kanes SJ, Dennie L, Perera P. Targeting the Arginine Vasopressin V 1b Receptor System and Stress Response in Depression and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:811-828. [PMID: 37077711 PMCID: PMC10106826 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s402831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy stress response is critical for good mental and overall health and promotes neuronal growth and adaptation, but the intricately balanced biological mechanisms that facilitate a stress response can also result in predisposition to disease when that equilibrium is disrupted. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine system plays a critical role in the body's response and adaptation to stress, and vasopressinergic regulation of the HPA axis is critical to maintaining system responsiveness during chronic stress. However, exposure to repeated or excessive physical or emotional stress or trauma can shift the body's stress response equilibrium to a "new normal" underpinned by enduring changes in HPA axis function. Exposure to early life stress due to adverse childhood experiences can also lead to lasting neurobiological changes, including in HPA axis function. HPA axis impairment in patients with depression is considered among the most reliable findings in biological psychiatry, and chronic stress has been shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis and onset of depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Modulating HPA axis activity, for example via targeted antagonism of the vasopressin V1b receptor, is a promising approach for patients with depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders associated with HPA axis impairment. Despite favorable preclinical indications in animal models, demonstration of clinical efficacy for the treatment of depressive disorders by targeting HPA axis dysfunction has been challenging, possibly due to the heterogeneity and syndromal nature of depressive disorders. Measures of HPA axis function, such as elevated cortisol levels, may be useful biomarkers for identifying patients who may benefit from treatments that modulate HPA axis activity. Utilizing clinical biomarkers to identify subsets of patients with impaired HPA axis function who may benefit is a promising next step in fine-tuning HPA axis activity via targeted antagonism of the V1b receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kanes
- EmbarkNeuro, Oakland, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Stephen J Kanes, EmbarkNeuro, Inc, 1111 Broadway, Suite 1300, Oakland, CA, 94607, USA, Tel +1 610 757 7821, Email
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Li Q, Zhao B, Li W, He Y, Tang X, Zhang T, Zhong Z, Pan Q, Zhang Y. Effects of repeated drug administration on behaviors in normal mice and fluoxetine efficacy in chronic unpredictable mild stress mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 615:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Zhou L, Wang T, Yu Y, Li M, Sun X, Song W, Wang Y, Zhang C, Fu F. The etiology of poststroke-depression: a hypothesis involving HPA axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113146. [PMID: 35643064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately, one in three ischemic stroke survivors suffered from depression, namely, post-stroke depression (PSD). PSD affects functional rehabilitation and may lead to poor quality of life of patients. There are numerous explanations about the etiologies of PSD. Here, we speculated that PSD are likely to be the result of specific changes in brain pathology. We hypothesized that the stroke-induced hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in PSD. Stroke initiates a complex sequence of events in neuroendocrine system including HPA axis. The HPA axis is involved in the pathophysiology of depression, especially, the overactivity of the HPA axis occurs in major depressive disorder. This review summarizes the possible etiologies of PSD, focusing on the stroke-induced activation of HPA axis, mainly including the stress followed by severe brain damage and the proinflammatory cytokines release. The role of hyperactive of HPA axis in PSD was discussed in detail, which includes the role of high level corticotropin-releasing hormone in PSD, the effects of glucocorticoids on the alterations in specific brain structures, the expression of enzymes, excitotoxicity, the change in intestinal permeability, and the activation of microglia. The relationship between neuroendocrine regulation and inflammation was also described. Finally, the therapy of PSD by regulating HPA axis, neuroendocrine, and immunity was discussed briefly. Nevertheless, the change of HPA axis and the occurring of PSD maybe interact and promote on each other, and future investigations should explore this hypothesis in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Mingan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Wenhao Song
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
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Alteration of sweet taste receptor expression in circumvallate papillae of mice with decreased sweet taste preference induced by social defeat stress. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Ousdal OT, Brancati GE, Kessler U, Erchinger V, Dale AM, Abbott C, Oltedal L. The Neurobiological Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy Studied Through Magnetic Resonance: What Have We Learned, and Where Do We Go? Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:540-549. [PMID: 34274106 PMCID: PMC8630079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an established treatment choice for severe, treatment-resistant depression, yet its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human brain before and after treatment has been crucial to aid our comprehension of the ECT neurobiological effects. However, to date, a majority of MRI studies have been underpowered and have used heterogeneous patient samples as well as different methodological approaches, altogether causing mixed results and poor clinical translation. Hence, an association between MRI markers and therapeutic response remains to be established. Recently, the availability of large datasets through a global collaboration has provided the statistical power needed to characterize whole-brain structural and functional brain changes after ECT. In addition, MRI technological developments allow new aspects of brain function and structure to be investigated. Finally, more recent studies have also investigated immediate and long-term effects of ECT, which may aid in the separation of the therapeutically relevant effects from epiphenomena. The goal of this review is to outline MRI studies (T1, diffusion-weighted imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) of ECT in depression to advance our understanding of the ECT neurobiological effects. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest a model whereby the neurobiological effects can be understood within a framework of disruption, neuroplasticity, and rewiring of neural circuits. An improved characterization of the neurobiological effects of ECT may increase our understanding of ECT's therapeutic effects, ultimately leading to improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Therese Ousdal
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Centre for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Giulio E Brancati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ute Kessler
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vera Erchinger
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christopher Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Leif Oltedal
