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Pereira KE, de Aguiar GB, Villanova B, Rabello NJ, Schelbauer R, Carniel ES, Moresco RM, de Souza MA, Centenaro LA. Evaluation of developmental milestones and of brain measurements in rats exposed to the pesticide pyriproxyfen in prenatal period. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39245789 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide used in Brazil to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito, vector of arboviruses like Zika and dengue. However, this pesticide is structurally similar to retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A that regulates neuronal differentiation and hindbrain development during the embryonic period. Due to the similarity between pyriproxyfen and retinoic acid, studies indicate that this pesticide may have cross-reactivity with retinoid receptors. Thus, pregnant exposure to pyriproxyfen could interfere in the nervous system development of the fetal. In this context, the present study evaluated whether prenatal exposure to pyriproxyfen affects neonatal development and brain structure in rats. Wistar rat pups were divided in three experimental groups: (1) negative control (CT-)-offspring of rats that drink potable water during pregnancy; (2) pyriproxyfen (PIR)-offspring of rats exposed to Sumilarv® prenatally, a pesticide that has pyriproxyfen as active ingredient; and (3) positive control (CT+)-offspring of rats exposed to an excess of vitamin A prenatally. Only vitamin A treated-pregnant showed lower weight gain, but gestation length was similar among pregnant that received potable water, water containing vitamin A and water containing Sumilarv. In relation to the offspring, PIR group exhibits a delayed front-limb suspension response but performed early the negative geotaxis reflex. On the other hand, CT+ group exhibited lower body weight in the 1st postnatal day, delayed audio startle response, but performed early the eyelids opening and hindlimb placing response. A reduction in the maximum brain width was observed both in PIR and CT+ groups, but a reduction in the number of neurons in the M1 cortex was showed only in CT+ group. The number of glial cells in this brain area was similar between the three experimental groups studied. Although prenatal exposure to pyriproxyfen did not alter neonatal milestones in the same way as vitamin A in excess, both substances caused a reduction in the maximum width of the brain, suggesting that this pesticide can produce neurotoxic effects during the embryonic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriane Endiel Pereira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Batista de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Villanova
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nicole Jansen Rabello
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Schelbauer
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Estela Soares Carniel
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Maria Moresco
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Lígia Aline Centenaro
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
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Tang B, Yao L, Strawn JR, Zhang W, Lui S. Neurostructural, Neurofunctional, and Clinical Features of Chronic, Untreated Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae152. [PMID: 39212651 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Studies of individuals with chronic, untreated schizophrenia (CUS) can provide important insights into the natural course of schizophrenia and how antipsychotic pharmacotherapy affects neurobiological aspects of illness course and progression. We systematically review 17 studies on the neuroimaging, cognitive, and epidemiological aspects of CUS individuals. These studies were conducted at the Shanghai Mental Health Center, Institute of Mental Health at Peking University, and Huaxi MR Research Center between 2013 and 2021. CUS is associated with cognitive impairment, severe symptoms, and specific demographic characteristics and is different significantly from those observed in antipsychotic-treated individuals. Furthermore, CUS individuals have neurostructural and neurofunctional alterations in frontal and temporal regions, corpus callosum, subcortical, and visual processing areas, as well as default-mode and somatomotor networks. As the disease progresses, significant structural deteriorations occur, such as accelerated cortical thinning in frontal and temporal lobes, greater reduction in fractional anisotropy in the genu of corpus callosum, and decline in nodal metrics of gray mater network in thalamus, correlating with worsening cognitive deficits and clinical outcomes. In addition, striatal hypertrophy also occurs, independent of antipsychotic treatment. Contrasting with the negative neurostructural and neurofunctional effects of short-term antipsychotic treatment, long-term therapy frequently results in significant improvements. It notably enhances white matter integrity and the functions of key subcortical regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum, potentially improving cognitive functions. This narrative review highlights the progressive neurobiological sequelae of CUS, the importance of early detection, and long-term treatment of schizophrenia, particularly because treatment may attenuate neurobiological deterioration and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqiu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kim HK, Voineskos AN, Neufeld NH, Alexopoulos GS, Bingham KS, Flint AJ, Marino P, Rothschild AJ, Whyte EM, Mulsant BH. Effect of olanzapine exposure on relapse and brain structure in patients with major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2459-2466. [PMID: 38503927 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Some data suggest that antipsychotics may adversely affect brain structure. We examined the relationship among olanzapine exposure, relapse, and changes in brain structure in patients with major depressive disorder with psychotic features. We analyzed data from the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II trial (STOP-PD II), a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with psychotic depression who attained remission on sertraline and olanzapine and were randomized to continue sertraline plus olanzapine or placebo for 36 weeks. Olanzapine steady state concentration (SSC) were calculated based on sparsely-sampled levels. Rates of relapse and changes in brain structure were assessed as outcomes. There were significant associations between dosage and relapse rates (N = 118; HR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.897, 0.977], p = 0.002) or changes in left cortical thickness (N = 44; B = -2.0 × 10-3, 95% CI [-3.1 × 10-3, -9.6 × 10-4], p < 0.001) and between SSC and changes in left cortical thickness (N = 44; B = -8.7 × 10-4, 95% CI [-1.4 × 10-3, -3.6 × 10-4], p = 0.001). Similar results were found for the right cortex. These associations were no longer significant when the analysis was restricted to participants treated with olanzapine. Our findings suggest that, within its therapeutic range, the effect of olanzapine on relapse or cortical thickness does not depend on its dosage or SSC. Further research is needed on the effect of olanzapine and other antipsychotics on mood symptoms and brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena K Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George S Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Westchester Division, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen S Bingham
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alastair J Flint
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Marino
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Westchester Division, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony J Rothschild
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ellen M Whyte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Jezsó B, Kálmán S, Farkas KG, Hathy E, Vincze K, Kovács-Schoblocher D, Lilienberg J, Tordai C, Nemoda Z, Homolya L, Apáti Á, Réthelyi JM. Haloperidol, Olanzapine, and Risperidone Induce Morphological Changes in an In Vitro Model of Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:688. [PMID: 38927091 PMCID: PMC11201986 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) based neuronal differentiation is valuable for studying neuropsychiatric disorders and pharmacological mechanisms at the cellular level. We aimed to examine the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs). METHODS Proliferation and neurite outgrowth were measured by live cell imaging, and gene expression levels related to neuronal identity were analyzed by RT-QPCR and immunocytochemistry during differentiation into hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells following treatment of low- and high-dose antipsychotics (haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone). RESULTS Antipsychotics did not modify the growth properties of NPCs after 3 days of treatment. However, the characteristics of neurite outgrowth changed significantly in response to haloperidol and olanzapine. After three weeks of differentiation, mRNA expression levels of the selected neuronal markers increased (except for MAP2), while antipsychotics caused only subtle changes. Additionally, we found no changes in MAP2 or GFAP protein expression levels as a result of antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, antipsychotic medications promoted neurogenesis in vitro by influencing neurite outgrowth rather than changing cell survival or gene expression. This study provides insights into the effects of antipsychotics on neuronal differentiation and highlights the importance of considering neurite outgrowth as a potential target of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Jezsó
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELTE-MTA “Momentum” Motor Enzymology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Kálmán
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szentháromság utca 5., H-6722 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Kiara Gitta Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - Edit Hathy
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Vincze
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Julianna Lilienberg
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - Csongor Tordai
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Nemoda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - János M. Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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McKenna F, Gupta PK, Sui YV, Bertisch H, Gonen O, Goff DC, Lazar M. Microstructural and Microvascular Alterations in Psychotic Spectrum Disorders: A Three-Compartment Intravoxel Incoherent Imaging and Free Water Model. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1542-1553. [PMID: 36921060 PMCID: PMC10686346 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Microvascular and inflammatory mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in the pathophysiology of psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs). However, data evaluating these hypotheses remain limited. STUDY DESIGN We applied a three-compartment intravoxel incoherent motion free water imaging (IVIM-FWI) technique that estimates the perfusion fraction (PF), free water fraction (FW), and anisotropic diffusion of tissue (FAt) to examine microvascular and microstructural changes in gray and white matter in 55 young adults with a PSD compared to 37 healthy controls (HCs). STUDY RESULTS We found significantly increased PF, FW, and FAt in gray matter regions, and significantly increased PF, FW, and decreased FAt in white matter regions in the PSD group versus HC. Furthermore, in patients, but not in the HC group, increased PF, FW, and FAt in gray matter and increased PF in white matter were significantly associated with poor performance on several cognitive tests assessing memory and processing speed. We additionally report significant associations between IVIM-FWI metrics and myo-inositol, choline, and N-acetylaspartic acid magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging metabolites in the posterior cingulate cortex, which further supports the validity of PF, FW, and FAt as microvascular and microstructural biomarkers of PSD. Finally, we found significant relationships between IVIM-FWI metrics and the duration of psychosis in gray and white matter regions. CONCLUSIONS The three-compartment IVIM-FWI model provides metrics that are associated with cognitive deficits and may reflect disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye McKenna
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Gupta
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Veronica Sui
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hilary Bertisch
- Northwell Health, Zucker Hillside Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oded Gonen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald C Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Lazar
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Chen X, Wang Z, Zheng P, Dongol A, Xie Y, Ge X, Zheng M, Dang X, Seyhan ZB, Nagaratnam N, Yu Y, Huang X. Impaired mitophagosome-lysosome fusion mediates olanzapine-induced aging. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e14003. [PMID: 37828862 PMCID: PMC10652317 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of schizophrenia patients is significantly shorter than the general population. Olanzapine is one of the most commonly used antipsychotic drugs (APDs) for treating patients with psychosis, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Despite their effectiveness in treating positive and negative symptoms, prolonged exposure to APDs may lead to accelerated aging and cognitive decline, among other side effects. Here we report that dysfunctional mitophagy is a fundamental mechanism underlying accelerated aging induced by olanzapine, using in vitro and in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans) models. We showed that the aberrant mitophagy caused by olanzapine was via blocking mitophagosome-lysosome fusion. Furthermore, olanzapine can induce mitochondrial damage and hyperfragmentation of the mitochondrial network. The mitophagosome-lysosome fusion in olanzapine-induced aging models can be restored by a mitophagy inducer, urolithin A, which alleviates defective mitophagy, mitochondrial damage, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. Moreover, the mitophagy inducer ameliorated behavioral changes induced by olanzapine, including shortened lifespan, and impaired health span, learning, and memory. These data indicate that olanzapine impairs mitophagy, leading to the shortened lifespan, impaired health span, and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, this study suggests the potential application of mitophagy inducers as therapeutic strategies to reverse APD-induced adverse effects associated with accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Zhizhen Wang
