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Gatti DM, Tyler AL, Mahoney JM, Churchill GA, Yener B, Koyuncu D, Gurcan MN, Niazi MKK, Tavolara T, Gower A, Dayao D, McGlone E, Ginese ML, Specht A, Alsharaydeh A, Tessier PA, Kurtz SL, Elkins KL, Kramnik I, Beamer G. Systems genetics uncover new loci containing functional gene candidates in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected Diversity Outbred mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011915. [PMID: 38861581 PMCID: PMC11195971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects two billion people across the globe, and results in 8-9 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases and 1-1.5 million deaths each year. Most patients have no known genetic basis that predisposes them to disease. Here, we investigate the complex genetic basis of pulmonary TB by modelling human genetic diversity with the Diversity Outbred mouse population. When infected with M. tuberculosis, one-third develop early onset, rapidly progressive, necrotizing granulomas and succumb within 60 days. The remaining develop non-necrotizing granulomas and survive longer than 60 days. Genetic mapping using immune and inflammatory mediators; and clinical, microbiological, and granuloma correlates of disease identified five new loci on mouse chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 16; and three known loci on chromosomes 3 and 17. Further, multiple positively correlated traits shared loci on chromosomes 1, 16, and 17 and had similar patterns of allele effects, suggesting these loci contain critical genetic regulators of inflammatory responses to M. tuberculosis. To narrow the list of candidate genes, we used a machine learning strategy that integrated gene expression signatures from lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected Diversity Outbred mice with gene interaction networks to generate scores representing functional relationships. The scores were used to rank candidates for each mapped trait, resulting in 11 candidate genes: Ncf2, Fam20b, S100a8, S100a9, Itgb5, Fstl1, Zbtb20, Ddr1, Ier3, Vegfa, and Zfp318. Although all candidates have roles in infection, inflammation, cell migration, extracellular matrix remodeling, or intracellular signaling, and all contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), SNPs in only four genes (S100a8, Itgb5, Fstl1, Zfp318) are predicted to have deleterious effects on protein functions. We performed methodological and candidate validations to (i) assess biological relevance of predicted allele effects by showing that Diversity Outbred mice carrying PWK/PhJ alleles at the H-2 locus on chromosome 17 QTL have shorter survival; (ii) confirm accuracy of predicted allele effects by quantifying S100A8 protein in inbred founder strains; and (iii) infection of C57BL/6 mice deficient for the S100a8 gene. Overall, this body of work demonstrates that systems genetics using Diversity Outbred mice can identify new (and known) QTLs and functionally relevant gene candidates that may be major regulators of complex host-pathogens interactions contributing to granuloma necrosis and acute inflammation in pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Gatti
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Anna L. Tyler
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | | | - Bulent Yener
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Deniz Koyuncu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Metin N. Gurcan
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - MK Khalid Niazi
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas Tavolara
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adam Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denise Dayao
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily McGlone
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melanie L. Ginese
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aubrey Specht
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anas Alsharaydeh
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philipe A. Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laval University School of Medicine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sherry L. Kurtz
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Elkins
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Igor Kramnik
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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2
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Gatti DM, Tyler AL, Mahoney JM, Churchill GA, Yener B, Koyuncu D, Gurcan MN, Niazi M, Tavolara T, Gower AC, Dayao D, McGlone E, Ginese ML, Specht A, Alsharaydeh A, Tessier PA, Kurtz SL, Elkins K, Kramnik I, Beamer G. Systems genetics uncover new loci containing functional gene candidates in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected Diversity Outbred mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572738. [PMID: 38187647 PMCID: PMC10769337 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB), infects 2 billion people across the globe, and results in 8-9 million new TB cases and 1-1.5 million deaths each year. Most patients have no known genetic basis that predisposes them to disease. We investigated the complex genetic basis of pulmonary TB by modelling human genetic diversity with the Diversity Outbred mouse population. When infected with M. tuberculosis, one-third develop early onset, rapidly progressive, necrotizing granulomas and succumb within 60 days. The remaining develop non-necrotizing granulomas and survive longer than 60 days. Genetic mapping using clinical indicators of disease, granuloma histopathological features, and immune response traits identified five new loci on mouse chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 16 and three previously identified loci on chromosomes 3 and 17. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 1, 16, and 17, associated with multiple correlated traits and had similar patterns of allele effects, suggesting these QTLs contain important genetic regulators of responses to M. tuberculosis. To narrow the list of candidate genes in QTLs, we used a machine learning strategy that integrated gene expression signatures from lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected Diversity Outbred mice with gene interaction networks, generating functional scores. The scores were then used to rank candidates for each mapped trait in each locus, resulting in 11 candidates: Ncf2, Fam20b, S100a8, S100a9, Itgb5, Fstl1, Zbtb20, Ddr1, Ier3, Vegfa, and Zfp318. Importantly, all 11 candidates have roles in infection, inflammation, cell migration, extracellular matrix remodeling, or intracellular signaling. Further, all candidates contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and some but not all SNPs were predicted to have deleterious consequences on protein functions. Multiple methods were used for validation including (i) a statistical method that showed Diversity Outbred mice carrying PWH/PhJ alleles on chromosome 17 QTL have shorter survival; (ii) quantification of S100A8 protein levels, confirming predicted allele effects; and (iii) infection of C57BL/6 mice deficient for the S100a8 gene. Overall, this work demonstrates that systems genetics using Diversity Outbred mice can identify new (and known) QTLs and new functionally relevant gene candidates that may be major regulators of granuloma necrosis and acute inflammation in pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Gatti
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - A L Tyler
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | | | | | - B Yener
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - D Koyuncu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - M N Gurcan
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Mkk Niazi
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - T Tavolara
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - A C Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - D Dayao
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - E McGlone
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - M L Ginese
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - A Specht
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - A Alsharaydeh
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - P A Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laval University School of Medicine, Quebec, Canada
| | - S L Kurtz
- Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - K Elkins
- Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - I Kramnik
- NIEDL, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - G Beamer
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
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Zhai F, Wang J, Yang W, Ye M, Jin X. The E3 Ligases in Cervical Cancer and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5354. [PMID: 36358773 PMCID: PMC9658772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial (EC) and cervical (CC) cancers are the most prevalent malignancies of the female reproductive system. There is a global trend towards increasing incidence and mortality, with a decreasing age trend. E3 ligases label substrates with ubiquitin to regulate their activity and stability and are involved in various cellular functions. Studies have confirmed abnormal expression or mutations of E3 ligases in EC and CC, indicating their vital roles in the occurrence and progression of EC and CC. This paper provides an overview of the E3 ligases implicated in EC and CC and discusses their underlying mechanism. In addition, this review provides research advances in the target of ubiquitination processes in EC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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He FY, Chen G, He RQ, Huang ZG, Li JD, Wu WZ, Chen JT, Tang YL, Li DM, Pan SL, Feng ZB, Dang YW. Expression of IER3 in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinicopathology, prognosis, and potential regulatory pathways. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12944. [PMID: 35291486 PMCID: PMC8918148 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immediate early response 3 (IER3) is correlated to the prognosis of several cancers, but the precise mechanisms underlying the regulation by IER3 of the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. Methods The expression level of IER3 was examined by using in-house immunohistochemistry (IHC), public gene chip, and public RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated to compare the expression levels of IER3 between HCC patients and controls. The summary receiver operating characteristics (sROC) was plotted to comprehensively understand the discriminatory capability of IER3 between HCC and non-HCC group. The Kaplan-Meier curves and the combined hazard ratios (HRs) were used to determine the prognostic value of IER3 in HCC. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and co-expression genes (CEGs) were used to explored the molecular mechanisms of IER3 underlying HCC. hTFtarget was used to predict the transcription factors (TFs) of IER3. The binding site of TFs and the IER3 promoter region was forecasted using the JASPAR website. The relevant ChIP-seq data were used to determine whether TF peaks were present in the IER3 transcription initiation. Results A significantly increased expression of IER3 protein was found in HCC tissue relative to non-HCC tissue as detected by IHC (p < 0.001). Compared to 1,263 cases of non-HCC tissues, IER3 in 1483 cases of HCC tissues was upregulated (SMD = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.09-0.76]). The sROC showed that IER3 had a certain ability at differentiating HCC tissues (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.65, 95% CI [0.61-0.69]). Comprehensive analysis of the effect of IER3 on the prognosis of patients with HCC demonstrated that higher IER3 expression was associated with poor prognosis in HCC (HRs = 1.30, 95% CI [1.03-1.64]). Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that IER3-related genes were mostly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cancer-related signaling pathways, the p53 signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways. Regulatory factor X5 (RFX5) was identified as a possible regulator of IER3-related TF. Conclusion IER3 may be a potential prognostic marker for HCC. The molecular mechanisms of IER3 in HCC warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yan He
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Rong-quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Di Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zi Wu
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Ling Shan, Ling Shan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Tian Chen
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Ling Shan, Ling Shan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lu Tang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Ling Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Yi-wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
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Linking Diabetes Mellitus with Alzheimer's Disease: Bioinformatics Analysis for the Potential Pathways and Characteristic Genes. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:1049-1075. [PMID: 34779951 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As the surging epidemics with significant disability, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with microvascular complications are widely prevalent, sharing considerable similarities in putative pathomechanism. Despite a spurt of researches on the biology, knowledge about their interactive mechanisms is still rudimentary. Applying bioinformatics ways to explore the differentially co-expressed genes contributes to achieve our objectives to find new therapeutic targets. In this study, we firstly integrated gene expression omnibus datasets (GSE28146 and GSE43950) to identify differentially expressed genes. The enrichment analysis of pivotal genes, like gene ontology and pathway signaling proceeded subsequently. Besides, the related protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then constructed. To further explain the inner connections, we ended up unearthing the biological significance of valuable targets. As a result, a set of 712, 630, 487, and 997 genes were differentially identified in T2DM with microvascular complications and AD at incipient, moderate, and severe, respectively. The enrichment analysis involving both diseases implicated the dominance of immune system, especially the noteworthy chemokine signaling. Multiple comparisons confirmed that CACNA2D3, NUMB, and IER3 were simultaneously participate in these two conditions, whose respective associations with neurological and endocrine diseases, and regulators including interacting chemicals, transcription factors, and miRNAs were analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis eventually concluded that immune-related biological functions and pathways closely link AD and T2DM with microvascular complications. Further exploration of the regulatory factors about CACNA2D3, NUMB, and IER3 in neuroendocrine field may provide us a promising direction to discover potential strategies for the comorbidity status.
