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Lim HJ, Park JH, Jo C, Yoon K, Koh YH. Cigarette smoke extracts and cadmium induce COX-2 expression through γ-secretase-mediated p38 MAPK activation in C6 astroglia cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212749. [PMID: 30794693 PMCID: PMC6386363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke has been implicated in the progression of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders like stroke through inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. In this study, we investigated the signaling cascade activated by cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) and cadmium (Cd) resulting in the COX-2 induction in C6 rat astroglia cells. CSE or Cd induced Notch1 cleavage and activated p38 MAPK and CREB signaling pathways in C6 astroglia cells. Knockdown of nicastrin using siRNA or γ-secretase inhibitors, DAPT and L-685,486, reduced Notch1 cleavage and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and CREB, while phosphorylation of ERK and JNK remained unaffected. Additionally, the blockage of γ-secretase activity did not show any effect on the phosphorylation of AKT, another upstream activator of CREB, indicating that γ-secretase-mediated CREB activation occurs via p38 MAPK. γ-secretase inhibitor also inhibited the CSE and Cd-mediated increase in the expression of COX-2. Furthermore, recombinant overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain resulted in an increase in the expression of COX-2. Notch signaling induced by CSE and Cd induced apoptosis in C6 cells. Our results demonstrate that CSE exposure activated the p38 MAPK and CREB-mediated induction in COX-2 expression in astrocytes via γ-secretase-mediated Notch1 signaling. Our data provides novel insights into the potential mechanism of pro-inflammatory response activated by exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joung Lim
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulman Jo
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yadav DK, Kumar S, Saloni, Misra S, Yadav L, Teli M, Sharma P, Chaudhary S, Kumar N, Choi EH, Kim HS, Kim MH. Molecular Insights into the Interaction of RONS and Thieno[3,2-c]pyran Analogs with SIRT6/COX-2: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4777. [PMID: 29556059 PMCID: PMC5859274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 and COX-2 are oncogenes target that promote the expression of proinflammatory and pro-survival proteins through a signaling pathway, which leads to increased survival and proliferation of tumor cells. However, COX-2 also suppresses skin tumorigenesis and their relationship with SIRT6, making it an interesting target for the discovery of drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Herein, we studied the interaction of thieno[3,2-c]pyran analogs and RONS species with SIRT6 and COX-2 through the use of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Molecular docking studies revealed the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid residues for the stability. The molecular dynamics study examined conformational changes in the enzymes caused by the binding of the substrates and how those changes affected the stability of the protein-drug complex. The average RMSD values of the backbone atoms in compounds 6 and 10 were calculated from 1000 ps to 10000 ps and were found to be 0.13 nm for both compounds. Similarly, the radius of gyration values for compounds 6 and 10 were found to be 1.87 ± 0.03 nm and 1.86 ± 0.02 nm, respectively. The work presented here, will be of great help in lead identification and optimization for early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Surendra Kumar
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Saloni
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Mahesh Teli
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Aapistie, University of Oulu, 7A, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 139-701, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Research group PLASMANT, University of Antwerp, BE-2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Kim HJ, Lee E, Lee M, Ahn S, Kim J, Liu J, Jin SH, Ha J, Bae IH, Lee TR, Noh M. Phosphodiesterase 4B plays a role in benzophenone-3-induced phototoxicity in normal human keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 338:174-181. [PMID: 29183759 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), which is extensively used in organic sunscreen, has phototoxic potential in human skin. Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) has a well-established role in inflammatory responses in immune cells. Currently, it is unknown if PDE4B is associated with BP-3-induced phototoxicity in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs). We found that BP-3 significantly increased PDE4B expression in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated NHKs. Notably, BP-8, a sunscreen agent that shares the 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl methanone moiety with BP-3, also upregulated PDE4B expression in NHKs. Upon UVB irradiation, BP-3 upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 8, and S100A7, and downregulated the level of cornified envelope associated proteins, which are important in the development of the epidermal permeability barrier. The additive effects of UVB-activated BP-3 on the expression of both pro-inflammatory mediators and cornified envelope associated proteins were antagonized by treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram. The BP-3 and UVB co-stimulation-induced PDE4B upregulation and its association with the upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and the downregulation of epidermal differentiation markers were confirmed in a reconstituted three dimensional human epidermis model. Therefore, PDE4B has a role in the mechanism of BP-3-induced phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-June Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyoun Ha
- Toxicology Division, IEC Korea, Suwon 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Maier K, He Y, Wölfle U, Esser PR, Brummer T, Schempp C, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C. UV-B-induced cutaneous inflammation and prospects for antioxidant treatment in Kindler syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5339-5352. [PMID: 27798104 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindler syndrome (KS), a rare, autosomal recessive disorder comprises mechanical skin fragility and photosensitivity, which manifest early in life. The progression of the disorder is irreversible and results in tissue damage in form of cutaneous and mucosal atrophy and scarring and epithelial cancers. Here, we unravel molecular mechanisms of increased UV-B sensitivity of keratinocytes derived from KS patients. We show that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, are upregulated in KS skin and in UV-B irradiated KS keratinocytes. These cytokines are dependent on p38 activation, which is increased in the absence of kindlin-1 and induced by higher ROS levels. Other dysregulated cytokines and growth factors were identified in this study and might be involved in paracrine interactions contributing to KS pathology. We show a direct relationship between kindlin-1 abundance and UV-B induced apoptosis in keratinocytes, whereas kindlin-2 overexpression has no compensatory effect. Importantly, low levels of kindlin-1 are sufficient to relieve or rescue this feature. Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and of UV-B induced apoptosis is a valid therapeutic goal to influence long term complications of KS. Here, we demonstrate that antioxidants and the plant flavonoid luteolin represent feasible topical therapeutic approaches decreasing UV-B induced apoptosis in two-dimensional and organotypic KS cultures. We provide evidence for potential new therapeutic approaches to mitigate the progressive course of KS, for which no cure is available to date. Furthermore, we established organotypic KS models, a valuable in vitro tool for research with a morphology similar to the skin of patients in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Maier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yinghong He
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Wölfle
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schempp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Yousefipour Z, Chug N, Marek K, Nesbary A, Mathew J, Ranganna K, Newaz MA. Contribution of PPARγ in modulation of acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in gp91 phox knock-out mice. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:482-490. [PMID: 28376311 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are major contributors to acrolein toxicity. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the contribution of PPARγ ligand GW1929 to the attenuation of oxidative stress in acrolein-induced insult. Male gp91phox knock-out (KO) mice were treated with acrolein (0.5 mg·(kg body mass)-1 by intraperitoneal injection for 7 days) with or without GW1929 (GW; 0.5 mg·(kg body mass)-1·day-1, orally, for 10 days). The livers were processed for further analyses. Acrolein significantly increased 8-isoprostane and reduced PPARγ activity (P < 0.05) in the wild type (WT) and KO mice. GW1929 reduced 8-isoprostane (by 32% and 40% in WT and KO mice, respectively) and increased PPARγ activity (by 81% and 92% in WT and KO, respectively). Chemokine activity was increased (by 63%) in acrolein-treated WT mice, and was reduced by GW1929 (by 65%). KO mice exhibited higher xanthine oxidase (XO). Acrolein increased XO and COX in WT mice and XO in KO mice. GW1929 significantly reduced COX in WT and KO mice and reduced XO in KO mice. Acrolein significantly reduced the total antioxidant status in WT and KO mice (P < 0.05), which was improved by GW1929 (by 75% and 74%). The levels of NF-κB were higher in acrolein-treated WT mice. GW1929 reduced NF-κB levels (by 51%) in KO mice. Acrolein increased CD36 in KO mice (by 43%), which was blunted with GW1929. Data confirms that the generation of free radicals by acrolein is mainly through NAD(P)H, but other oxygenates play a role too. GW1929 may alleviate the toxicity of acrolein by attenuating NF-κB, COX, and CD36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivar Yousefipour
- a College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Neha Chug
- b College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60503, USA
| | - Katarzyna Marek
- b College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60503, USA
| | - Alicia Nesbary
- b College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60503, USA
| | - Joseph Mathew
- a College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Kasturi Ranganna
- a College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Mohammad A Newaz
- b College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60503, USA
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6
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Yoshizaki N, Fujii T, Masaki H, Okubo T, Shimada K, Hashizume R. Orange peel extract, containing high levels of polymethoxyflavonoid, suppressed UVB-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in HaCaT cells through PPAR-γ activation. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23 Suppl 1:18-22. [PMID: 25234831 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light (UV) induces an inflammatory response in the skin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin (PG) E2 production. Citrus peel has been used as a natural medicine. It contains polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) as a major ingredient, which have anti-inflammatory activity. We obtained orange peel extract containing high levels of PMFs. The extract suppressed UVB-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, it was found that this extract acted as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist. The suppression of UVB-induced COX-2 expression by this extract was inhibited by GW 9662 and T0070907, which are both PPAR-γ antagonists. It is therefore suggested that orange peel extract, containing high levels of PMFs, suppresses UVB-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production through PPAR-γ. Hence, these extracts could provide useful protection against or alleviation of UV damage.
