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Filippova TA, Masamrekh RA, Khudoklinova YY, Shumyantseva VV, Kuzikov AV. The multifaceted role of proteases and modern analytical methods for investigation of their catalytic activity. Biochimie 2024; 222:169-194. [PMID: 38494106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the diverse functions of proteases in the context of their biotechnological and medical significance, as well as analytical approaches used to determine the functional activity of these enzymes. An insight into modern approaches to studying the kinetics and specificity of proteases, based on spectral (absorption, fluorescence), mass spectrometric, immunological, calorimetric, and electrochemical methods of analysis is given. We also examine in detail electrochemical systems for determining the activity and specificity of proteases. Particular attention is given to exploring innovative electrochemical systems based on the detection of the electrochemical oxidation signal of amino acid residues, thereby eliminating the need for extra redox labels in the process of peptide synthesis. In the review, we highlight the main prospects for the further development of electrochemical systems for the study of biotechnologically and medically significant proteases, which will enable the miniaturization of the analytical process for determining the catalytic activity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Filippova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Rami A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Khudoklinova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia.
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Kazachkina NI, Zherdeva VV, Meerovich IG, Saydasheva AN, Solovyev ID, Tuchina DK, Savitsky AP, Tuchin VV, Bogdanov AA. MR and fluorescence imaging of gadobutrol-induced optical clearing of red fluorescent protein signal in an in vivo cancer model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4708. [PMID: 35106848 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multimodality registration of optical and MR images in the same tissue volume in vivo may be enabled by MR contrast agents with an optical clearing (OC) effect. The goals of this study were to (a) investigate the effects of clinical MR contrast agent gadobutrol (GB) and its combinations as a potential OC agent assisting in fluorescence intensity (FI) imaging in vivo and (b) evaluate MRI as a tool for imaging of topical or systemic application of GB for the purpose of OC. Subcutaneous tumor xenografts expressing red fluorescent marker protein were used as disease models. MRI was performed at 1 T 1 H MRI using T1 -weighted 3D gradient-echo (T1w-3D GRE) sequences to measure time-dependent MR signal intensity changes by region of interest analysis after image segmentation. Topical application of 1.0 M or 0.7 M GB-containing OC mixture with water and dimethyl sulfoxide showed similar 30-40% increases of tumor FI during the initial 15 min. Afterwards, the OC effect of GB on FI and tumor/background FI ratio showed a decrease over time in the case of 1.0 M GB, unlike the 0.7 M GB mixture, which resulted in a steady increase of FI and tumor/background ratio for 15-60 min. The use of T1w-3D GRE MR pulse sequences showed that concentrated 1.0 M GB resulted in MR signal loss of the skin due to high magnetic susceptibility and that signal loss coincided with the OC effect. Intravenous injection of 0.3 mmol GB/kg resulted in a rapid but transient 40% increase of FI of the tumors. Overall, 1 T MRI enabled tracking of GB-containing OC compositions on the skin surface and tumor tissue, supporting the observation of a time-dependent FI increase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Kazachkina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria V Zherdeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina G Meerovich
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Asiya N Saydasheva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya D Solovyev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Daria K Tuchina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander P Savitsky
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - Alexei A Bogdanov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Radiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteases critical in physiopathological processes and show potential as targets or biomarkers for diseases and medical conditions. The 11 members of the cathepsin family are redundant in some cases but remarkably independent of others, demanding the development of both pan-cathepsin targeting tools as well as probes that are selective for specific cathepsins with little off-target activity. This review addresses the diverse design strategies that have been employed to accomplish this tailored selectivity among cysteine cathepsin targets and the imaging modalities incorporated. The power of these diverse tools is contextualized by briefly highlighting the nature of a few prominent cysteine cathepsins, their involvement in select diseases, and the application of cathepsin imaging probes in research spanning basic biochemical studies to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Arndt N, Tran HDN, Zhang R, Xu ZP, Ta HT. Different Approaches to Develop Nanosensors for Diagnosis of Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001476. [PMID: 33344116 PMCID: PMC7740096 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The success of clinical treatments is highly dependent on early detection and much research has been conducted to develop fast, efficient, and precise methods for this reason. Conventional methods relying on nonspecific and targeting probes are being outpaced by so-called nanosensors. Over the last two decades a variety of activatable sensors have been engineered, with a great diversity concerning the operating principle. Therefore, this review delineates the achievements made in the development of nanosensors designed for diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Arndt
- Queensland Micro‐ and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- Department of BiotechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinBerlin10623Germany
| | - Huong D. N. Tran
- Queensland Micro‐ and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Hang T. Ta
- Queensland Micro‐ and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- School of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
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Abdel-Maksoud FM, Hussein MT, Attaai A. Seasonal Variation of the Intraepithelial Gland in Camel Epididymis with Special Reference to Autophagosome. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:1052-1060. [PMID: 31210121 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The key role of the epididymis is contributing to sperm storage, maturation, and survival. The epididymis of camel has a unique structure called the intraepithelial gland. The present work aimed to investigate the structure of the epididymal intraepithelial gland with special references to the seasonal variation. The samples were collected from the distal part of the corpus epididymes of completely healthy mature camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Tomato lectin-positive material had been demonstrated within the epididymal spermatozoa. Here, we provide the first transmission electron microscopic study for the intraepithelial gland of camel epididymis detecting the autophagy during the nonbreeding season. The autophagosomes originated from the endoplasmic reticulum, surrounding mitochondria, and located mainly next to the basement membrane. This location is probably valuable for subsequent passing of their contents into the interstitium for possible recycling. The histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the gland in the breeding season indicated a hyperactive secretory microenvironment enriched with the glycoprotein-producing machinery, which could be controlled by androgens. The present data suggest that the camel intraepithelial gland has a significant impact on the reproductive activity through their secretory microenvironment during the breeding season. Moreover, it recycles the unused organelles or proteins for reuse or to supply energy under stress conditions in the nonbreeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Anatomy and Histology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University,71526,Egypt
| | - Manal T Hussein
- Department of Anatomy and Histology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University,71526,Egypt
| | - Abdelraheim Attaai
- Department of Anatomy and Histology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University,71526,Egypt