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Inhibitory feedback control of NF-κB signalling in health and disease. Biochem J 2021; 478:2619-2664. [PMID: 34269817 PMCID: PMC8286839 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells must adapt to changes in their environment to maintain cell, tissue and organismal integrity in the face of mechanical, chemical or microbiological stress. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is one of the most important transcription factors that controls inducible gene expression as cells attempt to restore homeostasis. It plays critical roles in the immune system, from acute inflammation to the development of secondary lymphoid organs, and also has roles in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Given its role in such critical processes, NF-κB signalling must be subject to strict spatiotemporal control to ensure measured and context-specific cellular responses. Indeed, deregulation of NF-κB signalling can result in debilitating and even lethal inflammation and also underpins some forms of cancer. In this review, we describe the homeostatic feedback mechanisms that limit and ‘re-set’ inducible activation of NF-κB. We first describe the key components of the signalling pathways leading to activation of NF-κB, including the prominent role of protein phosphorylation and protein ubiquitylation, before briefly introducing the key features of feedback control mechanisms. We then describe the array of negative feedback loops targeting different components of the NF-κB signalling cascade including controls at the receptor level, post-receptor signalosome complexes, direct regulation of the critical ‘inhibitor of κB kinases’ (IKKs) and inhibitory feedforward regulation of NF-κB-dependent transcriptional responses. We also review post-transcriptional feedback controls affecting RNA stability and translation. Finally, we describe the deregulation of these feedback controls in human disease and consider how feedback may be a challenge to the efficacy of inhibitors.
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Diggins NL, Crawford LB, Hancock MH, Mitchell J, Nelson JA. Human Cytomegalovirus miR-US25-1 Targets the GTPase RhoA To Inhibit CD34 + Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Proliferation To Maintain the Latent Viral Genome. mBio 2021; 12:e00621-21. [PMID: 33824207 PMCID: PMC8092260 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00621-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs play essential roles in latency and reactivation in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) via regulation of viral and cellular gene expression. In the present study, we show that HCMV miR-US25-1 targets RhoA, a small GTPase required for CD34+ HPC self-renewal, proliferation, and hematopoiesis. Expression of miR-US25-1 impairs signaling through the nonmuscle myosin II light chain, which leads to a block in cytokinesis and an inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, infection with an HCMV mutant lacking miR-US25-1 resulted in increased proliferation of CD34+ HPCs and a decrease in the proportion of genome-containing cells at the end of latency culture. These observations provide a mechanism by which HCMV limits proliferation to maintain latent viral genomes in CD34+ HPCs.IMPORTANCE Each herpesvirus family establishes latency in a unique cell type. Since herpesvirus genomes are maintained as episomes, the virus needs to devise mechanisms to retain the latent genome during cell division. Alphaherpesviruses overcome this obstacle by infecting nondividing neurons, while gammaherpesviruses tether their genome to the host chromosome in dividing B cells. The betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes latency in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), but the mechanism used to maintain the viral genome is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that HCMV miR-US25-1 downregulates expression of RhoA, a key cell cycle regulator, which results in inhibition of CD34+ HPC proliferation by blocking mitosis. Mutation of miR-US25-1 during viral infection results in enhanced cellular proliferation and a decreased frequency of genome-containing CD34+ HPCs. These results reveal a novel mechanism through which HCMV is able to regulate cell division to prevent viral genome loss during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Liu S, Qiu J, He G, He W, Liu C, Cai D, Pan H. TRAIL promotes hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and migration via interacting with IER3. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:63. [PMID: 33472635 PMCID: PMC7816514 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce substantial cytotoxicity in tumor cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. In the present study, we therefore evaluated interactions between TRAIL and IER3 via co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses, leading us to determine that these two proteins were able to drive the apoptotic death of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to disrupt their proliferative and migratory abilities both in vitro and in vivo. From a mechanistic perspective, we determined that TRAIL and IER3 were capable of inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Together, these results indicate that TRAIL can control the pathogenesis of HCC at least in part via interacting with IER3 to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus indicating that this TRAIL/IER3/β-catenin axis may be a viable therapeutic target in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Liu
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guifang He
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Weitai He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Changchang Liu
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Duo Cai
- Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Huazheng Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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9
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Shahid M, Hermes EL, Chandra D, Tauseef M, Siddiqui MR, Faridi MH, Wu MX. Emerging Potential of Immediate Early Response Gene X-1 in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009261. [PMID: 30373431 PMCID: PMC6404175 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesChicago State University College of PharmacyChicagoIL
| | - Erin L. Hermes
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesChicago State University College of PharmacyChicagoIL
| | - David Chandra
- The Wellman Center for PhotomedicineDepartment of DermatologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesChicago State University College of PharmacyChicagoIL
| | - M. Rizwan Siddiqui
- Department of PediatricsNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - M. Hafeez Faridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesChicago State University College of PharmacyChicagoIL
| | - Mei X. Wu
- The Wellman Center for PhotomedicineDepartment of DermatologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyHarvard‐Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMA
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HCMV miRNA Targets Reveal Important Cellular Pathways for Viral Replication, Latency, and Reactivation. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4040029. [PMID: 30360396 PMCID: PMC6315856 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well appreciated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the lifecycles of many herpes viruses. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication cycle varies significantly depending on the cell type infected, with lytic replication occurring in fully-differentiated cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or macrophages, and latent infection occurring in less-differentiated CD14+ monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells where viral gene expression is severely diminished and progeny virus is not produced. Given their non-immunogenic nature and their capacity to target numerous cellular and viral transcripts, miRNAs represent a particularly advantageous means for HCMV to manipulate viral gene expression and cellular signaling pathways during lytic and latent infection. This review will focus on our current knowledge of HCMV miRNA viral and cellular targets, and discuss their importance in lytic and latent infection, highlight the challenges of studying HCMV miRNAs, and describe how viral miRNAs can help us to better understand the cellular processes involved in HCMV latency.
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11
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Xu MJ, Cai Y, Qu A, Shyy JYJ, Li W, Wang X. Immediate Early Response Gene X-1 (IEX-1) Mediates Ischemic Preconditioning-Induced Cardioprotection in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6109061. [PMID: 29213350 PMCID: PMC5682079 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is associated with an immediate genomic response; IPC-induced immediate early genes are associated with reduced infarct size. Because the immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) plays a central role in cell apoptosis, we examine whether IEX-1 exerts protective effects against I/R injury. We found that the IEX-1 mRNA level was increased in the IPC-imposed rat heart. However, it was downregulated in the I/R rat heart, which was prevented by in situ IPC. When IEX-1 was knocked down, the protective effects imposed by IPC were lessened. Local gene delivery of Ad-IEX-1 to the left ventricle greatly diminished cardiac infarct size and improved systolic functions of I/R hearts in rats. In contrast, knocking down IEX-1 expression exacerbates myocardial infarction. Overexpression of IEX-1 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes significantly reduced hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced intracellular and mitochondrial ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, IPC-induced phosphorylation and particle translocation of PKCε were impaired by knocking down IEX-1 in vivo, and overexpressing IEX-1 showed similar cardioprotection imposed by IPC. Our results demonstrate that IPC increases IEX-1 expression, which may promote phosphorylation and particle translocation of PKCε and thus reduce intracellular ROS accumulation. These beneficial effects reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis to alleviate cardiac infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jiang Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - John Y.-J. Shyy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Zhou Q, Hahn JK, Neupane B, Aidery P, Labeit S, Gawaz M, Gramlich M. Dysregulated IER3 Expression is Associated with Enhanced Apoptosis in Titin-Based Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E723. [PMID: 28353642 PMCID: PMC5412309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis (type I programmed cell death) of cardiomyocytes is a major process that plays a role in the progression of heart failure. The early response gene IER3 regulates apoptosis in a wide variety of cells and organs. However, its role in heart failure is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of IER3 in an inducible heart failure mouse model. Heart failure was induced in a mouse model that imitates a human titin truncation mutation we found in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and ssDNA stainings showed induction of apoptosis in titin-deficient cardiomyocytes during heart failure development, while IER3 response was dysregulated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and knock-down experiments revealed that IER3 proteins target the promotors of anti-apoptotic genes and act as an anti-apoptotic factor in cardiomyocytes. Its expression is blunted during heart failure development in a titin-deficient mouse model. Targeting the IER3 pathway to reduce cardiac apoptosis might be an effective therapeutic strategy to combat heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Kelley Hahn
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Balram Neupane
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Parwez Aidery
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Institute for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Scaffold protein FHL2 facilitates MDM2-mediated degradation of IER3 to regulate proliferation of cervical cancer cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:5106-18. [PMID: 26973248 PMCID: PMC5399145 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expression of immediate early response 3 (IER3), a protein with a short half-life, is rapidly induced by various cellular stimuli. We recently reported that IER3 induces the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells and that its expression is downregulated in patients with cervical cancer. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the rapid degradation of IER3 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MDM2 is an E3 ligase that interacts with IER3 and promotes its ubiquitination, followed by proteasomal degradation. Polyubiquitination of the conserved lysine 60 of IER3 is essential for its degradation. In addition, four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) binds to both IER3 and MDM2, allowing for efficient MDM2-mediated IER3 degradation by facilitating an association between MDM2 and IER3. Moreover, IER3 induces cell cycle arrest in cervical cancer cells and its activity is further enhanced in cells in which FHL2 or MDM2 was silenced, thereby preventing IER3 degradation. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papilloma virus 18 regulated IER3 expression. FHL2 expression was significantly higher in the squamous epithelium of cervical carcinoma tissues than in non-cancerous cervical tissues, whereas cervical carcinoma expression of IER3 was downregulated in this region. Thus, we determined the molecular mechanism responsible for IER3 degradation, involving a ternary complex of IER3, MDM2 and FHL2, which may contribute to cervical tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that FHL2 serves as a scaffold for E3 ligase and its substrate during the ubiquitination reaction, a function that has not been previously reported for this protein.
