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Garcia-Rivas V, Fiancette JF, Tostain J, de Maio G, Ceau M, Wiart JF, Gaulier JM, Deroche-Gamonet V. Individual variations in motives for nicotine self-administration in male rats: evidence in support for a precision psychopharmacology. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:85. [PMID: 38336930 PMCID: PMC10858238 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The significant heterogeneity in smoking behavior among smokers, coupled with the inconsistent efficacy of approved smoking cessation therapies, supports the presence of individual variations in the mechanisms underlying smoking. This emphasizes the need to shift from standardized to personalized smoking cessation therapies. However, informed precision medicine demands precision fundamental research. Tobacco smoking is influenced and sustained by diverse psychopharmacological interactions between nicotine and environmental stimuli. In the classical experimental rodent model for studying tobacco dependence, namely intravenous self-administration of nicotine, seeking behavior is reinforced by the combined delivery of nicotine and a discrete cue (nicotine+cue). Whether self-administration behavior is driven by the same psychopharmacological mechanisms across individual rats remains unknown and unexplored. To address this, we employed behavioral pharmacology and unbiased cluster analysis to investigate individual differences in the mechanisms supporting classical intravenous nicotine self-administration (0.04 mg/kg/infusion) in male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Our analysis identified two clusters: one subset of rats sought nicotine primarily for its reinforcing effects, while the second subset sought nicotine to enhance the reinforcing effects of the discrete cue. Varenicline (1 mg/kg i.p.) reduced seeking behavior in the former group, whereas it tended to increase in the latter group. Crucially, despite this fundamental qualitative difference revealed by behavioral manipulation, the two clusters exhibited quantitatively identical nicotine+cue self-administration behavior. The traditional application of rodent models to study the reinforcing and addictive effects of nicotine may mask individual variability in the underlying motivational mechanisms. Accounting for this variability could significantly enhance the predictive validity of translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Garcia-Rivas
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jean-François Fiancette
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Tostain
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giulia de Maio
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matias Ceau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59037, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59045, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Wang X, Chen Y, Dong J, Ge J, Liu X, Liu J. Neurobiology of Stress-Induced Nicotine Relapse. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1482. [PMID: 38338760 PMCID: PMC10855331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disease. Although there are some FAD-approved medicines for controlling smoking, the relapse rate remains very high. Among the factors that could induce nicotine relapse, stress might be the most important one. In the last decades, preclinical studies have generated many new findings that lead to a better understanding of stress-induced relapse of nicotine-seeking. Several molecules such as α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, α2-adrenergic receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1, trace amine-associated receptor 1, and neuropeptide systems (corticotropin-releasing factor and its receptors, dynorphine and kappa opioid receptor) have been linked to stress-induced nicotine relapse. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the neurobiology, treatment targets, and potential therapeutics of stress-induced nicotine relapse. We also discuss some factors that may influence stress-induced nicotine relapse and that should be considered in future studies. In the final section, a perspective on some research directions is provided. Further investigation on the neurobiology of stress-induced nicotine relapse will shed light on the development of new medicines for controlling smoking and will help us understand the interactions between the stress and reward systems in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianfeng Liu
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China (Y.C.); (J.D.)
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Buzzi B, Koseli E, Alkhlaif Y, Parker A, Mustafa MA, Lichtman AH, Buczynski MW, Damaj MI. Differential roles of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) enzymes in nicotine withdrawal. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148483. [PMID: 37442250 PMCID: PMC10529956 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine and tobacco-related deaths remains a leading cause of preventable death and disease in the United States. Several studies indicate that modulation of the endocannabinoid system, primarily of the endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), alters nicotinic dependence behaviors in rodents. This study, using transgenic knock-out (KO) mice, evaluated the role of the two 2-AG biosynthesis enzymes, (Diacylglycerol lipase-α) DAGL-α and DAGL-β in spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. DAGL-α deletion prevents somatic and affective signs of nicotine withdrawal, while DAGL-β deletion plays a role in hyperalgesia due to nicotine withdrawal. These results suggest a differential role of these enzymes in the various signs of nicotine withdrawal. Our behavioral findings relate to the distribution of these enzymes with DAGL-β being highly expressed in macrophages and DAGL-α in neurons. This study offers new potential targets for smoking cessation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle Buzzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Eda Koseli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Abigail Parker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 5 Gene Deletion Enhances Nicotine-Conditioned Place Preference: Illuminating the Putative Gateway Mechanisms. FUTURE PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:108-116. [PMID: 36864947 PMCID: PMC9969817 DOI: 10.3390/futurepharmacol3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the endogenous cannabinoid system modulates the behavioral and physiological effects of nicotine. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are among the primary intracellular trafficking mechanisms of endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide. To this end, changes in FABP expression may similarly impact the behavioral manifestations associated with nicotine, particularly its addictive properties. FABP5 +/+ and FABP5 -/- mice were tested for nicotine-conditioned place preference (CPP) at two different doses (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg). The nicotine-paired chamber was assigned as their least preferred chamber during preconditioning. Following 8 days of conditioning, the mice were injected with either nicotine or saline. The mice were allowed to access to all the chambers on the test day, and their times spent in the drug chamber on the preconditioning versus the test days were used to examine the drug preference score. The CPP results showed that the FABP5 -/- mice displayed a higher place preference for 0.1 mg/kg nicotine than the FABP5 +/+ mice, while no CPP difference was observed for 0.5 mg/kg nicotine between the genotypes. In conclusion, FABP5 plays an important role in regulating nicotine place preference. Further research is warranted to identify the precise mechanisms. The results suggest that dysregulated cannabinoid signaling may impact nicotine-seeking behavior.
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Neutral CB1 Receptor Antagonists as Pharmacotherapies for Substance Use Disorders: Rationale, Evidence, and Challenge. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203262. [PMID: 36291128 PMCID: PMC9600259 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that rimonabant, a selective CB1R antagonist with an inverse agonist profile, was highly promising as a therapeutic for SUDs. However, its adverse side effects, such as depression and suicidality, led to its withdrawal from clinical trials worldwide in 2008. Consequently, much research interest shifted to developing neutral CB1R antagonists based on the recognition that rimonabant’s side effects may be related to its inverse agonist profile. In this article, we first review rimonabant’s research background as a potential pharmacotherapy for SUDs. Then, we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying its therapeutic anti-addictive effects versus its adverse effects. Lastly, we discuss the rationale for developing neutral CB1R antagonists as potential treatments for SUDs, the supporting evidence in recent research, and the challenges of this strategy. We conclude that developing neutral CB1R antagonists without inverse agonist profile may represent attractive strategies for the treatment of SUDs.