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Bogdanov AA, Solovyev ID, Savitsky AP. Sensors for Proteolytic Activity Visualization and Their Application in Animal Models of Human Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S1-S18. [PMID: 31213192 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Various sensors designed for optical and photo(opto)acoustic imaging in living systems are becoming essential components of basic and applied biomedical research. Some of them including those developed for determining enzyme activity in vivo are becoming commercially available. These sensors can be used for various fluorescent signal detection methods: from whole body tomography to endoscopy with miniature cameras. Sensor molecules including enzyme-cleavable macromolecules carrying multiple quenched near-infrared fluorophores are able to deliver their payload in vivo and have long circulation time in bloodstream enabling detection of enzyme activity for extended periods of time at low doses of these sensors. In the future, more effective "activated" probes are expected to become available with optimized sensitivity to enzymatic activity, spectral characteristics suitable for intraoperative imaging of surgical field, biocompatibility and lack of immunogenicity and toxicity. New in vivo optical imaging methods such as the fluorescence lifetime and photo(opto)acoustic imaging will contribute to early diagnosis of human diseases. The use of sensors for in vivo optical imaging will include more extensive preclinical applications of experimental therapies. At the same time, the ongoing development and improvement of optical signal detectors as well as the availability of biologically inert and highly specific fluorescent probes will further contribute to the introduction of fluorescence imaging into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bogdanov
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Radiology, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. .,A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I D Solovyev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Biochemistry, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - A P Savitsky
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Biochemistry, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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van Grinsven E, Prunier C, Vrisekoop N, Ritsma L. Two-Photon Intravital Microscopy Animal Preparation Protocol to Study Cellular Dynamics in Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1563:51-71. [PMID: 28324601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6810-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) is an advanced imaging platform that allows the visualization of dynamic processes at subcellular resolution in vivo. Dynamic processes like cell migration, cell proliferation, cell-cell interactions, and cell signaling have an interactive character and occur in complex environments. Hence, it is of pivotal importance to study these processes in living animals, using for example 2P-IVM. 2P-IVM can be performed on a variety of tissues, from the skin of the animal to internal organs, and a variety of methods can be utilized to perform 2P-IVM on these tissues. Here, we discuss the protocols and considerations for four of those 2P-IVM methods, namely tissue explant imaging, skin imaging, surgical exposure imaging, and multi-day window imaging. We carefully compare and explain in depth how to set up each method. Lastly, in the notes section we mention some alternative solutions for the 2P-IVM methods described. In conclusion, this protocol can be used as a guide towards deciding which 2P-IVM method to use and to enable the setup of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinke van Grinsven
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chloé Prunier
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Kumar ATN, Rice WL, López JC, Gupta S, Goergen CJ, Bogdanov AA. Substrate-based near-infrared imaging sensors enable fluorescence lifetime contrast via built-in dynamic fluorescence quenching elements. ACS Sens 2016; 1:427-436. [PMID: 28944290 PMCID: PMC5609830 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity sensing in fluorescence lifetime (FLT) mode with "self-quenched" macromolecular near-infrared (NIR) sensors is a highly promising strategy for in vivo imaging of proteolysis. However, the mechanisms of FLT changes in such substrate-based NIR sensors have not yet been studied. We synthesized two types of sensors by linking the near-infrared fluorophore IRDye 800CW to macromolecular graft copolymers of methoxy polyethylene glycol and polylysine (MPEG-gPLL) with varying degrees of MPEGylation and studied their fragmentation induced by trypsin, elastase, plasmin and cathepsins (B,S,L,K). We determined that the efficiency of such NIR sensors in FLT mode depends on sensor composition. While MPEG-gPLL with a high degree of MPEGylation showed rapid (τ1/2=0.1-0.2 min) FLT increase (Δτ=0.25 ns) upon model proteinase-mediated hydrolysis in vivo, lower MPEGylation density resulted in no such FLT increase. Temperature-dependence of fluorescence de-quenching of NIR sensors pointed to a mixed dynamic/static-quenching mode of MPEG-gPLL-linked fluorophores. We further demonstrated that although the bulk of sensor-linked fluorophores were de-quenched due to the elimination of static quenching, proteolysis-mediated deletion of a fraction of short (8-10kD) negatively charged fragments of highly MPEGylated NIR sensor is the most likely event leading to a rapid FLT increase phenomenon in quenched NIR sensors. Therefore, the optimization of "built-in" dynamic quenching elements of macromolecular NIR sensors is a potential avenue for improving their response in FLT mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand T. N. Kumar
- A. Martinos’ Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - William L. Rice
- A. Martinos’ Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Jessica C. López
- Department of Radiology and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Suresh Gupta
- Department of Radiology and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Craig J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Alexei A. Bogdanov
- Department of Radiology and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- The Chemical Biology Interface Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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Edem PE, Czorny S, Valliant JF. Synthesis and Evaluation of Radioiodinated Acyloxymethyl Ketones as Activity-Based Probes for Cathepsin B. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9564-77. [PMID: 25360988 DOI: 10.1021/jm501357r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Edem
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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In vivo imaging of tissue-remodeling activity involving infiltration of macrophages by a systemically administered protease-activatable probe in colon cancer tissues. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:628-37. [PMID: 24466365 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the detection of tumors using in vivo imaging with a commercially available and systemically administered protease-activatable fluorescent probe, ProSense. To this end, we analyzed the delivery and uptake of ProSense as well as the target protease and its cellular source in a mouse xenograft tumor model. In vivo and ex vivo multi wavelength imaging revealed that ProSense signals accumulated within tumors, with preferential distribution in the vascular leakage area that correlates with vasculature development at the tumor periphery. Immunohistochemically, cathepsin B, which is targeted by ProSense, was specifically localized in macrophages. The codistribution of tenascin C immunoreactivity and gelatinase activity provided evidence of tissue-remodeling at the tumor periphery. Furthermore, in situ zymography revealed extracellular ProSense cleavage in such areas. Colocalization of cathepsin B expression and ProSense signals showing reduction by addition of cathepsin B inhibitor was confirmed in cultured macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that increased tissue-remodeling activity involving infiltration of macrophages is a mechanism that may be responsible for the tumor accumulation of ProSense signals in our xenograft model. We further confirmed ProSense signals at the tumor margin showing cathepsin B(+) macrophage infiltration in a rat colon carcinogenesis model. Together, these data demonstrate that systemically administered protease-activatable probes can effectively detect cancer invasive fronts, where tissue-remodeling activity is high to facilitate neoplastic cell invasion.
