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Moser R, Gurley KE, Nikolova O, Qin G, Joshi R, Mendez E, Shmulevich I, Ashley A, Grandori C, Kemp CJ. Synthetic lethal kinases in Ras/p53 mutant squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:3355-3369. [PMID: 35538224 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene Ras and the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequently co-mutated in human cancer and mutations in Ras and p53 can cooperate to generate a more malignant cell state. To discover novel druggable targets for cancers carrying co-mutations in Ras and p53, we performed arrayed, kinome focused siRNA and oncology drug phenotypic screening utilizing a set of syngeneic Ras mutant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines that also carried co-mutations in selected p53 pathway genes. These cell lines were derived from SCCs from carcinogen-treated inbred mice which harbored germline deletions or mutations in Trp53, p19Arf, Atm, or Prkdc. Both siRNA and drug phenotypic screening converge to implicate the phosphoinositol kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases, as well as cell cycle and DNA damage response genes as targetable dependencies in SCC. Differences in functional kinome profiles between Ras mutant cell lines reflect incomplete penetrance of Ras synthetic lethal kinases and indicate that co-mutations cause a rewiring of survival pathways in Ras mutant tumors. This study describes the functional kinomic landscape of Ras/p53 mutant chemically-induced squamous cell carcinoma in both the baseline unperturbed state and following DNA damage and nominates candidate therapeutic targets, including the Nek4 kinase, for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Moser
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kay E Gurley
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olga Nikolova
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Joshi
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Kemp
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Thiebaut C, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Trédan O, Poulard C, Le Romancer M. Non-genomic signaling of steroid receptors in cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111453. [PMID: 34520815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family, which are ligand-activated transcription factors. SRs regulate many physiological functions including development and reproduction, though they can also be involved in several pathologies, especially cancer. Highly controlled cellular responses to steroids involve transcriptional regulation (genomic activity) combined with direct activation of signaling cascades (non-genomic activity). Non-genomic signaling has been extensively studied in cancer, mainly in breast cancer for ER and PR, and prostate cancer for AR. Even though most of the studies have been conducted in cells, some of them have been confirmed in vivo, highlighting the relevance of this pathway in cancer. This review provides an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on non-genomic signaling with a focus on breast and prostate cancers and its clinical relevance. A thorough understanding of ER, PR, AR and GR non-genomic pathways may open new perspectives for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Thiebaut
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Service de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Olivier Trédan
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Medical Oncology Department, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France.
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3
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Sevilla LM, Jiménez-Panizo A, Alegre-Martí A, Estébanez-Perpiñá E, Caelles C, Pérez P. Glucocorticoid Resistance: Interference between the Glucocorticoid Receptor and the MAPK Signalling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10049. [PMID: 34576214 PMCID: PMC8465023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that signal in virtually all cell types to modulate tissue homeostasis throughout life. Also, synthetic GC derivatives (pharmacological GCs) constitute the first-line treatment in many chronic inflammatory conditions with unquestionable therapeutic benefits despite the associated adverse effects. GC actions are principally mediated through the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Despite the ubiquitous expression of GR, imbalances in GC signalling affect tissues differently, and with variable degrees of severity through mechanisms that are not completely deciphered. Congenital or acquired GC hypersensitivity or resistance syndromes can impact responsiveness to endogenous or pharmacological GCs, causing disease or inadequate therapeutic outcomes, respectively. Acquired GC resistance is defined as loss of efficacy or desensitization over time, and arises as a consequence of chronic inflammation, affecting around 30% of GC-treated patients. It represents an important limitation in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, and can be due to impairment of multiple mechanisms along the GC signalling pathway. Among them, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and/or alterations in expression of their regulators, the dual-specific phosphatases (DUSPs), have been identified as common mechanisms of GC resistance. While many of the anti-inflammatory actions of GCs rely on GR-mediated inhibition of MAPKs and/or induction of DUSPs, the GC anti-inflammatory capacity is decreased or lost in conditions of excessive MAPK activation, contributing to disease susceptibility in tissue- and disease- specific manners. Here, we discuss potential strategies to modulate GC responsiveness, with the dual goal of overcoming GC resistance and minimizing the onset and severity of unwanted adverse effects while maintaining therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Alba Jiménez-Panizo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-P.); (A.A.-M.); (E.E.-P.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Andrea Alegre-Martí
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-P.); (A.A.-M.); (E.E.-P.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-P.); (A.A.-M.); (E.E.-P.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carme Caelles
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Teng Y, Yu Y, Li S, Huang Y, Xu D, Tao X, Fan Y. Ultraviolet Radiation and Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Environmental Perspective. Front Public Health 2021; 9:666528. [PMID: 34368047 PMCID: PMC8339433 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.666528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a known carcinogen participated for the development of skin cancers. Solar UVR exposure, particularly ultraviolet B (UVB), is the mostly significant environmental risk factor for the occurrence and progress of basal cell carcinoma(BCC). Both cumulative and intermittent high-grade UVR exposure could promote the uncontrolled replication of skin cells. There are also exsiting other contributing environmental factors that combine with the UVR exposure to promote the development of BCC. DNA damage in formation of skin cancers is considered to be a result of UVR toxicity. It is UVR that could activate a series of oncogenes simultaneously inactivating tumor suppressor genes and aberrant proliferation and survival of keratinocytes that repair these damages. Furthermore, mounting evidence demonstrates that inflammatory responses of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment plays crucial role in the skin tumorigenesis as well. In this chapter, we will follow the function of UVR in the onset and development of BCC. We describe the factors that influence BCC induced by UVR, and also review the recent advances of pathogenesis of BCC induced by UVR from the genetic and inflammatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujing Li