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peng Zheng
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anjila Dongol
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yuanyi Xie
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Xing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Mingxuan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xuemei Dang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Zehra Boz Seyhan
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Nathan Nagaratnam
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xu‐Feng Huang
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
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7
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Katipoglu B, Demircan SK, Naharci MI. Association of drug burden index with delirium in community-dwelling older adults with dementia: a longitudinal observational study. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1267-1276. [PMID: 36933080 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drug Burden Index (DBI) is a validated tool for assessing the dose-dependent cumulative exposure to sedative and anticholinergic medications. However, the increased risk of delirium superimposed dementia (DSD) with high DBI levels has not yet been investigated. AIM This study aimed to examine the potential association between DBI scores and delirium in community-dwelling older adults with dementia. METHOD A total of 1105 participants with cognitive impairment underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Experienced geriatricians made the final diagnosis of delirium based on DSM-IV-TR and DSM-V. We calculated the DBI as the sum of all sedatives and anticholinergics taken continuously for at least four weeks before admission. Polypharmacy was defined as regular use of five or more medications. We classified the participants as having no exposure (DBI = 0), low exposure (0 < DBI < 1), and high exposure (DBI ≥ 1). RESULTS Of the 721 patients with dementia, the mean age was 78.3 ± 6.7 years, and the majority were female (64.4%). In the whole sample, low and high exposures to anticholinergic and sedative medications at admission were 34.1% (n = 246) and 38.1% (n = 275), respectively. Patients in the high-exposure group had higher physical impairment (p = 0.01), higher polypharmacy (p = 0.01), and higher DBI scores (p = 0.01). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, high exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications increased the risk of delirium 4.09-fold compared to the no exposure group (HR = 4.09, CI: 1.63-10.27, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION High exposure to drugs with sedative and anticholinergic properties was common in community-dwelling older adults. A high DBI was associated with DSD, highlighting the need for an optimal prescription in this vulnerable population. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT04973709 Registered on 22 July 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Katipoglu
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine and Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 06010, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sultan Keskin Demircan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine and Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ilkin Naharci
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine and Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Neufeld NH, Oliver LD, Mulsant BH, Alexopoulos GS, Hoptman MJ, Tani H, Marino P, Meyers BS, Rothschild AJ, Whyte EM, Bingham KS, Flint AJ, Voineskos AN. Effects of antipsychotic medication on functional connectivity in major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3305-3313. [PMID: 37258617 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of antipsychotic medication on resting state functional connectivity in major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently unknown. To address this gap, we examined patients with MDD with psychotic features (MDDPsy) participating in the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II. All participants were treated with sertraline plus olanzapine and were subsequently randomized to continue sertraline plus olanzapine or be switched to sertraline plus placebo. Participants completed an MRI at randomization and at study endpoint (study completion at Week 36, relapse, or early termination). The primary outcome was change in functional connectivity measured within and between specified networks and the rest of the brain. The secondary outcome was change in network topology measured by graph metrics. Eighty-eight participants completed a baseline scan; 73 completed a follow-up scan, of which 58 were usable for analyses. There was a significant treatment X time interaction for functional connectivity between the secondary visual network and rest of the brain (t = -3.684; p = 0.0004; pFDR = 0.0111). There was no significant treatment X time interaction for graph metrics. Overall, functional connectivity between the secondary visual network and the rest of the brain did not change in participants who stayed on olanzapine but decreased in those switched to placebo. There were no differences in changes in network topology measures when patients stayed on olanzapine or switched to placebo. This suggests that olanzapine may stabilize functional connectivity, particularly between the secondary visual network and the rest of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George S Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Westchester Behavioral Health Center, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Hoptman
- Division of Clinical Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideaki Tani
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patricia Marino
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Westchester Behavioral Health Center, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Barnett S Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Westchester Behavioral Health Center, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Anthony J Rothschild
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ellen M Whyte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Bingham
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alastair J Flint
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Cui LB, Wang XY, Fu YF, Liu XF, Wei Y, Zhao SW, Gu YW, Fan JW, Wu WJ, Gong H, Lin BD, Yin H, Guan F, Chang X. Transcriptional level of inflammation markers associates with short-term brain structural changes in first-episode schizophrenia. BMC Med 2023; 21:250. [PMID: 37424013 PMCID: PMC10332052 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia and may cause neuronal cell death and dendrite loss. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted longitudinal brain structural changes in patients with schizophrenia, yet it is unclear whether this is related to inflammation. We aim to address this question, by relating brain structural changes with the transcriptional profile of inflammation markers in the early stage of schizophrenia. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 51 healthy controls were included. High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessments were performed at baseline and 2 ~ 6 months follow-up for all subjects. Changes in the brain structure were analyzed using surface-based morphological analysis and correlated with the expression of immune cells-related gene sets of interest reported by previous reviews. Transcriptional data were retrieved from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Furthermore, we examined the brain structural changes and peripheral inflammation markers in association with behavioral symptoms and cognitive functioning in patients. RESULTS Patients exhibited accelerated cortical thickness decrease in the left frontal cortices, less decrease or an increase in the superior parietal lobule and right lateral occipital lobe, and increased volume in the bilateral pallidum, compared with controls. Changes in cortical thickness correlated with the transcriptional level of monocyte across cortical regions in patients (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), but not in controls (r = - 0.05, p = 0.76). In addition, cortical thickness change in the left superior parietal lobule positively correlated with changes in digital span-backward test scores in patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia exhibit regional-specific cortical thickness changes in the prefrontal and parietooccipital cortices, which is related to their cognitive impairment. Inflammation may be an important factor contributing to cortical thinning in first-episode schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that the immunity-brain-behavior association may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Radiology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Xian-Yang Wang
- Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Fei Fu
- Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Liu
- Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongbin Wei
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wan Zhao
- Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue-Wen Gu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Wen Fan
- Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hengfen Gong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bochao Danae Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Fanglin Guan
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiao Chang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Chatterjee I, Chatterjee S. Investigating the symptomatic and morphological changes in the brain based on pre and post-treatment: A critical review from clinical to neuroimaging studies on schizophrenia. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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11
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Zhu F, Xiao Y, Tao B, Gao Z, Gao X, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Tang B, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Bishop JR, Sweeney JA, Lui S. Radiomic features of gray matter in never-treated first-episode schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5957-5967. [PMID: 36513368 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of radiomic features (RFs) in gray matter are observed in schizophrenia, of which the results may be limited by small study samples and confounding effects of drug therapies. We tested for RFs alterations of gray matter in never-treated first-episode schizophrenia (NT-FES) patients and examined their associations with known gene expression profiles. RFs were examined in the first sample with 197 NT-FES and 178 healthy controls (HCs) and validated in the second independent sample (90 NT-FES and 74 HCs). One-year follow-up data were available from 87 patients to determine whether RFs were associated with treatment outcomes. Associations between identified RFs in NT-FES and gene expression profiles were evaluated. NT-FES exhibited alterations of 30 RFs, with the greatest involvement of microstructural heterogeneity followed by measures of brain region shape. The identified RFs were mainly located in the central executive network, frontal-temporal network, and limbic system. Two baseline RFs with the involvement of microstructural heterogeneity predicted treatment response with moderate accuracy (78% for the first sample, 70% for the second sample). Exploratory analyses indicated that RF alterations were spatially related to the expression of schizophrenia risk genes. In summary, the present findings link brain abnormalities in schizophrenia with molecular features and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziyang Gao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biqiu Tang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Muraro EN, Sbardelotto BM, Guareschi ZM, de Almeida W, Souza Dos Santos A, Grassiolli S, Centenaro LA. Vitamin D supplementation combined with aerobic physical exercise restores the cell density in hypothalamic nuclei of rats exposed to monosodium glutamate. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 52:20-27. [PMID: 36513455 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In view of the increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence, this study proposed the early and combined use of treatments to restore brain areas related to satiety. The vitamin D supplementation, aerobic exercise and the combination of these interventions on the structure of arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH) nuclei of hypothalamus were investigated in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated rats. METHODS Wistar rats were separated into five groups: Control group (CT); Obese group injected with MSG (OB); Obese group supplemented with vitamin D (OBvd); Obese group submitted to forced swimming training (OBexe) and Obese group treated with vitamin D supplementation and forced swimming training (OBvd + exe). RESULTS In the OB group, the visceral fat weight was significantly higher, there was a reduction in the number of glial cells in the ARC nucleus and also in the number of neurons in the ARC and VMH nuclei. Aerobic exercise was able to reduce the visceral fat weight in the OBexe group. The combination of treatments used in the OBvd + exe group reversed the loss of neurons and glial cells produced by MSG in the ARC nucleus. All treated groups exhibited a higher number of neurons in VMH nucleus, but an increase in the glial cells were observed only in the OBexe and OBvd + exe groups. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of obesity treatment can be favored through the early and combined use of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercise, since these therapies are able to restore brain nuclei involved in the control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Natan Muraro
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Marques Sbardelotto
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Zoé Maria Guareschi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabólica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Wellington de Almeida
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabólica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Lígia Aline Centenaro
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP: 85819-110, Brazil.