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Liu Z, Wang XM, Jia TF, Zhai Y, Sun LY, Cheng YP, Zhang YM, Liu SH, Liang J. Expression of IER3 in primary hepatocarcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:679-82. [PMID: 25684507 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate the immediate early response gene 3 (IER3) is involved in many biological processes. Recently, it was discovered that IER3 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Thus it may be a valuable biomarker in tumor. This study was designed to investigate the expression status of IER3 in primary hepatocarcinoma (PHC) and correlation with clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the expression levels of IER3 in 62 pathologically diagnosed human PHC specimens. RESULTS A statistically significant association was disclosed between the expression of IER3 and P53 mutant protein (short for P53), Ki-67, EGFR and the biggest diameter, differentiation grade of tumor. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first to shed light on the potential clinical usefulness of IER3, as an efficient tumor biomarker in PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China E-mail :
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Brahmbhatt A, NievesTorres E, Yang B, Edwards WD, Roy Chaudhury P, Lee MK, Kong H, Mukhopadhyay D, Kumar R, Misra S. The role of Iex-1 in the pathogenesis of venous neointimal hyperplasia associated with hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102542. [PMID: 25036043 PMCID: PMC4103828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) used for hemodialysis fail because of venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH). There are 1,500,000 patients that have end stage renal disease worldwide and the majority requires hemodialysis. In the present study, the role of the intermediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1), also known as IER-3 in the pathogenesis of VNH was evaluated. In human samples removed from failed AVF, there was a significant increase in IEX-1 expression localized to the adventitia. In Iex-1-/- mice and wild type (WT) controls, chronic kidney disease was induced and an AVF placed 28 days later by connecting the carotid artery to jugular vein. The outflow vein was removed three days following the creation of the AVF and gene expression analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegf-A) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1) gene expression in Iex-1-/- mice when compared to WT mice (P<0.05). At 28 days after AVF placement, histomorphometric and immune-histochemical analyses of the outflow vein demonstrated a significant decrease in neointimal hyperplasia with an increase in average lumen vessel area associated with a decrease in fibroblast, myofibroblast, and Ly6C staining. There was a decrease in proliferation (Ki-67) and an increase in the TUNEL staining in Iex-1 KO mice compared to WT. In addition, there was a decrease in Vegf-A, Mcp-1, and matrix metalloproteiniase-9 (Mmp-9) staining. Iex-1 expression was reduced in vivo and in vitro using nanoparticles coated with calcitriol, an inhibitor of Iex-1 that demonstrated that Iex-1 reduction results in decrease in Vegf-A. In aggregate, these results indicate that the absence of IEX-1 gene results in reduced VNH accompanied with a decrease in proliferation, reduced fibroblast, myofibroblast, and Ly6C staining accompanied with increased apoptosis mediated through a reduction in Vegf-A/Mcp-1 axis and Mmp-9. Adventitial delivery of nanoparticles coated with calcitriol reduced Iex-1 and VNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaar Brahmbhatt
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Evelyn NievesTorres
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Binxia Yang
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William D. Edwards
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prabir Roy Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Min Kyun Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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Stachel I, Geismann C, Aden K, Deisinger F, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S, Sebens S, Arlt A, Schäfer H. Modulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation by the stress response gene immediate early response-3 (IER3) in colonic epithelial cells: a novel mechanism of cellular adaption to inflammatory stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1917-29. [PMID: 24311782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) protects from carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, underlying the rationale for using Nrf2 inducers in chemoprevention, this antioxidative transcription factor may also act as a proto-oncogene. Thus, an enhanced Nrf2 activity promotes formation and chemoresistance of colon cancer. One mechanism causing persistent Nrf2 activation is the adaptation of epithelial cells to oxidative stress during chronic inflammation, e.g. colonocytes in inflammatory bowel diseases, and the multifunctional stress response gene immediate early response-3 (IER3) has a crucial role under these conditions. We now demonstrate that colonic tissue from Ier3(-/-) mice subject of dextran sodium sulfate colitis exhibit greater Nrf2 activity than Ier3(+/+) mice, manifesting as increased nuclear Nrf2 protein level and Nrf2 target gene expression. Likewise, human NCM460 colonocytes subjected to shRNA-mediated IER3 knockdown exhibit greater Nrf2 activity compared with control cells, whereas IER3 overexpression attenuated Nrf2 activation. IER3-deficient NCM460 cells exhibited reduced reactive oxygen species levels, indicating increased antioxidative protection, as well as lower sensitivity to TRAIL or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and greater clonogenicity. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression reversed these IER3-dependent effects. Further, the enhancing effect of IER3 deficiency on Nrf2 activity relates to the control of the inhibitory tyrosine kinase Fyn by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or knockdown of Akt or Fyn expression abrogated the impact of IER3 deficiency on Nrf2 activity. In conclusion, the interference of IER3 with the PI3K/Akt-Fyn pathway represents a novel mechanism of Nrf2 regulation that may get lost in tumors and by which IER3 exerts its stress-adaptive and tumor-suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Stachel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine 1, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel
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Han L, Zhang X, Geng L, Li M, Zhang Y, Wu MX. The expression of immediate early response gene X-1 in preeclampsia placenta and its pro-apoptotic role in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2013; 32:157-68. [DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2013.784785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang YP, Qi Y, Huang YJ, Qi ML, Ma YP, He R, Ji YH, Sun ZR, Ruan Q. Identification of immediate early gene X-1 as a cellular target gene of hcmv-mir-UL148D. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:959-66. [PMID: 23403649 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that causes congenital diseases and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Its functional proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) facilitate efficient viral propagation by altering host cell behavior. The identification of functional target genes of miRNAs is an important step in the study of HCMV pathogenesis. HCMV encodes at least 14 miRNAs, including hcmv-mir-UL148D, which resides in the HCMV UL/b' region. hcmv-mir-UL148D is the only miRNA encoded by the HCMV UL/b' region; however, its targets and functional effects have not yet been eludidated. In this study, hybrid-PCR screening was used to identify target genes and dual luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the binding effect of hcmv-miR-UL148D to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of IEX-1. In addition, western blot analysis was used to detect the expression kinetics of IEX-1 protein and apoptosis assay was used to identify the effects of hcmv-miR-UL148D on cell apoptosis. The hybrid-PCR results showed that only one binding site in the 3'UTR of the cellular gene, human immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1), was completely complementary to an 11 nucleotide (nt) sequence in the 5' terminus of hcmv-mir-UL148D, including the entire seed region. The binding site was demonstrated to be functional by dual luciferase reporter assay with a 47% repression of the relative luciferase activity. In an in vitro system of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, the ectopically expressed hcmv-mir-UL148D exhibited a downregulatory effect on IEX-1 expression, and decreased the cell apoptosis induced by transfected IEX-1. Our data demonstrate that hcmv-mir-UL148D targets the cellular gene, IEX-1, downregulating its expression and thus results in anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ping Wang
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
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Wu MX, Ustyugova IV, Han L, Akilov OE. Immediate early response gene X-1, a potential prognostic biomarker in cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:593-606. [PMID: 23379921 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.768234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Deregulation of IEX-1 expression has been confirmed in multiple cancers in humans, in association with either poor or better prognosis depending on the type and progression stages of the cancer. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes clinical studies of altered IEX-1 expression in ovarian, pancreatic, blood, breast and colorectal cancers, lymphoma and myeloma. The authors also outline the current understandings of the complex functions of IEX-1 gained from studies with animal models and tumor cell lines so as to help us comprehend the significance of the clinical findings. EXPERT OPINION IEX-1 holds great promise to be a valuable biomarker, either alone or in combination with other genes, for monitoring progression of some cancers. IEX-1 expression is highly sensitive to environmental cues and distinct between normal and cancer cells. However, use of IEX-1 as a biomarker remains a significant challenge because too little is understood about the mechanism underlying the diverse activities of IEX-1 and a standardized clinical assay for IEX-1 detection and validation of clinical results across different studies are still critically lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei X Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology , Edwards 222, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Han L, Geng L, Liu X, Shi H, He W, Wu MX. Clinical significance of IEX-1 expression in ovarian carcinoma. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 35:260-6. [PMID: 22085302 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2011.608916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stress-inducible immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in a cell type and stimulus-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to investigate IEX-1 expression and its role in apoptosis of ovarian epithelial tumors for potential use in clinical diagnosis and therapy. METHODS IEX-1 expression was examined in paraffin-embedded specimens from 77 patients with epithelial ovarian tumors using immunohistochemistry. Correlation between IEX-1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters was evaluated. Apoptosis of tumor cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS IEX-1 expression was significantly lower in ovarian cancers compared to cystadenomas and borderline tumors (p < .05). The expression was significantly associated with FIGO stage and histological grade (p < .05), but not with age, histological type, or residual tumor (p > .05). A positive correlation was also observed between IEX-1 expression and apoptotic index (p < .01) or survival (p=.005). CONCLUSION With the development of epithelial ovarian tumors from benign to malignant, IEX-1 expression is decreased, concomitant with a decreased rate of cell apoptosis. Thus, IEX-1 is pro-apoptotic in the development of epithelial ovarian cancer. The pro-apoptotic activity may take part in restraining tumor growth at the early stage of ovarian epithelial cancer, whereas its decreased expression probably contributes to the abnormal survival advantage for malignant cancer. Altered IEX-1 expression can potentially be a new predictor of the malignant transformation and a prognostic indicator for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
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Differentiation potential of pancreatic fibroblastoid cells/stellate cells: effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:816791. [PMID: 22007221 PMCID: PMC3189590 DOI: 10.1155/2011/816791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells have been investigated mostly for their activation process, supposed to support the development of pancreatic disease. Few studies have been presented on reversal of the activation process in vitro. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been used as antidiabetics and have now been reported to exert antifibrotic activity. We tested effects of natural and synthetic ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) on human pancreatic fibroblastoid cells (hPFCs) in search for specificity of action. Ciglitazone, as a prototype of TZDs, was shown to have reversible growth inhibitory effects on human pancreatic fibroblastoid cells/stellate cells. Cells treated with ciglitazone for three days showed enhanced lipid content and induction of proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Collagen synthesis was reduced in hPFC. Interaction of PPARγ with DNA binding sites upon ligand binding was shown by gel shift analysis. These findings point toward a potential for adipocyte differentiation in human pancreatic fibroblastoid cells.