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Morais-Silva G, Gomes-de-Souza L, Costa-Ferreira W, Pavan JC, Crestani CC, Marin MT. Cardiovascular Reactivity to a Novel Stressor: Differences on Susceptible and Resilient Rats to Social Defeat Stress. Front Physiol 2022; 12:781447. [PMID: 35250603 PMCID: PMC8889071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.781447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged and heightened responses to stress are known factors that influence the development of mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the coping strategies related to the experience of adverse events, i.e., resilience or the susceptibility to stress, are determinants for the individual risk of developing such diseases. Susceptible rats to the social defeat stress (SDS), identified by the social interaction test (SIT), show behavioral and cardiovascular alterations after SDS exposure that are not found in resilient rats. However, it is not elucidated yet how the cardiovascular system of susceptible and resilient phenotypes responds to a new stressor after SDS exposure. Thus, using the SDS exposure followed by the SIT, we evaluated heart rate, blood pressure (BP), tail skin temperature, and circulating corticosterone responses to an acute session of restraint stress in susceptible and resilient rats to SDS. Susceptible rats showed resting tachycardia and exaggerated BP response to restraint stress, while resilient rats did not present such alterations. In contrast, both phenotypes showed increased plasma corticosterone and a drop in tail skin temperature to restraint stress, which was similar to that observed in control animals. Our results revealed an increased cardiovascular reactivity in response to a new stressful stimulus in susceptible rats, which might be related to a greater risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessynger Morais-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Willian Costa-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C. Pavan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos C. Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T. Marin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Marcelo T. Marin,
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Yoshioka T, Yamada D, Kobayashi R, Segi-Nishida E, Saitoh A. Chronic vicarious social defeat stress attenuates new-born neuronal cell survival in mouse hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113536. [PMID: 34416303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is closely related to the pathophysiological condition of depressive disorders. Recently, chronic social defeat stress paradigms have been regarded as important animal models of depression, accompanied with neural plastic changes in the hippocampus. However, little is known about influences of non-physical stress on neurogenesis. In the present study, we focused on the chronic vicarious social defeat stress paradigm and examined the effect of psychological stress on mouse hippocampal neurogenesis. Immediately after the chronic psychological stress, the cell survival rate in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was significantly diminished without modifying the cell proliferation rate. The decreased ratio in cell survival persisted for 4 weeks after the stress-loading period, while the differentiation and maturity of new-born neurons were identical to control groups. Furthermore, treatment with the chronic antidepressant fluoxetine reversed the social behavioral deficits and promoted new-born neurons survival. These results demonstrate that emotional stress in the vicarious social defeat stress paradigm influences neuronal cell survival in the hippocampus, which reinforces its validity as an animal model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Riho Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Saitoh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
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Ibarguen-Vargas Y, Leman S, Palme R, Belzung C, Surget A. CRF-R1 Antagonist Treatment Exacerbates Circadian Corticosterone Secretion under Chronic Stress, but Preserves HPA Feedback Sensitivity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122114. [PMID: 34959395 PMCID: PMC8707167 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising initial reports, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type-1 (CRF-R1) antagonists have mostly failed to display efficacy in clinical trials for anxiety or depression. Rather than broad-spectrum antidepressant/anxiolytic-like drugs, they may represent an ‘antistress’ solution for single stressful situations or for patients with chronic stress conditions. However, the impact of prolonged CRF-R1 antagonist treatments on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis under chronic stress conditions remained to be characterized. Hence, our study investigated whether a chronic CRF-R1 antagonist (crinecerfont, formerly known as SSR125543, 20 mg·kg−1·day−1 ip, 5 weeks) would alter HPA axis basal circadian activity and negative feedback sensitivity in mice exposed to either control or chronic stress conditions (unpredictable chronic mild stress, UCMS, 7 weeks), through measures of fecal corticosterone metabolites, plasma corticosterone, and dexamethasone suppression test. Despite preserving HPA axis parameters in control non-stressed mice, the 5-week crinercerfont treatment improved the negative feedback sensitivity in chronically stressed mice, but paradoxically exacerbated their basal corticosterone secretion nearly all along the circadian cycle. The capacity of chronic CRF-R1 antagonists to improve the HPA negative feedback in UCMS argues in favor of a potential therapeutic benefit against stress-related conditions. However, the treatment-related overactivation of HPA circadian activity in UCMS raise questions about possible physiological outcomes with long-standing treatments under ongoing chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Ibarguen-Vargas
- UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37200 Tours, France; (Y.I.-V.); (S.L.)
- EUK-CVL, Université d’Orléans, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Samuel Leman
- UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37200 Tours, France; (Y.I.-V.); (S.L.)
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Catherine Belzung
- UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37200 Tours, France; (Y.I.-V.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (A.S.); Tel.: +33-2-47366994 (C.B.); +33-2-47367305 (A.S.)
| | - Alexandre Surget
- UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37200 Tours, France; (Y.I.-V.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (A.S.); Tel.: +33-2-47366994 (C.B.); +33-2-47367305 (A.S.)
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12
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Short Daily Exposure to Environmental Enrichment, Fluoxetine, or Their Combination Reverses Deterioration of the Coat and Anhedonia Behaviors with Differential Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Chronically Stressed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010976. [PMID: 34681636 PMCID: PMC8535985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a neuropsychiatric disorder with a high impact on the worldwide population. To overcome depression, antidepressant drugs are the first line of treatment. However, pre-clinical studies have pointed out that antidepressants are not entirely efficacious and that the quality of the living environment after stress cessation may play a relevant role in increasing their efficacy. As it is unknown whether a short daily exposure to environmental enrichment during chronic stress and antidepressant treatment will be more effective than just the pharmacological treatment, this study analyzed the effects of fluoxetine, environmental enrichment, and their combination on depressive-associated behavior. Additionally, we investigated hippocampal neurogenesis in mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Our results indicate that fluoxetine reversed anhedonia. Besides, fluoxetine reversed the decrement of some events of the hippocampal neurogenic process caused by chronic mild stress. Conversely, short daily exposure to environmental enrichment changed the deterioration of the coat and anhedonia. Although, this environmental intervention did not produce significant changes in the neurogenic process affected by chronic mild stress, fluoxetine plus environmental enrichment showed similar effects to those caused by environmental enrichment to reverse depressive-like behaviors. Like fluoxetine, the combination reversed the declining number of Ki67, doublecortin, calretinin cells and mature newborn neurons. Finally, this study suggests that short daily exposure to environmental enrichment improves the effects of fluoxetine to reverse the deterioration of the coat and anhedonia in chronically stressed mice. In addition, the combination of fluoxetine with environmental enrichment produces more significant effects than those caused by fluoxetine alone on some events of the neurogenic process. Thus, environmental enrichment improves the benefits of pharmacological treatment by mechanisms that need to be clarified.