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13
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Zhang X, Wolfinger A, Wu X, Alnafisah R, Imami A, Hamoud AR, Lundh A, Parpura V, McCullumsmith RE, Shukla R, O’Donovan SM. Gene Enrichment Analysis of Astrocyte Subtypes in Psychiatric Disorders and Psychotropic Medication Datasets. Cells 2022; 11:3315. [PMID: 36291180 PMCID: PMC9600295 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have many important functions in the brain, but their roles in psychiatric disorders and their responses to psychotropic medications are still being elucidated. Here, we used gene enrichment analysis to assess the relationships between different astrocyte subtypes, psychiatric diseases, and psychotropic medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers). We also carried out qPCR analyses and "look-up" studies to assess the chronic effects of these drugs on astrocyte marker gene expression. Our bioinformatic analysis identified gene enrichment of different astrocyte subtypes in psychiatric disorders. The highest level of enrichment was found in schizophrenia, supporting a role for astrocytes in this disorder. We also found differential enrichment of astrocyte subtypes associated with specific biological processes, highlighting the complex responses of astrocytes under pathological conditions. Enrichment of protein phosphorylation in astrocytes and disease was confirmed by biochemical analysis. Analysis of LINCS chemical perturbagen gene signatures also found that kinase inhibitors were highly discordant with astrocyte-SCZ associated gene signatures. However, we found that common gene enrichment of different psychotropic medications and astrocyte subtypes was limited. These results were confirmed by "look-up" studies and qPCR analysis, which also reported little effect of psychotropic medications on common astrocyte marker gene expression, suggesting that astrocytes are not a primary target of these medications. Conversely, antipsychotic medication does affect astrocyte gene marker expression in postmortem schizophrenia brain tissue, supporting specific astrocyte responses in different pathological conditions. Overall, this study provides a unique view of astrocyte subtypes and the effect of medications on astrocytes in disease, which will contribute to our understanding of their role in psychiatric disorders and offers insights into targeting astrocytes therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Alyssa Wolfinger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rawan Alnafisah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ali Imami
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Abdul-rizaq Hamoud
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Anna Lundh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Promedica Neurosciences Institute, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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14
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Stehr M, Kiderlen M, Dorph‐Petersen K. Improving Cavalieri volume estimation based on non-equidistant planar sections: The trapezoidal estimator. J Microsc 2022; 288:40-53. [PMID: 36095148 PMCID: PMC9828659 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cavalieri estimator allows one to infer the volume of an object from area measurements in equidistant planar sections. It is known that applying this estimator in the non-equidistant case may inflate the coefficient of error considerably. We therefore consider a newly introduced variant, the trapezoidal estimator, and make it available to practitioners. Its typical variance behaviour for natural objects is comparable to the equidistant case. We state this unbiased estimator, describe variance estimates and explain how the latter can be simplified under rather general but realistic models for the gaps between sections. Simulations and an application to a synthetic area function based on parietal lobes of 18 monkeys illustrate the new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Stehr
- Department of FinanceCopenhagen Business SchoolFrederiksbergDenmark
| | | | - Karl‐Anton Dorph‐Petersen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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15
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Larsen NY, Vihrs N, Møller J, Sporring J, Tan X, Li X, Ji G, Rajkowska G, Sun F, Nyengaard JR. Layer III pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex reveal morphological changes in subjects with depression, schizophrenia, and suicide. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:363. [PMID: 36064829 PMCID: PMC9445178 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brodmann Area 46 (BA46) has long been regarded as a hotspot of disease pathology in individuals with schizophrenia (SCH) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Pyramidal neurons in layer III of the Brodmann Area 46 (BA46) project to other cortical regions and play a fundamental role in corticocortical and thalamocortical circuits. The AutoCUTS-LM pipeline was used to study the 3-dimensional structural morphology and spatial organization of pyramidal cells. Using quantitative light microscopy, we used stereology to calculate the entire volume of layer III in BA46 and the total number and density of pyramidal cells. Volume tensors estimated by the planar rotator quantified the volume, shape, and nucleus displacement of pyramidal cells. All of these assessments were carried out in four groups of subjects: controls (C, n = 10), SCH (n = 10), MDD (n = 8), and suicide subjects with a history of depression (SU, n = 11). SCH subjects had a significantly lower somal volume, total number, and density of pyramidal neurons when compared to C and tended to show a volume reduction in layer III of BA46. When comparing MDD subjects with C, the measured parameters were inclined to follow SCH, although there was only a significant reduction in pyramidal total cell number. While no morphometric differences were observed between SU and MDD, SU had a significantly higher total number of pyramidal cells and nucleus displacement than SCH. Finally, no differences in the spatial organization of pyramidal cells were found among groups. These results suggest that despite significant morphological alterations in layer III of BA46, which may impair prefrontal connections in people with SCH and MDD, the spatial organization of pyramidal cells remains the same across the four groups and suggests no defects in neuronal migration. The increased understanding of pyramidal cell biology may provide the cellular basis for symptoms and neuroimaging observations in SCH and MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Y. Larsen
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ninna Vihrs
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Møller
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jon Sporring
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xueke Tan
- grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixia Li
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ji
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- grid.410721.10000 0004 1937 0407Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Fei Sun
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jens R. Nyengaard
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.154185.c0000 0004 0512 597XDepartment of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Adam Yaple Z, Tolomeo S, Yu R. Spatial and chronic differences in neural activity in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103029. [PMID: 35569228 PMCID: PMC9112098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The medicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster. The unmedicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. A neural compensatory mechanism in schizophrenia.
A major caveat with investigations on schizophrenic patients is the difficulty to control for medication usage across samples as disease-related neural differences may be confounded by medication usage. Following a thorough literature search (632 records identified), we included 37 studies with a total of 740 medicated schizophrenia patients and 367 unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Here, we perform several meta-analyses to assess the neurofunctional differences between medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients across fMRI studies to determine systematic regions associated with medication usage. Several clusters identified by the meta-analysis on the medicated group include three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster, whereas the unmedicated group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. We further explored the prevalence of activity within these regions across illness duration and task type. These findings suggest a neural compensatory mechanism across these regions both spatially and chronically, offering new insight into the spatial and temporal dynamic neural differences among medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Social and Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Rothschild AJ. Should Antipsychotic Medications Be Prescribed to Patients With Nonpsychotic Depression? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 42:231-233. [PMID: 35475846 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rothschild
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA
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18
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Fountoulakis KN, Stahl SM. The effect of first- and second-generation antipsychotics on brain morphology in schizophrenia: A systematic review of longitudinal magnetic resonance studies with a randomized allocation to treatment arms. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:428-438. [PMID: 35395911 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221087645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia manifests as loss of brain volume in specific areas in a progressive nature and an important question concerns whether long-term treatment with medications contributes to this. The aim of the current PRISMA systematic review was to search for prospective studies involving randomization to treatment. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020197874. The MEDLINE/PUBMED was searched and it returned 2638 articles; 3 were fulfilling the inclusion criteria. A fourth was published later; they included 359 subjects, of whom 86 were healthy controls, while the rest were first-episode patients, with 91 under olanzapine, 93 under haloperidol, 48 under risperidone, 5 under paliperidone, 6 under ziprasidone, and 30 under placebo. Probably one-third of patients were suffering from a psychotic disorder other than schizophrenia. The consideration of their results suggested that there is no significant difference between these medications concerning their effects on brain structure and also in comparison to healthy subjects. There does not seem to be any strong support to the opinion that medications that treat psychosis cause loss of brain volume in patients with schizophrenia. On the contrary, the data might imply the possible presence of a protective effect for D2, 5-HT2, and NE alpha-2 antagonists (previously called SGAs). However, the literature is limited and focused research in large study samples is essential to clarify the issue, since important numerical differences do exist. The possibility of the results and their heterogeneity to be artifacts secondary to a modification of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal by antipsychotics should not be easily rejected until relevant data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stephen M Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Krajner F, Hadaya L, McQueen G, Sendt KV, Gillespie A, Avila A, Lally J, Hedges EP, Diederen K, Howes OD, Barker GJ, Lythgoe DJ, Kempton MJ, McGuire P, MacCabe JH, Egerton A. Subcortical volume reduction and cortical thinning 3 months after switching to clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:13. [PMID: 35236831 PMCID: PMC8891256 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological effects of clozapine are under characterised. We examined the effects clozapine treatment on subcortical volume and cortical thickness and investigated whether macrostructural changes were linked to alterations in glutamate or N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Data were acquired in 24 patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia before and 12 weeks after switching to clozapine. During clozapine treatment we observed reductions in caudate and putamen volume, lateral ventricle enlargement (P < 0.001), and reductions in thickness of the left inferior temporal cortex, left caudal middle frontal cortex, and the right temporal pole. Reductions in right caudate volume were associated with local reductions in NAA (P = 0.002). None of the morphometric changes were associated with changes in glutamate levels. These results indicate that clozapine treatment is associated with subcortical volume loss and cortical thinning and that at least some of these effects are linked to changes in neuronal or metabolic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Krajner
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Laila Hadaya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Grant McQueen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Kyra-Verena Sendt
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Amy Gillespie
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alessia Avila
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - John Lally
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily P Hedges
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Kelly Diederen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - David J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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20