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IEX-1 suppresses apoptotic damage in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells induced by co-culturing with macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Biosci Rep 2011; 31:345-51. [DOI: 10.1042/bsr20100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that apoptosis of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells is induced by co-culturing with human macrophage-like THP-1 cells, mainly via the action of TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) secreted from THP-1 cells [Satsu, Ishimoto, Nakano, Mochizuki, Iwanaga and Shimizu (2006) Exp. Cell Res. 312, 3909–3919]. Our recent DNA microarray analysis of co-cultured Caco-2 cells showed that IEX-1 (immediate early-response gene X-1) is the most significantly increased gene during co-culture [Ishimoto, Nakai, Satsu, Totsuka and Shimizu (2010) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74, 437–439]. Hence, we investigated the role of IEX-1 in the co-culture-induced damage of Caco-2 cells. We showed that IEX-1 expression induced in Caco-2 cells was suppressed by anti-TNFα antibody treatment. Experiments using IEX-1-overexpressing and -knockdown Caco-2 cells suggested that IEX-1 was involved in the suppression of Caco-2 cell damage. Increases in caspase 3 activity and TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1) mRNA expression were shown in IEX-1-knockdown Caco-2 cells, suggesting that IEX-1 plays a role in the suppression of apoptosis and protects cells by controlling sensitivity to TNFα under both normal and inflammatory conditions.
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Arlt A, Schäfer H. Role of the immediate early response 3 (IER3) gene in cellular stress response, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:545-52. [PMID: 21112119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the early response gene immediate early response 3 (IER3), formerly known as IEX-1, is induced by a great variety of stimuli, such as growth factors, cytokines, ionizing radiation, viral infection and other types of cellular stress. Being of a rather unique protein structure not sharing any similarity to other vertebrate proteins, IER3 plays a complex and to some extent contradictory role in cell cycle control and apoptosis. As outlined in this review, these effects of IER3 relate to an interference with certain signalling pathways, in particular NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt. In addition to numerous functional data relying on cell culture based studies, transgenic and knock-out mouse models revealed an involvement of IER3 expression in immune functions and in the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Deficiency of IER3 expression in mice results in an aberrant immune regulation and enhanced inflammation, in an alteration of blood pressure control and hypertension or in an impaired genomic stability. A number of patient related studies revealed an involvement of IER3 in tumorigenesis in a cell-type dependent but not yet understood manner. Future studies should establish the potential of IER3 as a new predictive marker and as a molecular target in human diseases such as cancer, inflammatory diseases or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Arlt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Bldg. 6, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Zajac M, Gomez G, Benitez J, Martínez-Delgado B. Molecular signature of response and potential pathways related to resistance to the HSP90 inhibitor, 17AAG, in breast cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:44. [PMID: 20920318 PMCID: PMC2959047 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HSP90 may be a favorable target for investigational therapy in breast cancer. In fact, the HSP90 inhibitor, 17AAG, currently has entered in phase II clinical trials as an anticancer agent in breast and other tumors. Since HSP90 inhibition leads to global depletion of oncogenic proteins involved in multiple pathways we applied global analysis using gene array technology to study new genes and pathways involved in the drug response in breast cancer. METHODS Gene expression profiling using Whole Human Genome Agilent array technology was applied to a total of six sensitive and two resistant breast cancer cell lines pre-treatment and treated with the 17AAG for 24 and 48 hours. RESULTS We have identified a common molecular signature of response to 17AAG composed of 35 genes which include novel pharmacodynamic markers of this drug. In addition, different patterns of HSP90 client transcriptional changes after 17AAG were identified associated to the sensitive cell lines, which could be useful to evaluate drug effectiveness. Finally, we have found differentially expressed pathways associated to resistance to 17AAG. We observed significant activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in resistant cells upon treatment, indicating that these pathways could be potentially targeted to overcome resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that global mRNA expression analysis is a useful strategy to examine molecular effects of drugs, which allowed us the discovery of new biomarkers of 17AAG activity and provided more insights into the complex mechanism of 17AAG resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zajac
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid, Spain
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Murray PG, Fan Y, Davies G, Ying J, Geng H, Ng KM, Li H, Gao Z, Wei W, Bose S, Anderton J, Kapatai G, Reynolds G, Ito A, Marafioti T, Woodman CB, Ambinder R, Tao Q. Epigenetic silencing of a proapoptotic cell adhesion molecule, the immunoglobulin superfamily member IGSF4, by promoter CpG methylation protects Hodgkin lymphoma cells from apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1480-90. [PMID: 20709797 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The malignant Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are believed to derive from germinal center (GC) B cells, but lack expression of a functional B cell receptor. As apoptosis is the normal fate of B-cell receptor-negative GC B cells, mechanisms that abrogate apoptosis are thus critical in HL development, such as epigenetic disruption of certain pro-apoptotic cancer genes including tumor suppressor genes. Identifying methylated genes elucidates oncogenic mechanisms and provides valuable biomarkers; therefore, we performed a chemical epigenetic screening for methylated genes in HL through pharmacological demethylation and expression profiling. IGSF4/CADM1/TSLC1, a pro-apoptotic cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, was identified together with other methylated targets. In contrast to its expression in normal GC B cells, IGSF4 was down-regulated and methylated in HL cell lines, most primary HL, and microdissected HRS cells of 3/5 cases, but not in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and seldom in normal lymph nodes. We also detected IGSF4 methylation in sera of 14/18 (78%) HL patients but seldom in normal sera. Ectopic IGSF4 expression decreased HL cells survival and increased their sensitivity to apoptosis. IGSF4 induction that normally follows heat shock stress treatment was also abrogated in methylated lymphoma cells. Thus, our data demonstrate that IGSF4 silencing by CpG methylation provides an anti-apoptotic signal to HRS cells important in HL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Murray
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Pawlikowska P, Leray I, de Laval B, Guihard S, Kumar R, Rosselli F, Porteu F. ATM-dependent expression of IEX-1 controls nuclear accumulation of Mcl-1 and the DNA damage response. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1739-50. [PMID: 20467439 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The early-response gene product IEX-1 (also known as IER3) was recently found to interact with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1). In this study we show that this interaction specifically and timely controls the accumulation of Mcl-1 in the nucleus in response to DNA damage. The IEX-1 protein is rapidly induced by γ-irradiation, genotoxic agents or replication inhibitors, in a way dependent on ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activity and is necessary for Mcl-1 nuclear translocation. Conversely, IEX-1 protein proteasomal degradation triggers the return of Mcl-1 to the cytosol. IEX-1 and Mcl-1 are integral components of the DNA damage response. Loss of IEX-1 or Mcl-1 leads to genomic instability and increased sensitivity to genotoxic and replicative stresses. The two proteins cooperate to maintain Chk1 activation and G2 checkpoint arrest. Mcl-1 nuclear translocation may foster checkpoint and improve the tumor resistance to DNA damage-based cancer therapies. Deciphering the pathways involved in IEX-1 degradation should lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets to increase sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy.