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13
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Xia J, Xue X, Liu W, Qi Z, Liu W. The Role of Fgf9 in the Antidepressant Effects of Exercise and Fluoxetine in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:795-804. [PMID: 33938506 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression posits that stress and depression decrease neurotrophic factor expression in brain, whereas antidepressants and exercise can contribute to the blockade of stress effects and produce antidepressant effects. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, has been reported to be dysregulated in depression. The present study aimed to determine whether and how Fgf9 mediates the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine and exercise in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CUMS for 7 weeks. From the fourth week, CUMS-exposed mice were subjected to fluoxetine treatment or swimming exercise for 4 weeks. Forced swim test, tail suspension test, and hole-board test were used to assess behaviors of mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine hippocampal messenger RNA levels of Fgf9, Fgf2, FgfR1, FgfR2, and FgfR3. Western blotting was used to examine the protein levels of Fgf9, protein kinase B (Akt), and phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 in mouse hippocampus. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that CUMS induced depression-like behaviors, which were reversed by fluoxetine treatment and swimming exercise. Moreover, we found that CUMS resulted in a dysregulation of Fgf9, Fgf2, and FgfR2 expression, whereas fluoxetine and swimming restored the FGF expression in CUMS-exposed mice. An analysis of the proteins suggests that the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine and exercise in CUMS-exposed mice were associated with ameliorated Fgf9/Akt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have demonstrated that swimming exercise mimics the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine by regulating Fgf9 in CUMS-exposed mice, which may offer new mechanism-based therapeutic targets for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- From the Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education (Xia, Xue, Wenbin Liu, Qi, Weina Liu), College of Physical Education and Health (Xia, Wenbin Liu, Qi, Weina Liu), East China Normal University; and Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education (Xue), Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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14
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Abstract
Major depression is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by affective, cognitive, and physiological impairments that lead to maladaptive behavior. The high lifetime prevalence of this disabling condition, coupled with limitations of existing medications, make necessary the development of improved therapeutics. This requires animal models that allow investigation of key biological correlates of the disorder. Described in this article is the unpredictable chronic mild stress mouse model that can be used to screen for antidepressant drug candidates. Originally designed for rats, this model has been adapted for mice to capitalize on the advantages of this species as an experimental model, including inter-strain variability, which permits an exploration of the contribution of genetic background; the ability to create transgenic animals; and lower cost. Thus, because it combines genetic features and socio-environmental chronic stressful events, the unpredictable chronic mild stress model in mice is a relevant and valuable paradigm to gain insight into the etiological and developmental components of major depression, as well as to identify novel treatments for this condition. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) Test in Mice Basic Protocol 2: Assessment Of Self-Directed Activity And Anhedonia in Mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nollet
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Carboni E, Carta AR, Carboni E, Novelli A. Repurposing Ketamine in Depression and Related Disorders: Can This Enigmatic Drug Achieve Success? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:657714. [PMID: 33994933 PMCID: PMC8120160 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.657714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing ketamine in the therapy of depression could well represent a breakthrough in understanding the etiology of depression. Ketamine was originally used as an anesthetic drug and later its use was extended to other therapeutic applications such as analgesia and the treatment of addiction. At the same time, the abuse of ketamine as a recreational drug has generated a concern for its psychotropic and potential long-term effects; nevertheless, its use as a fast acting antidepressant in treatment-resistant patients has boosted the interest in the mechanism of action both in psychiatry and in the wider area of neuroscience. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the actions of ketamine and intends to cover: (i) the evaluation of its clinical use in the treatment of depression and suicidal behavior; (ii) the potential use of ketamine in pediatrics; (iii) a description of its mechanism of action; (iv) the involvement of specific brain areas in producing antidepressant effects; (v) the potential interaction of ketamine with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; (vi) the effect of ketamine on neuronal transmission in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and on its output; (vii) the evaluation of any gender-dependent effects of ketamine; (viii) the interaction of ketamine with the inflammatory processes involved in depression; (ix) the evaluation of the effects observed with single or repeated administration; (x) a description of any adverse or cognitive effects and its abuse potential. Finally, this review attempts to assess whether ketamine's use in depression can improve our knowledge of the etiopathology of depression and whether its therapeutic effect can be considered an actual cure for depression rather than a therapy merely aimed to control the symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Carboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Carboni
- Unit of Paediatrics, ASST Cremona Maggiore Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonello Novelli
- Department of Psychology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Sanitary Institute of the Princedom of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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16
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Chaki S. Vasopressin V1B Receptor Antagonists as Potential Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:450-463. [PMID: 33733667 PMCID: PMC8278797 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that certain populations of depressed patients have impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is one of the primary factors in HPA axis regulation under stress situations, and AVP and its receptor subtype (V1B receptor) play a pivotal role in HPA axis abnormalities observed in depression. Based on this hypothesis, several non-peptide V1B receptor antagonists have been synthesized, and the efficacies of some V1B receptor antagonists have been investigated in both animals and humans. V1B receptor antagonists exert antidepressant-like effects in several animal models at doses that attenuate the hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and some of their detailed mechanisms have been delineated. These results obtained in animal models were, at least partly, reproduced in clinical trials. At least 2 V1B receptor antagonists (TS-121 and ABT-436) showed tendencies to reduce the depression scores of patients with major depressive disorder at doses that attenuate HPA axis hyperactivity or block the pituitary V1B receptor. Importantly, TS-121 showed a clearer efficacy for patients with higher basal cortisol levels than for those with lower basal cortisol levels, which was consistent with the hypothesis that V1B receptor antagonists may be more effective for patients with HPA axis hyperactivity. Therefore, V1B receptor antagonists are promising approaches for the treatment of depression involving HPA axis impairment such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, Japan,Correspondence: Shigeyuki Chaki, PhD, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1–403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331–9530, Japan ()
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17
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The positive effects of running exercise on hippocampal astrocytes in a rat model of depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:83. [PMID: 33526783 PMCID: PMC7851162 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Running exercise has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms, but the mechanism of its antidepressant effect is still unclear. Astrocytes are the predominant cell type in the brain and perform key functions vital to central nervous system (CNS) physiology. Mounting evidence suggests that changes in astrocyte number in the hippocampus are closely associated with depression. However, the effects of running exercise on astrocytes in the hippocampus of depression have not been investigated. Here, adult male rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 5 weeks followed by treadmill running for 6 weeks. The sucrose preference test (SPT) was used to assess anhedonia of rats. Then, immunohistochemistry and modern stereological methods were used to precisely quantify the total number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes in each hippocampal subregion, and immunofluorescence was used to quantify the density of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)+ and GFAP+ cells in each hippocampal subregion. We found that running exercise alleviated CUS-induced deficit in sucrose preference and hippocampal volume decline, and that CUS intervention significantly reduced the number of GFAP+ cells and the density of BrdU+/GFAP+ cells in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus (DG), while 6 weeks of running exercise reversed these decreases. These results further confirmed that running exercise alleviates depressive symptoms and protects hippocampal astrocytes in depressed rats. These findings suggested that the positive effects of running exercise on astrocytes and the generation of new astrocytes in the hippocampus might be important structural bases for the antidepressant effects of running exercise.