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Yang B, Zhang W, Lencer R, Tao B, Tang B, Yang J, Li S, Zeng J, Cao H, Sweeney JA, Gong Q, Lui S. Grey matter connectome abnormalities and age-related effects in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103749. [PMID: 34906839 PMCID: PMC8671864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Convergent evidence is increasing to indicate progressive brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Knowing the brain network features over the illness course in schizophrenia, independent of effects of antipsychotic medications, would extend our sight on this question. Methods We recruited 237 antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia range from 16 to 73 years old, and 254 healthy controls. High-resolution T1 weighted images were obtained with a 3.0T MR scanner. Grey matter networks were constructed individually based on the similarities of regional grey matter measurements. Network metrics were compared between patient groups and healthy controls, and regression analyses with age were conducted to determine potential differential rate of age-related changes between them. Findings Nodal centrality abnormalities were observed in patients with untreated schizophrenia, particularly in the central executive, default mode and salience networks. Accelerated age-related declines and illness duration-related declines were observed in global assortativity, and in nodal metrics of left superior temporal pole in schizophrenia patients. Although no significant intergroup differences in age-related regression were observed, the pattern of network metric alternation of left thalamus indicated higher nodal properties in early course patients, which decreased in long-term ill patients. Interpretations Global and nodal alterations in the grey matter connectome related to age and duration of illness in antipsychotic-naive patients, indicating potentially progressive network organizations mainly involving temporal regions and thalamus in schizophrenia independent from medication effects. Funding The National Natural Science Foundation of China, Sichuan Science and Technology Program, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Post-Doctor Research Project, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , the Science and Technology Project of the Health Planning Committee of Sichuan, Postdoctoral Interdisciplinary Research Project of Sichuan University and 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beisheng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biqiu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Li
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Cao
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, United States
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Ogino Y, Bernas T, Greer JE, Povlishock JT. Axonal injury following mild traumatic brain injury is exacerbated by repetitive insult and is linked to the delayed attenuation of NeuN expression without concomitant neuronal death in the mouse. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13034. [PMID: 34729854 PMCID: PMC8877729 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects brain structure and function and can lead to persistent abnormalities. Repetitive mTBI exacerbates the acute phase response to injury. Nonetheless, its long‐term implications remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of traumatic axonal injury (TAI), a player in TBI morbidity via axonal disconnection, synaptic loss and retrograde neuronal perturbation. In contrast to the examination of these processes in the acute phase of injury, the chronic‐phase burden of TAI and/or its implications for retrograde neuronal perturbation or death have received little consideration. To critically assess this issue, murine neocortical tissue was investigated at acute (24‐h postinjury, 24hpi) and chronic time points (28‐days postinjury, 28dpi) after singular or repetitive mTBI induced by central fluid percussion injury (cFPI). Neurons were immunofluorescently labeled for NeuroTrace and NeuN (all neurons), p‐c‐Jun (axotomized neurons) and DRAQ5 (cell nuclei), imaged in 3D and quantified in automated manner. Single mTBI produced axotomy in 10% of neurons at 24hpi and the percentage increased after repetitive injury. The fraction of p‐c‐Jun+ neurons decreased at 28dpi but without neuronal loss (NeuroTrace), suggesting their reorganization and/or repair following TAI. In contrast, NeuN+ neurons decreased with repetitive injury at 24hpi while the corresponding fraction of NeuroTrace+ neurons decreased over 28dpi. Attenuated NeuN expression was linked exclusively to non‐axotomized neurons at 24hpi which extended to the axotomized at 28dpi, revealing a delayed response of the axotomized neurons. Collectively, we demonstrate an increased burden of TAI after repetitive mTBI, which is most striking in the acute phase response to the injury. Our finding of widespread axotomy in large fields of intact neurons contradicts the notion that repetitive mTBI elicits progressive neuronal death, rather, emphasizing the importance of axotomy‐mediated change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Ogino
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John E Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John T Povlishock
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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22
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Zhang X, Alnafisah RS, Hamoud ARA, Shukla R, Wen Z, McCullumsmith RE, O'Donovan SM. Role of Astrocytes in Major Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2715-2730. [PMID: 33411227 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the primary homeostatic cells of the central nervous system, essential for normal neuronal development and function, metabolism and response to injury and inflammation. Here, we review postmortem studies examining changes in astrocytes in subjects diagnosed with the neuropsychiatric disorders schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BPD). We discuss the astrocyte-related changes described in the brain in these disorders and the potential effects of psychotropic medication on these findings. Finally, we describe emerging tools that can be used to study the role of astrocytes in neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Rawan S Alnafisah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Abdul-Rizaq A Hamoud
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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23
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Xiao Y, Liao W, Long Z, Tao B, Zhao Q, Luo C, Tamminga CA, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Clementz BA, Gershon ES, Ivleva EI, Keedy SK, Biswal BB, Mechelli A, Lencer R, Sweeney JA, Lui S, Gong Q. Subtyping Schizophrenia Patients Based on Patterns of Structural Brain Alterations. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:241-250. [PMID: 34508358 PMCID: PMC8781382 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome. Whether quantitative imaging biomarkers can identify discrete subgroups of patients as might be used to foster personalized medicine approaches for patient care remains unclear. Cross-sectional structural MR images of 163 never-treated first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) and 133 chronically ill patients with midcourse schizophrenia from the Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium and a total of 403 healthy controls were recruited. Morphometric measures (cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical structures) were extracted for each subject and then the optimized subtyping results were obtained with nonsupervised cluster analysis. Three subgroups of patients defined by distinct patterns of regional cortical and subcortical morphometric features were identified in FES. A similar three subgroup pattern was identified in the independent dataset of patients from the multi-site B-SNIP consortium. Similarities of classification patterns across these two patient cohorts suggest that the 3-group typology is relatively stable over the course of illness. Cognitive functions were worse in subgroup 1 with midcourse schizophrenia than those in subgroup 3. These findings provide novel insight into distinct subgroups of patients with schizophrenia based on structural brain features. Findings of different cognitive functions among the subgroups support clinical differences in the MRI-defined illness subtypes. Regardless of clinical presentation and stage of illness, anatomic MR subgrouping biomarkers can separate neurobiologically distinct subgroups of schizophrenia patients, which represent an important and meaningful step forward in differentiating subtypes of patients for studies of illness neurobiology and potentially for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wei Liao
- Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiliang Long
- Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University and Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bharat B Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John A Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; #37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China; Tel: 86-28-85423960, Fax: 86-28-85423503; e-mail:
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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24
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Jiang Y, Wang Y, Huang H, He H, Tang Y, Su W, Xu L, Wei Y, Zhang T, Hu H, Wang J, Yao D, Wang J, Luo C. Antipsychotics Effects on Network-Level Reconfiguration of Cortical Morphometry in First-Episode Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:231-240. [PMID: 34313782 PMCID: PMC8781340 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cortical thickness reductions are evident in schizophrenia (SZ). Associations between antipsychotic medications (APMs) and cortical morphometry have been explored in SZ patients. This raises the question of whether the reconfiguration of morphological architecture by APM plays potential compensatory roles for abnormalities in the cerebral cortex. Structural magnetic resonance imaging was obtained from 127 medication-naive first-episode SZ patients and 133 matched healthy controls. Patients received 12 weeks of APM and were categorized as responders (n = 75) or nonresponders (NRs, n = 52) at follow-up. Using surface-based morphometry and structural covariance (SC) analysis, this study investigated the short-term effects of antipsychotics on cortical thickness and cortico-cortical covariance. Global efficiency was computed to characterize network integration of the large-scale structural connectome. The relationship between covariance and cortical thinning was examined by SC analysis among the top-n regions with thickness reduction. Widespread cortical thickness reductions were observed in pre-APM patients. Post-APM patients showed more reductions in cortical thickness, even in the frontotemporal regions without baseline reductions. Covariance analysis revealed strong cortico-cortical covariance and higher network integration in responders than in NRs. For the NRs, some of the prefrontal and temporal nodes were not covariant between the top-n regions with cortical thickness reduction. Antipsychotic effects are not restricted to a single brain region but rather exhibit a network-level covariance pattern. Neuroimaging connectomics highlights the positive effects of antipsychotics on the reconfiguration of brain architecture, suggesting that abnormalities in regional morphology may be compensated by increasing interregional covariance when symptoms are controlled by antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yingchan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huan Huang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hui He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenjun Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,Research Unit of NeuroInformation (2019RU035), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, PR China,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,Research Unit of NeuroInformation (2019RU035), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, PR China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Second North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, PR China; tel: 86-28-83201018, fax: 86-28-83208238, e-mail:
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25
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Bustillo JR, Mayer EG, Upston J, Jones T, Garcia C, Sheriff S, Maudsley A, Tohen M, Gasparovic C, Lenroot R. Increased Glutamate Plus Glutamine in the Right Middle Cingulate in Early Schizophrenia but Not in Bipolar Psychosis: A Whole Brain 1H-MRS Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:660850. [PMID: 34163382 PMCID: PMC8215955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies have examined glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar-I disorders, mostly in single voxels. Though the critical nodes remain unknown, schizophrenia and bipolar-I involve brain networks with broad abnormalities. To provide insight on the biochemical differences that may underlie these networks, the combined glutamine and glutamate signal (Glx) and other metabolites were examined in patients in early psychosis with whole brain 1H-MRS imaging (1H-MRSI). Data were acquired in young schizophrenia subjects (N = 48), bipolar-I subjects (N = 21) and healthy controls (N = 51). Group contrasts for Glx, as well as for N-acetyl aspartate, choline, myo-inositol and creatine, from all voxels that met spectral quality criteria were analyzed in standardized brain space, followed by cluster-corrected level alpha-value (CCLAV ≤ 0.05) analysis. Schizophrenia subjects had higher Glx in the right middle cingulate gyrus (19 voxels, CCLAV = 0.05) than bipolar-I subjects. Healthy controls had intermediate Glx values, though not significant. Schizophrenia subjects also had higher N-acetyl aspartate (three clusters, left occipital, left frontal, right frontal), choline (two clusters, left and right frontal) and myo-inositol (one cluster, left frontal) than bipolar-I, with healthy controls having intermediate values. These increases were likely accounted for by antipsychotic medication effects in the schizophrenia subgroup for N-acetyl aspartate and choline. Likewise, creatine was increased in two clusters in treated vs. antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia, supporting a medication effect. Conversely, the increments in Glx in right cingulate were not driven by antipsychotic medication exposure. We conclude that increments in Glx in the cingulate may be critical to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and are consistent with the NMDA hypo-function model. This model however may be more specific to schizophrenia than to psychosis in general. Postmortem and neuromodulation schizophrenia studies focusing on right cingulate, may provide critical mechanistic and therapeutic advancements, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joel Upston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Thomas Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Crystal Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Maudsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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26