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Li H, Chen R, Zhou Y, Wang H, Sun L, Yang Z, Bai L, Zhang J. Endocannabinoids regulate cocaine-associated memory through brain AEA-CB1R signalling activation. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101597. [PMID: 36096452 PMCID: PMC9508352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Contextual drug-associated memory precipitates craving and relapse in substance users, and the risk of relapse is a major challenge in the treatment of substance use disorders. Thus, understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of how this association memory is formed and maintained will inform future advances in the treatment of drug addiction. Brain endocannabinoids (eCBs) signalling has been associated with drug-induced neuroadaptations, but the role of lipases that mediate small lipid ligand biosynthesis and metabolism in regulating drug-associated memory has not been examined. Here, we explored how manipulation of the lipase fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which is involved in mediating the level of the lipid ligand anandamide (AEA), affects cocaine-associated memory formation. Methods We applied behavioural, pharmacological and biochemical methods to detect cocaine-associated memory formation, eCBs in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), and the activity of related enzymes. We further examined the roles of abnormal FAAH activity and AEA–CB1R signalling in the regulation of cocaine-associated memory formation and granule neuron dendritic structure alterations in the dDG through Western blotting, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Results In the present study, we found that cocaine induced a decrease in the level of FAAH in the dDG and increased the level of AEA. A high level of AEA activated cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) and further triggered CB1R signalling activation and granule neuron dendritic remodelling, and these effects were reversed by blockade of CB1Rs in the brain. Furthermore, inhibition of FAAH in the dDG markedly increased AEA levels and promoted cocaine-associated memory formation through CB1R signalling activation. Conclusions Together, our findings demonstrate that the lipase FAAH influences CB1R signalling activation and granule neuron dendritic structure alteration in the dDG by regulating AEA levels and that AEA and AEA metabolism play a key role in cocaine-associated memory formation. Manipulation of AEA production may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for drug addiction and relapse prevention. AEA plays an important role in the cocaine-associated memory formation through triggering CB1Rs. Cocaine decreases FAAH level and leads to AEA increasing, which activate CB1R signaling and remodel dendritic spines structure of granule neurons. Regulating AEA degradation through manipulation of FAAH, governs the cocaine-associated memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyi Zhou
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Luqiang Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Therapeutic potential of PIMSR, a novel CB1 receptor neutral antagonist, for cocaine use disorder: evidence from preclinical research. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:286. [PMID: 35851573 PMCID: PMC9293959 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) have been major targets in medication development for the treatment of substance use disorders. However, clinical trials with rimonabant, a CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, failed due to severe side effects. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of PIMSR, a neutral CB1R antagonist lacking an inverse agonist profile, against cocaine's behavioral effects in experimental animals. We found that systemic administration of PIMSR dose-dependently inhibited cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio (FR5), but not FR1, reinforcement, shifted the cocaine self-administration dose-response curve downward, decreased incentive motivation to seek cocaine under progressive-ratio reinforcement, and reduced cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. PIMSR also inhibited oral sucrose self-administration. Importantly, PIMSR alone is neither rewarding nor aversive as assessed by place conditioning. We then used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to explore the possible involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system in PIMSR's action. We found that PIMSR dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-enhanced ICSS maintained by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in rats. PIMSR itself failed to alter electrical ICSS, but dose-dependently inhibited ICSS maintained by optical stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons in transgenic DAT-Cre mice, suggesting the involvement of dopamine-dependent mechanisms. Lastly, we examined the CB1R mechanisms underlying PIMSR's action. We found that PIMSR pretreatment attenuated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)- or ACEA (a selective CB1R agonist)-induced reduction in optical ICSS. Together, our findings suggest that the neutral CB1R antagonist PIMSR deserves further research as a promising pharmacotherapeutic for cocaine use disorder.
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Ortiz YT, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. Medicinal Cannabis and Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881810. [PMID: 35529444 PMCID: PMC9070567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma T. Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lance R. McMahon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jenny L. Wilkerson,
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9
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Abstract
Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.
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Saravia R, Ten-Blanco M, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13316. [PMID: 34948106 PMCID: PMC8715672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, plays a major role in tobacco addiction, producing a high morbidity and mortality in the world. A great amount of research has been developed to elucidate the neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in such a complex addictive behavior. The endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to participate in the addictive properties of most of the prototypical drugs of abuse, is also implicated in nicotine dependence. This review summarizes and updates the main behavioral and biochemical data involving the endocannabinoid system in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as in nicotine withdrawal and relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. Promising results from preclinical studies suggest that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Saravia
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
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Wills L, Kenny PJ. Addiction-related neuroadaptations following chronic nicotine exposure. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1652-1673. [PMID: 33742685 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The addiction-relevant molecular, cellular, and behavioral actions of nicotine are derived from its stimulatory effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. nAChRs expressed by dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral midbrain, most notably in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), contribute to the reward-enhancing properties of nicotine that motivate the use of tobacco products. nAChRs are also expressed by neurons in brain circuits that regulate aversion. In particular, nAChRs expressed by neurons in the medial habenula (mHb) and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) to which the mHb almost exclusively projects regulate the "set-point" for nicotine aversion and control nicotine intake. Different nAChR subtypes are expressed in brain reward and aversion circuits and nicotine intake is titrated to maximally engage reward-enhancing nAChRs while minimizing the recruitment of aversion-promoting nAChRs. With repeated exposure to nicotine, reward- and aversion-related nAChRs and the brain circuits in which they are expressed undergo adaptations that influence whether tobacco use will transition from occasional to habitual. Genetic variation that influences the sensitivity of addiction-relevant brain circuits to the actions of nicotine also influence the propensity to develop habitual tobacco use. Here, we review some of the key advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which nicotine acts on brain reward and aversion circuits and the adaptations that occur in these circuits that may drive addiction to nicotine-containing tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Lay BPP, Khoo SYS. Associative processes in addiction relapse models: A review of their Pavlovian and instrumental mechanisms, history, and terminology. NEUROANATOMY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.35430/nab.2021.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of relapse to drug-seeking have borrowed heavily from associative learning approaches. In studies of relapse-like behaviour, animals learn to self-administer drugs then receive a period of extinction during which they learn to inhibit the operant response. Several triggers can produce a recovery of responding which form the basis of a variety of models. These include the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), drug availability (rapid reacquisition), extinction of an alternative response (resurgence), context change (renewal), drug priming, stress, and cues (reinstatement). In most cases, the behavioural processes driving extinction and recovery in operant drug self-administration studies are similar to those in the Pavlovian and behavioural literature, such as context effects. However, reinstatement in addiction studies have several differences with Pavlovian reinstatement, which have emerged over several decades, in experimental procedures, associative mechanisms, and terminology. Interestingly, in cue-induced reinstatement, drug-paired cues that are present during acquisition are omitted during lever extinction. The unextinguished drug-paired cue may limit the model’s translational relevance to cue exposure therapy and renders its underlying associative mechanisms ambiguous. We review major behavioural theories that explain recovery phenomena, with a particular focus on cue-induced reinstatement because it is a widely used model in addiction. We argue that cue-induced reinstatement may be explained by a combination of behavioural processes, including reacquisition of conditioned reinforcement and Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer. While there are important differences between addiction studies and the behavioural literature in terminology and procedures, it is clear that understanding associative learning processes is essential for studying relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Po Pyn Lay
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Chukwueke CC, Kowalczyk WJ, Gendy M, Taylor R, Tyndale RF, Le Foll B, Heishman SJ. The CB1R rs2023239 receptor gene variant significantly affects the reinforcing effects of nicotine, but not cue reactivity, in human smokers. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01982. [PMID: 33369277 PMCID: PMC7882168 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) has been shown in preclinical studies to be involved in nicotine reinforcement and relapse-like behavior. The common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2023239 may code for an alternative CB1R protein, alter CB1R expression, and be involved in nicotine dependence. To date, no study has explored the relationship between this SNP in CB1R and specific phenotypes of nicotine dependence. METHODS The current study investigated the influence of CB1R rs2023239 in nicotine reinforcement and craving in regular cigarette smokers. Current smokers (n = 104, cigarettes per day ≥ 10) were genetically grouped (C allele group vs. No C allele group) and underwent laboratory measures of nicotine reinforcement and smoking cue-elicited craving. Nicotine reinforcement was assessed using a forced choice paradigm, while a cue-reactivity procedure measured cue-elicited craving. RESULTS These results show that smokers with the C allele variant (CC + CT genotypes) experienced a lower nicotine reinforcement effect compared to those without the C allele (TT genotype). These results were similar in both our subjective and behavioral reinforcement measures, though the subjective effects did not withstand controlling for race. There was no difference between genotype groups with respect to cue-elicited craving, suggesting a lack of influence in cue reactivity. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that the variation in the CB1R (i.e., rs2023239 SNP) may play a larger role in nicotine reinforcement compared to cue reactivity. This work provides impetus to further understand the physiological mechanisms that explain how CB1Rs influence nicotine dependence phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidera C Chukwueke