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Sina C, Arlt A, Gavrilova O, Midtling E, Kruse ML, Müerköster SS, Kumar R, Fölsch UR, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P, Schäfer H. Ablation of gly96/immediate early gene-X1 (gly96/iex-1) aggravates DSS-induced colitis in mice: role for gly96/iex-1 in the regulation of NF-kappaB. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:320-331. [PMID: 19714745 PMCID: PMC3927407 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) result from environmental and genetic factors and are characterized by an imbalanced immune response in the gut and deregulated activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Addressing the potential role of gly96/iex-1 in the regulation of NF-kappaB in IBD, we used the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model in mice in which the gly96/iex-1 gene had been deleted. METHODS C57BL/6 mice of gly96/iex-1(-/-) or gly96/iex-1(+/+) genotype were treated continuously with 4% DSS (5 days) and repeatedly with 2% DSS (28 days) for inducing acute and chronic colitis, respectively. In addition to clinical and histological exploration, colon organ culture and bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) were analyzed for chemo/cytokine expression and NF-kappaB activation. RESULTS Compared to wildtype littermates, gly96/iex-1(-/-) mice exhibited an aggravated phenotype of both acute and chronic colitis, along with a greater loss of body weight and colon length. Colonic endoscopy revealed a higher degree of hyperemia, edema, and bleeding in gly96/iex-1(-/-) mice, and immunohistochemistry detected massive mucosal infiltration of leukocytes and marked histological changes. The expression of proinflammatory chemo- and cytokines was higher in the colon of DSS-treated gly96/iex-1(-/-) mice, and the NF-kappaB activation was enhanced particularly in the distal colon. In cultured BMCs from gly96/iex-1(-/-) mice, Pam(3)Cys(4) treatment induced expression of proinflammatory mediators to a higher degree than in gly96/iex-1(+/+) BMCs, along with greater NF-kappaB activation. CONCLUSIONS Based on the observation that genetic ablation of gly96/iex-1 triggers intestinal inflammation in mice, we demonstrate for the first time that gly96/iex-1 exerts strong antiinflammatory activity via its NF-kappaB-counterregulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sina
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of General Medicine, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Gavrilova
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Emilie Midtling
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kruse
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of General Medicine, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens Müerköster
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of General Medicine, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ulrich R. Fölsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of General Medicine, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of General Medicine, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Bruheim S, Xi Y, Ju J, Fodstad O. Gene expression profiles classify human osteosarcoma xenografts according to sensitivity to doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7161-9. [PMID: 19920113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In osteosarcoma, aggressive preoperative and postoperative multidrug chemotherapy given to all patients has improved patient survival rate to the present level of approximately 60%. However, no tumor marker is available that reliably can identify those patients who will or will not respond to chemotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In an attempt to find leads to such markers, we have obtained microarray gene expression profiles from a panel of 10 different human osteosarcoma xenografts and related the results to their sensitivity to ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. RESULTS The expression data identified genes with highly significant differential expression between poor and good responder xenografts to the three different drugs: 85 genes for doxorubicin, 74 genes for cisplatin, and 118 genes for ifosfamide. Technical validation with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed good correlation with the microarray expression data. Gene Ontology-guided analysis suggested that properties of the poorly responsive xenografts were resistance to undergo programmed cell death and, particularly for ifosfamide, a drive toward dedifferentiation and increased tumor aggressiveness. Leads toward metabolic alterations and involvement of mitochondrial pathways for apoptosis and stress response were more prominent for doxorubicin and cisplatin. Finally, small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of IER3 and S100A2 sensitized the human osteosarcoma cell line OHS to treatment with 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide. CONCLUSIONS The expression profiles contained several novel biomarker candidates that may help predict the responsiveness of osteosarcoma to doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide. The potential of selected candidates will be further validated on clinical specimens from osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skjalg Bruheim
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, and Faculty Division The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University in Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Klase Z, Winograd R, Davis J, Carpio L, Hildreth R, Heydarian M, Fu S, McCaffrey T, Meiri E, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Gilad S, Bentwich Z, Kashanchi F. HIV-1 TAR miRNA protects against apoptosis by altering cellular gene expression. Retrovirology 2009; 6:18. [PMID: 19220914 PMCID: PMC2654423 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNA interference is a gene regulatory mechanism that employs small RNA molecules such as microRNA. Previous work has shown that HIV-1 produces TAR viral microRNA. Here we describe the effects of the HIV-1 TAR derived microRNA on cellular gene expression. Results Using a variation of standard techniques we have cloned and sequenced both the 5' and 3' arms of the TAR miRNA. We show that expression of the TAR microRNA protects infected cells from apoptosis and acts by down-regulating cellular genes involved in apoptosis. Specifically, the microRNA down-regulates ERCC1 and IER3, protecting the cell from apoptosis. Comparison to our cloned sequence reveals possible target sites for the TAR miRNA as well. Conclusion The TAR microRNA is expressed in all stages of the viral life cycle, can be detected in latently infected cells, and represents a mechanism wherein the virus extends the life of the infected cell for the purpose of increasing viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klase
- The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine program, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA.
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Yamashita K, Nakashima S, You F, Hayashi SI, Iwama T. Overexpression of immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1) enhances γ-radiation-induced apoptosis of human glioma cell line, U87-MG. Neuropathology 2009; 29:20-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Arlt A, Rosenstiel P, Kruse ML, Grohmann F, Minkenberg J, Perkins ND, Fölsch UR, Schreiber S, Schäfer H. IEX-1 directly interferes with RelA/p65 dependent transactivation and regulation of apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1783:941-52. [PMID: 18191642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The early response gene IEX-1 plays a complex role in the regulation of apoptosis. Depending on the cellular context and the apoptotic stimulus, IEX-1 is capable to either enhance or suppress apoptosis. To further dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in the modulation of apoptosis by IEX-1, we analysed the molecular crosstalk between IEX-1 and the NF-kappaB pathway. Using GST-pulldown assays, a direct interaction of IEX-1 with the C-terminal region of the subunit RelA/p65 harbouring the transactivation domain of the NF-kappaB transcription factor was shown. This interaction negatively regulates RelA/p65 dependent transactivation as shown by GAL4-and luciferase assay and was confirmed for the endogenous proteins by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Using deletion constructs, we were able to map the C-terminal region of IEX-1 as the critical determinant of the interaction with RelA/p65. We could further show, that IEX-1 mediated NF-kappaB inhibition accounts for the reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic NF-kappaB target genes Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cIAP1 and cIAP2, thereby sensitizing cells for apoptotic stimuli. Finally, ChIP-assays revealed that IEX-1 associates with the promoter of these genes. Altogether, our findings suggest a critical role of IEX-1 in the NF-kappaB dependent regulation of apoptotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1st Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Sasada T, Azuma K, Hirai T, Hashida H, Kanai M, Yanagawa T, Takabayashi A. Prognostic significance of the immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) expression in pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 15:609-17. [PMID: 18026799 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) is a stress-inducible protein that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of IEX-1 expression in pancreatic cancer. METHODS IEX-1 protein expression was examined on paraffin-embedded specimens from 78 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry. The relationships between the IEX-1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters and patient survival were evaluated. A similar analysis was conducted in a subgroup of 48 patients, who underwent a macroscopically curative resection with detailed information on the pathological findings. RESULTS Among 78 pancreatic cancer patients, 41 patients (53%) were positive for IEX-1 staining. In a multivariate analysis, curative operation (P < .001), pathological stage I-III (P = .001), and positive IEX-1 expression (P = .002) were significantly favorable factors for survival. In a subgroup of 48 patients undergoing a macroscopically curative surgery, IEX-1 expression was positive in 28 patients (58%). A significant negative correlation was observed between the IEX-1 expression and serosal (P = .032) or arterial (P = .040) invasion of tumors. A multivariate analysis demonstrated limited local invasion (pT1-3, P = .021), negative lymph node involvement (pN0, P < .001), and positive IEX-1 expression (P = .004) to be significantly favorable factors for survival. CONCLUSIONS The positive IEX-1 expression in tumor tissues may be associated with a better prognosis in pancreatic cancer. An immunohistochemical assessment of IEX-1 expression may therefore be helpful for predicting patient prognosis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Surgery, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.