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He M, Qian K, Zhang Y, Huang XF, Deng C, Zhang B, Gao G, Li J, Xie H, Sun T. Olanzapine-Induced Activation of Hypothalamic Astrocytes and Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Were Related to Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:589650. [PMID: 33584172 PMCID: PMC7874166 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.589650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antipsychotic drug olanzapine is associated with serious obesity side effects. Hypothalamic astrocytes and associated toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling play an essential role in obesity pathogenesis. This study investigated the effect of olanzapine on astrocytes and TLR4 signaling both in vitro and in the rat hypothalamus and their potential role in olanzapine-induced weight gain. We found that olanzapine treatment for 24 h dose-dependently increased cell viability, increased the protein expression of astrocyte markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), and activated TLR4 signaling in vitro. In rats, 8- and 36-day olanzapine treatment caused weight gain accompanied by increased GFAP and S100B protein expression and activated TLR4 signaling in the hypothalamus. These effects still existed in pair-fed rats, suggesting that these effects were not secondary effects of olanzapine-induced hyperphagia. Moreover, treatment with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, inhibited olanzapine-induced weight gain and ameliorated olanzapine-induced changes in hypothalamic GFAP, S100B, and TLR4 signaling. The expression of GFAP, S100B, and TLR4 correlated with food intake and weight gain. These findings suggested that olanzapine-induced increase in hypothalamic astrocytes and activation of TLR4 signaling were related to ER stress, and these effects may be related to olanzapine-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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27
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Yang C, Tang J, Liu N, Yao L, Xu M, Sun H, Tao B, Gong Q, Cao H, Zhang W, Lui S. The Effects of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Brain of Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Selective Review of Longitudinal MRI Studies. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:593703. [PMID: 34248691 PMCID: PMC8264251 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.593703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of neuroimaging studies have detected brain abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia both before and after treatment, but it remains unclear how these abnormalities reflect the effects of antipsychotic treatment on the brain. To summarize the findings in this regard and provide potential directions for future work, we reviewed longitudinal structural and functional imaging studies in patients with first-episode schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic treatment. A total of 36 neuroimaging studies was included, involving 21 structural imaging studies and 15 functional imaging studies. Both anatomical and functional brain changes in patients after treatment were consistently observed in the frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, limbic system and several key components within the default mode network (DMN). Alterations in these regions were affected by factors such as antipsychotic type, course of treatment, and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Over all we showed that: (a) The striatum and DMN were core target regions of treatment in schizophrenia, and their changes were related to different antipsychotics; (b) The gray matter of frontal and temporal lobes tended to reduce after long-term treatment; and (c) Longer DUP was accompanied with faster hippocampal atrophy after initial treatment, which was also associated with poorer outcome. These findings are in accordance with previous notions but should be interpreted with caution. Future studies are needed to clarify the effects of different antipsychotics in multiple conditions and to identify imaging or other biomarkers that may predict antipsychotic treatment response. With such progress, it may help choose effective pharmacological interventional strategies for individuals experiencing recent-onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmin Yang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naici Liu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yao
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Cao
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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28
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Sonnenschein SF, Grace AA. Emerging therapeutic targets for schizophrenia: a framework for novel treatment strategies for psychosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:15-26. [PMID: 33170748 PMCID: PMC7855878 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1849144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antipsychotic drugs are central to the treatment of schizophrenia, but their limitations necessitate improved treatment strategies. Multiple lines of research have implicated glutamatergic dysfunction in the hippocampus as an early source of pathophysiology in schizophrenia. Novel compounds have been designed to treat glutamatergic dysfunction, but they have produced inconsistent results in clinical trials. Areas covered: This review discusses how the hippocampus is thought to drive psychotic symptoms through its influence on the dopamine system. It offers the reader an evaluation of proposed treatment strategies including direct modulation of GABA or glutamate neurotransmission or reducing the deleterious impact of stress on circuit development. Finally, we offer a perspective on aspects of future research that will advance our knowledge and may create new therapeutic opportunities. PubMed was searched for relevant literature between 2010 and 2020 and related studies. Expert opinion: Targeting aberrant excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission in the hippocampus and its related circuits has the potential to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of transition to psychosis if implemented as an early intervention. Longitudinal multimodal brain imaging combined with mechanistic theories generated from animal models can be used to better understand the progression of hippocampal-dopamine circuit dysfunction and heterogeneity in treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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29
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Brocos-Mosquera I, Gabilondo AM, Meana JJ, Callado LF, Erdozain AM. Spinophilin expression in postmortem prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects: Effects of antipsychotic treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 42:12-21. [PMID: 33257116 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with alterations in neurotransmission and synaptic dysfunction. Spinophilin is a multifunctional scaffold protein that modulates excitatory synaptic transmission and dendritic spine morphology. Spinophilin can also directly interact with and regulate several receptors for neurotransmitters, such as dopamine D2 receptors, which play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and are targets of antipsychotics. Several studies have thus suggested an implication of spinophilin in schizophrenia. In the present study spinophilin protein expression was determined by western blot in the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 24 subjects with schizophrenia (12 antipsychotic-free and 12 antipsychotic-treated subjects) and 24 matched controls. Experiments were performed in synaptosomal membranes (SPM) and in postsynaptic density fractions (PSD). As previously reported, two specific bands for this protein were observed: an upper 120-130 kDa band and a lower 80-95 kDa band. The spinophilin lower band showed a significant decrease in schizophrenia subjects compared to matched controls, both in SPM and PSD fractions (-15%, p = 0.007 and -15%, p = 0.039, respectively). When schizophrenia subjects were divided by the presence or absence of antipsychotics in blood at death, the lower band showed a significant decrease in antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects (-24%, p = 0.003 for SPM and -26%, p = 0.014 for PSD), but not in antipsychotic-free subjects, compared to their matched controls. These results suggest that antipsychotics could produce alterations in spinophilin expression that do not seem to be related to schizophrenia per se. These changes may underlie some of the side effects of antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Ane M Gabilondo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amaia M Erdozain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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30
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Hatzipantelis C, Langiu M, Vandekolk TH, Pierce TL, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. Translation-Focused Approaches to GPCR Drug Discovery for Cognitive Impairments Associated with Schizophrenia. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1042-1062. [PMID: 33344888 PMCID: PMC7737210 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective therapeutics for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), which includes deficits in executive functions (working memory and cognitive flexibility) and episodic memory. Compounds that have entered clinical trials are inadequate in terms of efficacy and/or tolerability, highlighting a clear translational bottleneck and a need for a cohesive preclinical drug development strategy. In this review we propose hippocampal-prefrontal-cortical (HPC-PFC) circuitry underlying CIAS-relevant cognitive processes across mammalian species as a target source to guide the translation-focused discovery and development of novel, procognitive agents. We highlight several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enriched within HPC-PFC circuitry as therapeutic targets of interest, including noncanonical approaches (biased agonism and allosteric modulation) to conventional clinical targets, such as dopamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, along with prospective novel targets, including the orphan receptors GPR52 and GPR139. We also describe the translational limitations of popular preclinical cognition tests and suggest touchscreen-based assays that probe cognitive functions reliant on HPC-PFC circuitry and reflect tests used in the clinic, as tests of greater translational relevance. Combining pharmacological and behavioral testing strategies based in HPC-PFC circuit function creates a cohesive, translation-focused approach to preclinical drug development that may improve the translational bottleneck currently hindering the development of treatments for CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra
J. Hatzipantelis
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Monica Langiu
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Teresa H. Vandekolk
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracie L. Pierce
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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31
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Dinesh AA, Islam J, Khan J, Turkheimer F, Vernon AC. Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs: Cross Talk Between the Nervous and Innate Immune System. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:1229-1251. [PMID: 32975758 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest that activation of microglia (innate immune cells in the central nervous system [CNS]) is present in a subset of patients with schizophrenia. The extent to which antipsychotic drug treatment contributes to or combats this effect remains unclear. To address this question, we reviewed the literature for evidence that antipsychotic exposure influences brain microglia as indexed by in vivo neuroimaging and post-mortem studies in patients with schizophrenia and experimental animal models. We found no clear evidence from clinical studies for an effect of antipsychotics on either translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand binding (an in vivo neuroimaging measure of putative gliosis) or markers of brain microglia in post-mortem studies. In experimental animals, where drug and illness effects may be differentiated, we also found no clear evidence for consistent effects of antipsychotic drugs on TSPO radioligand binding. By contrast, we found evidence that chronic antipsychotic exposure may influence central microglia density and morphology. However, these effects were dependent on the dose and duration of drug exposure and whether an immune stimulus was present or not. In the latter case, antipsychotics were generally reported to suppress expression of inflammatory cytokines and inducible inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and microglia activation. No clear conclusions could be drawn with regard to any effect of antipsychotics on brain microglia from current clinical data. There is evidence to suggest that antipsychotic drugs influence brain microglia in experimental animals, including possible anti-inflammatory actions. However, we lack detailed information on how these drugs influence brain microglia function at the molecular level. The clinical relevance of the animal data with regard to beneficial treatment effects and detrimental side effects of antipsychotic drugs also remains unknown, and further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Anna Dinesh
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juned Islam
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javad Khan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom.