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Arumugam T, Ramachandran V, Sun D, Peng Z, Pal A, Maxwell DS, Bornmann WG, Logsdon CD. Designing and developing S100P inhibitor 5-methyl cromolyn for pancreatic cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:654-62. [PMID: 23303403 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the antiallergic drug cromolyn blocks S100P interaction with its receptor receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) and improves gemcitabine effectiveness in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the concentration required to achieve its effectiveness was high (100 μmol/L). In this study, we designed and synthesized analogs of cromolyn and analyzed their effectiveness compared with the parent molecule. An ELISA was used to confirm the binding of S100P with RAGE and to test the effectiveness of the different analogs. Analog 5-methyl cromolyn (C5OH) blocked S100P binding as well as the increases in NF-κB activity, cell growth, and apoptosis normally caused by S100P. In vivo C5OH systemic delivery reduced NF-κB activity to a greater extent than cromolyn and at 10 times lesser dose (50 mg vs. 5 mg). Treatment of mice-bearing syngeneic PDAC tumors showed that C5OH treatment reduced both tumor growth and metastasis. C5OH treatment of nude mice bearing orthotopic highly aggressive pancreatic Mpanc96 cells increased the overall animal survival. Therefore, the cromolyn analog, C5OH, was found to be more efficient and potent than cromolyn as a therapeutic for PDAC.
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Bogdanov AA, Mazzanti ML. Fluorescent macromolecular sensors of enzymatic activity for in vivo imaging. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:349-87. [PMID: 23244795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular imaging probes (or sensors) of enzymatic activity have a unique place in the armamentarium of modern optical imaging techniques. Such probes were initially developed by attaching optically "silent" fluorophores via enzyme-sensitive linkers to large copolymers of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(amino acids). In diseased tissue, where the concentration of enzymes is high, the fluorophores are freed from the macromolecular carrier and regain their initial ability to fluoresce, thus allowing in vivo optical localization of the diseased tissue. This chapter describes the design and application of these probes and their alternatives in various areas of experimental medicine and gives an overview of currently available techniques that allow imaging of animals using visible and near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Bogdanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Cruz-Monserrate Z, Abd-Elgaliel WR, Grote T, Deng D, Ji B, Arumugam T, Wang H, Tung CH, Logsdon CD. Detection of pancreatic cancer tumours and precursor lesions by cathepsin E activity in mouse models. Gut 2012; 61:1315-22. [PMID: 22068166 PMCID: PMC3966534 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the USA. Surgical resection is the only effective treatment; however, only 20% of patients are candidates for surgery. The ability to detect early PDAC would increase the availability of surgery and improve patient survival. This study assessed the feasibility of using the enzymatic activity of cathepsin E (Cath E), a protease highly and specifically expressed in PDAC, as a novel biomarker for the detection of pancreas-bearing pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions and PDAC. METHODS Pancreas from normal, chronic pancreatitis and PDAC patients was assessed for Cath E expression by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human PDAC xenografts and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of PDAC were injected with a Cath E activity selective fluorescent probe and imaged using an optical imaging system. RESULTS The specificity of Cath E expression in PDAC patients and GEMM of pancreatic cancer was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The novel probe for Cath E activity specifically detected PDAC in both human xenografts and GEMM in vivo. The Cath E sensitive probe was also able to detect pancreas with PanIN lesions in GEMM before tumour formation. CONCLUSIONS The elevated Cath E expression in PanIN and pancreatic tumours allowed in-vivo detection of human PDAC xenografts and imaging of pancreas with PanIN and PDAC tumours in GEMM. Our results support the usefulness of Cath E activity as a potential molecular target for PDAC and early detection imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wael R Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Radiology, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Grote
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Huamin Wang
- Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Radiology, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Bogdanov Jr AA, Mazzanti M, Castillo G, Bolotin E. Protected Graft Copolymer (PGC) in Imaging and Therapy: A Platform for the Delivery of Covalently and Non-Covalently Bound Drugs. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:553-76. [PMID: 22737192 PMCID: PMC3381344 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially developed in 1992 as an MR imaging agent, the family of protected graft copolymers (PGC) is based on a conjugate of polylysine backbone to which methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) chains are covalently linked in a random fasion via N-ε-amino groups. While PGC is relatively simple in terms of its chemcial composition and structure, it has proved to be a versatile platform for in vivo drug delivery. The advantages of poly amino acid backbone grafting include multiple available linking sites for drug and adaptor molecules. The grafting of PEG chains to PGC does not compromise biodegradability and does not result in measurable toxicity or immunogenicity. In fact, the biocompatablility of PGC has resulted in its being one of the few 100% synthetic non-proteinaceous macromolecules that has suceeded in passing the initial safety phase of clinical trials. PGC is capable of long circulation times after injection into the blood stream and as such found use early on as a carrier system for delivery of paramagnetic imaging compounds for angiography. Other PGC types were later developed for use in nuclear medicine and optical imaging applications in vivo. Recent developments in PGC-based drug carrier formulations include the use of zinc as a bridge between the PGC carrier and zinc-binding proteins and re-engineering of the PGC carrier as a covalent amphiphile that is capabe of binding to hydrophobic residues of small proteins and peptides. At present, PGC-based formulations have been developed and tested in various disease models for: 1) MR imaging local blood circulation in stroke, cancer and diabetes; 2) MR and nuclear imaging of blood volume and vascular permeability in inflammation; 3) optical imaging of proteolytic activity in cancer and inflammation; 4) delivery of platinum(II) compounds for treating cancer; 5) delivery of small proteins and peptides for treating diabetes, obesity and myocardial infarction. This review summarizes the experience accumulated by various research groups that chose to use PGC as a drug delivery platform.