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William J Kowalczyk
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA
| | - Marie Gendy
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Taylor
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,CAMH, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,CAMH, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Acute Care Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Heishman
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Smith LC, George O. Advances in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: Non-nicotinic approaches in animal models. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108225. [PMID: 32758566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of worldwide tobacco use is changing, with a decrease in traditional smoking and an exponential rise in electronic cigarette use. No new nicotine cessation pharmacotherapies have come to market in the last 10 years. The current therapies that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for nicotine cessation include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, and the atypical antidepressant bupropion. Nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline both act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bupropion inhibits the dopamine transporter, the norepinephrine transporter, and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to inhibit smoking behavior. Notwithstanding these treatments, rates of successful nicotine cessation in clinical trials remain low. Recent pharmacological approaches to improve nicotine cessation rates in animal models have turned their focus away from activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The present review focuses on such pharmacological approaches, including nicotine vaccines, anti-nicotine antibodies, nicotine-degrading enzymes, cannabinoids, and metformin. Both immunopharmacological and enzymatic approaches rely on restricting and degrading nicotine within the periphery, thus preventing psychoactive effects of nicotine on the central nervous system. In contrast, pharmacologic inhibition of the enzymes which degrade nicotine could affect smoking behavior. Cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists interact with the dopamine reward pathway and show efficacy in reducing nicotine addiction-like behaviors in preclinical studies. Metformin is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of diabetes. It activates specific intracellular kinases that may protect against the lower metabolism, higher oxidation, and inflammation that are associated with nicotine withdrawal. Further studies are needed to investigate non-nicotinic targets to improve the treatment of tobacco use disorder. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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15
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Butler K, Le Foll B. Novel therapeutic and drug development strategies for tobacco use disorder: endocannabinoid modulation. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1065-1080. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1767581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Butler
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Miladinovic T, Manwell LA, Raaphorst E, Malecki SL, Rana SA, Mallet PE. Effects of chronic nicotine exposure on Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced locomotor activity and neural activation in male and female adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 194:172931. [PMID: 32353393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE High rates of comorbid tobacco and cannabis use in adolescents and young adults may be related to functional interactions between the nicotinic cholinergic and cannabinoid systems in the brain during development. This study examined the effects of chronic exposure to nicotine (the psychoactive component in tobacco) on acute exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (the psychoactive component of cannabis). METHODS Male and female adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 112) were injected daily with nicotine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle for 14 days, followed by a 14-day drug-free period. On test day, rats were injected with THC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, locomotor activity was recorded for 2 h, and brains harvested for c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR). RESULTS Locomotor activity and c-Fos IR changes induced by THC challenge were altered by nicotine pre-exposure and modified by age and sex. THC-induced suppression of locomotor activity was attenuated by nicotine pre-exposure in adult but not adolescent males. THC-induced suppression of locomotor activity was potentiated by nicotine pre-exposure in female adolescents, with no effects of THC or nicotine observed in female adults. THC increased c-Fos IR in the caudate, nucleus accumbens, stria terminalis, septum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Nicotine pre-exposure potentiated this effect in all regions. Several brain regions showed age and sex differences in c-Fos IR such that expression was greater in adults than adolescents and in females than males. CONCLUSIONS Chronic nicotine pre-exposure produces lasting effects on cannabinoid-mediated signalling in the brain and on behaviour that are mediated by age and sex. FUNDING SUPPORT NSERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miladinovic
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - L A Manwell
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada.
| | - E Raaphorst
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - S L Malecki
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - S A Rana
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - P E Mallet
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
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17
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Haro G, Calabrese JR, Larsson C, Shirley ER, Martín E, Leal C, Delgado PL. The relationship of personality traits to substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 22:305-8. [PMID: 17521889 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to determine if personality traits contribute to the likelihood of substance abuse in Bipolar Disorder (BD).Subjects/materials and methodsFifty-nine patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BD: 20 without any history of Substance Related Disorder (SRD), 21 with a lifetime history of SRD but without current SRD, and 18 with current SRD. Patients filled out the TCI, the differences were analyzed by ANOVA and the likelihood was obtained by Multinomial Logistic Regression.ResultsOnly Novelty Seeking (NS) is statistically different between the groups. Patients with BD with current SRD have higher rates in NS than those with past SRD, and those without a history of SRD. NS was confirmed as a predicting variable, both to current SRD (OR [CI 95%] = 1.039/1.351; p = 0.011) and past SRD (OR [CI 95%] = 1.004/1.277; p = 0.042) on patients with BD.DiscussionThe results shown would appear to confirm the relationship of NS with the SRD, so long as there is no clear evidence that indicates the association of NS with BD.ConclusionsThere appears a greater predisposition to develop SRD in those patients with a higher degree of NS. The use of the Cloninger's TCI could be used in BD to determine the risk of developing an SRD. Early detection might help improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Haro
- Dual Pathology Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital de la Ribera, C/Onda s/n, 46600 Alzira, Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Shoaib M, Perkins KA. Preclinical and clinical research on the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108063. [PMID: 32220607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Across species, nicotine can produce robust discriminative stimulus (DS) effects, as with other drugs of abuse, a feature that has been harnessed to advance our understanding on the neuropharmacological mechanisms of nicotine's actions. With the crucial role played by nicotine in supporting tobacco dependence, nicotine DS effects have presented an ideal platform to develop novel generation of smoking cessation compounds. Findings from preclinical strands of research have invigorated the field of human discrimination research to objectively assess nicotine's interoceptive stimulus effects. As such, translation studies provide proof of concept for nicotine DS research as a method to assess the subjective effects of nicotine per se, separate from non-nicotine stimuli involved in smoking. Recent clinical studies with low doses have demonstrated that perceiving nicotine's DS effects is necessary, yet not sufficient, for that dose to be reinforcing. These measures have been instrumental in developing novel strategies with regards to establishing threshold doses of nicotine contained in tobacco products, to then determine subthreshold doses that cannot be discriminated and, therefore, fail to maintain reinforcement. Findings from preclinical and clinical nicotine DS research could substantially inform public health policies aimed at regulating nicotine content of consumer products so that they minimize risks of dependency. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Kenneth A Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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He Y, Galaj E, Bi GH, Wang XF, Gardner E, Xi ZX. β-Caryophyllene, a dietary terpenoid, inhibits nicotine taking and nicotine seeking in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2058-2072. [PMID: 31883107 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a plant-derived terpenoid used as a food additive for many decades. Recent studies indicate that BCP is a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist with medical benefits for a number of human diseases. However, little is known about its therapeutic potential for drug abuse and addiction. EXPERIMENT APPROACH We used pharmacological, transgenic, and optogenetic approaches to systematically evaluate the effects of BCP on nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behaviour in animal models of drug self-administration, electrical, and optical brain-stimulation reward. KEY RESULTS Systemic administration of BCP dose-dependently inhibited nicotine self-administration and motivation for nicotine seeking in rats and mice. The reduction in nicotine self-administration was blocked by AM630, a selective CB2 receptor antagonist, but not by AM251, a selective CB1 receptor antagonist, suggesting involvement of a CB2 receptor mechanism. Genetic deletion of CB2 receptors in mice blocked the reduction in nicotine self-administration produced only by low doses, but not by high doses, of BCP, suggesting involvement of both CB2 and non-CB2 receptor mechanisms. Furthermore, in the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm, BCP attenuated electrical brain-stimulation reward and nicotine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward in rats. Lastly, BCP also attenuated brain-stimulation reward maintained by optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area in DAT-cre mice, suggesting the involvement of a dopamine-dependent mechanism in BCP's action. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present findings suggest that BCP has significant anti-nicotine effects via both CB2 and non-CB2 receptor mechanisms and, therefore, deserves further study as a potential new pharmacotherapy for cigarette smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eliot Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Struik RF, De Vries TJ, Peters J. Detrimental Effects of a Retrieval-Extinction Procedure on Nicotine Seeking, but Not Cocaine Seeking. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:243. [PMID: 31680898 PMCID: PMC6803535 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrieval-extinction memory reactivation procedures have been used to prevent the return of learned fear and drug seeking in preclinical models. These procedures first reactivate the original memory with a brief cue exposure (i.e., retrieval) session, and then disrupt memory reconsolidation by conducting extinction training within the reconsolidation window. The original memory is thought to be updated with the new information conveyed by extinction learning, resulting in a persistent therapeutic effect beyond that observed with extinction training alone (i.e., no retrieval). Here, we attempted to replicate the therapeutic effects on cocaine seeking reported by Xue et al. (2012), and extend these findings to nicotine seeking. Rats self-administered either cocaine or nicotine with contingent cues for weeks, and were then divided into two groups. The retrieval group underwent a 10-min retrieval session wherein drug cues were available, but drug was not. Ten minutes later, they were allowed to continue cue extinction training for an additional 60 min. The no retrieval group underwent a contiguous 70-min cue extinction session. These procedures continued for weeks, followed by a test for spontaneous recovery of drug seeking. No group differences were observed on any measure of cocaine seeking, although both groups exhibited extinction and spontaneous recovery. By contrast, for nicotine seeking, the retrieval group exhibited resistance to extinction, an effect that persisted on the spontaneous recovery test. These findings underscore the importance of drug type in the outcome of retrieval-extinction procedures and moreover indicate that retrieval-extinction procedures can be detrimental to nicotine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Struik