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Arlt A, Minkenberg J, Kruse ML, Grohmann F, Fölsch U, Schäfer H. Immediate early gene-X1 interferes with 26 S proteasome activity by attenuating expression of the 19 S proteasomal components S5a/Rpn10 and S1/Rpn2. Biochem J 2007; 402:367-75. [PMID: 17107344 PMCID: PMC1798431 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The stress response gene IEX-1 (immediate early gene-X-1) is involved in the regulation of cell growth and cellular viability. To some extent, these effects include an interference with the proteasomal turnover of certain regulatory proteins. Here, we show that IEX-1 directly attenuates the activity and formation of the 26 S proteasome in HEK-293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells). We further demonstrate that IEX-1 reduces the overall expression levels of certain protein components of the 19 S proteasomal subunit such as S5a/Rpn10 and S1/Rpn2, whereas the expression of other proteasomal proteins was less or not affected. In contrast with direct apoptotic stimuli, such as the anti-cancer drug etoposide, leading to caspase-dependent degradation of S1 and S5a, the effect of IEX-1 is independent of proteolytic cleavage of these proteins. Furthermore, the decreasing effect of IEX-1 on S5a and S1 expression is still seen in the presence of cycloheximide, but not in the presence of actinomycin D, and quantitative real-time PCR revealed lower mRNA levels of S5a and S1 in IEX-1-overexpressing cells, suggesting an interference of IEX-1 with the gene transcription of S5a and S1. Additionally, luciferase assays confirmed an interference of IEX-1 with the activity of the S5a promoter. These findings indicate a role of IEX-1 in the maintenance and assembly of the 26 S proteasome, obviously involving an altered gene expression of certain proteasomal proteins. Thereby, IEX-1 may essentially modulate signalling pathways related to 26 S proteasome activity and involved in cellular growth control and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, UKSH (Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel Campus, D-24105 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Jörg Minkenberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, UKSH (Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel Campus, D-24105 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kruse
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, UKSH (Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel Campus, D-24105 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Frauke Grohmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, UKSH (Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel Campus, D-24105 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Ulrich R. Fölsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, UKSH (Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel Campus, D-24105 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, UKSH (Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel Campus, D-24105 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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You F, Osawa Y, Hayashi SI, Nakashima S. Immediate early gene IEX-1 induces astrocytic differentiation of U87-MG human glioma cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:256-65. [PMID: 16960879 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The immediate early response gene IEX-1 is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and cell growth. In order to increase the apoptotic sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and gamma-ray, we attempted to establish U87-MG human glioma cell line expressing IEX-1. Unexpectedly, however, transfection of IEX-1 into U87-MG glioma cells resulted in morphological changes to astrocytic phenotype and increase in glial differentiation marker proteins, S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Glial cell differentiation was used to examine in rat C6 glioma cell line, since this cell line express astrocytic phenotypes by increase in intracellular cAMP concentration. Stimulation of human U87-MG glioma cells by membrane-permeable dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) not only elicited their morphological changes but also induced expression of IEX-1 as well as S-100 and GFAP. H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), blocked dbcAMP-induced morphological changes of U87-MG cells and expression of IEX-1. In contrast, morphological changes and expression of S-100 and GFAP induced by IEX-1 were not affected by H89. Morphological changes induced by dbcAMP were totally abolished by functional disruption of IEX-1 expression by anti-sense RNA. These results indicate that IEX-1 plays an important role in astrocytic differentiation of human glioma cells and that IEX-1 functions at downstream of PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukka You
- Department of Cell Signaling, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Rocher G, Letourneux C, Lenormand P, Porteu F. Inhibition of B56-containing Protein Phosphatase 2As by the Early Response Gene IEX-1 Leads to Control of Akt Activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5468-77. [PMID: 17200115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609712200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of PP2A in the regulation of Akt/PKB activity has long been recognized but the nature of the holoenzyme involved and the mechanisms controlling dephosphorylation are not yet known. We identified IEX-1, an early gene product with proliferative and survival activities, as a specific inhibitor of B56 regulatory subunit-containing PP2A. IEX-1 inhibits B56-PP2A activity by allowing the phosphorylation of B56 by ERK. This leads to sustained ERK activation. IEX-1 has no effect on PP2A containing other B family subunits. Thus, studying IEX-1 contribution to signaling should help the discovery of new pathways controlled by B56-PP2A. By using overexpression and RNA interference, we show here that IEX-1 increases Akt/PKB activity in response to various growth factors by preventing Akt dephosphorylation on both Thr(308) and Ser(473) residues. PP2A-B56beta and gamma subunits have the opposite effect and reverse IEX-1-mediated Akt activation. The effect of IEX-1 on Akt is ERK-dependent. Indeed: (i) a IEX-1 mutant deficient in ERK binding had no effect on Akt; (ii) ERK dominant-negative mutants reduced IEX-1-mediated increase in pAkt; (iii) a B56beta mutant that cannot be phosphorylated in the ERK.IEX-1 complex showed an enhanced ability to compete with IEX-1. These results identify B56-containing PP2A holoenzymes as Akt phosphatases. They suggest that IEX-1 behaves as a general inhibitor of B56 activity, enabling the control of both ERK and Akt signaling downstream of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Rocher
- Institut Cochin, Department of Hematology, Paris F-75014, France
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36
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Kibriya MG, Jasmine F, Argos M, Verret WJ, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Ahmed A, Parvez F, Ahsan H. Changes in gene expression profiles in response to selenium supplementation among individuals with arsenic-induced pre-malignant skin lesions. Toxicol Lett 2007; 169:162-76. [PMID: 17293063 PMCID: PMC1924917 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis and downstream targets of oral selenium supplementation in individuals with elevated risk of cancer due to chronic exposure from environmental carcinogens has been largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated genome-wide differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals with pre-malignant arsenic (As)-induced skin lesions before and after 6 months daily oral supplementation of 200 microg L-selenomethionine. The Affymetrix GeneChip Human 133A 2.0 array, containing probes for 22,277 gene transcripts, was used to assess gene expression. Three different normalization methods, RMA (robust multi-chip analysis), GC-RMA and PLIER (Probe logarithmic intensity error), were applied to explore differentially expressed genes. We identified a list of 28 biologically meaningful, significantly differentially expressed genes. Genes up-regulated by selenium supplementation included TNF, IL1B, IL8, SOD2, CXCL2 and several other immunological and oxidative stress-related genes. When mapped to a biological association network, many of the differentially expressed genes were found to regulate functional classes such as fibroblast growth factor, collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase and stromelysin-1, and thus, considered to affect cellular processes like apoptosis, proliferation and others. Many of the significantly up-regulated genes following selenium-supplementation were previously found by us to be down-regulated in a different set of individuals with As-induced skin lesions compared to those without. In conclusion, findings from this study may elucidate the biological effect of selenium supplementation in humans. Additionally, this study suggests that long-term selenium supplementation may revert some of the gene expression changes presumably induced by chronic As exposure in individuals with pre-malignant skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad G Kibriya
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA.
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McDougal JN, Garrett CM, Amato CM, Berberich SJ. Effects of brief cutaneous JP-8 jet fuel exposures on time course of gene expression in the epidermis. Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:495-510. [PMID: 17085751 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The jet fuel jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) has been shown to cause an inflammatory response in the skin, which is characterized histologically by erythema, edema, and hyperplasia. Studies in laboratory animal skin and cultured keratinocytes have identified a variety of changes in protein levels related to inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and cellular growth. Most of these studies have focused on prolonged exposures and subsequent effects. In an attempt to understand the earliest responses of the skin to JP-8, we have investigated changes in gene expression in the epidermis for up to 8 h after a 1-h cutaneous exposure in rats. After exposure, we separated the epidermis from the rest of the skin with a cryotome and isolated total mRNA. Gene expression was studied with microarray techniques, and changes from sham treatments were analyzed and characterized. We found consistent twofold increases in gene expression of 27 transcripts at 1, 4, and 8 h after the beginning of the 1-h exposure that were related primarily to structural proteins, cell signaling, inflammatory mediators, growth factors, and enzymes. Analysis of pathways changed showed that several signaling pathways were increased at 1 h and that the most significant changes at 8 h were in metabolic pathways, many of which were downregulated. These results confirm and expand many of the previous molecular studies with JP-8. Based on the 1-h changes in gene expression, we hypothesize that the trigger of the JP-8-induced, epidermal stress response is a physical disruption of osmotic, oxidative, and membrane stability which activates gene expression in the signaling pathways and results in the inflammatory, apoptotic, and growth responses that have been previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N McDougal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.