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18
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Wang Q, Dwivedi Y. Advances in novel molecular targets for antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110041. [PMID: 32682872 PMCID: PMC7484229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most common psychiatric illness affecting numerous people world-wide. The currently available antidepressant treatment presents low response and remission rates. Thus, new effective antidepressants need to be developed or discovered. Aiming to give an overview of novel possible antidepressant drug targets, we summarized the molecular targets of antidepressants and the underlying neurobiology of depression. We have also addressed the multidimensional perspectives on the progress in the psychopharmacological treatment of depression and on the new potential approaches with effective drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Stress system dysfunction is a typical characteristic of acute depression and other mood disorders. The exact pattern of factors predisposing for stress-related mental disorders is yet to be unraveled. However, corticosteroid receptor function plays an important role for appropriate or dysfunctional neuroendocrine responses to stress exposure and hence in resilience or risk for the development and course of both, depression and anxiety disorders. Solid neuroscience data strongly support that both neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP), are central in coordinating humoral and behavioral adaptation to stress. Other neuropeptides, including oxytocin, neuropeptide S, neuropeptide Y, and orexin, are also considered important contributors. Attempts to turn neuropeptide biology into treatments for stress-related disorders need to consider that neuropeptide receptors are specific drug targets for certain patient populations rather than universal targets for all patients, like biogenic amine systems. That is why most negative clinical trials testing neuropeptide receptor antagonists have been in fact failed trials by design, because no companion tests were used to identify which patients with depression are most likely to benefit from a specific neuropeptide receptor-targeting drug treatment. Therefore, the most important future research task is discovery and development of appropriate companion tests that will allow the successful transfer of the precious treasure of neuropeptide system-targeting drugs into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition with a wide range of behavioral disturbances and serious consequences for both patient and society. One of the main reasons for unsuccessful therapies is insufficient knowledge about its underlying pathomechanism. In the search for centrally signaling molecules that might be relevant to the development of PTSD we focus here on arginine vasopressin (AVP). So far AVP has not been strongly implicated in PTSD, but different lines of evidence suggest a possible impact of its signaling in all clusters of PTSD symptomatology. More specifically, in laboratory rodents, AVP agonists affect behavior in a PTSD-like manner, while significant reduction of AVP signaling in the brain e.g. in AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats, ameliorated defined behavioral parameters that can be linked to PTSD symptoms. Different animal models of PTSD also show alterations in the AVP signaling in distinct brain areas. However, pharmacological treatment targeting central AVP receptors via systemic routes is hampered by possible side effects that are linked to the peripheral action of AVP as a hormone. Indeed, the V1a receptor, the most common receptor subtype in the brain, is implicated in vasoconstriction. Thus, systemic treatment with V1a receptor antagonists would be implicated in hypotonia. This implies that novel treatment concepts are needed to target AVP receptors not only at brain level but also in distinct brain areas, to offer alternative treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Sipos
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Barna
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mario Engelmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioural Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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21
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Jorgensen C, Wang Z. Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Adult Neurogenesis: A Multifaceted Mechanism. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081151. [PMID: 32781670 PMCID: PMC7465680 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis—resulting in adult-generated functioning, integrated neurons—is still one of the most captivating research areas of neuroplasticity. The addition of new neurons in adulthood follows a seemingly consistent multi-step process. These neurogenic stages include proliferation, differentiation, migration, maturation/survival, and integration of new neurons into the existing neuronal network. Most studies assessing the impact of exogenous (e.g., restraint stress) or endogenous (e.g., neurotrophins) factors on adult neurogenesis have focused on proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation. This review will discuss the multifaceted impact of hormones on these various stages of adult neurogenesis. Specifically, we will review the evidence for hormonal facilitation (via gonadal hormones), inhibition (via glucocorticoids), and neuroprotection (via recruitment of other neurochemicals such as neurotrophin and neuromodulators) on newly adult-generated neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jorgensen
- Behavioral Science Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Psychology Department and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
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22
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Li A, Yau SY, Machado S, Wang P, Yuan TF, So KF. Enhancement of Hippocampal Plasticity by Physical Exercise as a Polypill for Stress and Depression: A Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:294-306. [PMID: 30848219 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190308102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Generation of newborn neurons that form functional synaptic connections in the dentate gyrus of adult mammals, known as adult hippocampal neurogenesis, has been suggested to play critical roles in regulating mood, as well as certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Environmental stress suppresses structural plasticity including adult neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling in the hippocampus, whereas physical exercise exerts opposite effects. Here, we review recent discoveries on the potential mechanisms concerning how physical exercise mitigates the stressrelated depressive disorders, with a focus on the perspective of modulation on hippocampal neurogenesis, dendritic remodeling and synaptic plasticity. Unmasking such mechanisms may help devise new drugs in the future for treating neuropsychiatric disorders involving impaired neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Pingjie Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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23
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Vega-Rivera NM, Ortiz-López L, Granados-Juárez A, Estrada-Camarena EM, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB. Melatonin Reverses the Depression-associated Behaviour and Regulates Microglia, Fractalkine Expression and Neurogenesis in Adult Mice Exposed to Chronic Mild Stress. Neuroscience 2020; 440:316-336. [PMID: 32417342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression may be precipitated by the negative impact of chronic stress, which is considered to play a key role in this neuropsychiatric disorder. Interestingly, depressed patients show decreased levels of melatonin. This hormone acts pro-neurogenic and exhibits anti-depressant effects in rodent models of predictive antidepressant-like effects. However, the benefits of melatonin in reversing the deleterious effects of chronic mild stress on the alterations in behaviour and in the neurogenic niche of the hippocampus in male BALB/c mice are unknown. In this study, we compared the effects of melatonin (2.5 mg/kg) and citalopram (5 mg/kg), an antidepressant drug belonging to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in male BALB/c mice exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS). We also investigated the potential effects of melatonin and citalopram on microglial cells, hippocampal neurogenesis and peripheral cytokine profiles. Melatonin and citalopram induced similar antidepressant-like activities that occurred with some of the the following findings: (1) reversal of the morphological alterations in microglia; (2) reversal of the decreased immunoreactivity to CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the dentate gyrus; (3) positive regulation of cell proliferation, survival and complexity of the dendritic trees of doublecortin-cells; and (4) modifications of peripheral CX3CL1 expression. This outcome is consistent with the hypothesis about the antidepressant-like effect of melatonin and supports its relevance as a modulator of the niche in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Ortiz-López