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jamie Peters
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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21
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Eiler WJA, Gleason SD, Smith JL, Witkin JM. A medium throughput rodent model of relapse from addiction with behavioral and pharmacological specificity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 183:72-79. [PMID: 31202811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of most formidable problems in the treatment of addiction is the high rate of relapse. The discovery of medicines to help mitigate relapse are aided by animal models that currently involve weeks of training and require surgical preparations and drug delivery devices. The present set of experiments was initiated to investigate a rapid 8-day screening method that utilizes food instead of intravenous drug administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a reinstatement paradigm in which every lever press produced a 45 mg food pellet concurrently paired with a light and tone. Behavior was subsequently extinguished with lever responses producing neither food nor food-associated stimuli. Reinstatement of responding was evaluated under conditions in which the first three responses of every 5 min time bin produced a food pellet along with food-associated stimuli. The mGlu5 receptor antagonists MPEP and MTEP produced a significant reduction in reinstatement while failing to alter responding where every response produced food. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant and the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 also selectively reduced reinstatement. Other compounds including clozapine, d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide, ABT-431, naltrexone and citalopram were without effect. The results suggest that relapse-like behavioral effects can be extended to non-pharmacological reinforcers. Drug effects demonstrated both behavioral and pharmacological specificity. The present experimental design thus allows for efficient and rapid assessment of the effects of drugs that might be useful in the treatment of addiction-associated relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J A Eiler
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College, Franklin, IN, USA; Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Scott D Gleason
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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22
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Garcia‐Rivas V, Deroche‐Gamonet V. Not all smokers appear to seek nicotine for the same reasons: implications for preclinical research in nicotine dependence. Addict Biol 2019; 24:317-334. [PMID: 29480575 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use leads to 6 million deaths every year due to severe long-lasting diseases. The main component of tobacco, nicotine, is recognized as one of the most addictive drugs, making smoking cessation difficult, even when 70 percent of smokers wish to do so. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated consistently that nicotine seeking is a complex behavior involving various psychopharmacological mechanisms. Evidence supports that the population of smokers is heterogeneous, particularly as regards the breadth of motives that determine the urge to smoke. Here, we review converging psychological, genetic and neurobiological data from clinical and preclinical studies supporting that the mechanisms controlling nicotine seeking may vary from individual to individual. It appears timely that basic neuroscience integrates this heterogeneity to refine our understanding of the neurobiology of nicotine seeking, as tremendous progress has been made in modeling the various psychopharmacological mechanisms driving nicotine seeking in rodents. For a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive nicotine seeking, we emphasize the need for individual-based research strategies in which nicotine seeking, and eventually treatment efficacy, are determined while taking into account individual variations in the mechanisms of nicotine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Garcia‐Rivas
- Université de Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1215, Psychobiology of Drug AddictionNeuroCentre Magendie France
| | - Véronique Deroche‐Gamonet
- Université de Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1215, Psychobiology of Drug AddictionNeuroCentre Magendie France
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23
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Chye Y, Christensen E, Solowij N, Yücel M. The Endocannabinoid System and Cannabidiol's Promise for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:63. [PMID: 30837904 PMCID: PMC6390812 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder is characterized by repeated use of a substance, leading to clinically significant distress, making it a serious public health concern. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in common neurobiological processes underlying substance use disorder, in particular by mediating the rewarding and motivational effects of substances and substance-related cues. In turn, a number of cannabinoid drugs (e.g., rimonabant, nabiximols) have been suggested for potential pharmacological treatment for substance dependence. Recently, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in the cannabis plant, has also been proposed as a potentially effective treatment for the management of substance use disorder. Animal and human studies suggest that these cannabinoids have the potential to reduce craving and relapse in abstinent substance users, by impairing reconsolidation of drug-reward memory, salience of drug cues, and inhibiting the reward-facilitating effect of drugs. Such functions likely arise through the targeting of the endocannabinoid and serotonergic systems, although the exact mechanism is yet to be elucidated. This article seeks to review the role of the endocannabinoid system in substance use disorder and the proposed pharmacological action supporting cannabinoid drugs' therapeutic potential in addictions, with a focus on CBD. Subsequently, this article will evaluate the underlying evidence for CBD as a potential treatment for substance use disorder, across a range of substances including nicotine, alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids, and cannabis. While early research supports CBD's promise, further investigation and validation of CBD's efficacy, across preclinical and clinical trials will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Chye
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Erynn Christensen
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Clemens KJ, Holmes NM. An extended history of drug self-administration results in multiple sources of control over drug seeking behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:48-55. [PMID: 29129722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that across the development of drug addiction, cues associated with drug use come to exert increasing control over drug seeking and taking behaviors. However, there remain gaps in our knowledge regarding how the different types of drug related cues affect drug seeking and taking behaviors, and how the emergence of cue control over these behaviors relates to the onset of drug seeking compulsions. This paper reviews the literature on drug self-administration in animals to address these gaps. It first identifies the different types of cues that acquire control over reward seeking behavior generally, and examines whether the same types of cues acquire control over drug seeking behavior specifically. It then examines how the role of drug related cues in motivating and reinforcing drug seeking behavior changes across an extended drug-taking history, with a particular focus on the case of nicotine. The evidence reviewed shows that, after an extended history of drug taking, drug seeking behaviors are controlled by contextual cues associated with the development of drug seeking habits, response contingent cues that accompany delivery of the drug, as well as internal states that correlate with levels of drug intake. These multiple sources of control over drug seeking are discussed in relation to the generation of an addicted phenotype in animal models and the hypothesized progression from internal control over drug use to compulsive drug seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Clemens
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nathan M Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Lee DC, Walker DD, Hughes JR, Brunette MF, Scherer E, Stanger C, Etter JF, Auty S, Budney AJ. Sequential and simultaneous treatment approaches to cannabis use disorder and tobacco use. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 98:39-46. [PMID: 30665602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking among those seeking treatment for cannabis use disorder (CUD) is common and is a negative predictor of cannabis outcomes. Quitting tobacco may be beneficial for those seeking to quit cannabis use. This initial proof of concept, controlled trial was designed to compare a simultaneous versus sequential tobacco intervention among those seeking treatment for CUD. Sixty-seven adults received either a simultaneous (SIM) or sequential (SEQ) approach to tobacco cessation in the context of outpatient treatment for CUD. A tobacco intervention (TI) that combined web-based counseling with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was provided during weeks 1-12 for SIM and was delayed until weeks 13-24 for SEQ. During weeks 1-12, no between-condition significant differences were observed on treatment participation or cannabis use outcomes. The majority of SIM participants initiated TI counseling (62%), 50% made at least one quit attempt and 41% initiated NRT. Interestingly, 39% in SEQ made tobacco quit attempts and 18% initiated NRT on their own before the TI was offered to them. However, only 30% of those in SEQ continued treatment during weeks 13-24, which compromised between-condition comparisons following the TI, but illustrated a potential clinical concern with delaying the TI. Tobacco cessation outcomes generally were poor and did not differ between conditions. This initial controlled trial suggests that addressing tobacco use during CUD treatment is acceptable and generates action towards tobacco cessation. Additional trials testing more intensive TI models may be necessary to identify more efficacious interventions for co-use of cannabis and tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Denise D Walker
- Innovative Programs Research Group, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - John R Hughes
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Mary F Brunette
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, United States of America
| | - Emily Scherer
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, United States of America
| | - Catherine Stanger
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, United States of America
| | - Jean-Francois Etter
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samantha Auty
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, United States of America
| | - Alan J Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, United States of America.