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32
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Koszła O, Sołek P, Woźniak S, Kędzierska E, Wróbel TM, Kondej M, Archała A, Stępnicki P, Biała G, Matosiuk D, Kaczor AA. The Antipsychotic D2AAK1 as a Memory Enhancer for Treatment of Mental and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8849. [PMID: 33238370 PMCID: PMC7700684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of memory impairments associated with the central nervous system diseases remains an unmet medical need with social and economic implications. Here we show, that a multi-target ligand of aminergic G protein-coupled receptors with antipsychotic activity in vivo (D2AAK1) stimulates neuron growth and survival and promotes neuron integrity. We focused on the multilevel evaluation of the D2AAK1-related effects on neurons in terms of behavioral, cellular, molecular, and biochemical features in vivo and in vitro, such as memory-related responses, locomotor activity, tissue sections analysis, metabolic activity, proliferation level, neurons morphology, and proteins level involved in intracellular signaling pathways. In silico studies indicate that activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI) may underline some of the observed activities of the compound. Furthermore, the compound increases hippocampal neuron proliferation via the activation of neurotrophic factors and cooperating signals responsible for cell growth and proliferation. D2AAK1 improves memory and learning processes in mice after both acute and chronic administration. D2AAK1 also causes an increase in the number of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after chronic administration. Because of its neuroprotective properties and pro-cognitive activity in behavioral studies D2AAK1 has the potential for the treatment of memory disturbances in neurodegenerative and mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Koszła
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Przemysław Sołek
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 1 Pigonia St., 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Woźniak
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Ewa Kędzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (G.B.)
| | - Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magda Kondej
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Aneta Archała
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stępnicki
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Grażyna Biała
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (G.B.)
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.W.); (T.M.W.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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33
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Boz Z, Hu M, Yu Y, Huang XF. N-acetylcysteine prevents olanzapine-induced oxidative stress in mHypoA-59 hypothalamic neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19185. [PMID: 33154380 PMCID: PMC7644715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine is a second-generation antipsychotic (AP) drug commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia. Recently, olanzapine has been found to cause brain tissue volume loss in rodent and primate studies; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Abnormal autophagy and oxidative stress have been implicated to have a role in AP-induced neurodegeneration, while N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a potent antioxidant, shown to be beneficial in the treatment of schizophrenia. Here, we investigate the role of olanzapine and NAC on cell viability, oxidative stress, mitochondrial mass and mitophagy in hypothalamic cells. Firstly, cell viability was assessed in mHypoA-59 and mHypoA NPY/GFP cells using an MTS assay and flow cytometric analyses. Olanzapine treated mHypoA-59 cells were then assessed for mitophagy markers and oxidative stress; including quantification of lysosomes, autophagosomes, LC3B-II, p62, superoxide anion (O2–) and mitochondrial mass. NAC (10 mM) was used to reverse the effects of olanzapine (100 µM) on O2−, mitochondrial mass and LC3B-II. We found that olanzapine significantly impacted cell viability in mHypoA-59 hypothalamic cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Olanzapine inhibited mitophagy, instigated oxidative stress and prompted mitochondrial abnormalities. NAC was able to mitigate olanzapine-induced effects. These findings suggest that high doses of olanzapine may cause neurotoxicity of hypothalamic neurons via increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial damage and mitophagy inhibition. This could in part explain data suggesting that APs may reduce brain volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Boz
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Minmin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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34
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Achalia R, Raju VB, Jacob A, Nahar A, Achalia G, Nagendra B, Kaginalkar V, Choudhary S, Venkatasubramanian G, Rao NP. Comparison of first-episode and multiple-episode bipolar disorder: A surface-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 302:111110. [PMID: 32505904 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the structural abnormalities in Bipolar disorder (BD) are static or progressive. We aimed to compare differences in cortical thickness, surface area, and volume between patients with BD and healthy volunteers (HV) and to examine whether there are differences between patients who have had a single manic episode and those with multiple episodes. We recruited 30 patients with Type I BD and 30 age and sex matched HV. All participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical volume, thickness, and surface area were measured using the QDEC tool from the Freesurfer software with age and intracranial volume as covariates. Study groups were comparable across age, sex distribution, and intracranial volume. Patients had significantly lower surface area in bilateral cuneus, right postcentral gyrus, and rostral middle frontal gyri; and lower cortical volume in the left middle temporal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and right cuneus. BD patients with multiple episodes had lower cortical measures while those with single episode had cortical measures comparable to HV. Findings indicate that the pathophysiological processes in BD are possibly progressive in nature. Our findings underscore the potential importance of early diagnosis and intervention in preventing deterioration and improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas B Raju
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Arpitha Jacob
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhinav Nahar
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Bhargavi Nagendra
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Naren P Rao
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
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35
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Luo C, Lencer R, Hu N, Xiao Y, Zhang W, Li S, Lui S, Gong Q. Characteristics of White Matter Structural Networks in Chronic Schizophrenia Treated With Clozapine or Risperidone and Those Never Treated. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:799-810. [PMID: 32808036 PMCID: PMC7770521 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its benefits, a major concern regarding antipsychotic treatment is its possible impact on the brain's structure and function. This study sought to explore the characteristics of white matter structural networks in chronic never-treated schizophrenia and those treated with clozapine or risperidone, and its potential association with cognitive function. METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on a unique sample of 34 schizophrenia patients treated with antipsychotic monotherapy for over 5 years (17 treated with clozapine and 17 treated with risperidone), 17 never-treated schizophrenia patients with illness duration over 5 years, and 27 healthy control participants. Graph theory and network-based statistic approaches were employed. RESULTS We observed a disrupted organization of white matter structural networks as well as decreased nodal and connectivity characteristics across the schizophrenia groups, mainly involving thalamus, prefrontal, and occipital regions. Alterations in nodal and connectivity characteristics were relatively milder in risperidone-treated patients than clozapine-treated patients and never-treated patients. Altered global network measures were significantly associated with cognitive performance levels. Structural connectivity as reflected by network-based statistic mediated the difference in cognitive performance levels between clozapine-treated and risperidone-treated patients. LIMITATIONS These results are constrained by the lack of random assignment to different types of antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSION These findings provide insight into the white matter structural network deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia, either being treated or untreated, and suggest white matter structural networks supporting cognitive function may benefit from antipsychotic treatment, especially in those treated with risperidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Na Hu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Correspondence: Dr Su Lui, MD, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China ()
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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36
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Chwa WJ, Tishler TA, Raymond C, Tran C, Anwar F, Villablanca JP, Ventura J, Subotnik KL, Nuechterlein KH, Ellingson BM. Association between cortical volume and gray-white matter contrast with second generation antipsychotic medication exposure in first episode male schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:397-410. [PMID: 32487466 PMCID: PMC7572538 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examines the differences in cortical volume and gray-to-white matter contrast (GWC) in first episode schizophrenia patients (SCZ) compared to healthy control participants (HC) and in SCZ patients as a function of exposure to second generation antipsychotic medication. We hypothesize 1) SCZ exhibit regionally lower cortical volumes relative to HCs, 2) cortical volume will be greater with longer exposure to second generation antipsychotics prior to the MRI scan, and 3) lower GWC with longer exposure to second generation antipsychotics prior to the MRI scan, suggesting more blurring from greater intracortical myelin. To accomplish this, MRI scans from 71 male SCZ patients treated with second generation oral risperidone and 42 male HCs were examined. 3D T1-weighted MPRAGE images collected at 1.5T were used to estimate cortical volume and GWC by sampling signal intensity at 30% within the cortical ribbon. Average cortical volume and GWC were calculated and compared between SCZ and HC. Cortical volume and GWC in SCZ patients were correlated with duration of medication exposure for the time period prior to the scan. First-episode SCZ patients had significantly lower cortical volume compared to HCs in bilateral temporal, superior and rostral frontal, postcentral gyral, and parahippocampal regions. In SCZ patients, greater cortical volume was associated with (log-transformed) duration of second-generation antipsychotic medication exposure in bilateral precuneus, right lingual, and right superior parietal regions. Lower GWC was correlated with longer duration of medication exposure bilaterally in the superior frontal lobes. In summary, second generation antipsychotics may increase cortical volume and decrease GWC in first episode SCZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jong Chwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Todd A. Tishler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catalina Raymond
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cathy Tran
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Faizan Anwar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J. Pablo Villablanca
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kenneth L. Subotnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Benjamin M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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37
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Voineskos AN, Mulsant BH, Dickie EW, Neufeld NH, Rothschild AJ, Whyte EM, Meyers BS, Alexopoulos GS, Hoptman MJ, Lerch JP, Flint AJ. Effects of Antipsychotic Medication on Brain Structure in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Psychotic Features: Neuroimaging Findings in the Context of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:674-683. [PMID: 32101271 PMCID: PMC7330722 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Prescriptions for antipsychotic medications continue to increase across many brain disorders, including off-label use in children and elderly individuals. Concerning animal and uncontrolled human data suggest antipsychotics are associated with change in brain structure, but to our knowledge, there are no controlled human studies that have yet addressed this question. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of antipsychotics on brain structure in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prespecified secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial over a 36-week period at 5 academic centers. All participants, aged 18 to 85 years, were recruited from the multicenter Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II (STOP-PD II). All participants had major depressive disorder with psychotic features (psychotic depression) and were prescribed olanzapine and sertraline for a period of 12 to 20 weeks, which included 8 weeks of remission of psychosis and remission/near remission of depression. Participants were then were randomized to continue receiving this regimen or to be switched to placebo and sertraline for a subsequent 36-week period. Data were analyzed between October 2018 and February 2019. INTERVENTIONS Those who consented to the imaging study completed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at the time of randomization and a second MRI scan at the end of the 36-week period or at time of relapse. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measure was cortical thickness in gray matter and the secondary outcome measure was microstructural integrity of white matter. RESULTS Eighty-eight participants (age range, 18-85 years) completed a baseline scan; 75 completed a follow-up scan, of which 72 (32 men and 40 women) were useable for final analyses. There was a significant treatment-group by time interaction in cortical thickness (left, t = 3.3; P = .001; right, t = 3.6; P < .001) but not surface area. No significant interaction was found for fractional anisotropy, but one for mean diffusivity of the white matter skeleton was present (t = -2.6, P = .01). When the analysis was restricted to those who sustained remission, exposure to olanzapine compared with placebo was associated with significant decreases in cortical thickness in the left hemisphere (β [SE], 0.04 [0.009]; t34.4 = 4.7; P <.001), and the right hemisphere (β [SE], 0.03 [0.009]; t35.1 = 3.6; P <.001). Post hoc analyses showed that those who relapsed receiving placebo experienced decreases in cortical thickness compared with those who sustained remission. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, antipsychotic medication was shown to change brain structure. This information is important for prescribing in psychiatric conditions where alternatives are present. However, adverse effects of relapse on brain structure support antipsychotic treatment during active illness. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01427608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotle N. Voineskos