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15
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Mawn TM, Popov AV, Beardsley NJ, Stefflova K, Milkevitch M, Zheng G, Delikatny EJ. In vivo detection of phospholipase C by enzyme-activated near-infrared probes. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2434-43. [PMID: 22034913 PMCID: PMC3292874 DOI: 10.1021/bc200242v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the characterization of the first near-infrared (NIR) phospholipase-activated molecular beacon is reported, and its utility for in vivo cancer imaging is demonstrated. The probe consists of three elements: a phospholipid (PL) backbone to which the NIR fluorophore, pyropheophorbide a (Pyro), and the NIR Black Hole Quencher 3 (BHQ) were conjugated. Because of the close proximity of BHQ to Pyro, the Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ probe is self-quenched until enzyme hydrolysis releases the fluorophore. The Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ probe is highly specific to one isoform of phospholipase C, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), responsible for catabolizing phosphatidylcholine directly to phosphocholine. Incubation of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ in vitro with PC-PLC demonstrated a 150-fold increase in fluorescence that could be inhibited by the specific PC-PLC inhibitor tricyclodecan-9-yl xanthogenate (D609) with an IC(50) of 34 ± 8 μM. Since elevations in phosphocholine have been consistently observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a wide array of cancer cells and solid tumors, we assessed the utility of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ as a probe for targeted tumor imaging. Injection of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ into mice bearing DU145 human prostate tumor xenografts followed by in vivo NIR imaging resulted in a 4-fold increase in tumor radiance over background and a 2 fold increase in the tumor/muscle ratio. Tumor fluorescence enhancement was inhibited with the administration of D609. The ability to image PC-PLC activity in vivo provides a unique and sensitive method of monitoring one of the critical phospholipase signaling pathways activated in cancer, as well as the phospholipase activities that are altered in response to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Mawn
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nancy J. Beardsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - E. James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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16
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Ren G, Blum G, Verdoes M, Liu H, Syed S, Edgington LE, Gheysens O, Miao Z, Jiang H, Gambhir SS, Bogyo M, Cheng Z. Non-invasive imaging of cysteine cathepsin activity in solid tumors using a 64Cu-labeled activity-based probe. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28029. [PMID: 22132198 PMCID: PMC3221694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The papain family of cysteine cathepsins are actively involved in multiple stages of tumorigenesis. Because elevated cathepsin activity can be found in many types of human cancers, they are promising biomarkers that can be used to target radiological contrast agents for tumor detection. However, currently there are no radiological imaging agents available for these important molecular targets. We report here the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide-labeled probes that target the cysteine cathepsins by formation of an enzyme activity-dependent bond with the active site cysteine. These probes contain an acyloxymethyl ketone (AOMK) functional group that irreversibly labels the active site cysteine of papain family proteases attached to a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) tag for labeling with 64Cu for PET imaging studies. We performed biodistribution and microPET imaging studies in nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumors expressing various levels of cysteine cathepsin activity and found that the extent of probe uptake by tumors correlated with overall protease activity as measured by biochemical methods. Furthermore, probe signals could be reduced by pre-treatment with a general cathepsin inhibitor. We also found that inclusion of a Cy5 tag on the probe increased tumor uptake relative to probes lacking this fluorogenic dye. Overall, these results demonstrate that small molecule activity-based probes carrying radio-tracers can be used to image protease activity in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Galia Blum
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Salahuddin Syed
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Edgington
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zheng Miao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Han Jiang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (SSG); (ZC)
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (SSG); (ZC)
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (SSG); (ZC)
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Gabriel D, Zuluaga MF, Lange N. On the cutting edge: protease-sensitive prodrugs for the delivery of photoactive compounds. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:689-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Ntziachristos V, Yoo JS, van Dam GM. Current concepts and future perspectives on surgical optical imaging in cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:066024. [PMID: 21198198 DOI: 10.1117/1.3523364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There are vibrant developments of optical imaging systems and contrast-enhancing methods that are geared to enhancing surgical vision and the outcome of surgical procedures. Such optical technologies designed for intraoperative use can offer high integration in the operating room compared to conventional radiological modalities adapted to intraoperative applications. Simple fluorescence epi-illumination imaging, in particular, appears attractive but may lead to inaccurate observations due to the complex nature of photon-tissue interaction. Of importance therefore are emerging methods that account for the background optical property variation in tissues and can offer accurate, quantitative imaging that eliminates the appearance of false negatives or positives. In parallel, other nonfluorescent optical imaging methods are summarized and overall progress in surgical optical imaging applications is outlined. Key future directions that have the potential to shift the paradigm of surgical health care are also discussed.