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Andrea Granados-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Erika Monserrat Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Bernabé Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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24
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Deyama S, Duman RS. Neurotrophic mechanisms underlying the rapid and sustained antidepressant actions of ketamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 188:172837. [PMID: 31830487 PMCID: PMC6997025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that depression, one of the most common psychiatric illnesses, is associated with reduced levels of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), contributing to neuronal atrophy in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, and reduced hippocampal adult neurogenesis. Conventional monoaminergic antidepressants can block/reverse, at least partially, these deficits in part via induction of BDNF and/or VEGF, although these drugs have significant limitations, notably a time lag for therapeutic response and low response rates. Recent studies reveal that ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist produces rapid (within hours) and sustained (up to a week) antidepressant actions in both patients with treatment-resistant depression and rodent models of depression. Rodent studies also demonstrate that ketamine rapidly increases BDNF and VEGF release and/or expression in the medial PFC (mPFC) and hippocampus, leading to increase in the number and function of spine synapses in the mPFC and enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis. These neurotrophic effects of ketamine are associated with the antidepressant effects of this drug. Together, these findings provide evidence for a neurotrophic mechanism underlying the rapid and sustained antidepressant actions of ketamine and pave the way for the development of rapid and more effective antidepressants with fewer side effects than ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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25
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Agorastos A, Sommer A, Heinig A, Wiedemann K, Demiralay C. Vasopressin Surrogate Marker Copeptin as a Potential Novel Endocrine Biomarker for Antidepressant Treatment Response in Major Depression: A Pilot Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:453. [PMID: 32508691 PMCID: PMC7251160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) constitutes the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although efficacious antidepressant pharmacotherapies exist for MDD, only about 40-60% of the patients respond to initial treatment. However, there is still a lack of robustly established and applicable biomarkers for antidepressant response in everyday clinical practice. OBJECTIVE This study targets the assessment of the vasopressin (AVP) surrogate marker Copeptin (CoP), as a potential peripheral hypothalamic-level biomarker of antidepressant treatment response in MDD. METHODS We measured baseline and dynamic levels of plasma CoP along with plasma ACTH and cortisol (CORT) in drug-naive outpatients with MDD before and after overnight manipulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [i.e., stimulation (metyrapone) and suppression (dexamethasone)] on three consecutive days and their association with treatment response to 4 weeks of escitalopram treatment. RESULTS Our findings suggest significantly higher baseline and post-metyrapone plasma CoP levels in future non-responders, a statistically significant invert association between baseline CoP levels and probability of treatment response and a potential baseline plasma CoP cut-off level of above 2.9 pmol/L for future non-response screening. Baseline and dynamic plasma ACTH and CORT levels showed no association with treatment response. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provide first evidence in humans that CoP may represent a novel, clinically easily applicable, endocrine biomarker of antidepressant response, based on a single-measurement, cut-off level. These findings, underline the role of the vasopressinergic system in the pathophysiology of MDD and may represent a significant new tool in the clinical and biological phenotyping of MDD enhancing individual-tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anne Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Heinig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cüneyt Demiralay
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Costa-Ferreira W, Morais-Silva G, Gomes-de-Souza L, Marin MT, Crestani CC. The AT1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan Does Not Affect Depressive-Like State and Memory Impairment Evoked by Chronic Stressors in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31293424 PMCID: PMC6598205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of the treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist losartan in the depressive-like state and memory impairment evoked by exposure to either homotypic (i.e., repeated exposure to the same type of stressor) or heterotypic (i.e., exposure to different aversive stimuli) chronic stressors in rats. For this, male Wistar rats were subjected to a 10 days regimen of repeated restraint stress (RRS, homotypic stressor) or chronic variable stress (CVS, heterotypic stressor) while being concurrently treated daily with losartan (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Depressive-like state was evaluated by analysis of the alterations considered as markers of depression (decreased sucrose preference and body weight and coat state deterioration), whereas cognitive non-emotional performance was tested using the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Locomotor activity was also evaluated in the open field test. Both RRS and CVS impaired sucrose preference and caused coat state deterioration, whereas only CVS impaired body weight gain. Besides, RRS impaired short-term memory (but not long-term memory) in the NOR test. Neither depressive-like state nor memory impairment evoked by the chronic stressors was affected by the treatment with losartan. Nevertheless, CVS increased the locomotion, which was inhibited by losartan. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the chronic treatment with losartan does not affect the depressive-like state and memory impairment evoked by either homotypic or heterotypic chronic stress regimens in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Costa-Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gessynger Morais-Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Marin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
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Morais-Silva G, Costa-Ferreira W, Gomes-de-Souza L, Pavan JC, Crestani CC, Marin MT. Cardiovascular outcomes related to social defeat stress: New insights from resilient and susceptible rats. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100181. [PMID: 31236438 PMCID: PMC6582241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure is an important risk factor for psychiatric and cardiovascular disorders. Two phenotypes related to coping with stress can be observed in rodents that experience chronic social defeat stress (SDS): susceptible, showing social avoidance and behavioral changes related to depression, and resilient, showing none of these alterations. Moreover, a strong correlation exists between depression and the development of or mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, little is known about cardiovascular alterations related to SDS exposure in those phenotypes or their correlation with depressive-like behaviors. Using a chronic SDS protocol followed by the social interaction test, we identified Wistar rats as resilient or susceptible to SDS. Susceptible animals showed increased depressive-like behaviors with resting tachycardia and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) due to increased sympathetic tone in the heart and a less effective baroreflex. In contrast, resilient rats were protected from these alterations by increased vagal tone, resulting in greater HRV values. To our knowledge, our study is the first to indicate that harmful cardiovascular outcomes are related to depressive-like behaviors in susceptible rats and to suggest a mechanism by which resilient rats are protected from these changes. Also, our results suggest that enhanced HRV and vagal tone may be an important trait in resilient individuals. Cardiovascular alterations are correlated to depressive-like behaviors. Susceptible rats show increased sympathetic tone to the heart and lower HRV. Baroreflex effectiveness in susceptible rats is impaired. Resilient rats show an increased vagal tone to the heart and greater values of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessynger Morais-Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Willian Costa-Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Marin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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28