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin W. Dickie
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas H. Neufeld
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew J. Hoptman
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Alastair J. Flint
- University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Fountoulakis KN, Moeller HJ, Kasper S, Tamminga C, Yamawaki S, Kahn R, Tandon R, Correll CU, Javed A. The report of the joint WPA/CINP workgroup on the use and usefulness of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. CNS Spectr 2020; 26:1-25. [PMID: 32594935 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852920001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is a report of a joint World Psychiatric Association/International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (WPA/CINP) workgroup concerning the risk/benefit ratio of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. It utilized a selective but, within topic, comprehensive review of the literature, taking into consideration all the recently discussed arguments on the matter and avoiding taking sides when the results in the literature were equivocal. The workgroup's conclusions suggested that antipsychotics are efficacious both during the acute and the maintenance phase, and that the current data do not support the existence of a supersensitivity rebound psychosis. Long-term treated patients have better overall outcome and lower mortality than those not taking antipsychotics. Longer duration of untreated psychosis and relapses are modestly related to worse outcome. Loss of brain volume is evident already at first episode and concerns loss of neuropil volume rather than cell loss. Progression of volume loss probably happens in a subgroup of patients with worse prognosis. In humans, antipsychotic treatment neither causes nor worsens volume loss, while there are some data in favor for a protective effect. Schizophrenia manifests 2 to 3 times higher mortality vs the general population, and treatment with antipsychotics includes a number of dangers, including tardive dyskinesia and metabolic syndrome; however, antipsychotic treatment is related to lower mortality, including cardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, the literature strongly supports the use of antipsychotics both during the acute and the maintenance phase without suggesting that it is wise to discontinue antipsychotics after a certain period of time. Antipsychotic treatment improves long-term outcomes and lowers overall and specific-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hans-Jurgen Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carol Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rene Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health System, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajiv Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Afzal Javed
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan
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39
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Characteristics of gray matter alterations in never-treated and treated chronic schizophrenia patients. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:136. [PMID: 32398765 PMCID: PMC7217843 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Though gray matter deficits have been consistently revealed in chronic treated schizophrenia, it is still not clear whether there are different brain alterations between chronic never treated and treated patients. To explore the different patterns of gray matter alterations among chronic never treated patients and those treated with monotherapy, we recruited 35 never-treated chronic schizophrenia patients with illness durations ranging from 5 to 48 years, 20 illness duration-matched risperidone monotherapy and 20 clozapine monotherapy patients, and 55 healthy controls. GM (surface area, cortical thickness, and cortical volume) measures were extracted and compared using ANCOVA across the four groups followed by post hoc tests. Relative to controls, both treated and never-treated chronic schizophrenia patients showed reduced GM mainly involving the bilateral medial and rostral middle frontal, left banks superior temporal sulcus, left fusiform, and left pericalcarine cortex and increased in the left cuneus. Compared with the untreated patient group, the two treated groups showed reductions mainly in the bilateral prefrontal, temporal, and left inferior parietal lobules. The clozapine monotherapy patients demonstrated more severe decreases in the bilateral prefrontal cortex and left cuneus and less severe decreases in the left ventral temporal lobe than risperidone monotherapy patients. These findings provide new insights into the long-term effects of antipsychotic treatment on gray matter alterations in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, the characteristic findings of reductions in the inferior parietal lobule might be specific for long-term antipsychotic treatment, which could be a possible target for medication development in the future.
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40
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Turkheimer FE, Selvaggi P, Mehta MA, Veronese M, Zelaya F, Dazzan P, Vernon AC. Normalizing the Abnormal: Do Antipsychotic Drugs Push the Cortex Into an Unsustainable Metabolic Envelope? Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:484-495. [PMID: 31755955 PMCID: PMC7147598 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of antipsychotic medication to manage psychosis, principally in those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, is well established. Antipsychotics are effective in normalizing positive symptoms of psychosis in the short term (delusions, hallucinations and disordered thought). Their long-term use is, however, associated with side effects, including several types of movement (extrapyramidal syndrome, dyskinesia, akathisia), metabolic and cardiac disorders. Furthermore, higher lifetime antipsychotic dose-years may be associated with poorer cognitive performance and blunted affect, although the mechanisms driving the latter associations are not well understood. In this article, we propose a novel model of the long-term effects of antipsychotic administration focusing on the changes in brain metabolic homeostasis induced by the medication. We propose here that the brain metabolic normalization, that occurs in parallel to the normalization of psychotic symptoms following antipsychotic treatment, may not ultimately be sustainable by the cerebral tissue of some patients; these patients may be characterized by already reduced oxidative metabolic capacity and this may push the brain into an unsustainable metabolic envelope resulting in tissue remodeling. To support this perspective, we will review the existing data on the brain metabolic trajectories of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia as indexed using available neuroimaging tools before and after use of medication. We will also consider data from pre-clinical studies to provide mechanistic support for our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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41
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Chen F, Bertelsen AB, Holm IE, Nyengaard JR, Rosenberg R, Dorph-Petersen KA. Hippocampal volume and cell number in depression, schizophrenia, and suicide subjects. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Guo F, Zhu YQ, Li C, Wang XR, Wang HN, Liu WM, Wang LX, Tian P, Kang XW, Cui LB, Xi YB, Yin H. Gray matter volume changes following antipsychotic therapy in first-episode schizophrenia patients: A longitudinal voxel-based morphometric study. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 116:126-132. [PMID: 31233895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, the current study aimed to explore the effects of antipsychotic treatment on gray matter (GM) volume using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and investigate the relationship between brain structure and treatment response. The GM volumes of 33 patients with first-episode schizophrenia were calculated with voxel-based morphometry (VBM), with 33 matched healthy controls. Longitudinal volume changes within subjects after 4-month antipsychotic treatment were also evaluated. Correlation between volumetric changes and clinical symptoms derived from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were further investigated. Compared with healthy controls, decreased GM volumes in the frontal gyrus were observed in schizophrenia patients. After 4-month treatment, patients showed significantly decreased GM volume primarily in the bilateral frontal, temporal and left parietal brain regions. In addition, the GM volume changes of the left postcentral gyrus was positively correlated with negative symptoms improvement, and the correlation analysis revealed the total PANSS scores changes were associated with GM volume changes in the right inferior frontal gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus. Besides, non-responders had reduced GM volume in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus and the right superior frontal gyrus compared with responders and healthy controls. Our results suggest that the abnormality in the right frontal gyrus exists in the early stage of schizophrenia. Moreover, the relationship between antipsychotics and structural changes was identified. The GM volume might have the potential to reflect the symptom improvement in schizophrenia patients. And MRI may assist in predicting the antipsychotic treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xing-Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Ming Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liu-Xian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Kang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medical Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi-Bin Xi
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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43
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Barry EF, Vanes LD, Andrews DS, Patel K, Horne CM, Mouchlianitis E, Hellyer PJ, Shergill SS. Mapping cortical surface features in treatment resistant schizophrenia with in vivo structural MRI. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:335-344. [PMID: 30851596 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decreases in cortical volume (CV), thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) have been reported in individuals with schizophrenia by in vivo MRI studies. However, there are few studies that examine these cortical measures as potential biomarkers of treatment resistance (TR) and treatment response (NTR) in schizophrenia. This study used structural MRI to examine differences in CV, CT, and SA in 42 adults with schizophrenia (TR = 21, NTR = 21) and 23 healthy controls (HC) to test the hypothesis that individuals with TR schizophrenia have significantly greater reductions in these cortical measures compared to individuals with NTR schizophrenia. We found that individuals with TR schizophrenia showed significant reductions in CV and CT compared to individuals with NTR schizophrenia in right frontal and precentral regions, right parietal and occipital cortex, left temporal cortex and bilateral cingulate cortex. In line with previous literature, the temporal lobe and cingulate gyrus in both patient groups showed significant reductions of all three measures when compared to healthy controls. Taken together these results suggest that regional changes in CV and CT may index mechanisms specific to TR schizophrenia and potentially identify patients with TR schizophrenia for earlier treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Barry
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lucy D Vanes
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Derek S Andrews
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Krisna Patel
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Charlotte M Horne
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Elias Mouchlianitis
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Peter J Hellyer
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sukhi S Shergill
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Widespread white-matter microstructure integrity reduction in first-episode schizophrenia patients after acute antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:238-244. [PMID: 30177343 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Potential effects of initiating acute antipsychotic treatment on white matter (WM) microstructure in schizophrenia patients remain poorly characterized. Thirty-five drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients were scanned before and after six weeks of treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medications. Nineteen demographically matched healthy subjects were scanned twice over the same time interval. Tract-based spatial statistics was used to test for changes in WM microstructural integrity after treatment. Widespread fractional anisotropy (FA) decrease was found in patients after antipsychotic treatment in bilateral posterior corona radiata, anterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata and posterior thalamic radiation, left posterior limb of the internal capsule, and mid-body of the corpus callosum. These effects appeared to result primarily from decreased axial diffusivity. These findings suggest an effect on brain white matter from acute antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia.