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Mieog JSD, Hutteman M, van der Vorst JR, Kuppen PJK, Que I, Dijkstra J, Kaijzel EL, Prins F, Löwik CWGM, Smit VTHBM, van de Velde CJH, Vahrmeijer AL. Image-guided tumor resection using real-time near-infrared fluorescence in a syngeneic rat model of primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 128:679-89. [PMID: 20821347 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor involvement of resection margins is found in a large proportion of patients who undergo breast-conserving surgery. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is an experimental technique to visualize cancer cells during surgery. To determine the accuracy of real-time NIR fluorescence imaging in obtaining tumor-free resection margins, a protease-activatable NIR fluorescence probe and an intraoperative camera system were used in the EMR86 orthotopic syngeneic breast cancer rat model. Influence of concentration, timing and number of tumor cells were tested in the MCR86 rat breast cancer cell line. These variables were significantly associated with NIR fluorescence probe activation. Dosing and tumor size were also significantly associated with fluorescence intensity in the EMR86 rat model, whereas time of imaging was not. Real-time NIR fluorescence guidance of tumor resection resulted in a complete resection of 17 out of 17 tumors with minimal excision of normal healthy tissue (mean minimum and a mean maximum tumor-free margin of 0.2 ± 0.2 mm and 1.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectively). Moreover, the technique enabled identification of remnant tumor tissue in the surgical cavity. Histological analysis revealed that the NIR fluorescence signal was highest at the invasive tumor border and in the stromal compartment of the tumor. In conclusion, NIR fluorescence detection of breast tumor margins was successful in a rat model. This study suggests that clinical introduction of intraoperative NIR fluorescence imaging has the potential to increase the number of complete tumor resections in breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sven D Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Thurber GM, Figueiredo JL, Weissleder R. Multicolor fluorescent intravital live microscopy (FILM) for surgical tumor resection in a mouse xenograft model. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8053. [PMID: 19956597 PMCID: PMC2779447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complete surgical resection of neoplasia remains one of the most efficient tumor therapies. However, malignant cell clusters are often left behind during surgery due to the inability to visualize and differentiate them against host tissue. Here we establish the feasibility of multicolor fluorescent intravital live microscopy (FILM) where multiple cellular and/or unique tissue compartments are stained simultaneously and imaged in real time. Methodology/Principal Findings Theoretical simulations of imaging probe localization were carried out for three agents with specificity for cancer cells, stromal host response, or vascular perfusion. This transport analysis gave insight into the probe pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution, facilitating the experimental design and allowing predictions to be made about the localization of the probes in other animal models and in the clinic. The imaging probes were administered systemically at optimal time points based on the simulations, and the multicolor FILM images obtained in vivo were then compared to conventional pathological sections. Our data show the feasibility of real time in vivo pathology at cellular resolution and molecular specificity with excellent agreement between intravital and traditional in vitro immunohistochemistry. Conclusions/Significance Multicolor FILM is an accurate method for identifying malignant tissue and cells in vivo. The imaging probes distributed in a manner similar to predictions based on transport principles, and these models can be used to design future probes and experiments. FILM can provide critical real time feedback and should be a useful tool for more effective and complete cancer resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M. Thurber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jose L. Figueiredo
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zhang S, Metelev V, Tabatadze D, Zamecnik P, Bogdanov A. Near-infrared fluorescent oligodeoxyribonucleotide reporters for sensing NF-kappaB DNA interactions in vitro. Oligonucleotides 2009; 18:235-43. [PMID: 18699740 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two types of reporters for optical sensing of NF-kappaB p50 protein-oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) duplex interactions were designed and compared in vitro. The reporters were based on the effect of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the pair donor Cy5.5 near-infrared (NIR) fluorochrome and either 800CW emitting fluorescence dye acceptor (800CW-Cy), or a nonemitting QSY 21 dye quencher (QSY-Cy). The donor and the acceptor dyes were covalently linked to the complementary oligonucleotides, respectively: Cy dye was conjugated to 3'-thiol, whereas 800CW or QSY21 were conjugated to a hydrophilic internucleoside phosphate amino linker. The reporters were tested initially using recombinant NF-kappaB p50 protein binding assays. Both reporters were binding p50 protein, which protected oligonucleotide duplex from degradation in the presence of exonuclease.The incubation of 800CW-Cy reporter in the presence of control or IL-1beta treated human endothelial cells showed the uptake of the reporter in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The measurement of NIR fluorescence ratio (i.e. Cy5.5/800CW) showed a partial loss of FRET and the increased Cy5.5 fluorescence in nontreated, control cells. Thus, the specific p50 binding to ODN duplex reporters affected the donor-acceptor fluorochrome pair. NF-kappaB p50 exhibited the protective effect on FRET between NIR fluorochromes linked to the complementary strands of the reporter duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Early photon tomography allows fluorescence detection of lung carcinomas and disease progression in mice in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19126-31. [PMID: 19015534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804798105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of targeted fluorescent probes offers significant advantages for investigating disease and tissue function in animal models in vivo. Conversely, macroscopic tomographic imaging is challenging because of the high scatter of light in biological tissue and the ill-posed nature of the reconstruction mathematics. In this work, we use the earliest-transmitted photons through Lewis Lung Carcinoma bearing mice, thereby dramatically reducing the effect of tissue scattering. By using a fluorescent probe sensitive to cysteine proteases, the method yielded outstanding imaging performance compared with conventional approaches. Accurate visualization of biochemical abnormalities was achieved, not only in the primary tumor, but also in the surrounding tissue related to cancer progression and inflammatory response at the organ level. These findings were confirmed histologically and with ex vivo fluorescence microscopy. The imaging fidelity demonstrated underscores a method that can use a wide range of fluorescent probes to accurately visualize cellular- and molecular-level events in whole animals in vivo.