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Vandaele Y, Noe E, Cador M, Dellu-Hagedorn F, Caille S. Attentional capacities prior to drug exposure predict motivation to self-administer nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2041-2050. [PMID: 29704216 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine can enhance attention and attribution of incentive salience to nicotine-associated stimuli. However, it is not clear whether inter-individual differences in attentional capacities prior to any exposure could play a role in vulnerability to nicotine self-administration. We further explored this vulnerability through pre-existing inter-individual differences in attention to a reward-predictive cue in drug-free animals. METHODS A cued version of the Fixed Consecutive Number schedule (FCN16cue) of reinforcement task was used to assess attention. This task consists in completing a long chain of sequential lever presses to obtain a reward, and examines the rats' ability to pay attention to a cue light that signals its availability. Rats were then trained to self-administer nicotine intravenously (30 μg/kg/0.1 mL). Drug-taking and seeking behaviors were investigated. RESULTS Our results showed important inter-individual differences in response for nicotine during the progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. By comparing rats in the lower and upper quartiles of the mean breaking point, we showed that high-motivated rats were also more sensitive to the reinforcing properties of nicotine than low-motivated ones. We found that while both groups did not differ in premature responding in the FCN16cue task, high-motivated rats were more efficient in taking the cue light into account than low-motivated rats as shown by a higher proportion of optimal chains, indicating a higher level of attention to the reward-predictive cue. Moreover, it was positively correlated with higher motivation for nicotine, a hallmark of nicotine addiction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher attention to reward-associated cues prior to drug taking predicts vulnerability to nicotine-reinforcing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youna Vandaele
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, BP31, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5287-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Noe
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, BP31, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5287-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martine Cador
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, BP31, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5287-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Françoise Dellu-Hagedorn
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, BP31, F-33076, Bordeaux, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5287-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Stephanie Caille
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, BP31, F-33076, Bordeaux, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5287-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
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Palmisano AN, Hudd EC, McQuade CM, de Wit H, Astur RS. The effects of nicotine on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in humans. Addict Behav 2018; 77:51-58. [PMID: 28957728 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has been shown to enhance the reinforcement and reward-responsiveness of non-nicotine stimuli. To determine whether nicotine enhances the strength of conditioning to context, undergraduate participants with varying levels of nicotine dependence were recruited for a two-day study and tested on a virtual reality (VR) conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. On day one, participants explored two virtual rooms where they received multiple pairings of M&M rewards in one room and no rewards in the other room, followed by a free-access test session with no rewards. On day two, participants received three test sessions to assess extinction. Subsequently, participants received M&Ms. in a novel context and were then tested for reinstatement. Prior to testing on each day, subjects were administered either nicotine (4mg) or placebo lozenges, in a between-subjects, four-group, 2×2 design (nicotine or placebo on days 1 and 2). After conditioning on day one, only participants who received placebo exhibited a CPP by spending significantly more time in the room previously-paired with M&Ms. Contrary to our hypothesis, nicotine-treated participants did not display a significant CPP, and there were no significant differences between treatment groups. However, post hoc analysis indicated that in a subset of participants with greater nicotine dependence, the nicotine group displayed a CPP by rating the M&M-paired room as significantly more enjoyable than those who received placebo. Additionally, while neither treatment group showed significant place preferences during the first two extinction sessions on Day 2, individuals who received nicotine on Day 1 or placebo on Day 2 spent significantly more time in the M&M-paired room during the final extinction session. Finally, those who received nicotine on Day 2 exhibited significantly greater reinstatement compared to placebo-treated participants. These results partially support preclinical evidence that nicotine can affect learning, extinction, and reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Palmisano
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Eleanor C Hudd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Courtney M McQuade
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC3077 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert S Astur
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA
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Klenowski PM, Tapper AR. Molecular, Neuronal, and Behavioral Effects of Ethanol and Nicotine Interactions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:187-212. [PMID: 29423839 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Robinson JD, Cinciripini PM, Karam-Hage M, Aubin HJ, Dale LC, Niaura R, Anthenelli RM. Pooled analysis of three randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials with rimonabant for smoking cessation. Addict Biol 2018; 23:291-303. [PMID: 28429843 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the withdrawal of CB1 antagonists, such as rimonabant, from the market and from active clinical development because of concerns about their side effect profiles, research suggests that the endocannabinoid system may play an important role in modulating nicotine's effects. We report the combined results, using a pooled analysis, of three previously unpublished trials assessing rimonabant as a smoking cessation pharmacotherapy conducted between 2002 and 2004. Smokers (n = 2097) motivated to quit were enrolled in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, STRATUS EU, US, and META, which consisted of a 10-week treatment period with either rimonabant 20 mg (n = 789), 5 mg (n = 518; used in only two of the three studies), or placebo (n = 790), in conjunction with brief counseling. The impact of drug on prolonged abstinence and adverse events was examined at 8 weeks (end-of-treatment) and at 48 weeks (available for STRATUS EU and US) after the targeted quit date. Rimonabant 20 mg resulted in significantly higher abstinence at end-of-treatment and at 48 weeks post-targeted quit date compared with placebo, while rimonabant 5 mg and placebo did not differ. Serious AEs did not differ by drug group. The 20 mg rimonabant dose, compared with placebo, produced increased nausea, diarrhea, anxiety symptoms, hyporexia, and vomiting, and decreased headache, constipation, and cough. These results support rimonabant 20 mg as a modestly effective aid for smoking cessation. Although work on CB1 antagonists such as rimonabant has mostly been stopped because of unacceptable adverse events, these results may inform and spur the development of other endocannabinoids for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maher Karam-Hage
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Henri-Jean Aubin
- CESP; Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud; Villejuif France
| | | | - Raymond Niaura
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies; Washington DC USA
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Moore CF, Schlain GS, Mancino S, Sabino V, Cottone P. A behavioral and pharmacological characterization of palatable diet alternation in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:1-8. [PMID: 29097161 PMCID: PMC5911178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and eating disorders are widespread in Western societies. Both the increased availability of highly palatable foods and dieting are major risk factors contributing to the epidemic of disorders of feeding. The purpose of this study was to characterize an animal model of maladaptive feeding induced by intermittent access to a palatable diet alternation in mice. In this study, mice were either continuously provided with standard chow food (Chow/Chow), or provided with standard chow for 2days and a high-sucrose, palatable food for 1day (Chow/Palatable). Following stability of intake within the cycling paradigm, we then investigated the effects of several pharmacological treatments on excessive eating of palatable food: naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, SR141716A, a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, and BD-1063, a sigma-1 receptor antagonist. Over successive cycles, Chow/Palatable mice showed an escalation of palatable food intake within the first hour of renewed access to palatable diet and displayed hypophagia upon its removal. Naltrexone, SR141716A, and BD-1063 all reduced overconsumption of palatable food during this first hour. Here we provide evidence of strong face and convergent validity in a palatable diet alternation model in mice, confirming multiple shared underlying mechanisms of pathological eating across species, and thus making it a useful therapeutic development tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle S Schlain
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Mancino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Silva AAF, Barbosa-Souza E, Confessor-Carvalho C, Silva RRR, De Brito ACL, Cata-Preta EG, Silva Oliveira T, Berro LF, Oliveira-Lima AJ, Marinho EAV. Context-dependent effects of rimonabant on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in female mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:317-324. [PMID: 28837947 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant has been previously found to prevent behavioral effects of drugs of abuse in a context-dependent manner, suggesting an important role of endocannabinoid signaling in drug-induced environmental conditioning. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of rimonabant on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in female mice. METHODS Animals were conditioned with saline or ethanol (1.8g/kg) during 8 sessions, and subsequently treated with either saline or rimonabant (1 or 10mg/kg) in the CPP environment previously associated with saline (unpaired) or ethanol (paired) for 6 consecutive days. Animals were then challenged with ethanol (1.8g/kg) in the ethanol-paired environment and ethanol-induced CPP was quantified on the following day. RESULTS While treatment with 1mg/kg rimonabant in the saline-associated environment had no effects on the subsequent expression of ethanol-induced CPP, it blocked the expression of CPP to ethanol when paired to the ethanol-associated environment. When given in the ethanol-paired environment, 10mg/kg rimonabant induced aversion to the ethanol-associated environment. The same aversion effect was observed for 10mg/kg rimonabant when given in the saline-associated environment, thereby potentiating the expression of ethanol-induced CPP. Importantly, rimonabant did not induce CPP or conditioned place aversion on its own. Controlling for the estrous cycle phase showed no influences of hormonal cycle on the development and expression of ethanol-induced CPP. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that rimonabant reduces the rewarding properties of ethanol by abolishing drug-environment conditioning in the CPP paradigm in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A F Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Barbosa-Souza
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Cassio Confessor-Carvalho
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Raiany R R Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina L De Brito
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Elisangela G Cata-Preta
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Silva Oliveira
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Lais F Berro
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Alexandre J Oliveira-Lima
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A V Marinho