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7
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Yoshida K, Fujino H, Otake S, Seira N, Regan JW, Murayama T. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by prostaglandin E2 stimulation of the prostanoid EP4 receptor via coupling to Gαi and transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in HCA-7 human colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:408-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Quyen BT, Choi HK, Kang KW. Pin1 is required for ultraviolet A-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 induction in mouse epidermal cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Nakayama H, Fukuda S, Matsushita N, Nishida-Fukuda H, Inoue H, Shirakata Y, Hashimoto K, Higashiyama S. Human antigen R-mediated mRNA stabilization is required for ultraviolet B-induced autoinduction of amphiregulin in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10338-48. [PMID: 23430747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All members of the EGF family are produced as transmembrane precursors that are proteolytically processed into soluble forms by disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) for autocrine/paracrine pathways. In turn, the ligand-activated EGF receptor (EGFR) induces the expression of EGF family members, so-called "autoinduction." However, it is not well understood how this autoinduction occurs. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the autoinduction of amphiregulin (AREG), a member of the EGF family. We found that ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure increased the AREG mRNA level by stabilization of its mRNA in a human immortalized keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. The 3' UTR of AREG mRNA was responsible for binding to an mRNA-binding protein, human antigen R (HuR), and the interaction between AREG mRNA and HuR was enhanced by UVB. Inducible knockdown of HuR expression significantly decreased AREG mRNA stability. Interestingly, treatment of HaCaT cells with an EGFR inhibitor, an EGFR neutralizing antibody, or an ADAM inhibitor destabilized AREG mRNA. In the case of ADAM inhibition, administration of soluble AREG restored the mRNA level, indicating that the stabilization occurs in a shedding-dependent manner of EGFR ligands. The HuR dependence of AREG mRNA and protein expression was also confirmed in human primary keratinocytes. Taken together, we propose a novel mechanism by which HuR regulates the stability of AREG mRNA in keratinocytes after UVB exposure and suggest that targeting of HuR functions might be crucial for understanding skin cancers caused by aberrant EGF family member-EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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10
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Byun S, Park J, Lee E, Lim S, Yu JG, Lee SJ, Chen H, Dong Z, Lee KW, Lee HJ. Src kinase is a direct target of apigenin against UVB-induced skin inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:397-405. [PMID: 23161610 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a flavonoid abundant in various vegetables and fruits, including parsley and onions, has been reported to possess anticarcinogenic effects. However, the direct molecular target of apigenin and its chemopreventive effect on ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin inflammation are not understood fully. Herein, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of apigenin and its associated mechanisms in JB6 P+ cell line and SKH-1 hairless mouse model. Apigenin inhibited UVB-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, which is a well-known key mediator of inflammation and cancer, and restored the upstream stimulatory factor level in JB6 P+ cells. Immunoblot and kinase assay data demonstrate that Src activity was attenuated by apigenin, and this led to subsequent inhibition of UVB-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor, mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt signaling. Inhibitory effects of apigenin on UVB-induced signaling were also confirmed in HaCaT human keratinocytes. In addition, in vitro pull-down assays revealed that apigenin binds Src in an adenosine triphosphate-competitive manner. Results using in vivo skin model indicate apigenin significantly inhibits UVB-induced ear edema development, COX-2 expression and Src kinase activity in SKH-1 hairless mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that apigenin exerts potent chemopreventive activity against UVB-induced skin inflammation primarily by targeting Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanguine Byun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, WCU Biomodulation Major, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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11
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Einspahr JG, Calvert V, Alberts DS, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Warneke J, Krouse R, Stratton SP, Liotta L, Longo C, Pellacani G, Pellicani G, Prasad A, Sagerman P, Bermudez Y, Deng J, Bowden GT, Petricoin EF. Functional protein pathway activation mapping of the progression of normal skin to squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:403-13. [PMID: 22389437 PMCID: PMC3297971 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse phase protein microarray analysis was used to identify cell signaling derangements in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared with actinic keratosis (AK) and upper inner arm (UIA). We analyzed two independent tissue sets with isolation and enrichment of epithelial cells by laser capture microdissection. Set 1 served as a pilot and a means to identify protein pathway activation alterations that could be further validated in a second independent set. Set 1 was comprised of 4 AK, 13 SCC, and 20 UIA. Set 2 included 15 AK, 9 SCCs, and 20 UIAs. Activation of 51 signaling proteins, known to be involved in tumorigenesis, were assessed for set 1 and showed that the MEK-ERK [mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated (ERK; MEK)] pathway was activated in SCC compared with AK and UIA, and that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mTOR pathways were aberrantly activated in SCC. Unsupervised two-way hierarchical clustering revealed that AK and UIA shared a common signaling network activation architecture while SCC was dramatically different. Statistical analysis found that prosurvival signaling through phosphorylation of ASK and 4EBP1 as well as increased Bax and Bak expression was higher in AK compared with UIA. We expanded pathway network activation mapping in set 2 to 101 key signaling proteins, which corroborated activation of MEK-ERK, EGFR, and mTOR pathways through discovery of a number of upstream and downstream signaling molecules within these pathways to conclude that SCC is indeed a pathway activation-driven disease. Pathway activation mapping of SCC compared with AK revealed several interconnected networks that could be targeted with drug therapy for potential chemoprevention and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine G Einspahr
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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12
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Sodium dl-α-tocopheryl-6-O-phosphate inhibits PGE2 production in keratinocytes induced by UVB, IL-1β and peroxidants. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6348-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Cyclooxygenase-dependent signaling is causally linked to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis: pharmacological, genetic, and clinical evidence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:343-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Dickinson SE, Olson ER, Zhang J, Cooper SJ, Melton T, Criswell PJ, Casanova A, Dong Z, Hu C, Saboda K, Jacobs ET, Alberts DS, Bowden GT. p38 MAP kinase plays a functional role in UVB-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:469-78. [PMID: 21268131 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UVB irradiation of epidermal keratinocytes results in the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and subsequently activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. AP-1 and COX-2 have been shown to play functional roles in UVB-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. In this study, the experimental approach was to express a dominant negative p38α MAPK (p38DN) in the epidermis of SKH-1 hairless mice and assess UVB-induced AP-1 activation, COX-2 expression, and the skin carcinogenesis response in these mice compared to wild-type littermates. We observed a significant inhibition of UVB-induced AP-1 activation and COX-2 expression in p38DN transgenic mice, leading to a significant reduction of UVB-induced tumor number and growth compared to wild-type littermates in a chronic UVB skin carcinogenesis model. A potential mechanism for this reduction in tumor number and growth rate is an inhibition of chronic epidermal proliferation, observed as reduced Ki-67 staining in p38DN mice compared to wild-type. Although we detected no difference in chronic apoptotic rates between transgenic and nontransgenic mice, analysis of acutely irradiated mice demonstrated that expression of the p38DN transgene significantly inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. These results counter the concerns that inhibition of p38 MAPK in a chronic situation could compromise the ability of the skin to eliminate potentially tumorigenic cells. Our data indicate that p38 MAPK is a good target for pharmacological intervention for UV-induced skin cancer in patients with sun damaged skin, and suggest that inhibition of p38 signaling reduces skin carcinogenesis by inhibiting COX-2 expression and proliferation of UVB-irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Dickinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Carothers AM, Davids JS, Damas BC, Bertagnolli MM. Persistent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition downregulates NF-{kappa}B, resulting in chronic intestinal inflammation in the min/+ mouse model of colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4433-42. [PMID: 20484034 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition prevents adenoma formation in humans and mouse models of colon cancer. The selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib reduces COX-2 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) expression and adenomas in the intestine of Min/+ mice after treatment for several weeks, but prolonged treatment increases PGE(2) production, resulting in drug-resistant tumor formation and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-dependent intestinal fibrosis. In this study, we examined pathways that regulate COX-2 expression and suppress chronic intestinal inflammation. We show that NF-kappaB signaling was inhibited in the ileum of Min/+ mice receiving long-term treatment with celecoxib. This effect was associated with inhibition of TGFbeta-associated kinase-1 and IkappaB kinase alpha/beta activities and reduced expression of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 that enhance colonic barrier function. Additionally, we observed reduced activities of protein kinases c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 and protein kinase A and transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, regulators of COX-2 expression, which cross-talk with NF-kappaB. In ileum subjected to long-term celecoxib treatment, we noted relatively higher expression of COX-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-1beta in Paneth cells, whereas NF-kappaB and COX-2 were more strongly expressed by an expanded population of stromal myofibroblasts. Our findings argue that celecoxib resistance is an acquired adaptation to changes in the crypt microenvironment that is associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and impaired acute wound-healing responsiveness.