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23
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Hama Y, Urano Y, Koyama Y, Gunn AJ, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. A self-quenched galactosamine-serum albumin-rhodamineX conjugate: a "smart" fluorescent molecular imaging probe synthesized with clinically applicable material for detecting peritoneal ovarian cancer metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:6335-43. [PMID: 17975145 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluorophore activation after cellular internalization of a targeted fluorescently labeled conjugate is an effective molecular imaging strategy to increase target-to-background ratios. The D-galactose receptor on ovarian cancer cells has been used to target self-quenched avidin-rhodamineX conjugates in which the avidin component binds to D-galactose receptor and the rhodamines are optically activated by dequenching only after cellular internalization. As a nonimmunogenic alternative of avidin, galactosamine-conjugated serum albumin (GmSA) targets the D-galactose receptor with higher binding affinity and has more conjugation sites available for rhodamineX than avidin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN GmSA was conjugated with 20 rhodamineX molecules (GmSA-20ROX) to create a self-quenching complex, which was compared with a conjugate consisting of GmSA and a single rhodamineX (GmSA-1ROX) in ex vivo chemical activation characteristics, intracellular activation, and in vivo molecular imaging for detecting peritoneal micrometastases of SHIN3 ovarian cancer. RESULTS GmSA-20ROX was five times brighter than GmSA-1ROX when incubated with SHIN3 ovarian cancer cells for 3 h. Submillimeter SHIN3 ovarian cancer implants in the peritoneal cavity were clearly visualized in vivo with spectral fluorescence imaging due to the high tumor-to-background ratio. The sensitivity and specificity of GmSA-20ROX for implant detection were determined by colocalization of the rhodamineX emission with red fluorescent protein expressed constitutively in the SHIN3 tumor implants. Among 336 lesions, sensitivity and specificity were 99%/99%, respectively, for GmSA-20ROX, whereas the results for GmSA-1ROX were only 24%/100% (n = 388), respectively, for lesions approximately 0.8 mm or greater in diameter. CONCLUSION Self-quenched GmSA-20ROX is more efficient than previous d-galactose-targeted fluorescent conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Hama
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA
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24
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Vernon AE, Bakewell SJ, Chodosh LA. Deciphering the molecular basis of breast cancer metastasis with mouse models. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2007; 8:199-213. [PMID: 17657606 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-007-9041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer begins as a localized disease, but has the potential to spread to distant sites within the body. This process--known as metastasis--is the leading cause of death from breast cancer. Whether the ability of cancer cells to metastasize is an intrinsic or acquired feature is currently a topic of considerable debate. Nevertheless, the key cellular events required for metastasis are generally accepted. These include invasion of the surrounding stromal tissue, intravasation, evasion of programmed cell death, arrest within the vasculature at a distant site, extravasation, and establishment and growth within a new microenvironment. The development of mouse models that faithfully mimic critical aspects of human neoplasia has been instrumental in framing our current understanding of multistage carcinogenesis. This review examines the advantages and limitations of existing murine models for mammary carcinogenesis for probing the molecular mechanisms that contribute to metastasis, as well as non-invasive tumor imaging approaches to facilitate these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Vernon
- Department of Cancer Biology, and The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 612 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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25
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Bogdanov AA, Lin CP, Kang HW. Optical imaging of the adoptive transfer of human endothelial cells in mice using anti-human CD31 monoclonal antibody. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1186-92. [PMID: 17373582 PMCID: PMC2795329 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of endothelium-specific imaging agents capable of specific binding to human cells under the conditions of flow for the needs of regenerative medicine and cancer research. The goal of the study was testing the feasibility of optical imaging of human endothelial cells implanted in mice. METHODS Mouse model of adoptive human endothelial cell transfer was obtained by implanting cells in Matrigel matrix in subcutaneous space (Kang, Torres, Wald, Weissleder, and Bogdanov, Jr., Targeted imaging of human endothelial-specific marker in a model of adoptive cell transfer. Lab. Invest. 86: 599-609, 2006). Several endothelium-specific proteins were labeled with near-infrared fluorochrome (Cy5.5) and tested in vitro. Fluorescence imaging using anti-human CD31 antibody was performed in vivo. The obtained results were corroborated by using fluorescence microscopy of tissue sections. RESULTS We determined that monoclonal anti-human CD31 antibodies labeled with Cy5.5 were efficiently binding to human endothelial cells and were not subject to rapid endocytosis. We further demonstrated that specific near-infrared optical imaging signal was present only in Matrigel implants seeded with human endothelium cells and was absent from control Matrigel implants. Histology showed staining of cells lining vessels and revealed the formation of branched networks of CD31-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Anti-human CD31 antibodies tagged with near-infrared fluorochromes can be used for detection of perfused blood vessels harboring human endothelial cells in animal models of adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Bogdanov
- S2-804, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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26
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Ouédraogo GD, Redmond RW. Secondary Reactive Oxygen Species Extend the Range of Photosensitization Effects in Cells: DNA Damage Produced Via Initial Membrane Photosensitization¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770192sroset2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Hama Y, Urano Y, Koyama Y, Kamiya M, Bernardo M, Paik RS, Shin IS, Paik CH, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. A target cell-specific activatable fluorescence probe for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer based on a self-quenched avidin-rhodamine conjugate. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2791-9. [PMID: 17363601 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A target cell-specific activation strategy for improved molecular imaging of peritoneal implants has been proposed, in which fluorophores are activated only in living targeted cells. A current example of an activatable fluorophore is one that is normally self-quenched by attachment to a peptide backbone but which can be activated by specific proteases that degrade the peptide resulting in "dequenching." In this study, an alternate fluorescence activation strategy is proposed whereby self-quenching avidin-rhodamine X, which has affinity for lectin on cancer cells, is activated after endocytosis and degradation within the lysosome. Using this approach in a mouse model of peritoneal ovarian metastases, we document target-specific molecular imaging of submillimeter cancer nodules with minimal contamination by background signal. Cellular internalization of receptor-ligand pairs with subsequent activation of fluorescence via dequenching provides a generalizable and highly sensitive method of detecting cancer microfoci in vivo and has practical implications for assisting surgical and endoscopic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Hama
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA
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28