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-0, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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32
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Stojakovic A, Espinosa EP, Farhad OT, Lutfy K. Effects of nicotine on homeostatic and hedonic components of food intake. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R13-R31. [PMID: 28814527 PMCID: PMC5578410 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tobacco use leads to nicotine addiction that is characterized by exaggerated urges to use the drug despite the accompanying negative health and socioeconomic burdens. Interestingly, nicotine users are found to be leaner than the general population. Review of the existing literature revealed that nicotine affects energy homeostasis and food consumption via altering the activity of neurons containing orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the brain. Hypothalamus is one of the critical brain areas that regulates energy balance via the action of these neuropeptides. The equilibrium between these two groups of peptides can be shifted by nicotine leading to decreased food intake and weight loss. The aim of this article is to review the existing literature on the effect of nicotine on food intake and energy homeostasis and report on the changes that nicotine brings about in the level of these peptides and their receptors that may explain changes in food intake and body weight induced by nicotine. Furthermore, we review the effect of nicotine on the hedonic aspect of food intake. Finally, we discuss the involvement of different subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulatory action of nicotine on food intake and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stojakovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
- Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics LaboratoryMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Enma P Espinosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinica Biochemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Osman T Farhad
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Thomas BF. Interactions of Cannabinoids With Biochemical Substrates. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2017; 11:1178221817711418. [PMID: 28607542 PMCID: PMC5457144 DOI: 10.1177/1178221817711418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen much progress in the identification and characterization of cannabinoid receptors and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which derivatives of the Cannabis sativa plant bind to receptors and produce their physiological and psychological effects. The information generated in this process has enabled better understanding of the fundamental physiological and psychological processes controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems and has fostered the development of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. A negative aspect of this decades-long effort is the proliferation of clandestinely synthesized analogs as recreational street drugs with dangerous effects. Currently, the interactions of cannabinoids with their biochemical substrates are extensively but inadequately understood, and the clinical application of derived and synthetic receptor ligands remains quite limited. The wide anatomical distribution and functional complexity of the cannabinoid system continue to indicate potential for both therapeutic and side effects, which offers challenges and opportunities for medicinal chemists involved in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Clemens KJ, Lay BPP, Holmes NM. Extended nicotine self-administration increases sensitivity to nicotine, motivation to seek nicotine and the reinforcing properties of nicotine-paired cues. Addict Biol 2017; 22:400-410. [PMID: 26626055 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An array of pharmacological and environmental factors influence the development and maintenance of tobacco addiction. The nature of these influences likely changes across the course of an extended smoking history, during which time drug seeking can become involuntary and uncontrolled. The present study used an animal model to examine the factors that drive nicotine-seeking behavior after either brief (10 days) or extended (40 days) self-administration training. In Experiment 1, extended training increased rats' sensitivity to nicotine, indicated by a leftward shift in the dose-response curve, and their motivation to work for nicotine, indicated by an increase in the break point achieved under a progressive ratio schedule. In Experiment 2, extended training imbued the nicotine-paired cue with the capacity to maintain responding to the same high level as nicotine itself. However, Experiment 3 showed that the mechanisms involved in responding for nicotine or a nicotine-paired cue are dissociable, as treatment with the partial nicotine receptor agonist, varenicline, suppressed responding for nicotine but potentiated responding for the nicotine-paired cue. Hence, across extended nicotine self-administration, pharmacological and environmental influences over nicotine seeking increase such that nicotine seeking is controlled by multiple sources, and therefore highly resistant to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Clemens
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Belinda P. P. Lay
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Nathan M. Holmes
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
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Chronic FAAH inhibition during nicotine abstinence alters habenular CB1 receptor activity and precipitates depressive-like behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:252-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Johnson KA, Lovinger DM. Presynaptic G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Gatekeepers of Addiction? Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:264. [PMID: 27891077 PMCID: PMC5104741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction cause widespread social and public health problems, and the neurobiology underlying drug actions and drug use and abuse is an area of intensive research. Drugs of abuse alter synaptic transmission, and these actions contribute to acute intoxication as well as the chronic effects of abused substances. Transmission at most mammalian synapses involves neurotransmitter activation of two receptor subtypes, ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic responses and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have slower neuromodulatory actions. The GPCRs represent a large proportion of neurotransmitter receptors involved in almost all facets of nervous system function. In addition, these receptors are targets for many pharmacotherapeutic agents. Drugs of abuse directly or indirectly affect neuromodulation mediated by GPCRs, with important consequences for intoxication, drug taking and responses to prolonged drug exposure, withdrawal and addiction. Among the GPCRs are several subtypes involved in presynaptic inhibition, most of which are coupled to the Gi/o class of G protein. There is increasing evidence that these presynaptic Gi/o-coupled GPCRs have important roles in the actions of drugs of abuse, as well as behaviors related to these drugs. This topic will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on receptors for three neurotransmitters, Dopamine (DA; D1- and D2-like receptors), Endocannabinoids (eCBs; CB1 receptors) and glutamate (group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors). The focus is on recent evidence from laboratory animal models (and some evidence in humans) implicating these receptors in the acute and chronic effects of numerous abused drugs, as well as in the control of drug seeking and taking. The ability of drugs targeting these receptors to modify drug seeking behavior has raised the possibility of using compounds targeting these receptors for addiction pharmacotherapy. This topic is also discussed, with emphasis on development of mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A. Johnson
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
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Finer N, Pagotto U. Review: The endocannabinoid system: a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular risk factor management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/14746514050050030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
uropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice have identified obesity and smoking as primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the increased prevalence of which underlines the need for new therapeutic targets. The endocannabinoid (EC) system is a physiological system, comprising the cannabinoid receptors, cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), and their natural ligands, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol (2-AG). The system plays a key role in energy balance regulation, both centrally and peripherally impacting on food intake, lipid and glucose metabolism, and fat accumulation. The EC system is also involved in nicotine dependence. Over activity of the EC system, associated with obesity or chronic tobacco use, leads to increased levels of endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and disrupts the feedback mechanism related to steady state homeostasis. Rimonabant, the first selective CB1 receptor blocker, normalises the EC system, reduces food intake and body weight, improves lipid and glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and reduces nicotine self-administration. Clinical trials are ongoing to support the therapeutic potential of rimonabant in reducing these multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Finer
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Box 127, Level 5 ACCI, Addenbrooke's Hospital (Box 127), Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK,
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (C.R.B.A), Sant-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40125, Bologna, Italy
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Gueye AB, Pryslawsky Y, Trigo JM, Poulia N, Delis F, Antoniou K, Loureiro M, Laviolette SR, Vemuri K, Makriyannis A, Le Foll B. The CB1 Neutral Antagonist AM4113 Retains the Therapeutic Efficacy of the Inverse Agonist Rimonabant for Nicotine Dependence and Weight Loss with Better Psychiatric Tolerability. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw068. [PMID: 27493155 PMCID: PMC5203757 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies suggest a pivotal role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating the reinforcing effects of various substances of abuse. Rimonabant, a CB1 inverse agonist found to be effective for smoking cessation, was associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depression. Here we evaluated the effects of the CB1 neutral antagonist AM4113 on the abuse-related effects of nicotine and its effects on anxiety and depressive-like behavior in rats. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer nicotine under a fixed-ratio 5 or progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. A control group was trained to self-administer food. The acute/chronic effects of AM4113 pretreatment were evaluated on nicotine taking, motivation for nicotine, and cue-, nicotine priming- and yohimbine-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking. The effects of AM4113 in the basal firing and bursting activity of midbrain dopamine neurons were evaluated in a separate group of animals treated with nicotine. Anxiety/depression-like effects of AM4113 and rimonabant were evaluated 24h after chronic (21 days) pretreatment (0, 1, 3, and 10mg/kg, 1/d). RESULTS AM4113 significantly attenuated nicotine taking, motivation for nicotine, as well as cue-, priming- and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. These effects were accompanied by a decrease of the firing and burst rates in the ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in response to nicotine. On the other hand, AM4113 pretreatment did not have effects on operant responding for food. Importantly, AM4113 did not have effects on anxiety and showed antidepressant-like effects. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that AM4113 could be a promising therapeutic option for the prevention of relapse to nicotine-seeking while lacking anxiety/depression-like side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Dr Gueye, Mr Pryslawsky, Dr Trigo, and Dr Le Foll), Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments (Dr Le Foll), and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (Dr Le Foll), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Dr Le Foll); Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Dr Le Foll); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece (Ms Poulia and Drs Delis and Antoniou); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada (Drs Loureiro and Laviolette); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (Drs Vemuri and Makriyannis).