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Fernau NS, Fugmann D, Leyendecker M, Reimann K, Grether-Beck S, Galban S, Ale-Agha N, Krutmann J, Klotz LO. Role of HuR and p38MAPK in ultraviolet B-induced post-transcriptional regulation of COX-2 expression in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3896-3904. [PMID: 19917608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.081430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) is a pivotal player in inflammatory processes, and ultraviolet radiation is a known stimulus for COX-2 expression in skin cells. Here, an induction of COX-2 expression in HaCaT human keratinocytes was observed only upon exposure of cells to UVB (280-320 nm) but not to UVA radiation (320-400 nm), as demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. Prostaglandin E(2) levels were elevated in cell culture supernatants of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB. COX-2 mRNA stability was dramatically increased by UVB irradiation. Both the stabilization of COX-2 mRNA and the enhancement of COX-2 steady-state mRNA and protein levels caused by UVB were prevented both by inhibition and small interfering RNA-induced depletion of p38(MAPK), a kinase strongly activated upon exposure to UVB, suggesting p38(MAPK)-dependent mRNA stabilization as a mechanism of UVB-induced COX-2 expression. A dramatic decrease in COX-2 expression induced by UVB was elicited by small interfering RNA-based depletion of a stress-responsive mRNA stabilizing protein regulated by p38(MAPK), i.e. HuR; UVB-induced elevation of COX-2 mRNA and protein levels coincided with an accumulation of HuR in the cytoplasm and was attenuated in cells depleted of HuR. Moreover, UVB-induced generation of prostaglandin E(2) by HaCaT cells was blunted by HuR depletion, suggesting that stress kinases (such as p38(MAPK)) as well as HuR are excellent targets for approaches aiming at interfering with induction of COX-2 expression by UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas S Fernau
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Fugmann
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Leyendecker
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reimann
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Grether-Beck
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Galban
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niloofar Ale-Agha
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Klotz
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Jeong HG, Pokharel YR, Lim SC, Hwang YP, Han EH, Yoon JH, Ahn SG, Lee KY, Kang KW. Novel role of Pin1 induction in type II collagen-mediated rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:6689-97. [PMID: 19846884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in joints and subsequent destruction of cartilage and bone. Inflammatory mediators such as PGs and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to RA progress. Pin1, a peptidyl prolyl isomerase, plays important pathophysiological roles in several diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. We found that both Pin1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were highly expressed in ankle tissues of type II collagen-induced RA mice. HTB-94 cells overexpressing Pin1 and primary cultured human chondrocytes showed increased basal expression of proinflammatory proteins (COX-2, inducible NO synthase, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta). Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Pin1-mediated transcriptional activation of COX-2 was coordinately regulated by NF-kappaB, CREB, and C/EBP. Gel shift, reporter gene, and Western blot analyses confirmed that NF-kappaB, CREB, and C/EBP were consistently activated in chondrocytes overexpressing Pin1. Treatment of RA mice with juglone, a chemical inhibitor of Pin1, significantly reduced RA progress and COX-2 expression in the ankle tissues. Moreover, juglone dose dependently decreased the basal COX-2 expression in primary cultured chondrocytes from RA patients. These results demonstrate that Pin1 induction during RA progress stimulates proinflammatory protein expression by activating NF-kappaB, CREB, and C/EBP, and suggest that Pin1 is a potential therapeutic target of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Gwang Jeong
- BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
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The role of translational regulation in ultraviolet C light-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Life Sci 2009; 85:70-6. [PMID: 19422838 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of ultraviolet C light (UVC)-induced phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at both transcriptional and translational levels is investigated. MAIN METHODS Western analysis was used to determine COX expressions. Immunoprecipitation after [(35)S]-Met/Cys metabolic labeling was used to determine the rate for COX-2 synthesis and turnover. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine COX-2 mRNA levels. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis 6 was used for mapping COX-2 activation network. KEY FINDINGS UVC induces COX-2 expression in wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF(S/S)) and that the inducibility is reduced in MEF(A/A) cells in which the phosphorylation site, Ser-51 in the eIF2alpha, is replaced with a nonphosphorylatable Ala (S51A). UVC-induced transcription of COX-2 is delayed in MEF(A/A) cells, which correlates with NF-kappaB activation as previously reported (Wu, S, Tan, M, Hu, Y, Wang, JL, Scheuner, D, Kaufman, RJ, Ultraviolet light activates NFkappaB through translational inhibition of IkappaBalpha synthesis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 34898-34902, 2004). The translational efficiency of COX-2 is higher in MEF(A/A) cells than in MEF(S/S) cells at 4 h, but not at 24 h post-UVC. The translation efficiency is correlated to the ratio of activated COX-2 binding protein HuR/TIAR. In addition, the newly synthesized COX-2 protein is more stable in MEF(A/A) cells than in MEF(S/S) cells. The results demonstrated a complex and dynamic regulation of COX-2 expression. SIGNIFICANCE UVC induces a prolonged expression of COX-2. While transcriptional regulation of COX-2 expression is intensively studied, the role of translational regulation of COX-2 synthesis upon UVC-irradiation is not yet clear. This study elucidated a novel eIF2alpha phosphorylation-centered network for the regulation of COX-2 expression after UVC-irradiation.