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Corcoran JA, Hsu WL, Smiley JR. Herpes simplex virus ICP27 is required for virus-induced stabilization of the ARE-containing IEX-1 mRNA encoded by the human IER3 gene. J Virol 2006; 80:9720-9. [PMID: 16973576 PMCID: PMC1617249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01216-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) stifles cellular gene expression during productive infection of permissive cells, thereby diminishing host responses to infection. Host shutoff is achieved largely through the complementary actions of two viral proteins, ICP27 and virion host shutoff (vhs), that inhibit cellular mRNA biogenesis and trigger global mRNA decay, respectively. Although most cellular mRNAs are thus depleted, some instead increase in abundance after infection; perhaps surprisingly, some of these contain AU-rich instability elements (AREs) in their 3'-untranslated regions. ARE-containing mRNAs normally undergo rapid decay; however, their stability can increase in response to signals such as cytokines and virus infection that activate the p38/MK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We and others have shown that HSV infection stabilizes the ARE mRNA encoding the stress-inducible IEX-1 mRNA, and a previous report from another laboratory has suggested vhs is responsible for this effect. However, we now report that ICP27 is essential for IEX-1 mRNA stabilization whereas vhs plays little if any role. A recent report has documented that ICP27 activates the p38 MAPK pathway, and we detected a strong correlation between this activity and stabilization of IEX-1 mRNA by using a panel of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) isolates bearing an array of previously characterized ICP27 mutations. Furthermore, IEX-1 mRNA stabilization was abrogated by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. Taken together, these data indicate that the HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP27 alters turnover of the ARE-containing message IEX-1 by activating p38. As many ARE mRNAs encode proinflammatory cytokines or other immediate-early response proteins, some of which may limit viral replication, it will be of great interest to determine if ICP27 mediates stabilization of many or all ARE-containing mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Corcoran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Hockley SL, Arlt VM, Brewer D, Giddings I, Phillips DH. Time- and concentration-dependent changes in gene expression induced by benzo(a)pyrene in two human cell lines, MCF-7 and HepG2. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:260. [PMID: 17042939 PMCID: PMC1621085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multi-step process of carcinogenesis can be more fully understood by characterizing gene expression changes induced in cells by carcinogens. In this study, expression microarrays were used to monitor the activity of 18,224 cDNA clones in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells exposed to the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) or its non-carcinogenic isomer benzo(e)pyrene (BeP). Time and concentration gene expression effects of BaP exposure have been assessed and linked to other measures of cellular stress to aid in the identification of novel genes/pathways involved in the cellular response to genotoxic carcinogens. RESULTS BaP (0.25-5.0 muM; 6-48 h exposure) modulated 202 clones in MCF-7 cells and 127 in HepG2 cells, including 27 that were altered in both. In contrast, BeP did not induce consistent gene expression changes at the same concentrations. Significant time- and concentration-dependent responses to BaP were seen in both cell lines. Expression changes observed in both cell lines included genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (e.g., CYP1B1, NQO1, MGST1, AKR1C1, AKR1C3,CPM), cell cycle regulation (e.g., CDKN1A), apoptosis/anti-apoptosis (e.g., BAX, IER3), chromatin assembly (e.g., histone genes), and oxidative stress response (e.g., TXNRD1). RTqPCR was used to validate microarray data. Phenotypic anchoring of the expression data to DNA adduct levels detected by 32P-postlabelling, cell cycle data and p53 protein expression identified a number of genes that are linked to these biological outcomes, thereby strengthening the identification of target genes. The overall response to BaP consisted of up-regulation of tumour suppressor genes and down-regulation of oncogenes promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic signalling that may increase cell survival and promote tumourigenesis was also evident. CONCLUSION This study has further characterised the gene expression response of human cells after genotoxic insult, induced after exposure to concentrations of BaP that result in minimal cytotoxicity. We have demonstrated that investigating the time and concentration effect of a carcinogen on gene expression related to other biological end-points gives greater insight into cellular responses to such compounds and strengthens the identification of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hockley
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Daniel Brewer
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK DNA Microarray Facility, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ian Giddings
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK DNA Microarray Facility, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - David H Phillips
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Kalivendi S, Konorev E, Cunningham S, Vanamala S, Kaji E, Joseph J, Kalyanaraman B. Doxorubicin activates nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes and Fas ligand transcription: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and calcium. Biochem J 2005; 389:527-39. [PMID: 15799720 PMCID: PMC1175131 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used antitumour drug, causes dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Cardiac mitochondria represent a critical target organelle of toxicity during DOX chemotherapy. Proposed mechanisms include generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and disturbances in mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis. In the present study, we probed the mechanistic link between mitochondrial ROS and calcium in the embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cell line and in adult rat cardiomyocytes. The results show that DOX stimulates calcium/calcineurin-dependent activation of the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes). Pre-treatment of cells with an intracellular calcium chelator abrogated DOX-induced nuclear NFAT translocation, Fas L (Fas ligand) expression and caspase activation, as did pre-treatment of cells with a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, Mito-Q (a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant consisting of a mixture of mitoquinol and mitoquinone), or with adenoviral-over-expressed antioxidant enzymes. Treatment with GPx-1 (glutathione peroxidase 1), MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) or a peptide inhibitor of NFAT also inhibited DOX-induced nuclear NFAT translocation. Pre-treatment of cells with a Fas L neutralizing antibody abrogated DOX-induced caspase-8- and -3-like activities during the initial stages of apoptosis. We conclude that mitochondria-derived ROS and calcium play a key role in stimulating DOX-induced 'intrinsic and extrinsic forms' of apoptosis in cardiac cells with Fas L expression via the NFAT signalling mechanism. Implications of ROS- and calcium-dependent NFAT signalling in DOX-induced apoptosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasi V. Kalivendi
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - Eugene A. Konorev
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - Sonya Cunningham
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - Sravan K. Vanamala
- †Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Eugene H. Kaji
- †Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Joy Joseph
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - B. Kalyanaraman
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Peters D, Freund J, Ochs RL. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of carboplatin response in chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1605-16. [PMID: 16227411 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described an ex vivo chemoresponse assay for determining chemosensitivity in primary cultures of human tumors. In this study, we have extended these experiments in an effort to correlate chemoresponse data with gene expression patterns at the level of transcription. Primary cultures of cells derived from ovarian carcinomas of individual patients (n=6) were characterized using the ChemoFx assay and classified as either carboplatin sensitive (n=3) or resistant (n=3). Three representative cultures of cells from each individual tumor were then subjected to Affymetrix gene chip analysis (n=18) using U95A human gene chip arrays. Data were analyzed using the dCHIP software package. We identified a significant number of genes whose expression patterns were altered between carboplatin chemosensitive and chemoresistant cells, in normal culture conditions and in the presence of carboplatin for either 2 or 72 hours. Among these differentially expressed genes, we found a significant proportion to be associated with apoptosis, cell-cell communication, cell adhesion, DNA repair, and cell proliferation. In general, the molecular phenotype displayed by chemoresistant cells was reflective of an extended life span in culture in the presence of carboplatin and the genes that define this phenotype are potential biomarkers for the prognostic management of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, The Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE United Kingdom.
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Sommer SL, Berndt TJ, Frank E, Patel JB, Redfield MM, Dong X, Griffin MD, Grande JP, van Deursen JMA, Sieck GC, Romero JC, Kumar R. Elevated blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy after ablation of the gly96/IEX-1 gene. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 100:707-16. [PMID: 16166241 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00306.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
gly96/IEX 1 is a growth- and apoptosis-regulating, immediate early gene that is widely expressed in epithelial and vascular tissues. In vascular tissues, expression of the gene is induced by mechanical stretch, and overexpression of the gene prevents injury-induced vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and neointimal hyperplasia. We now show that deletion of the gly96/IEX-1 gene in mice is associated with development of elevated blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and diminished fractional shortening of the left ventricle. Systolic blood pressure in conscious male gly96/IEX-1-/- mice is 20-25 mmHg higher than in gly96/IEX-1+/+ mice. Serum and/or urine concentrations of sodium, potassium, creatinine, angiotensin II, corticosterone, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin-6-keto-1alpha, nitrites and nitrates, cAMP, and cGMP are normal in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Alterations in dietary sodium intake do not alter blood pressure in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Aortic mRNAs for endothelial nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase-alpha, and cGMP kinase-1 are increased in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Treatment with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or L-arginine does not alter blood pressure in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Gly96/IEX-1-/- mice respond to infused sodium nitroprusside with decrements in blood pressure similar to those seen in wild-type littermate mice. In contrast to gly96/IEX-1 transgenic mice that have abnormalities in immune function, gly96/IEX-1-/- mice have normal lymphoid tissue architecture and a normal complement of T and B cells in lymphoid tissues. Ablation of the gly96/IEX-1 gene results in hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting a novel role for this gene in cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Sommer
- Department of Internal Medicine, MS 1-120, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Mayo College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kruse ML, Arlt A, Sieke A, Grohmann F, Grossmann M, Minkenberg J, Fölsch UR, Schäfer H. Immediate Early Gene X1 (IEX-1) Is Organized in Subnuclear Structures and Partially Co-localizes with Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein in HeLa Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24849-56. [PMID: 15855159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501571200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate early gene X1 (IEX-1) represents a stress response gene involved in growth control and modulation of apoptosis. Here, we report a detailed analysis of IEX-1 with respect to its intracellular localization. By means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, a green fluorescent protein-IEX-1 fusion protein transfected into HeLa cells, as well as endogenous IEX-1, could be detected in distinct subnuclear structures. This particular subnuclear localization of IEX-1 was not observed with a green fluorescent protein-IEX-1 fusion protein lacking a putative nuclear localization sequence, along with a decreased effect on apoptosis. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed a partial co-localization of endogenous promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and IEX-1 in these subnuclear structures. Nuclear localization of IEX-1 is also enhanced upon treatment of cells with leptomycin B, an inhibitor of the nuclear exporter CRM1. These observations indicate that IEX-1 is specifically shuttled to and from the nucleus. Overexpression experiments using PML isoforms III and IV revealed distinct intranuclear interaction of IEX-1 and PML. Coprecipitation experiments showed physical interaction between IEX-1 and PML. The close structural relation of IEX-1-containing nuclear subdomains and PML nuclear bodies suggests a function of IEX-1 related to the multiple functions of these unique subnuclear regions, particularly during stress response and growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Kruse