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Schuster RM, Mermelstein RJ, Hedeker D. Ecological momentary assessment of working memory under conditions of simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use. Addiction 2016; 111:1466-76. [PMID: 26857917 PMCID: PMC4940223 DOI: 10.1111/add.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The neuropsychological correlates of simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use are largely unknown, which is surprising as both substances have similar neural substrates and have opposing influences on working memory (WM). This study examined the effects of marijuana alone, tobacco alone and simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use on WM. DESIGN Primary aims were tested using a within-subject design, controlling for multiple subject- and momentary-level confounds via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). SETTING Data collection occurred in the Chicago, USA area in participants' natural environments. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 287 community young adults from a larger natural history study, oversampled for ever smoking, all of whom event-recorded at least one substance use occasion during the study week. MEASUREMENTS Momentary tobacco, marijuana and alcohol use were recorded during multiple EMA across 1 week of data capture. WM was assessed at the end of each EMA assessment. Contextual variables that may influence WM were recorded via EMA. FINDINGS There were main effects for marijuana and tobacco: WM was poorer with marijuana [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84-0.99] and better with tobacco (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04-1.18). These effects were not qualified by an interaction (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.84-1.26). Alcohol also reduced WM (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79-0.95), and the tobacco × alcohol interaction was significant (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.66-0.99), indicating that the facilitative effect of tobacco disappeared with concurrent alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Relative to when individuals did not use these substances, working memory decreased with acute marijuana and alcohol use and increased with acute tobacco use. However, the putative effect of marijuana on working memory and the facilitative effect of tobacco on working memory were no longer present when used simultaneously with tobacco and alcohol, respectively. Data suggest that tobacco use may compensate for working memory decrements from marijuana among young adults and highlight the importance of investigating further the negative impact of alcohol use on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Melissa Schuster
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robin J. Mermelstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Institute for Health Research and Policy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Scherma M, Muntoni AL, Melis M, Fattore L, Fadda P, Fratta W, Pistis M. Interactions between the endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic systems: preclinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1765-77. [PMID: 26728894 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several lines of evidence suggest that endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic systems are implicated in the regulation of different physiological processes, including reward, and in the neuropathological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases, such as addiction. A crosstalk between these two systems is substantiated by the overlapping distribution of cannabinoid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in many brain structures. OBJECTIVE We will review recent preclinical data showing how the endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic systems interact bidirectionally at the level of the brain reward pathways, and how this interaction plays a key role in modulating nicotine and cannabinoid intake and dependence. RESULTS Many behavioral and neurochemical effects of nicotine that are related to its addictive potential are reduced by pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of type-1 cannabinoid receptors, inhibition of endocannabinoid uptake or metabolic degradation, and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-α. On the other hand, cholinergic antagonists at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as well as endogenous negative allosteric modulators of these receptors are effective in blocking dependence-related effects of cannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system and endocannabinoid-like neuromodulators shows promise in the treatment of nicotine dependence and in relapse prevention. Likewise, drugs acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors might prove useful in the therapy of cannabinoid dependence. Research by Steven R. Goldberg has significantly contributed to the progress in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Muntoni
- Neuroscience Institute, section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Neuroscience Institute, section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute, section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy.
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enhances cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1815-22. [PMID: 26490035 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco smoking is still a major population health issue. The endocannabinoid system has been shown to control drug-seeking behaviors. There are two main endocannabinoids: anandamide degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) degraded by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). OBJECTIVES The role of MAGL has only been explored recently, and so far, no study have been performed to evaluate the effects of MAGL inhibitor on nicotine reinforcing properties and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. METHODS Here, we investigated the effects of the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 on nicotine self-administration under fixed and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement and on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in mice. We also evaluated the effects of JZL184 on food self-administration for possible non-specific effects. RESULTS JZL184 (0, 8, and 16 mg/kg) did not affect food taking, nicotine taking, or motivation for nicotine. MAGL inhibition by JZL184 (16 mg/kg) increased reinstatement of previously extinguished nicotine seeking induced by presentation of nicotine-associated cues, but did not produce reinstatement on its own. CONCLUSIONS This study implicates involvement of 2-AG in nicotine-seeking behaviors.