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Sun H, Chung WC, Ryu SH, Ju Z, Tran HT, Kim E, Kurie JM, Koo JS. Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein- and nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated CXC chemokine gene expression in lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:316-28. [PMID: 19138976 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-07-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of the importance of angiogenesis in tumor progression has led to the development of antiangiogenesis as a new strategy for cancer treatment and prevention. By modulating tumor microenvironment and inducing angiogenesis, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukine (IL)-1beta has been reported to promote tumor development. However, the factors mediating IL-1beta-induced angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the regulation of these angiogenic factors by IL-1beta are less clear. Here, we report that IL-1beta up-regulated an array of proangiogenic CXC chemokine genes in the NSCLC cell line A549 and in normal human tracheobronchial epithelium cells, as determined by microarray analysis. Further analysis revealed that IL-1beta induced much higher protein levels of CXC chemokines in NSCLC cells than in normal human tracheobronchial epithelium cells. Conditioned medium from IL-1beta-treated A549 cells markedly increased endothelial cell migration, which was suppressed by neutralizing antibodies against CXCL5 and CXCR2. We also found that IL-1beta-induced CXC chemokine gene overexpression in NSCLC cells was abrogated with the knockdown of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) or nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Moreover, the expression of the CXC chemokine genes as well as CREB and NF-kappaB activities was greatly increased in the tumorigenic NSCLC cell line compared with normal, premalignant immortalized or nontumorigenic cell lines. A disruptor of the interaction between CREB-binding protein and transcription factors such as CREB and NF-kappaB, 2-naphthol-AS-E-phosphate (KG-501), inhibited IL-1beta-induced CXC chemokine gene expression and angiogenic activity in NSCLC. We propose that targeting CREB or NF-kappaB using small-molecule inhibitors, such as KG-501, holds promise as a preventive and/or therapeutic approach for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Sun
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kundu JK, Choi KS, Fujii H, Sun B, Surh YJ. Oligonol, a lychee fruit-derived low molecular weight polyphenol formulation, inhibits UVB-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and induces NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 expression in hairless mouse skin. J Funct Foods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Yang W, Harris MA, Heinrich JG, Guo D, Bonewald LF, Harris SE. Gene expression signatures of a fibroblastoid preosteoblast and cuboidal osteoblast cell model compared to the MLO-Y4 osteocyte cell model. Bone 2009; 44:32-45. [PMID: 18973839 PMCID: PMC2692918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the osteoblast 2T3 cell model, 326 genes significantly increase in expression as subconfluent fibroblastic 2T3 cells become confluent and cuboidal. This gene set includes BMP2/4, Dlx2/5, Runx2, Osterix and Lrp5, as well as TGFbeta regulated genes. Both activated or total nuclear Smad158 and Smad2 levels increase as they become confluent, and beta-catenin protein expression increases as 2T3 cells become confluent, reflecting a set of genes involved in early preosteoblast to osteoblast commitment, as observed in vitro and in vivo. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that this 326 dataset is very similar to several early osteoblast geneset signatures. The MLO-Y4 cell model is a well-known in vitro osteocyte model. The MLO-Y4 expression pattern was directly compared with the 2T3 osteoblast cell model. 181 genes that are highly expressed in MLO-Y4 osteocytes compared to osteoblasts were identified. Very few genes expressed in MLO-Y4 cells are found in osteocytes directly isolate from bone, suggesting that osteocyte specific gene programs most likely require the osteocytes to be embedded in the proper mineralized matrix. The MLO-Y4 dataset includes few established in vivo osteocyte markers, but does include several transcription factors such as Vitamin D receptor, Tcf7, and Irx5, whose expression was confirmed in osteocytes in vivo. Gene expression signatures in MLO-Y4 cells, as determined by functional clustering and interaction maps, suggest active prostaglandin-PKA pathways, genes involved in dendrite formation, acute/defense response pathways, TGFbeta signaling, and interferon/chemokine pathways. GSEA demonstrated that MLO-Y4 expression pattern is similar to macrophages, mesenchymal fibroblasts, and early osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Yang
- Department of Periodontics and Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marie A. Harris
- Department of Periodontics and Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jelica Gluhak Heinrich
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Dayong Guo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri at Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Lynda F. Bonewald
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri at Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Stephen E. Harris
- Department of Periodontics and Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Scheckel KA, Degner SC, Romagnolo DF. Rosmarinic acid antagonizes activator protein-1-dependent activation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human cancer and nonmalignant cell lines. J Nutr 2008; 138:2098-105. [PMID: 18936204 PMCID: PMC3151436 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.090431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One mechanism through which bioactive food components may exert anticancer effects is by reducing the expression of the proinflammatory gene cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which has been regarded as a risk factor in tumor development. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic derivative of caffeic acid present in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Previous research documented that RA may exert antiinflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms of action of RA on COX-2 expression have not been investigated. Here, we report that in colon cancer HT-29 cells, RA (5, 10, and 20 micromol/L) reduced the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced COX-2 promoter activity (P < 0.05) and protein levels (P < 0.05). In addition, the cotreatment with RA reduced (5 micromol/L, P < 0.05; 10 and 20 micromol/L, P < 0.01) TPA-induced transcription from a control activator protein-1 (AP-1) promoter-luciferase construct and repressed binding of the AP-1 factors c-Jun (10 micromol/L; P < 0.01) and c-Fos (10 micromol/L; P < 0.05) to COX-2 promoter oligonucleotides harboring a cAMP-response element (CRE). The anti-AP1 effects of RA were also examined in a nonmalignant breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A) in which RA antagonized the stimulatory effects of TPA on COX-2 protein expression (5 micromol/L, P < 0.05; 10 and 20 micromol/L, P < 0.01), the recruitment of c-Jun and c-Fos (10 micromol/L; P < 0.01) to the COX-2/CRE oligonucleotides, and activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) (10 micromol/L; P < 0.01), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Additionally, RA antagonized ERK1/2 activation in colon HT-29 and breast MCF-7 cancer cells (10 micromol/L; P < 0.01). Thus, we propose that RA may be an effective preventative agent against COX-2 activation by AP-1-inducing agents in both cancer and nonmalignant mammary epithelial cells.
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Trabosh VA, Daher A, Divito KA, Amin K, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. UVB upregulates the bax promoter in immortalized human keratinocytes via ROS induction of Id3. Exp Dermatol 2008; 18:387-95. [PMID: 19054058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Id3 belongs to the inhibitor of differentiation family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, important in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. We showed that Id3, but not Id2 or Id1, mediates the UVB-sensitization of immortalized keratinocytes by inducing caspase 9-dependent apoptosis. In this study, quantitative PCR analysis revealed a time-dependent increase in Id3 mRNA induced by UVB, dependent on reactive oxygen species. UVB upregulated promoter activity of Id3, but not Id2, at early time points, as shown by reporter assays and also stabilized Id3 mRNA, increasing its half-life from 10 to approximately 60 min. We next examined downstream events related to UVB-induced Id3 upregulation and investigated the effects of UVB or ectopic expression of Id3 on bax promoter activity. Regulatory elements in the bax promoter that mediate transcriptional activation by UVB and Id3, in the absence of p53, were identified. Bax promoter deletion analysis revealed that transcriptional activation by UVB involves a 738-bp region upstream from the transcription start site of bax. Mimicking the effects of UVB, ectopic expression of Id3 also upregulated bax mRNA and activated this 738-bp fragment. Mutational analysis of the transcription binding sites further showed that point mutations of the E-box region found in the 738-bp fragment, but not in a 174-bp fragment, completely abolished Id3- and UVB-inducible bax promoter activity, thus confirming the importance of Id3 and UVB-mediated Id3 upregulation in activating the bax promoter. These results suggest a mechanism whereby reactive oxygen species upregulation of Id3 relieves repression of bax via E-box-binding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Anne Trabosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Flockhart RJ, Diffey BL, Farr PM, Lloyd J, Reynolds NJ. NFAT regulates induction of COX-2 and apoptosis of keratinocytes in response to ultraviolet radiation exposure. FASEB J 2008; 22:4218-27. [PMID: 18708588 PMCID: PMC2671982 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factors are regulated by calcium/calcineurin signals and play important roles in T cells, muscle, bone, and neural tissue. NFAT is expressed in the epidermis, and although recent data suggest that NFAT is involved in the skin’s responses to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the wavelengths of radiation that activate NFAT and the biological function of UV-activated NFAT remain undefined. We demonstrate that NFAT transcriptional activity is preferentially induced by UVB wavelengths in keratinocytes. The derived action spectrum for NFAT activation indicates that NFAT transcriptional activity is inversely associated with wavelength. UVR also evoked NFAT2 nuclear translocation in a parallel wavelength-dependent fashion and both transcriptional activation and nuclear translocation were inhibited by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A. UVR also evoked NFAT2 nuclear translocation in three-dimensional skin equivalents. Evidence suggests that COX-2 contributes to UV-induced carcinogenesis. Inhibiting UV-induced NFAT activation in keratinocytes, reduced COX-2 protein induction, and increased UV-induced apoptosis. COX-2 luciferase reporters lacking functional NFAT binding sites were less responsive to UVR, highlighting that NFAT is required for UV-induced COX-2 induction. Taken together, these data suggest that the proinflammatory, antiapoptotic, and procarcinogenic functions of UV-activated COX-2 may be mediated, in part, by upstream NFAT signaling. Flockhart, R. J., Diffey, B. L., Farr, P. M., Lloyd, J., Reynolds, N. J. NFAT regulates induction of COX-2 and apoptosis of keratinocytes in response to ultraviolet radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Flockhart