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Sokolov K, Nida D, Descour M, Lacy A, Levy M, Hall B, Dharmawardhane S, Ellington A, Korgel B, Richards-Kortum R. Molecular optical imaging of therapeutic targets of cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2007; 96:299-344. [PMID: 17161684 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)96011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in discerning the molecular events that accompany carcinogenesis has led to development of new cancer therapies directly targeted against the molecular changes of neoplasia. Molecular-targeted therapeutics have shown significant improvements in response rates and decreased toxicity as compared to conventional cytotoxic therapies which lack specificity for tumor cells. In order to fully explore the potential of molecular-targeted therapy, a new set of tools is required to dynamically and quantitatively image and monitor the heterogeneous molecular profiles of tumors in vivo. Currently, molecular markers can only be visualized in vitro using complex immunohistochemical staining protocols. In this chapter, we discuss emerging optical tools to image in vivo a molecular profile of risk-based hallmarks of cancer for selecting and monitoring therapy. We present the combination of optically active, targeted nanoparticles for molecular imaging with advances in minimally invasive optical imaging systems, which can be used to dynamically image both a molecular and phenotypic profile of risk and to monitor changes in this profile during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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29
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Jin ZH, Razkin J, Josserand V, Boturyn D, Grichine A, Texier I, Favrot MC, Dumy P, Coll JL. In Vivo Noninvasive Optical Imaging of Receptor-Mediated RGD Internalization Using Self-Quenched Cy5-Labeled RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2007.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Jin
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Jesus Razkin
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Veronique Josserand
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Boturyn
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexeï Grichine
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Texier
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Christine Favrot
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Dumy
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- From INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe de recherche sur le cancer du poumon, La Tronche, France; Ingénierie moléculaire et chimie des composés bio-organiques, LEDSS, CNRS UMR5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; IFR73, Institut Albert Bonniot, La Tronche, France; LETI-DTBS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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30
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Abstract
There is a wealth of new fluorescent reporter technologies for tagging of many cellular and subcellular processes in vivo. This imposed contrast is now captured with an increasing number of available imaging methods that offer new ways to visualize and quantify fluorescent markers distributed in tissues. This is an evolving field of imaging sciences that has already achieved major advances but is also facing important challenges. It is nevertheless well poised to significantly impact the ways of biological research, drug discovery, and clinical practice in the years to come. Herein, the most pertinent technologies associated with in vivo noninvasive or minimally invasive fluorescence imaging of tissues are summarized. Focus is given to small-animal imaging. However, while a broad spectrum of fluorescence reporter technologies and imaging methods are outlined, as necessary for biomedical research, and clinical translation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Laboratory for Bio-Optics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The roles of proteases in cancer are now known to be much broader than simply degradation of extracellular matrix during tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, proteases from tumor-associated cells (e.g., fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, endothelial cells) as well as tumor cells are recognized to contribute to pathways critical to neoplastic progression. Although elevated expression (transcripts and proteins) of proteases, and in some cases protease inhibitors, has been documented in many tumors, techniques to assess functional roles for proteases require that we measure protease activity and inhibition of that activity rather than levels of proteases, activators, and inhibitors. Novel techniques for functional imaging of protease activity, both in vitro and in vivo, are being developed as are imaging probes that will allow us to determine protease activity and in some cases to discriminate among protease activities. These should be useful clinically as surrogate endpoints for therapies that alter protease activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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32
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Crowell JA. The chemopreventive agent development research program in the Division of Cancer Prevention of the US National Cancer Institute: an overview. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1889-910. [PMID: 16005206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention is an innovative area of cancer research that focuses on the development of pharmacological, biological, and nutritional interventions to prevent, reverse, or delay carcinogenesis. Over the past two decades the Division of Cancer Prevention of the US National Cancer Institute has organized a research and development program to provide resources and infrastructure to the research community for the clinical evaluation of potential cancer preventive agents. This program now encompasses preclinical agent and molecular target identification, in vitro and in vivo screening, efficacy and intermediate endpoint testing, pharmacology and toxicology assessments, and finally chemical synthesis and manufacturing leading to Investigational New Drug applications and clinical studies. In this review, examples of agents currently in development, preclinical testing models, and phase 1 and 2 clinical studies are described. Continued commitment to cancer prevention will significantly reduce the economic and medical burden of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Crowell
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Bremer C, Ntziachristos V, Weitkamp B, Theilmeier G, Heindel W, Weissleder R. Optical imaging of spontaneous breast tumors using protease sensing 'smart' optical probes. Invest Radiol 2005; 40:321-7. [PMID: 15905717 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000163797.23172.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if spontaneous breast cancer lesions can be detected by fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) and fluorescence mediated tomography (FMT) using protease-sensing optical probes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transgenic (FVB/N-TgN (WapHRAS)69Lin Y)) mice, which spontaneously develop breast cancer, were injected intravenously with a cathepsin-sensing fluorescent imaging probe. FRI and FMT were performed 24 hours after probe injection and region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed. Magnetic resonance images were acquired for anatomic coregistration with the FMT data. Moreover, correlative immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy were performed. RESULTS All tumor nodules were clearly delineated by FRI showing an average signal intensity of 380 +/- 106 AU. Similarly, tumors were clearly detected by FMT imaging. Immunohistochemistry confirmed cathepsin-B expression of primary tumors and fluorescence microscopy revealed a strong Cy 5.5 deposition in the tissue. CONCLUSIONS FRI and FMT using "smart" protease sensing probes permits detection of experimental spontaneous breast cancers. Because the expression levels of various proteases correlate with patient outcome, this technique may not only help to detect, but also to differentiate breast cancers noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bremer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Germany.