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Neurogenesis and antidepressant action. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:95-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Villas Boas GR, Boerngen de Lacerda R, Paes MM, Gubert P, Almeida WLDC, Rescia VC, de Carvalho PMG, de Carvalho AAV, Oesterreich SA. Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:99-121. [PMID: 30776369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as unipolar depression, is one of the leading causes of disability and disease worldwide. The signs and symptoms are low self‑esteem, anhedonia, feeling of worthlessness, sense of rejection and guilt, suicidal thoughts, among others. This review focuses on studies with molecular-based approaches involving MDD to obtain an integrated, more detailed and comprehensive view of the brain changes produced by this disorder and its treatment and how the Central Nervous System (CNS) produces neuroplasticity to orchestrate adaptive defensive behaviors. This article integrates affective neuroscience, psychopharmacology, neuroanatomy and molecular biology data. In addition, there are two problems with current MDD treatments, namely: 1) Low rates of responsiveness to antidepressants and too slow onset of therapeutic effect; 2) Increased stress vulnerability and autonomy, which reduces the responses of currently available treatments. In the present review, we encourage the prospection of new bioactive agents for the development of treatments with post-transduction mechanisms, neurogenesis and pharmacogenetics inducers that bring greater benefits, with reduced risks and maximized access to patients, stimulating the field of research on mood disorders in order to use the potential of preclinical studies. For this purpose, improved animal models that incorporate the molecular and anatomical tools currently available can be applied. Besides, we encourage the study of drugs that do not present "classical application" as antidepressants, (e.g., the dissociative anesthetic ketamine and dextromethorphan) and drugs that have dual action mechanisms since they represent potential targets for novel drug development more useful for the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Roberto Villas Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Roseli Boerngen de Lacerda
- Department of Pharmacology of the Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Caixa. postal 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marina Meirelles Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Luis da Cruz Almeida
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cristina Rescia
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Pablinny Moreira Galdino de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Adryano Augustto Valladao de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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He Z, Guo Q, Yang Y, Wang L, Zhang S, Yuan W, Li L, Zhang J, Hou W, Yang J, Jia R, Tai F. Pre-weaning paternal deprivation impairs social recognition and alters hippocampal neurogenesis and spine density in adult mandarin voles. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:452-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nucleocytoplasmic export of HDAC5 and SIRT2 downregulation: two epigenetic mechanisms by which antidepressants enhance synaptic plasticity markers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2831-2846. [PMID: 30091005 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antidepressant action has been linked to increased synaptic plasticity in which epigenetic mechanisms such as histone posttranslational acetylation could be involved. Interestingly, the histone deacetylases HDAC5 and SIRT2 are oppositely regulated by stress and antidepressants in mice prefrontal cortex (PFC). Besides, the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y line is an in vitro neuronal model reliable to study drug effects with clear advantages over animals. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize in vitro the role of HDAC5 and SIRT2 in antidepressant regulation of neuroplasticity. METHODS SH-SY5Y cultures were incubated with imipramine, fluoxetine, and reboxetine (10 μM, 2 and 24 h) as well as the selective HDAC5 (MC3822, 5 μM, 24 h) or SIRT2 (33i, 5 μM, 24 h) inhibitors. The regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), the acetylated histones 3 (AcH3) and 4 (AcH4), HDAC5, and SIRT2 was studied. Comparatively, the long-term effects of these antidepressants (21 days, i.p.) in the mice (C57BL6, 8 weeks) PFC were studied. RESULTS Antidepressants increased both in vitro and in vivo expression of BDNF, VGLUT1, AcH3, and AcH4. Moreover, imipramine and reboxetine increased the phosphorylated form of HDAC5 (P-HDAC5), mediating its cytoplasmic export. Further, SIRT2 was downregulated by all antidepressants. Finally, specific inhibition of HDAC5 and SIRT2 increased neuroplasticity markers. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the validity of the SH-SY5Y model for studying epigenetic changes linked to synaptic plasticity induced by antidepressants as well as the effect of selective HDAC inhibitors. Particularly, nucleocytoplasmic export of HDAC5 and SIRT2 downregulation mediated by antidepressants could enhance synaptic plasticity markers leading to antidepressant action.
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Ayuob NN, Balgoon MJ. Histological and molecular techniques utilized to investigate animal models of depression. An updated review. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1143-1153. [PMID: 30168883 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to summarize the different histopathological techniques and procedures utilized during investigating the different animal models of depression in order to explore the pathophysiological aspect of depression and testing the efficacy of the antidepressant drugs or new treatments. This will be helpful while designing researches aiming to achieve these objectives. It was found that the major obstacle during investigating the animal models of depression was the restricted availability of validated animal models. The chronic stress models have face, construct, and predictive validity. It was found that the histological techniques used in investigating the animal models of depression that was described in the literatures fall under three categories; the light microscopic, the electron microscopic and the molecular biological studies. The light microscope studies were performed using the routine histological staining and immunohistochemical technique that aimed to describe the hippocampal histopathological changes induced by depression. Establishment of a preclinical behavioral science laboratory is highly recommended. It will encourage and support the conduction of high quality, multidisciplinary researches targeting anxiety and other psychiatric disorders and will indirectly improve the health care provided to the psychiatric patients. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Chronic stress models are valid ones. Light microscope was utilized to examine the routinely or immunohistochemically stained sections in hippocampus of animal models of depression while electron microscope was utilized to examine its ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasra Naeim Ayuob
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Maha Jameal Balgoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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33
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The involvement of CRF1 receptor within the basolateral amygdala and dentate gyrus in the naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:102-114. [PMID: 29407532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug withdrawal-associated aversive memories trigger relapse to drug-seeking behavior. Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is an important mediator of the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse. However, the involvement of CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) in aversive memory induced by opiate withdrawal has yet to be elucidated. We used the conditioned-place aversion (CPA) paradigm to evaluate the role of CRF1R on opiate withdrawal memory acquisition, along with plasticity-related processes that occur after CPA within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dentate gyrus (DG). Male mice were rendered dependent on morphine and injected acutely with naloxone before paired to confinement in a naloxone-associated compartment. The CPA scores as well as the number of TH-positive neurons (in the NTS-A2 noradrenergic cell group), and the expression of the transcription factors Arc and pCREB (in the BLA and DG) were measured with and without CRF1R blockade. Mice subjected to conditioned naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal robustly expressed CPA. Pre-treatment with the selective CRF1R antagonist CP-154,526 before naloxone conditioning session impaired morphine withdrawal-induced aversive memory acquisition. CP-154,526 also antagonized the enhanced number of TH-positive neurons in the NTS-A2 that was seen after CPA. Increased Arc expression and Arc-pCREB co-localization were seen in the BLA after CPA, which was not modified by CP-154,526. In the DG, CPA was accompanied by a decrease of Arc expression and no changes in Arc-pCREB co-localization, whereas pre-treatment with CP-154,526 induced an increase in both parameters. These results indicate that CRF-CRF1R pathway could be a critical factor governing opiate withdrawal memory storage and retrieval and might suggest a role for TH-NA pathway in the effects of withdrawal on memory. Our results might indicate that the blockade of CRF1R could represent a promising pharmacological treatment strategy approach for the attenuation of the relapse to drug-seeking/taking behavior triggered by opiate withdrawal-associated aversive memories.