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Pl., Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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25
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Sun H, Sheveleva E, Xu B, Inoue H, Bowden TG, Chen QM. Corticosteroids induce COX-2 expression in cardiomyocytes: role of glucocorticoid receptor and C/EBP-beta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C915-22. [PMID: 18650268 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.90646.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress increases the level of glucocorticoids in the circulating system. We found that dexamethasone administration in adult mice elevates the expression of COX-2 in the myocardium. With isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes, corticosterone (CT) at physiologically relevant doses (0.01-1 microM) induces the expression of COX-2 gene. The induction first appeared at 4 h and remained for at least 24 h with 1 microM CT treatment. This response is likely cardiomyocyte cell type specific since CT did not induce COX-2 expression in cardiac fibroblasts and glucocorticoids are known to suppress the expression of COX-2 in lymphocytes and several organs. Corticosteroids, but not estrogen or progesterone, induce COX-2 expression. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone (MF) prevented CT from inducing COX-2 gene, suggesting a GR-dependent induction in cardiomyocytes. COX-2 gene promoter deletion and mutation studies indicate a role of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) in CT-induced COX-2 gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that CT caused the binding of both GR and C/EBP-beta to COX-2 promoter, while MF pretreatment blocked such binding. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that CT treatment induced the interaction of GR with C/EBP-beta. Small interfering RNA against C/EBP-beta prevented CT from activating COX-2 promoter or elevating COX-2 protein. Our data suggest that the interaction between GR and C/EBP-beta contributes to elevated COX-2 gene transcription by CT in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Sun
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 Plays a Critical Role in UV-induced Skin Carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:322-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Einspahr JG, Timothy Bowden G, Alberts DS, McKenzie N, Saboda K, Warneke J, Salasche S, Ranger-Moore J, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Nagle RB, Nickoloff BJ, Brooks C, Dong Z, Stratton SP. Cross-validation of Murine UV Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Skin. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:463-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kundu JK, Chang EJ, Fujii H, Sun B, Surh YJ. Oligonol inhibits UVB-induced COX-2 expression in HR-1 hairless mouse skin--AP-1 and C/EBP as potential upstream targets. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:399-406. [PMID: 18221453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory tissue damage are two major events frequently implicated in carcinogenesis. Numerous polyphenolic compounds derived from plants possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and are hence effective in preventing cancer. Oligonol is a polyphenol formulation enriched with catechin-type oligomers. As an initial approach to assess the chemopreventive potential of oligonol, we have determined its effects on inflammatory as well as oxidative damage in mouse skin irradiated with UVB. Topical application of oligonol onto the dorsal skin of male HR-1 hairless mice 30 min prior to UVB exposure diminished epidermal hyperplasia and formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, a biochemical hallmark of lipid peroxidation. Topical application of oligonol also significantly inhibited UVB-induced cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression in mouse skin. Oligonol diminished the DNA binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), and the expression of C/EBPdelta in mouse skin exposed to UVB. Our study also revealed that oligonol attenuated UVB-induced catalytic activity as well as expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Moreover, UVB-induced phosphorylation of another upstream kinase Akt was attenuated by oligonol. Taken together, oligonol showed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in UVB-irradiated mouse skin by inhibiting COX-2 expression via blockade of the activation of AP-1 and C/EBP, and upstream kinases including p38 MAP kinase and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Kumar Kundu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Regulation of Cox-2 by cyclic AMP response element binding protein in prostate cancer: potential role for nexrutine. Neoplasia 2007; 9:893-9. [PMID: 18030357 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that Nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense bark extract, suppresses proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines and tumor development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Our data also indicate that the anti-proliferative effects of Nexrutine are emediated in part by Akt and Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). Cyclooxygenase (Cox-2), a pro-inflammatory mediator, is a CREB target that induces prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and suppresses apoptosis. Treatment of LNCaP cells with Nexrutine reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced enzymatic as well as promoter activities of Cox-2. Nexrutine also reduced the expression and promoter activity of Cox-2 in PC-3 cells that express high constitutive levels of Cox-2. Deletion analysis coupled with mutational analysis of the Cox-2 promoter identified CRE as being sufficient for mediating Nexrutine response. Immunohistochemical analysis of human prostate tumors show increased expression of CREB and DNA binding activity in high-grade tumors (three-fold higher in human prostate tumors compared to normal prostate; P = .01). We have identified CREB-mediated activation of Cox-2 as a potential signaling pathway in prostate cancer which can be blocked with a nontoxic, cost-effective dietary supplement like Nexrutine, demonstrating a prospective for development of Nexrutine for prostate cancer management.
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Wang H, Wen S, Bunnett NW, Leduc R, Hollenberg MD, MacNaughton WK. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression through beta-catenin and cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:809-15. [PMID: 17962194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703021200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of mucosae is associated with an increased cancer risk. Tumorigenesis in these tissues is associated with the activity of some proteinases, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and beta-catenin. Serine proteinases participate in both inflammation and tumorigenesis through the activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), which up-regulates COX-2 by an unknown mechanism. We sought to determine whether beta-catenin participated in PAR(2)-induced COX-2 expression and through what cellular mechanism. In A549 epithelial cells, we showed that PAR(2) activation increased COX-2 expression through the beta-catenin/T cell factor transcription pathway. This effect was dependent upon ERK1/2 MAPK, which inhibited the beta-catenin-regulating protein, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, and induced the activity of the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Knockdown of CREB by small interfering RNA revealed that PAR(2)-induced beta-catenin transcriptional activity and COX-2 expression were CREB-dependent. A co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed a physical interaction between CREB and beta-catenin. Thus, PAR(2) up-regulated COX-2 expression via an ERK1/2-mediated activation of the beta-catenin/Tcf-4 and CREB pathways. These findings reveal new cellular mechanisms by which serine proteinases may participate in tumor development and are particularly relevant to cancers associated with chronic mucosal inflammation, where serine proteinases are abundant and COX-2 overexpression is a common feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Wang
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by cyclic AMP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1605-18. [PMID: 17945363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) regulate many biological processes, among others inflammatory reactions. Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) catalyse PG synthesis. Since this step is rate limiting, the regulation of COX expression is of critical importance to PG biology. Contrary to COX-1, which is constitutively expressed, COX-2 expression is subject to regulation. For example, COX-2 levels are increased in inflammatory reactions. Many signalling pathways can regulate COX-2 expression, not least those involving receptors for COX products themselves. Analysis of the intracellular signal transducers involved reveals a crucial role for cAMP, albeit as a modulator rather than direct inducer. Indeed, the influence of cAMP on COX-2 expression is complex and dependent on the cell type and cellular environment. This review aims to summarise various topics related to cAMP-dependent COX-2 expression. Firstly, the main aspects of COX-2 regulation are briefly considered. Secondly, the molecular basis for COX-2 gene (post)-transcriptional regulation is reviewed. Lastly, a detailed overview of the effects of cAMP-dependent signalling on COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in various human and rodent cells is provided. There is a large number of marketed, clinical and preclinical concepts promoting the elevation of intracellular cAMP levels for therapeutic purposes (e.g., beta(2)-agonists, PG receptor agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors). In this respect, the role of cAMP in the regulation of COX-2 expression, especially the human enzyme, is of significant clinical importance.