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Zlebnik NE, Cheer JF. Beyond the CB1 Receptor: Is Cannabidiol the Answer for Disorders of Motivation? Annu Rev Neurosci 2016; 39:1-17. [PMID: 27023732 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cannabis sativa plant has been used to treat various physiological and psychiatric conditions for millennia. Current research is focused on isolating potentially therapeutic chemical constituents from the plant for use in the treatment of many central nervous system disorders. Of particular interest is the primary nonpsychoactive constituent cannabidiol (CBD). Unlike Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not act through the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor but has many other receptor targets that may play a role in psychiatric disorders. Here we review preclinical and clinical data outlining the therapeutic efficacy of CBD for the treatment of motivational disorders such as drug addiction, anxiety, and depression. Across studies, findings suggest promising treatment effects and potentially overlapping mechanisms of action for CBD in these disorders and indicate the need for further systematic investigation of the viability of CBD as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Zlebnik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201;
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201;
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Parikh V, Cole RD, Patel PJ, Poole RL, Gould TJ. Cognitive control deficits during mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal in mice: Possible links to frontostriatal BDNF imbalance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 128:110-6. [PMID: 26775017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a major psychoactive and addictive component of tobacco. Although cessation of tobacco use produces various somatic and affective symptoms, withdrawal-related cognitive deficits are considered to be a critical symptom that predict relapse. Therefore, delineating the cognitive mechanisms of nicotine withdrawal may likely provide gainful insights into the neurobiology of nicotine addiction. The present study was designed to examine the effects of nicotine withdrawal induced by mecamylamine, a non-specific nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonist, on cognitive control processes in mice using an operant strategy switching task. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates synaptic transmission in frontostriatal circuits, and these circuits are critical for executive functions. Thus, we examined the effects of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal on prefrontal and striatal BDNF protein expression. Mice undergoing precipitated nicotine withdrawal required more trials to attain strategy switching criterion as compared to the controls. Error analysis indicated that impaired performance in these animals was mostly related to their inability to execute the new strategy. The striatal/prefrontal BDNF ratios robustly increased following precipitated nicotine withdrawal. Moreover, higher BDNF ratios were associated with longer task acquisition. Collectively, our findings illustrate that mecamylamine-induced nicotine withdrawal disrupts cognitive control processes and that these changes are possibly linked to perturbations in frontostriatal BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Robert D Cole
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Purav J Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Rachel L Poole
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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Antidepressant-like effects of the cannabinoid receptor ligands in the forced swimming test in mice: Mechanism of action and possible interactions with cholinergic system. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Panlilio LV, Hogarth L, Shoaib M. Concurrent access to nicotine and sucrose in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1451-60. [PMID: 25366874 PMCID: PMC4388763 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models that allow concurrent access to drug and nondrug reinforcers provide unique insight into the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of drug use. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop and utilize a concurrent access procedure with nicotine and sucrose in rats. METHODS Pressing one lever delivered intravenous nicotine, and pressing another lever delivered sucrose pellets, with both reinforcers freely available throughout daily sessions. RESULTS Rats that had been pretrained with nicotine on some days and sucrose on other days responded on both levers when subsequently given concurrent access, but almost all responded at substantially higher rates on the sucrose lever. In contrast, rats pretrained exclusively with nicotine before being given concurrent access showed individual differences, with about half responding more on the nicotine lever. Treatment with the nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline selectively decreased nicotine self-administration. Food restriction and removal of the sucrose lever both increased nicotine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS The finding that rats continue to take nicotine when sucrose is concurrently available-and in many cases take it more frequently than sucrose-demonstrates that nicotine self-administration does not only occur in the absence of alternative reinforcement options. As a model of human nicotine use, concurrent access is more naturalistic and has higher face validity than procedures in which only one reinforcer is available or choosing one reinforcer precludes access to other reinforcers. As such, this procedure could be useful for evaluating therapeutic agents and improving our understanding of environmental conditions that promote or discourage nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA,
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Neurobiological Bases of Cue- and Nicotine-induced Reinstatement of Nicotine Seeking: Implications for the Development of Smoking Cessation Medications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 24:125-54. [PMID: 25638336 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the neurobiological factors that contribute to relapse to smoking is needed for the development of efficacious smoking cessation medications. Reinstatement procedures allow the preclinical assessment of several factors that contribute to relapse in humans, including re-exposure to nicotine via tobacco smoking and the presentation of stimuli that were previously associated with nicotine administration (i.e., conditioned stimuli). This review provides an integrated discussion of the results of animal studies that used reinstatement procedures to assess the efficacy of pharmacologically targeting various neurotransmitter systems in attenuating the cue- and nicotine-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. The results of these animal studies have increased our understanding of the neurobiological processes that mediate the conditioned effects of stimuli that trigger reinstatement to nicotine seeking. Thus, these findings provide important insights into the neurobiological substrates that modulate relapse to tobacco smoking in humans and the ongoing search for novel efficacious smoking cessation medications.
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Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Schassburger RL, Buffalari DM, Sved AF, Donny EC. Behavioral mechanisms underlying nicotine reinforcement. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 24:19-53. [PMID: 25638333 PMCID: PMC4536896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and nicotine, the primary psychoactive constituent in tobacco, drives sustained use. The behavioral actions of nicotine are complex and extend well beyond the actions of the drug as a primary reinforcer. Stimuli that are consistently paired with nicotine can, through associative learning, take on reinforcing properties as conditioned stimuli. These conditioned stimuli can then impact the rate and probability of behavior and even function as conditioning reinforcers that maintain behavior in the absence of nicotine. Nicotine can also act as a conditioned stimulus (CS), predicting the delivery of other reinforcers, which may allow nicotine to acquire value as a conditioned reinforcer. These associative effects, establishing non-nicotine stimuli as conditioned stimuli with discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcing properties as well as establishing nicotine as a CS, are predicted by basic conditioning principles. However, nicotine can also act non-associatively. Nicotine directly enhances the reinforcing efficacy of other reinforcing stimuli in the environment, an effect that does not require a temporal or predictive relationship between nicotine and either the stimulus or the behavior. Hence, the reinforcing actions of nicotine stem both from the primary reinforcing actions of the drug (and the subsequent associative learning effects) as well as the reinforcement enhancement action of nicotine which is non-associative in nature. Gaining a better understanding of how nicotine impacts behavior will allow for maximally effective tobacco control efforts aimed at reducing the harm associated with tobacco use by reducing and/or treating its addictiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alan F. Sved
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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Gamaleddin IH, Trigo JM, Gueye AB, Zvonok A, Makriyannis A, Goldberg SR, Le Foll B. Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in nicotine addiction: novel insights. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 25859226 PMCID: PMC4373509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have shown that the endogenous cannabinoids are implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases. Notably, preclinical and human clinical studies have shown a pivotal role of the cannabinoid system in nicotine addiction. The CB1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant (also known as SR141716) was effective to decrease nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking in rodents, as well as the elevation of dopamine induced by nicotine in brain reward area. Rimonabant has been shown to improve the ability of smokers to quit smoking in randomized clinical trials. However, rimonabant was removed from the market due to increased risk of psychiatric side-effects observed in humans. Recently, other components of the endogenous cannabinoid system have been explored. Here, we present the recent advances on the understanding of the role of the different components of the cannabinoid system on nicotine's effects. Those recent findings suggest possible alternative ways of modulating the cannabinoid system that could have implication for nicotine dependence treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Hany Gamaleddin
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Directorate of Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry, Ministry of Health , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jose M Trigo
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Aliou B Gueye
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Alexander Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Covey DP, Wenzel JM, Cheer JF. Cannabinoid modulation of drug reward and the implications of marijuana legalization. Brain Res 2014; 1628:233-43. [PMID: 25463025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most popular illegal drug worldwide. Recent trends indicate that this may soon change; not due to decreased marijuana use, but to an amendment in marijuana's illegal status. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor mediates marijuana's psychoactive and reinforcing properties. CB1 receptors are also part of the brain endocannabinoid (eCB) system and support numerous forms of learning and memory, including the conditioned reinforcing properties of cues predicting reward or punishment. This is accomplished via eCB-dependent alterations in mesolimbic dopamine function, which plays an obligatory role in reward learning and motivation. Presynaptic CB1 receptors control midbrain dopamine neuron activity and thereby shape phasic dopamine release in target regions, particularly the nucleus accumbens (NAc). By also regulating synaptic input to the NAc, CB1 receptors modulate NAc output onto downstream neurons of the basal ganglia motor circuit, and thereby support goal-directed behaviors. Abused drugs promote short- and long-term adaptations in eCB-regulation of mesolimbic dopamine function, and thereby hijack neural systems related to the pursuit of rewards to promote drug abuse. By pharmacologically targeting the CB1 receptors, marijuana has preferential access to this neuronal system and can potently alter eCB-dependent processing of reward-related stimuli. As marijuana legalization progresses, greater access to this drug should increase the utility of marijuana as a research tool to better understand the eCB system, which has the potential to advance cannabinoid-based treatments for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Covey
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Wenzel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Brennan KA, Laugesen M, Truman P. Whole tobacco smoke extracts to model tobacco dependence in animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:53-69. [PMID: 25064817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco is highly addictive and a leading preventable cause of death. The main addictive constituent is nicotine; consequently it has been administered to laboratory animals to model tobacco dependence. Despite extensive use, this model might not best reflect the powerful nature of tobacco dependence because nicotine is a weak reinforcer, the pharmacology of smoke is complex and non-pharmacological factors have a critical role. These limitations have led researchers to expose animals to smoke via the inhalative route, or to administer aqueous smoke extracts to produce more representative models. The aim was to review the findings from molecular/behavioural studies comparing the effects of nicotine to tobacco/smoke extracts to determine whether the extracts produce a distinct model. Indeed, nicotine and tobacco extracts yielded differential effects, supporting the initiative to use extracts as a complement to nicotine. Of the behavioural tests, intravenous self-administration experiments most clearly revealed behavioural differences between nicotine and extracts. Thus, future applications for use of this behavioural model were proposed that could offer new insights into tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Brennan
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Murray Laugesen
- Health New Zealand Ltd, 36 Winchester St, Lyttelton, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
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