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OBI-NAGATA K, TEMMA Y, HAYASHI-TAKAGI A. Synaptic functions and their disruption in schizophrenia: From clinical evidence to synaptic optogenetics in an animal model. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:179-197. [PMID: 31080187 PMCID: PMC6742729 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adult human brain consists of approximately a hundred billion neurons, which are connected via synapses. The pattern and strength of the synaptic connections are constantly changing (synaptic plasticity), and these changes are considered to underlie learning, memory, and personality. Many psychiatric disorders have been related to disturbances in synaptogenesis and subsequent plasticity. In this review, we summarize findings of synaptic disturbance and its involvement in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. We will focus on schizophrenia, because this condition has a high proven heritability, which offers more unambiguous insights into the biological origins of not only schizophrenia but also related psychiatric disorders. To demonstrate the involvement of synaptopathy in psychiatric disorders, we discuss what knowledge is missing at the circuits level, and what new technologies are needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of synaptopathy in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho OBI-NAGATA
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yusuke TEMMA
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko HAYASHI-TAKAGI
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: A. Hayashi-Takagi, Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan (e-mail: )
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46
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Lawrie SM. Are structural brain changes in schizophrenia related to antipsychotic medication? A narrative review of the evidence from a clinical perspective. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2018; 8:319-326. [PMID: 30344998 PMCID: PMC6180375 DOI: 10.1177/2045125318782306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Some observational studies and literature reviews suggest that antipsychotic drug use is associated with loss of grey or white matter in patients with schizophrenia, whereas others have contradicted this finding. Here, I summarize and critique the available evidence and put it in the context of clinical practice. This narrative review pools evidence from observational and experimental studies in humans and animals on the relationship between antipsychotic medication use and brain structure and function in patients with schizophrenia. To summarize, the observational evidence in patients with schizophrenia and the experimental evidence in animals suggest that antipsychotic drugs can cause reductions in brain volume, but differ as to where those effects are manifest. The experimental evidence in patients is inconclusive. There is stronger and more consistent evidence that other factors, such as alcohol and cannabis use, are likely causes of progressive brain changes in schizophrenia. Overall, I argue the case against antipsychotics is not proven and the jury is out on any significance of putative antipsychotic-induced brain changes. Taken in the context of strong evidence from clinical trials that antipsychotic drugs have beneficial effects on symptoms, function, relapse and cognition, and observational evidence that treatment normalizes other imaging indices and reduces mortality, the balance of probabilities is that antipsychotic drugs do not cause adverse structural brain changes in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
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47
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Blakey R, Ranlund S, Zartaloudi E, Cahn W, Calafato S, Colizzi M, Crespo-Facorro B, Daniel C, Díez-Revuelta Á, Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Jablensky A, Jones R, Hall MH, Kahn R, Kalaydjieva L, Kravariti E, Lin K, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Picchioni M, Powell J, Presman A, Rujescu D, Schulze K, Shaikh M, Thygesen JH, Toulopoulou T, Van Haren N, Van Os J, Walshe M, Murray RM, Bramon E. Associations between psychosis endophenotypes across brain functional, structural, and cognitive domains. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1325-1340. [PMID: 29094675 PMCID: PMC6516747 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of endophenotypes characterise psychosis, however there has been limited work understanding if and how they are inter-related. METHODS This multi-centre study includes 8754 participants: 2212 people with a psychotic disorder, 1487 unaffected relatives of probands, and 5055 healthy controls. We investigated cognition [digit span (N = 3127), block design (N = 5491), and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (N = 3543)], electrophysiology [P300 amplitude and latency (N = 1102)], and neuroanatomy [lateral ventricular volume (N = 1721)]. We used linear regression to assess the interrelationships between endophenotypes. RESULTS The P300 amplitude and latency were not associated (regression coef. -0.06, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.01, p = 0.060), and P300 amplitude was positively associated with block design (coef. 0.19, 95% CI 0.10-0.28, p 0.38). All the cognitive endophenotypes were associated with each other in the expected directions (all p < 0.001). Lastly, the relationships between pairs of endophenotypes were consistent in all three participant groups, differing for some of the cognitive pairings only in the strengths of the relationships. CONCLUSIONS The P300 amplitude and latency are independent endophenotypes; the former indexing spatial visualisation and working memory, and the latter is hypothesised to index basic processing speed. Individuals with psychotic illnesses, their unaffected relatives, and healthy controls all show similar patterns of associations between endophenotypes, endorsing the theory of a continuum of psychosis liability across the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Blakey
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. Ranlund
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - E. Zartaloudi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - W. Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Calafato
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - M. Colizzi
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - B. Crespo-Facorro
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - C. Daniel
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Á. Díez-Revuelta
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience – Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Complutense University and Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - C. Iyegbe
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A. Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R. Jones
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - M.-H. Hall
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - R. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Kalaydjieva
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - E. Kravariti
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K. Lin
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C. McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - A. M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - M. Picchioni
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J. Powell
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A. Presman
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - D. Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - K. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M. Shaikh
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- North East London Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J. H. Thygesen
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - T. Toulopoulou
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Main Campus, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - N. Van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Van Os
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, EURON, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Walshe
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - R. M. Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - E. Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Evangelio M, García-Amado M, Clascá F. Thalamocortical Projection Neuron and Interneuron Numbers in the Visual Thalamic Nuclei of the Adult C57BL/6 Mouse. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:27. [PMID: 29706872 PMCID: PMC5906714 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A key parameter to constrain predictive, bottom-up circuit models of a given brain domain is the number and position of the neuronal populations involved. These include not only the neurons whose bodies reside within the domain, but also the neurons in distant regions that innervate the domain. The mouse visual cortex receives its main subcortical input from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the lateral posterior (LP) complex of the thalamus. The latter consists of three different nuclei: lateral posterior lateral (LPL), lateral posterior medial rostral (LPMR), and lateral posterior medial caudal (LPMC), each exhibiting specific patterns of connections with the various visual cortical areas. Here, we have determined the number of thalamocortical projection neurons and interneurons in the LP complex and dLGN of the adult C57BL/6 male mouse. We combined Nissl staining and histochemical and immunolabeling methods for consistently delineating nuclei borders, and applied unbiased stereological cell counting methods. Thalamic interneurons were identified using GABA immunolabeling. The C57BL/6 dLGN contains ∼21,200 neurons, while LP complex contains ∼31,000 total neurons. The dLGN and LP are the only nuclei of the mouse dorsal thalamus containing substantial numbers GABA-immunoreactive interneurons. These interneurons, however, are scarcer than previously estimated; they are 5.6% of dLGN neurons and just 1.9% of the LP neurons. It can be thus inferred that the dLGN contains ∼20,000 and the LP complex ∼30,400 thalamocortical projection neurons (∼12,000 in LPL, 15,200 in LPMR, and 4,200 in LPMC). The present dataset is relevant for constraining models of mouse visual thalamocortical circuits, as well as for quantitative comparisons between genetically modified mouse strains, or across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Evangelio
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Amado
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Czéh B, Nagy SA. Clinical Findings Documenting Cellular and Molecular Abnormalities of Glia in Depressive Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29535607 PMCID: PMC5835102 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders are complex, multifactorial mental disorders with unknown neurobiology. Numerous theories aim to explain the pathophysiology. According to the “gliocentric theory”, glial abnormalities are responsible for the development of the disease. The aim of this review article is to summarize the rapidly growing number of cellular and molecular evidences indicating disturbed glial functioning in depressive disorders. We focus here exclusively on the clinical studies and present the in vivo neuroimaging findings together with the postmortem molecular and histopathological data. Postmortem studies demonstrate glial cell loss while the in vivo imaging data reveal disturbed glial functioning and altered white matter microstructure. Molecular studies report on altered gene expression of glial specific genes. In sum, the clinical findings provide ample evidences on glial pathology and demonstrate that all major glial cell types are affected. However, we still lack convincing theories explaining how the glial abnormalities develop and how exactly contribute to the emotional and cognitive disturbances. Abnormal astrocytic functioning may lead to disturbed metabolism affecting ion homeostasis and glutamate clearance, which in turn, affect synaptic communication. Abnormal oligodendrocyte functioning may disrupt the connectivity of neuronal networks, while microglial activation indicates neuroinflammatory processes. These cellular changes may relate to each other or they may indicate different endophenotypes. A theory has been put forward that the stress-induced inflammation—mediated by microglial activation—triggers a cascade of events leading to damaged astrocytes and oligodendroglia and consequently to their dysfunctions. The clinical data support the “gliocentric” theory, but future research should clarify whether these glial changes are truly the cause or simply the consequences of this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilvia A Nagy
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
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50
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Lecumberri A, Lopez-Janeiro A, Corral-Domenge C, Bernacer J. Neuronal density and proportion of interneurons in the associative, sensorimotor and limbic human striatum. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1615-1625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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