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Chae SW, Bang YJ, Kim KM, Lee KY, Kang BY, Kim EM, Inoue H, Hwang O, Choi HJ. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in tetrahydrobiopterin-induced dopamine oxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:735-41. [PMID: 17560944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is considered one of the main contributing factors in the induction of oxidative stress and selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. We have previously reported that tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) leads to dopamine oxidation and renders dopamine-producing cells vulnerable. In the present study, we found that BH4 selectively upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in dopaminergic cells. BH4 caused an induction of COX-2 mRNA, and a critical regulatory motif for BH4-induced transcriptional activation of COX-2 is CRE/AP-1. COX-2 can oxidize dopamine and cause oxidative stress, which is evidenced by the findings that significant increase in dopamine-chrome formation and protein carbonyl contents by BH4-induced COX-2 up-regulation, and the increases are abolished by COX-2 selective inhibitor meloxicam. Increased COX-2 promotes dopaminergic neurodegeneration in both SH-SY5Y cells and rat mesencephalic neurons. These data suggest that BH4-induced COX-2 expression is responsible for dopamine oxidation, leading to the preferential vulnerability of dopaminergic cells in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wook Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Jeong HG, Pokharel YR, Han EH, Kang KW. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by ginsenoside Rd via activation of CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins and cyclic AMP response binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:51-6. [PMID: 17524357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a widely used herbal medicine in East Asia and is reported to have a variety of pharmacological effects against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Here we show a unique effect of ginsenoside Rd (Rd) on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Rd (100 microg/ml), but not other ginsenosides induced COX-2 and increased prostaglandin E(2) production. Gel shift and Western blot analyses using nuclear fractions revealed that Rd increased both the DNA binding of and the nuclear levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)alpha/beta and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), but not of p65, in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, Rd increased the luciferase reporter gene activity in cells transfected with a 574-bp mouse COX-2 promoter construct. Site-specific mutation analyses confirmed that Rd-mediated transcriptional activation of COX-2 gene was regulated by C/EBP and CREB. These results provide evidence that Rd activated C/EBP and CREB, and that the activation of C/EBP and CREB appears to be essential for induction of COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Gwang Jeong
- BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
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Van Dross RT, Hong X, Essengue S, Fischer SM, Pelling JC. Modulation of UVB-induced and basal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by apigenin in mouse keratinocytes: Role of USF transcription factors. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:303-14. [PMID: 17186551 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin is a bioflavonoid with chemopreventive activity against UV- or chemically-induced mouse skin tumors. To further explore the mechanism of apigenin's chemopreventive activity, we determined whether apigenin inhibited UVB-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in mouse and human keratinocytes. Apigenin suppressed the UVB-induced increase in COX-2 protein and mRNA in mouse and human keratinocyte cell lines. UVB radiation of keratinocytes transfected with a mouse COX-2 promoter/luciferase reporter plasmid resulted in a threefold increase in transcription from the promoter, and apigenin inhibited the UV-induced promoter activity at doses of 5-50 microM. Transient transfections with COX-2 promoter deletion constructs and COX-2 promoter constructs containing mutations in specific enhancer elements indicated that the effects of UVB required intact Ebox and ATF/CRE response elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with supershifting antibodies were used to identify USF-1, USF-2, and CREB as proteins binding to the ATF/CRE-Ebox responsive element of the COX-2 promoter. Keratinocytes co-transfected with the COX-2 luciferase reporter and a USF-2 expression vector, alone or in combination with a USF-1 expression vector, exhibited enhanced promoter activity in both UVB-irradiated and nonirradiated cultures. However, COX-2 promoter activity was inhibited in keratinocytes co-transfected with USF-1 alone. Finally, we present data showing that the suppressive effect of apigenin on COX-2 expression could be reversed by co-expression of USF-1 and USF-2. These results suggest that one pathway by which apigenin inhibits COX-2 expression is through modulation of USF transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiyah T Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA
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Zhao D. Protein kinase Cδ-mediated CREB activation regulates ghrelin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in human colonic epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:1245-55. [PMID: 17455223 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a newly identified gastric peptide, is known for its potent activity in growth hormone release and appetite. Our recent study showed that ghrelin could stimulate protein kinase C-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interleukin-8 secretion in human colonic epithelial cells transfected with a functional ghrelin receptor. In the present study, the effect of ghrelin stimulation on cyclooxygenese-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production was examined. The data indicate that ghrelin significantly increased the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein as well as its promoter activity, which leaded to profound increase in prostaglandin E2 secretion. In order to examine the involvement of NF-kappaB and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in this response, the NF-kappaB inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha or a dominant negative mutant of CREB was co-transfected into cells and the data show that transfection of either IkappaBalpha or DN-CREB significantly attenuated ghrelin-induced COX-2 expression. Moreover ghrelin stimulated phosphorylation of CREB, which was mediated primarily via protein kinase Cdelta activation. Furthermore, inhibition of PKCdelta function significantly attenuated ghrelin-induced COX-2 expression. In addition, ghrelin stimulates phosphorylation of PKCdelta. Together, these results indicate that in addition to NF-kappaB, protein kinase Cdelta-mediated CREB activation plays an important role in the cellular responses of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezheng Zhao
- Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Lee J, Kosaras B, Aleyasin H, Han JA, Park DS, Ratan RR, Kowall NW, Ferrante RJ, Lee SW, Ryu H. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 induction by transcription factor Sp1 and Sp3 in neuronal oxidative and DNA damage response. FASEB J 2006; 20:2375-7. [PMID: 17012241 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5957fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in neuronal survival and death. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms involved in COX-2 function are unclear. In the present study we found that COX-2 is induced in response to glutathione depletion-induced oxidative stress in primary cortical neurons. Two proximal specific Sp1 and Sp3 binding sites are responsible for the COX-2 promoter activity under normal as well as oxidative stress conditions through enhanced Sp1 and Sp3 DNA binding activity. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that -268/-267 positions serve as specific Sp1 and Sp3 recognition sites under oxidative stress. Enforced expression of Sp1 and Sp3 using HSV vectors increased the promoter activity, transcription, and protein level of COX-2 in cortical neurons. The dominant negative form of Sp1 abrogated the oxidative stress-induced promoter activity and expression of COX-2. We also demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated COX-2 gene delivery protected neurons from DNA damage induced by oxidative, genotoxic, and excitotoxic stresses and by ischemic injury. Moreover, COX-2(-/-) cortical neurons were more susceptible to DNA damage-induced cell death. These results indicate that in primary neurons Sp1 and Sp3 play an essential role in the modulation of COX-2 transcription, which mediates neuronal homeostasis and survival by preventing DNA damage in response to neuronal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 200 Springs Rd., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
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Kohya N, Koga Y, Kitajima Y, Miyazaki K. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation in biliary tract carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:296-305. [PMID: 16858540 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-005-1058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor with a poor survival rate. The molecular biological mechanisms underlying the development of biliary tract carcinomas are not well understood. Promoter methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism for suppressing tumor-suppressor gene activity. There is limited information regarding the abnormal methylation of cancer-related genes in biliary tract carcinoma; however, a few insights have been obtained into the role of epigenetic silencing in the progression of biliary tract carcinoma. In this review, we summarize recent data on gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation, and we discuss the implications for biliary tract carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Kohya
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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38