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34
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Abstract
Recently, many novel peptide-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecular probes have been developed for in vivo biomedical imaging. To report specific information of biological targets, the probes were individually designed according to the unique property or functions of their targets. These peptide-based probes can be classified into targeting, crosslinking, and enzyme-activatable probes. Several of them have been tested in various in vitro and in vivo models, and the obtained imaging information has been applied to disease detection, medical diagnosis, and drug evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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35
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Cassidy PJ, Radda GK. Molecular imaging perspectives. J R Soc Interface 2005; 2:133-44. [PMID: 16849174 PMCID: PMC1629073 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2005.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging technology at the life science/physical science interface which is set to revolutionize our understanding and treatment of disease. The tools of molecular imaging are the imaging modalities and their corresponding contrast agents. These facilitate interaction with a biological target at a molecular level in a number of ways. The diverse nature of molecular imaging requires knowledge from both the life and physical sciences for its successful development and implementation. The aim of this review is to introduce the subject of molecular imaging from both life science and physical science perspectives. However, we will restrict our coverage to the prominent in vivo molecular imaging modalities of magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging and nuclear imaging. The physical basis of these imaging modalities, the use of contrast agents and the imaging parameters of sensitivity, temporal resolution and spatial resolution are described. Then, the specificity of contrast agents for targeting and sensing molecular events, and some applications of molecular imaging in biology and medicine are given. Finally, the diverse nature of molecular imaging and its reliance on interdisciplinary collaboration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Cassidy
- Oxford Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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36
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Abstract
Accurate and rapid detection of tumors is of great importance for interrogating the molecular basis of cancer pathogenesis, preventing the onset of complications, and implementing a tailored therapeutic regimen. In this era of molecular medicine, molecular probes that respond to, or target molecular processes are indispensable. Although numerous imaging modalities have been developed for visualizing pathologic conditions, the high sensitivity and relatively innocuous low energy radiation of optical imaging method makes it attractive for molecular imaging. While many human diseases have been studied successfully by using intrinsic optical properties of normal and pathologic tissues, molecular imaging of the expression of aberrant genes, proteins, and other pathophysiologic processes would be enhanced by the use of highly specific exogenous molecular beacons. This review focuses on the development of receptor-specific molecular probes for optical imaging of tumors. Particularly, bioconjugates of probes that absorb and fluoresce in the near infrared wavelengths between 750 and 900 nm will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scot Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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37
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Coming of Age in the Life of Neoplasia. Neoplasia 2004. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.6-6ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Rehemtulla A, Taneja N, Ross BD. Bioluminescence Detection of Cells Having Stabilized p53 in Response to a Genotoxic Event. Mol Imaging 2004; 3:63-8. [PMID: 15142413 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200403175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 is one of the most frequent molecular events in neoplastic transformation. Approximately 60% of all human tumors have mutations in both p53 alleles. Wild-type p53 activity is regulated in large part by the proteosome-dependent degradation of p53, resulting in a short p53 half-life in unstressed and untransformed cells. Activation of p53 by a variety of stimuli, including DNA damage induced by genotoxic drugs or radiation, is accomplished by stabilization of wild-type p53. The stabilized and active p53 can result in either cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis. Surprisingly, the majority of tumor-associated, inactivating p53 mutations also result in p53 accumulation. Thus, constitutive elevation of p53 levels in cells is a reliable measure of p53 inactivation, whereas transiently increased p53 levels reflect a recent genotoxic stress. In order to facilitate noninvasive imaging of p53 accumulation, we here describe the construction of a p53-luciferase fusion protein. Induction of DNA damage in cells expressing the fusion protein resulted in a time-dependent accumulation of the fusion that was noninvasively detected using bioluminescence imaging and validated by Western blot analysis. The p53-Luc protein retains p53 function because its expression in HCT116 cells lacking functional p53 resulted in activation of p21 expression as well as induction of apoptosis in response to a DNA damaging event. Employed in a transgenic animal model, the proposed p53-reporter fusion protein will be useful for studying p53 activation in response to exposure to DNA-damaging carcinogenic agents. It could also be used to study p53 stabilization as a result of inactivating p53 mutations. Such studies will further our understanding of p53's role as the "guardian of the genome" and its function in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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39
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Funovics MA, Alencar H, Su HS, Khazaie K, Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Miniaturized Multichannel Near Infrared Endoscope for Mouse Imaging. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:350-7. [PMID: 14717334 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200303166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the design and construction of a miniaturized multichannel near infrared (NIR) endoscopic imaging system developed for high-resolution imaging of mice. The device allows for simultaneous real-time video images in white light and two independent NIR channels. Testing demonstrated independent acquisition of nanomolar concentrations of fluorochromes Cy5.5 and Cy7. Cross-talk between the NIR channels, partially a result of broad tails in the spectra of commonly used organic fluorochromes, was assessed, modeled for the linear range of the concentration/signal intensity function, and compensated. The calculated compensation was 5.5% and 22% of the total signal intensity in the two channels NIR700 and NIR780, respectively, at equal concentrations of the two fluorochromes. Using a mouse model of colonic adenomatosis, we show that both perfusion and protease activity can be detected simultaneously, independently, and repeatedly in live mice. The developed device should be useful for in vivo imaging of diverse molecular targets.
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40
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Moffat BA, Reddy GR, McConville P, Hall DE, Chenevert TL, Kopelman RR, Philbert M, Weissleder R, Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. A Novel Polyacrylamide Magnetic Nanoparticle Contrast Agent for Molecular Imaging using MRI. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:324-32. [PMID: 14717331 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200303163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polyacrylamide superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle platform is described which has been synthetically prepared such that multiple crystals of iron oxide are encapsulated within a single polyacrylamide matrix (PolyAcrylamide Magnetic [PAM] nanoparticles). This formulation provides for an extremely large T2 and T2* relaxivity of between 620 and 1140 sec(-1) mM(-1). Administration of PAM nanoparticles into rats bearing orthotopic 9L gliomas allowed quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of the uptake of nanoparticles in the vasculature, brain, and glioma. Addition of polyethylene glycol of varying sizes (0.6, 2, and 10 kDa) to the surface of the PAM nanoparticles resulted in an increase in plasma half-life and affected tumor uptake and retention of the nanoparticles as quantified by changes in tissue contrast using MRI. The flexible formulation of these nanoparticles suggests that future modifications could be accomplished allowing for their use as a targeted molecular imaging contrast agent and/or therapeutic platform for multiple indications.
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41
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Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 2003; 17:545-80. [PMID: 12629038 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1047403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1422] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarik F Massoud
- The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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