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Boku S, Nakagawa S, Toda H, Hishimoto A. Neural basis of major depressive disorder: Beyond monoamine hypothesis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:3-12. [PMID: 28926161 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis has been accepted as the most common hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) for a long period because of its simplicity and understandability. Actually, most currently used antidepressants have been considered to act based on the monoamine hypothesis. However, an important problem of the monoamine hypothesis has been pointed out as follows: it fails to explain the latency of response to antidepressants. In addition, many patients with MDD have remained refractory to currently used antidepressants. Therefore, monoamine-alternate hypotheses are required to explain the latency of response to antidepressants. Such hypotheses have been expected to contribute to identifying hopeful new therapeutic targets for MDD. Past studies have revealed that the volume of the hippocampus is decreased in patients with MDD, which is likely caused by the failure of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and following elevation of glucocorticoids. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the volume of the hippocampus: (i) the neuroplasticity hypothesis; and (ii) the neurogenesis hypothesis. The neuroplasticity hypothesis explains how the hippocampal volume is decreased by the morphological changes of hippocampal neurons, such as the shortening length of dendrites and the decreased number and density of spines. The neurogenesis hypothesis explains how the hippocampal volume is decreased by the decrease of neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These hypotheses are able to explain the latency of response to antidepressants. In this review, we first overview how the neuroplasticity and neurogenesis hypotheses have been developed. We then describe the details of these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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35
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Eliwa H, Belzung C, Surget A. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Is it the alpha and omega of antidepressant action? Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:86-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Can Ocimum basilicum relieve chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in mice? Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Ghasemi M, Phillips C, Fahimi A, McNerney MW, Salehi A. Mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of NMDA receptor modulators in mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:555-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Ali SS, Abd El Wahab MG, Ayuob NN, Suliaman M. The antidepressant-like effect of Ocimum basilicum in an animal model of depression. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:390-401. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1323276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SS Ali
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University
| | - MG Abd El Wahab
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University
- Faculty of Nurses, National Gard, King Saud University, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medical Applications (YAJCPMA), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - NN Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M Suliaman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Lasting Adaptations in Social Behavior Produced by Social Disruption and Inhibition of Adult Neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7027-38. [PMID: 27358459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4435-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research on social instability has focused on its detrimental consequences, but most people are resilient and respond by invoking various coping strategies. To investigate cellular processes underlying such strategies, a dominance hierarchy of rats was formed and then destabilized. Regardless of social position, rats from disrupted hierarchies had fewer new neurons in the hippocampus compared with rats from control cages and those from stable hierarchies. Social disruption produced a preference for familiar over novel conspecifics, a change that did not involve global memory impairments or increased anxiety. Using the neuropeptide oxytocin as a tool to increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus of disrupted rats restored preference for novel conspecifics to predisruption levels. Conversely, reducing the number of new neurons by limited inhibition of adult neurogenesis in naive transgenic GFAP-thymidine kinase rats resulted in social behavior similar to disrupted rats. Together, these results provide novel mechanistic evidence that social disruption shapes behavior in a potentially adaptive way, possibly by reducing adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To investigate cellular processes underlying adaptation to social instability, a dominance hierarchy of rats was formed and then destabilized. Regardless of social position, rats from disrupted hierarchies had fewer new neurons in the hippocampus compared with rats from control cages and those from stable hierarchies. Unexpectedly, these changes were accompanied by changes in social strategies without evidence of impairments in cognition or anxiety regulation. Restoring adult neurogenesis in disrupted rats using oxytocin and conditionally suppressing the production of new neurons in socially naive GFAP-thymidine kinase rats showed that loss of 6-week-old neurons may be responsible for adaptive changes in social behavior.
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40
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Vitale G, Filaferro M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Ruggieri V, Cifani C, Guerrini R, Simonato M, Zucchini S. Effects of [Nphe 1, Arg 14, Lys 15] N/OFQ-NH 2 (UFP-101), a potent NOP receptor antagonist, on molecular, cellular and behavioural alterations associated with chronic mild stress. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:691-703. [PMID: 28417659 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117691456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of [Nphe1] Arg14, Lys15-N/OFQ-NH2 (UFP-101), a selective NOP receptor antagonist, in chronic mild stress (CMS) in male Wistar rats. NOP receptor antagonists were reported to elicit antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Our aim was to investigate UFP-101 effects on CMS-induced anhedonia and impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. UFP-101 (10 nmol/rat intracerebroventricularly) did not influence sucrose intake in non-stressed animals, but reinstated basal sucrose consumption in stressed animals from the second week of treatment. UFP-101 also reversed stress effects in forced swimming test and in open field. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) produced similar effects. Moreover, we investigated whether UFP-101 could affect CMS-induced impairment in hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and in fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) expression. Our data confirm that CMS reduced neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. Chronic UFP-101 treatment did not affect the reduced proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells) observed in stressed animals. However, UFP-101 increased the number of doublecortin-positive cells, restoring neurogenesis. Finally, UFP-101 significantly increased FGF-2 expression, reduced by CMS. These findings support the view that blockade of NOP receptors produces antidepressant-like effects in CMS associated with positive effects on neurogenesis and FGF-2 expression. Therefore, NOP receptors may represent a target for innovative antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- 1 Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and RE, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Filaferro
- 2 Department Biomedical, Metabolical and Neuro-Sciences, University of Modena and RE, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Ruggieri
- 4 Department Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults - University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- 3 School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- 5 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- 6 Department Medical Sciences and Laboratory for the Technologies for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Zucchini
- 6 Department Medical Sciences and Laboratory for the Technologies for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Gomez F, García-García L. Anxiogenic-like effects of fluoxetine render adult male rats vulnerable to the effects of a novel stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 153:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Neupane SP. Neuroimmune Interface in the Comorbidity between Alcohol Use Disorder and Major Depression. Front Immunol 2016; 7:655. [PMID: 28082989 PMCID: PMC5186784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional communication links operate between the brain and the body. Afferent immune-to-brain signals are capable of inducing changes in mood and behavior. Chronic heavy alcohol drinking, typical of alcohol use disorder (AUD), is one such factor that provokes an immune response in the periphery that, by means of circulatory cytokines and other neuroimmune mediators, ultimately causes alterations in the brain function. Alcohol can also directly impact the immune functions of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Several lines of research have established the contribution of specific inflammatory mediators in the development and progression of depressive illness. Much of the available evidence in this field stems from cross-sectional data on the immune interactions between isolated AUD and major depression (MD). Given their heterogeneity as disease entities with overlapping symptoms and shared neuroimmune correlates, it is no surprise that systemic and CNS inflammation could be a critical determinant of the frequent comorbidity between AUD and MD. This review presents a summary and analysis of the extant literature on neuroimmune interface in the AUD–MD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Prasad Neupane
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hagihara H, Shoji H, Miyakawa T. Immaturity of brain as an endophenotype of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:168-175. [PMID: 27725563 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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The antidepressant effect of musk in an animal model of depression: a histopathological study. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:271-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Evaluation of the antidepressant-like effect of musk in an animal model of depression: how it works. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:539-553. [PMID: 27444866 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Depression has become a common public health problem that is showing increasing prevalence. Slow onset of action, low response rates and drug resistance are potential limitations of the current antidepressant drugs. Alternative therapy using natural substances, specifically aromatherapy, is currently tried to treat depression. This work aimed to assess the efficacy of musk in relieving the behavioral, biochemical and hippocampal histopathological changes induced by exposure to chronic mild stress in mice and explore the possible mechanism behind this antidepressant-like effect. Forty male albino mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control, a group exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and two groups exposed to CUMS and then treated with fluoxetine or musk. Behavioral changes and serum corticosterone levels were assessed at the end of the experiment. Protein and gene expressions of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus were assessed using ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Histopathological examination of the hippocampus and immunohistochemical techniques using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67, caspase-3, BDNF and GR were performed. Inhalation of musk had an antidepressant-like effect in an animal model of depression. Musk alleviated the behavioral changes and elevated serum corticosterone levels induced by exposure to chronic stress. It reduced the hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and stimulated neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Musk's action may be related to the upregulation of hippocampal GR and BDNF expressions. Musk is considered a potential antidepressant so it is advisable to assess its efficacy in treating depressed patient.