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Woo KJ, Lim JH, Suh SI, Kwon YK, Shin SW, Kim SC, Choi YH, Park JW, Kwon TK. Differential inhibitory effects of baicalein and baicalin on LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression through inhibition of C/EBPbeta DNA-binding activity. Immunobiology 2006; 211:359-68. [PMID: 16716805 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the possible mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of baicalein or baicalin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in cultured Raw 264.7 cells were studied. In the present study, baicalein and baicalin, a flavonoid present in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, were examined for their effects on LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Baicalein, but not baicalin, inhibited COX-2 gene expression in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. However, both polyphenolic compounds inhibited LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression, iNOS mRNA expression, and NO production in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate the mechanism by which baicalein inhibits COX-2 gene expression, we examined activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in Raw 264.7 cells. We did not observe any significant change in the phosphorylation of MAPKs between baicalein- and baicalin-treated cells. Baicalein and baicalin had no effect on LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) DNA binding activity. Baicalein, but not baicalin, significantly inhibited the DNA binding activity of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) These results indicated that differential effects of baicalein and baicalin on COX-2 gene expression in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells were mediated through inhibition of C/EBPbeta DNA binding activity. Taken together, these results suggest that baicalein acts to inhibit inflammation through inhibition of COX-2 gene expression through blockade of C/EBPbeta DNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong Jung-Gu, Daegu 700-712, Republic of Korea
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39
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Chang YJ, Wu MS, Lin JT, Chen CC. Helicobacter pylori-Induced invasion and angiogenesis of gastric cells is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 induction through TLR2/TLR9 and promoter regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:8242-52. [PMID: 16339564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a crucial role in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer. In this study, we report that H. pylori-induced COX-2 expression enhances the cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis via TLR2 and TLR9, which can be attenuated by the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS398 or celecoxib. The cAMP response element (CRE) and AP1 sites, but not kappaB on the COX-2 promoter, are involved in MAPKs-regulated COX-2 expression. Differential bindings of the CREB-1, ATF-2, c-jun to the CRE site, and the c-fos, c-jun, ATF-2 to the AP1 site are demonstrated by DNA affinity protein-binding, supershift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Activations of these transcription factors were attenuated by different MAPKs inhibitors. The mutants of TLR2, TLR9, or MAPKs inhibited H. pylori-induced COX-2 promoter, CRE, and AP-1 activities. MAPKs inhibitors attenuated the H. pylori-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions. These results indicate that H. pylori acts through TLR2 and TLR9 to activate MAPKs, especially p38, and their downstream transcription factors (CREB-1, ATF-2, c-jun, and c-fos), resulting in the activations of CRE and AP-1 on the COX-2 promoter. These intracellular networks drive the COX-2-dependent PGE2 release and contribute to cell invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Millán O, Rico D, Peinado H, Zarich N, Stamatakis K, Pérez-Sala D, Rojas JM, Cano A, Boscá L. Potentiation of tumor formation by topical administration of 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in a model of skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:328-36. [PMID: 16113051 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of prostaglandins on the development of papillomas has been investigated in mice receiving prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) or the cyclopentenone 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 (15dPGJ2) topically, using the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-promoted model of skin carcinogenesis. The presence of 15dPGJ2 during DMBA and TPA treatment inhibited apoptosis and increased the rate, number, size and vascularization of the papillomas, some of them progressing into carcinomas. Moreover, skin sections from mice treated for one week with DMBA and 15dPGJ2 showed a much reduced rate of apoptotic cells, and an enhanced expression of vascular epithelial growth factor when compared with animals receiving DMBA, with or without PGE2. The analysis of molecular events in the MCA3D keratinocyte cell line showed that 15dPGJ2 activated Ras and improved cell viability by inhibiting DMBA-dependent apoptosis. In addition to this, cell adhesion was impaired in MCA3D keratinocytes co-treated with 15dPGJ2 and DMBA, at the same time when the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was observed under these conditions. These effects mediated by 15dPGJ2 might contribute to understand the role of COX-2 metabolites in carcinogenesis, leading to an increase of cell viability after mutagenic injury and therefore in the progression of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Millán
- Instituto de Bioquímica, CSIC-UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Degner SC, Kemp MQ, Bowden GT, Romagnolo DF. Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity via an anti-AP-1 mechanism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Nutr 2006; 136:421-7. [PMID: 16424122 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is regarded as a causative factor in the onset of tumorigenesis of the breast. In this study, we investigated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on COX-2 transcription in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results of transient transfection studies revealed that treatment with a CLA mix or selected isomers (c9, t11-CLA; t10, c12-CLA) at concentrations ranging from 20 to 80 micromol/L, attenuated COX-2 transcription induced by the proinflammatory agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In addition, the CLA mix inhibited TPA-induced activity of the collagenase-1 promoter. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we found that the CLA mix reduced TPA-induced recruitment of nuclear proteins to a cAMP response element (CRE) in the COX-2 promoter and a consensus TPA-responsive element (TRE) in the collagenase-1 promoter. Both CRE and TRE are binding sites for activator protein-1 (AP-1). Binding studies revealed that the t10, c12-CLA isomer was more effective than the CLA mix or c9, t11-CLA in reducing binding of cJun to either the COX-2 CRE or collagenase-1 TRE, whereas linoleic acid increased binding to both elements. Overexpression of the AP-1 member, c-Jun, reversed the inhibitory effects of the CLA mix on COX-2 transcription, and restored binding of nuclear proteins to the CRE and TRE. Collectively, these results suggest that CLA represses AP-1-mediated activation of COX-2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Degner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Ali IU, Luke BT, Dean M, Greenwald P. Allellic variants in regulatory regions of cyclooxygenase-2: association with advanced colorectal adenoma. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:953-9. [PMID: 16205694 PMCID: PMC1369968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) is upregulated in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene may influence its function and/or its expression and may modify the protective effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), thereby impacting individuals' risk of developing colorectal cancer and response to prevention/intervention strategies. In a nested case–control study, four polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene (two in the promoter, −663 insertion/deletion, GT/(GT) and −798 A/G; one in intron 5-5229, T/G; one in 3′untranslated region (UTR)-8494, T/C) were genotyped in 726 cases of colorectal adenomas and 729 age- and gender-matched controls in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. There was no significant association between the Cox-2 polymorphisms and adenoma development in the overall population. However, in males, the relatively rare heterozygous genotype GT/(GT) at −663 in the promoter and the variant homozygous genotype G/G at intron 5-5229 appeared to have inverse associations (odds ratio (OR)=0.59, confidence interval (CI): 0.34–1.02 and OR=0.48, CI: 0.24–0.99, respectively), whereas the heterozygous genotype T/C at 3′UTR-8494 had a positive association (OR=1.31, CI: 1.01–1.71) with adenoma development. Furthermore, the haplotype carrying the risk-conferring 3′UTR-8494 variant was associated with a 35% increase in the odds for adenoma incidence in males (OR=1.35, CI: 1.07–1.70), but the one with a risk allele at 3′UTR-8494 and a protective allele at intron 5-5229 had no effect on adenoma development (OR=0.85, CI: 0.66–1.09). Gender-related differences in adenoma risk were also noted with tobacco usage and protective effects of NSAIDs. Our analysis underscores the significance of the overall allelic architecture of Cox-2 as an important determinant for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Ali
- Division for Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Park SW, Sung MW, Heo DS, Inoue H, Shim SH, Kim KH. Nitric oxide upregulates the cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the cAMP-response element in its promoter in several cancer cell lines. Oncogene 2005; 24:6689-98. [PMID: 16007171 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that nitric oxide (NO) induces overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of prostaglandin E(2) in cancer cells. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which NO induces COX-2 expression in cancer cells. We found that the cAMP-response element (CRE) is a critical factor in NO-induced COX-2 expression in all cells tested. We found that in cancer cells, three transcription factors (TFs) - cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) and c-jun, bound the CRE in the COX-2 promoter, and their activities were increased by addition of the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP). NO-induced activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) upregulated the three TFs, leading to COX-2 overexpression. Addition of dibutyryl-cGMP (db-cGMP) induced COX-2 expression in a manner similar to SNAP; this induction was blocked by a p38 inhibitor (SB202190), but not by a JNK inhibitor (SP600125). NO-induced cGMP was found to activate CREB and ATF-2 in a p38, but not c-jun-dependent manner, while NO induced JNK in a cGMP-independent manner, leading to subsequent activation of c-jun and ATF-2. These results suggest that the low concentrations of endogenous NO present in cancer cell may induce the expression of many genes, including COX-2, which promotes the growth and survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Woo Park
- Department of Tumor Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Chongno-gu, Korea
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44