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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Deng M, Liu J, Pelak CN, Lancto CA, Abrahamsen MS. Regulation of apoptotic pathways in bovine γ/δ T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 105:15-23. [PMID: 15797471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes bearing gamma/delta TCRs are a major population of T cells in neonatal calves and discrete subsets of gamma/delta T cells display tissue-specific accumulation and responsiveness to infection. To enhance our understanding of the immunobiology of gamma/delta T cells, we characterized the gene expression profile of circulating bovine gamma/delta T cells following stimulation with recombinant human IL-2 and ConA. Statistical analysis of microarray data identified 108 genes with significantly altered expression, including four genes associated with apoptosis. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of 15 genes related to apoptotic pathways showed that both the Fas-mediated and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways were repressed in circulating bovine gamma/delta T cells in response to mitogen activation, indicating that stimulated peripheral bovine gamma/delta T cells are resistant to activation-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Deng
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Müerköster S, Arlt A, Sipos B, Witt M, Grossmann M, Klöppel G, Kalthoff H, Fölsch UR, Schäfer H. Increased Expression of the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase Receptor Subunit βTRCP1 Relates to Constitutive Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1316-24. [PMID: 15735017 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The permanent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in pancreatic cancer cells is associated with a profound resistance towards chemotherapy. In the present study, we show that chemoresistant pancreatic cancer cell lines exhibiting constitutive NF-κB activity (i.e., PancTu-1, BxPc3, and Capan-1) express significantly elevated levels of the E3-ubiquitin ligase receptor subunit βTRCP1, compared with pancreatic carcinoma cell lines lacking constitutive NF-κB activity and chemoresistance (i.e., PT45-P1 and T3M4). If transfected with βTRCP1, PT45-P1 cells exhibit an elevated NF-κB activity and become less sensitive towards anticancer drug treatment (i.e., etoposide). Conversely, blockade of βTRCP1 expression in PancTu-1 cells by transfection with a vector-expressed small interfering RNA reduces NF-κB activation and chemoresistance. In PancTu-1 cells, βTRCP1 expression is inhibited, at least in part, by the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor(I) antagonist, whereas stimulation of PT45-P1 cells with IL-1β resulted in an increased expression of βTRCP1, and transfection of this cell line with βTRCP1 induced IL-1β secretion in a NF-κB–dependent fashion. Thus, via its close and mutual link to IL-1β secretion, βTRCP1 expression might substantially contribute to the persistent, IL-1β–dependent activation of NF-κB in pancreatic carcinoma cells. In support of this, βTRCP1 expression is detectable at considerable levels in a great number of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens, along with an intense staining for activated NF-κB. Altogether, our findings of the elevated βTRCP1 expression in pancreatic carcinoma cells pinpoint to another important mediator of constitutive NF-κB activation and thereby of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Müerköster
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, Kiel University, UKSH Campus-Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Dilley WG, Kalyanaraman S, Verma S, Cobb JP, Laramie JM, Lairmore TC. Global gene expression in neuroendocrine tumors from patients with the MEN1 syndrome. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:9. [PMID: 15691381 PMCID: PMC549185 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1, OMIM 131100) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by endocrine tumors of the parathyroids, pancreatic islets and pituitary. The disease is caused by the functional loss of the tumor suppressor protein menin, coded by the MEN1 gene. The protein sequence has no significant homology to known consensus motifs. In vitro studies have shown menin binding to JunD, Pem, Smad3, NF-kappaB, nm23H1, and RPA2 proteins. However, none of these binding studies have led to a convincing theory of how loss-of-menin leads to neoplasia. Results Global gene expression studies on eight neuroendocrine tumors from MEN1 patients and 4 normal islet controls was performed utilizing Affymetrix U95Av2 chips. Overall hierarchical clustering placed all tumors in one group separate from the group of normal islets. Within the group of tumors, those of the same type were mostly clustered together. The clustering analysis also revealed 19 apoptosis-related genes that were under-expressed in the group of tumors. There were 193 genes that were increased/decreased by at least 2-fold in the tumors relative to the normal islets and that had a t-test significance value of p < = 0.005. Forty-five of these genes were increased and 148 were decreased in the tumors relative to the controls. One hundred and four of the genes could be classified as being involved in cell growth, cell death, or signal transduction. The results from 11 genes were selected for validation by quantitative RT-PCR. The average correlation coefficient was 0.655 (range 0.235–0.964). Conclusion This is the first analysis of global gene expression in MEN1-associated neuroendocrine tumors. Many genes were identified which were differentially expressed in neuroendocrine tumors arising in patients with the MEN1 syndrome, as compared with normal human islet cells. The expression of a group of apoptosis-related genes was significantly suppressed, suggesting that these genes may play crucial roles in tumorigenesis in this syndrome. We identified a number of genes which are attractive candidates for further investigation into the mechanisms by which menin loss causes tumors in pancreatic islets. Of particular interest are: FGF9 which may stimulate the growth of prostate cancer, brain cancer and endometrium; and IER3 (IEX-1), PHLDA2 (TSS3), IAPP (amylin), and SST, all of which may play roles in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dilley
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Sulekha Verma
- John Cochran Veterans Administration Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Perren Cobb
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason M Laramie
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran Veterans Administration Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Labhart P, Karmakar S, Salicru EM, Egan BS, Alexiadis V, O'Malley BW, Smith CL. Identification of target genes in breast cancer cells directly regulated by the SRC-3/AIB1 coactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:1339-44. [PMID: 15677324 PMCID: PMC547886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409578102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3/AIB1) is a coactivator for nuclear receptors and other transcription factors and an oncogene that contributes to growth regulation and development of mammary and other tumor types. Because of its biological functions, it is important to identify genes regulated by SRC-3. However, because coactivators do not bind DNA directly, extensive work is required to determine whether genes identified by RNA profiling approaches are direct or indirect targets. Here, we report the use of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based assays that involve genomic mapping and computational analyses of immunoprecipitated DNA to identify SRC-3-binding target genes in estradiol (E2)-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We identified 18 SRC-3 genomic binding sites and demonstrated estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) binding to all of them. Both E2-dependent and -independent SRC-3/ERalpha-binding sites were identified. RNA polymerase II ChIP assays were used to determine the correlation between SRC-3 and ERalpha binding and recruitment of the transcriptional machinery. These assays, in conjunction with analyses of RNA obtained from E2-treated cells, lead to the identification of SRC-3/ERalpha-associated genes. The ability of SRC family coactivators to regulate the expression of one of these genes, PARD6B/Par6, was confirmed by using cells individually depleted of SRC-1, SRC-2, or SRC-3 by small interfering RNA. The method described herein can be used to identify genes regulated by non-DNA-binding factors, such as other coactivators or corepressors, as well as DNA-binding transcription factors, and provides information on their binding location that can accelerate further gene characterization.
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Immediate early gene X-1 interacts with proteins that modulate apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:1293-8. [PMID: 15451437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1) modulates apoptosis, cellular growth, mechanical strain-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and vascular intimal hyperplasia. To determine how IEX-1 alters apoptosis, we performed yeast two-hybrid studies using IEX-1 as the "bait" protein, and examined interactions between IEX-1 and proteins expressed by a human kidney cDNA expression library. We found that IEX-1 interacts with several proteins of which at least four are known to play a role in the regulation of apoptosis: (1) calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand; (2) tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 10); (3) ML-1 myeloid cell leukemia gene encoded protein; and (4) BAT3, a gene present in the major histo-compatibility complex. Our data suggest that IEX-1 may regulate apoptosis by directly interacting with various proteins involved in the control of apoptotic pathways.
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Esclatine A, Taddeo B, Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus 1 induces cytoplasmic accumulation of TIA-1/TIAR and both synthesis and cytoplasmic accumulation of tristetraprolin, two cellular proteins that bind and destabilize AU-rich RNAs. J Virol 2004; 78:8582-92. [PMID: 15280467 PMCID: PMC479066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8582-8592.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 causes a shutoff of cellular protein synthesis through the degradation of RNA that is mediated by the virion host shutoff (Vhs) protein encoded by the U(L)41 gene. We reported elsewhere that the Vhs-dependent degradation of RNA is selective, and we identified RNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) that were upregulated after infection but degraded by deadenylation and progressive 3'-to-5' degradation. We also identified upregulated RNAs that were not subject to Vhs-dependent degradation (A. Esclatine, B. Taddeo, L. Evans, and B. Roizman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:3603-3608, 2004). Among the latter was the RNA encoding tristetraprolin, a protein that binds AREs and is known to be associated with the degradation of RNAs containing AREs. Prompted by this observation, we examined the status of the ARE binding proteins tristetraprolin and TIA-1/TIAR in infected cells. We report that tristetraprolin was made and accumulated in the cytoplasm of wild-type virus-infected human foreskin fibroblasts as early as 2 h and in HEp-2 cells as early as 6 h after infection. The amounts of tristetraprolin that accumulated in the cytoplasm of cells infected with a mutant virus lacking U(L)41 were significantly lower than those in wild-type virus-infected cells. The localization of tristetraprolin was not modified in cells infected with a mutant lacking the gene encoding infected cell protein 4 (ICP4). TIA-1 and TIAR are two other proteins that are associated with the regulation of ARE-containing RNAs and that normally reside in nuclei. In infected cells, they started to accumulate in the cytoplasm after 6 h of infection. In cells infected with the mutant virus lacking U(L)41, TIA-1/TIAR accumulated in the cytoplasm in granular structures reminiscent of stress granules in a significant percentage of the cells. In addition, an antibody to tristetraprolin coprecipitated the Vhs protein from lysates of cells late in infection. The results indicate that the Vhs-dependent degradation of ARE-containing RNAs correlates with the transactivation, cytoplasmic accumulation, and persistence of tristetraprolin in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Esclatine
- The Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Labs, The University of Chicago, 910 E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Arlt A, Minkenberg J, Kocs B, Grossmann M, Kruse ML, Fölsch UR, Schäfer H. The expression of immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1) is differentially induced by retinoic acids in NB4 and KG1 cells: possible implication in the distinct phenotype of retinoic acid-responsive and -resistant leukemic cells. Leukemia 2004; 18:1646-55. [PMID: 15306824 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In a cell-type- and stimulus-dependent fashion, the early response gene immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1) is involved in growth control and modulation of apoptosis. The present study demonstrates that, in the two acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell lines NB4 and KG1, exhibiting distinct responsiveness to retinoic acids (RAs), IEX-1 expression is rapidly (30-60 min) induced by all-trans- or cis-RA and independently of other signal transduction mediators, such as TNFalpha, NF-kappaB or MAP kinases. In NB4 cells (expressing PML-RARalpha), this increase is transient and completely reversible, along with a cell cycle arrest, ongoing differentiation and lower sensitivity to anti-cancer-drug-induced apoptosis. In contrast, the RA-induced IEX-1 expression in KG1 cells (expressing PLZF-RARalpha) persists over days, along with continued cell cycle progression and increased apoptotic sensitivity. Furthermore, two functional RA-response elements in the IEX-1 promoter were identified by gel shift and luciferase reporter gene assays. IEX-1 might be a rather unique transcriptional target of the two X-RARalpha fusion receptors exhibiting distinct responsiveness to RAs. Following a different time course of direct transcriptional induction by PML-RARalpha and PLZF-RARalpha in NB4 and KG1 cells, respectively, IEX-1 expression may be involved in the modified actions of these receptors and the distinct phenotypes of APL cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arlt
- Division of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 1st Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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