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Reactivation of Tert in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus rescues aggression and depression of Tert(-/-) mice. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e836. [PMID: 27300262 PMCID: PMC4931604 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has been extensively investigated in the contexts of aging and cancer. Interestingly, Tert(-/-) mice exhibit additional but unexpected aggressive and depressive behaviors, implying the potential involvement of TERT function in mood control. Our conditional rescue experiments revealed that the depressive and aggressive behaviors of Tert(-/-) mice originate from Tert deficiency in two distinct brain structures. Reactivation of Tert in the hippocampus was sufficient to normalize the depressive but not the aggressive behaviors of Tert(-/-) mice. Conversely, re-expression of Tert in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reversed the aggressive but not the depressive behavior of Tert(-/-) mice. Mechanistically, decreased serotonergic signaling and increased nitric oxide (NO) transmission in the hippocampus transduced Tert deficiency into depression as evidenced by our observation that the infusion of a pharmacological agonist for serotonin receptor 1a (5-HTR1A) and a selective antagonist for neuronal NO synthase into the hippocampus successfully normalized the depressive behavior of Tert(-/-) mice. In addition, increased serotonergic transmission by the 5-HTR1A agonist in the mPFC was sufficient to rescue the aggressive behavior of Tert(-/-) mice. Thus, our studies revealed a novel function of TERT in the pathology of depression and aggression in a brain structure-specific manner, providing direct evidence for the contribution of TERT to emotional control.
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Wu X, Liang X, DU Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Gong W, Liu B, Dong J, Zhang N, Zhang H. Prevention of gallstones by Lidan Granule: Insight into underlying mechanisms using a guinea pig model. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:50-56. [PMID: 27347405 PMCID: PMC4906940 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the mechanism of action of Lidan Granule (LDG) for the prevention of gallstones using a guinea pig model. One hundred guinea pigs were divided into five groups randomly: control (standard diet and saline), model [lithogenic diet (LD) and saline], LDG-H (LD and 2 g/kg of LDG), LDG-L (LD and 1 g/kg of LDG), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (LD and UDCA) as the positive control. At 6 weeks, the rate of gallstone formation and weight of the adrenal gland were recorded and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. Levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the hypophysis, and serum cortisol were determined. Bile components were tested with colorimetry. At 6 weeks, the rate of gallstone formation was significantly decreased in the LDG-H (14.29%) and LDG-L (21.43%) groups compared to the model group (81.25%; P<0.01). LDG treatment decreased the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (P<0.01). LDG decreased bile cholesterol and increased bile acid and phospholipid levels in the bile (P<0.01). LDG treatment recovered the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by increasing the expression of CRH (P<0.01) and ACTH (P<0.05). LDG made the bile less lithogenic, improved the function of the HPA axis, and regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines for the prevention of cholelithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yijie DU
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- General Surgery, Dong'e People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252200, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- General Surgery, Dong'e People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252200, P.R. China
| | - Weiyi Gong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Ningxia Zhang
- Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China; Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
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Cheung JSC, Chan JNM, Lau BWM, Ngai SPC. Purposeful Activity in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: Is Neurogenesis a Key Player? Hong Kong J Occup Ther 2016; 27:42-47. [PMID: 30186060 PMCID: PMC6091993 DOI: 10.1016/j.hkjot.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, defined as the generation of new neurons in adulthood, has
been a fascinating discovery in neuroscience, as the continuously replenishing
neuronal population provides a new perspective to understand neuroplasticity.
Besides maintaining normal physiological function, neurogenesis also plays a key
role in pathophysiology and symptomatology for psychiatric conditions. In the
past decades, extensive effort has been spent on the understanding of the
functional significance of neurogenesis in psychiatric conditions, mechanisms of
pharmacological treatment, and discovery of novel drug candidates for different
conditions. In a clinical situation, however, long-term rehabilitation
treatment, in which occupational therapy is the key discipline, is a valuable,
economical, and commonly used treatment alternative to psychotropic medications.
Surprisingly, comparatively few studies have investigated the biological and
neurogenic effects of different psychiatric rehabilitative treatments. To
address the possible linkage between psychiatric rehabilitation and
neurogenesis, this review discusses the role of neurogenesis in schizophrenia,
major depression, and anxiety disorders. The review also discusses the potential
neurogenic effect of currently used psychiatric rehabilitation treatments. With
a better understanding of the biological effect of psychiatric rehabilitation
methods and future translational studies, it is hoped that the therapeutic
effect of psychiatric rehabilitation methods could be explained with a novel
perspective. Furthermore, this knowledge will benefit future formulation of
treatment methods, especially purposeful activities in occupational therapy, for
the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siu-Chong Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Mahmoud R, Wainwright SR, Galea LAM. Sex hormones and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Regulation, implications, and potential mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:129-52. [PMID: 26988999 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus is modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Here, we review the role of sex hormones in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in males and females. The review is framed around the potential functional implications of sex hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with a focus on cognitive function and mood regulation, which may be related to sex differences in incidence and severity of dementia and depression. We present findings from preclinical studies of endogenous fluctuations in sex hormones relating to reproductive function and ageing, and from studies of exogenous hormone manipulations. In addition, we discuss the modulating roles of sex, age, and reproductive history on the relationship between sex hormones and neurogenesis. Because sex hormones have diverse targets in the central nervous system, we overview potential mechanisms through which sex hormones may influence hippocampal neurogenesis. Lastly, we advocate for a more systematic consideration of sex and sex hormones in studying the functional implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Mahmoud
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Steven R Wainwright
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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