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Chen JJ, Huang WC, Chen CC. Transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in response to proteasome inhibitors involves reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathway and recruitment of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta and CREB-binding protein. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:5579-91. [PMID: 16195339 PMCID: PMC1289404 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been shown to be a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammation and cancer. Here, we show that proteasome inhibitors MG132, PSI-1, and lactacystin induce COX-2 expression via enhancing gene transcription rather than preventing protein degradation in the human alveolar NCI-H292 and A549, and gastric AGS epithelial cells. NF-IL6 and CRE, but not NF-kappaB elements on the COX-2 promoter were involved in the gene transcription event. The binding of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)beta and C/EBPdelta to the CRE and NF-IL6 elements, as well as the recruitment of CBP and the enhancement of histone H3 and H4 acetylation on the COX-2 promoter was enhanced by MG132. However, it did not affect the total protein levels of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta. MG132-induced DNA-binding activity of C/EBPdelta, but not C/EBPbeta was regulated by p38, PI3K, Src, and protein kinase C. Small interfering RNA of C/EBPdelta suppressed COX-2 expression, further strengthening the role of C/EBPdelta in COX-2 gene transcription. In addition, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to MG132 contributed to the activation of MAPKs and Akt. These findings reveal that the induction of COX-2 transcription induced by proteasome inhibitors requires ROS-dependent protein kinases activation and the subsequent recruitments of C/EBPdelta and CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10018, Taiwan
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Bachelor MA, Cooper SJ, Sikorski ET, Bowden GT. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase decreases UVB-induced activator protein-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in a SKH-1 hairless mouse model. Mol Cancer Res 2005; 3:90-9. [PMID: 15755875 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-04-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been clearly shown to play a functional role in UVB-induced skin tumor promotion. In this study, we examined UVB-induced signal transduction pathways in SKH-1 mouse epidermis leading to increases in COX-2 expression and AP-1 activity. We observed rapid increases in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling through activation of p38 MAPK and its downstream target, MAPK activated protein kinase-2. UVB also increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling as observed through increases in AKT and GSK-3beta phosphorylation. Activation of the p38 MAPK and PI3K pathways results in the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, which was also observed in UVB-irradiated SKH-1 mice. Topical treatment with SB202190 (a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK) or LY294002 (a specific inhibitor of PI3K) significantly decreased UVB-induced AP-1 activation by 84% and 68%, respectively, as well as COX-2 expression. Our data show that in mouse epidermis, UVB activation of the p38 MAPK and PI3K pathways leads to AP-1 activation and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bachelor
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Room 4999, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Rodriguez-Mora OG, Howe CJ, Lahair MM, McCubrey JA, Franklin RA. Inhibition of CREB transcriptional activity in human T lymphocytes by oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:1653-61. [PMID: 15917193 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (HP) induced the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) on Ser133 in Jurkat T lymphocytes via p38 and MSK1. Although CREB Ser133 was phosphorylated, increases in HP-stimulated CREB-mediated transcription were absent. T lymphocyte stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 induced CREB Ser133 phosphorylation, as well as CREB-mediated transcriptional activity. When CD3/CD28-stimulated lymphocytes were treated with HP, Ser133 was phosphorylated, but TCR-induced CREB-mediated transcriptional activity was reduced. These data provide insight into a potential mechanism by which oxidative stress can alter T cell receptor-induced CREB activation and responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo G Rodriguez-Mora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Woo KJ, Jeong YJ, Inoue H, Park JW, Kwon TK. Chrysin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the inhibition of nuclear factor for IL-6 (NF-IL6) DNA-binding activity. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:705-11. [PMID: 15670832 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 12/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural, biologically active compound extracted from many plants, honey and propolis. It possesses potent anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation properties. The mechanism by which chrysin suppresses COX-2 expression remains poorly understood. In the present report, we investigated the effect of chrysin on the expression of COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Chrysin significantly suppressed the LPS-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of chrysin to suppress the expression of the COX-2 was investigated using luciferase reporters controlled by various cis-elements in COX-2 promoter region. Mutational analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay verified that nuclear factor for IL-6 was identified as responsible for the chrysin-mediated COX-2 downregulation. These results will provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties of chrysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-712, South Korea
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Kim H, Rhee SH, Kokkotou E, Na X, Savidge T, Moyer MP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile toxin A regulates inducible cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in colonocytes via reactive oxygen species and activation of p38 MAPK. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21237-45. [PMID: 15767259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413842200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxin A induces acute colitis with neutrophil infiltration and up-regulation of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators, but the contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction in this infection is unknown. We report here that toxin A induces expression of COX-2 and secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in cultured NCM460 human colonocytes and in human intestinal xenografts. This induction was blocked by SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, which also decreased the phosphorylation of MSK-1, CREB/ATF-1, and COX-2 promoter activity following toxin A stimulation. Gel shift assays indicated that CREB/ATF-1 was the major proteins binding to the COX-2-CRE. Moreover, colonocytes exposed to toxin A produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activated p38 MAPK, MSK-1, and CREB/ATF-1, leading to subsequent COX-2 induction and PGE2 secretion. In intact mice, blockage of p38 MAPK inhibited toxin A-mediated induction of COX-2 in enterocytes as well as lamina propria cells, and significantly blocked the toxin A-induced ileal secretion of fluid and PGE2. Furthermore, a selective COX-2 inhibitor also diminished toxin A-associated ileal fluid and PGE2 secretion. The main signaling pathway for toxin A induction of human COX-2 involves ROS-mediated activation of p38 MAPK, MSK-1, CREB, and ATF-1. Toxin A triggers ileal inflammation and secretion of fluid via COX-2 induction and release of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Yang F, Bleich D. Transcriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene in Pancreatic β-Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35403-11. [PMID: 15213229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404055200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) has been shown to negatively affect pancreatic beta-cell function, and its inducible synthesis is mediated in part by cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2). Regulation of basal and inducible COX-2 gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells is not fully understood. In this report, we used pancreatic beta-cells (RINm5F) to explore the molecular mechanisms regulating COX-2 promoter activity. Through deletion analysis of a -907/+70-bp 5' upstream region of the mouse COX-2 gene, we identified an inhibition domain (-804/-371) and an activation domain (-371/+70). The highest promoter activity was seen when the promoter was reduced to -371 bp. Several cis-acting elements were selected for site-directed mutations in the activation domain. We identified three sites that were essential for basal COX-2 promoter activity: 1) CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), 2) aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and 3) cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Single mutation of each individual site inhibited 70-80% of basal COX-2 promoter activity. Double mutation of the AhR and CREB-binding sites showed synergy in repressing COX-2 promoter activity as did mutation of all three sites. We demonstrated that the transcription factors from RINm5F nuclear extracts specifically bound to oligonucleotides containing C/EBP, AhR, or CREB consensus sites. Forskolin, an activator of adenyl cyclase, increased COX-2 promoter activity via the CREB site. COX-2 promoter activity was also increased by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, an AhR activator, through the AhR site. Both forskolin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increased COX-2 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. We consider these three transcriptional regulators of COX-2 expression to be potential targets for the prevention of beta-cell damage mediated by PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Susan and Leslie Gonda (Goldschmied) Diabetes & Genetic Research Center, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Jüttner S, Cramer T, Wessler S, Walduck A, Gao F, Schmitz F, Wunder C, Weber M, Fischer SM, Schmidt WE, Wiedenmann B, Meyer TF, Naumann M, Höcker M. Helicobacter pylori stimulates host cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription: critical importance of MEK/ERK-dependent activation of USF1/-2 and CREB transcription factors. Cell Microbiol 2004; 5:821-34. [PMID: 14531897 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) represents the inducible key enzyme of arachidonic acid metabolism and contributes to the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with elevated gastric COX-2 levels, but the mechanisms underlying H. pylori-dependent cox-2 gene expression are unclear. H. pylori stimulated cox-2 mRNA and protein abundance in gastric epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, and functional analysis of the cox-2 gene promoter mapped its H. pylori-responsive region to a proximal CRE/Ebox element at -56 to -48. Moreover, USF1/-2 and CREB transcription factors binding to this site were identified to transmit H. pylori-dependent cox-2 transcription. Activation of MEK/ERK1/-2 signalling by bacterial virulence factors located outside the H. pylori cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) was found to mediate bacterial effects on the cox-2 promoter. Our study provides a detailed description of the molecular pathways underlying H. pylori-dependent cox-2 gene expression in gastric epithelial cells, and may thus contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying H. pylori pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jüttner
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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