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Youming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Roy E, Wong HY, Villani R, Rouille T, Salik B, Sim SL, Murigneux V, Stark MS, Fink JL, Soyer HP, Walker G, Lyons JG, Saunders N, Khosrotehrani K. Regional Variation in Epidermal Susceptibility to UV-Induced Carcinogenesis Reflects Proliferative Activity of Epidermal Progenitors. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107702. [PMID: 32492418 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the initial steps of skin carcinogenesis, we examine patches of labeled keratinocytes as a proxy for clones in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and measure their size variation upon UVB irradiation. Multicolor lineage tracing reveals that in chronically irradiated skin, patches near hair follicles (HFs) increase in size, whereas those far from follicles do not change. This is explained by proliferation of basal epidermal cells within 60 μm of HF openings. Upon interruption of UVB, patch size near HFs regresses significantly. These anatomical differences in proliferative behavior have significant consequences for the cell of origin of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Indeed, a UV-inducible murine BCC model shows that BCC patches are more frequent, larger, and more invasive near HFs. These findings have major implications for the prevention of field cancerization in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Roy
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ho Yi Wong
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rehan Villani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas Rouille
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Basit Salik
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Seen Ling Sim
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Valentine Murigneux
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mitchell S Stark
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - J Lynn Fink
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Graeme Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - J Guy Lyons
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Saunders
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
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Zaryouh H, De Pauw I, Baysal H, Peeters M, Vermorken JB, Lardon F, Wouters A. Recent insights in the PI3K/Akt pathway as a promising therapeutic target in combination with EGFR-targeting agents to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:112-155. [PMID: 33928670 DOI: 10.1002/med.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab, remains a major roadblock in the search for effective therapeutic strategies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Due to its close interaction with the EGFR pathway, redundant or compensatory activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been proposed as a major driver of resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Understanding the role of each of the main proteins involved in this pathway is utterly important to develop rational combination strategies able to circumvent resistance. Therefore, the current work reviewed the role of PI3K/Akt pathway proteins, including Ras, PI3K, tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensing homolog, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin in resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in HNSCC. In addition, we summarize PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors that are currently under (pre)clinical investigation with focus on overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibitors. In conclusion, genomic alterations in and/or overexpression of one or more of these proteins are common in both human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC tumors. Therefore, downstream effectors of the PI3K/Akt pathway serve as promising drug targets in the search for novel therapeutic strategies that are able to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatment. Co-targeting EGFR and the PI3K/Akt pathway can lead to synergistic drug interactions, possibly restoring sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and hereby improving clinical efficacy. Better understanding of the predictive value of PI3K/Akt pathway alterations is needed to allow the identification of patient populations that might benefit most from these combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zaryouh
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ines De Pauw
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hasan Baysal
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Baptist Vermorken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ramovs V, Krotenberg Garcia A, Kreft M, Sonnenberg A. Integrin α3β1 Is a Key Regulator of Several Protumorigenic Pathways during Skin Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:732-741.e6. [PMID: 32805217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Integrin α3β1 plays a crucial role in tumor formation in the two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model (DMBA and TPA treatment). However, the mechanisms whereby the expression of α3β1 influences key oncogenic drivers of this established model are not known yet. Using an in vivo mouse model with epidermal deletion of α3β1 and in vitro Matrigel cultures of transformed keratinocytes, we demonstrate the central role of α3β1 in promoting the activation of several protumorigenic signaling pathways during the initiation of DMBA/TPA‒driven tumorigenesis. In transformed keratinocytes, α3β1-mediated focal adhesion kinase/Src activation leads to in vitro growth of spheroids and to strong Akt and STAT 3 activation when the α3β1-binding partner tetraspanin CD151 is present to stabilize cell‒cell adhesion and promote Smad2 phosphorylation. Remarkably, α3β1 and CD151 can support Akt and STAT 3 activity independently of α3β1 ligation by laminin-332 and as such control the essential survival signals required for suprabasal keratin-10 expression during keratinocyte differentiation. These data demonstrate that α3β1 together with CD151 regulate the signaling pathways that control the survival of differentiating keratinocytes and provide a mechanistic understanding of the essential role of α3β1 in early stages of skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ramovs
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Krotenberg Garcia
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Growth and Viability of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Display Different Sensitivities to Isoform-Specific Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073567. [PMID: 33808215 PMCID: PMC8036316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) account for about 20% of keratinocyte carcinomas, the most common cancer in the UK. Therapeutic options for cSCC patients who develop metastasis are limited and a better understanding of the biochemical pathways involved in cSCC development/progression is crucial to identify novel therapeutic targets. Evidence indicates that the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)/Akt pathway plays an important role, in particular in advanced cSCC. Questions remain of whether all four PI3K isoforms able to activate Akt are involved and whether selective inhibition of specific isoform(s) might represent a more targeted strategy. Here we determined the sensitivity of four patient-derived cSCC cell lines to isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors to start investigating their potential therapeutic value in cSCC. Parallel experiments were performed in immortalized keratinocyte cell lines. We observed that pan PI3Ks inhibition reduced the growth/viability of all tested cell lines, confirming the crucial role of this pathway. Selective inhibition of the PI3K isoform p110α reduced growth/viability of keratinocytes and of two cSCC cell lines while affecting the other two only slightly. Importantly, p110α inhibition reduced Akt phosphorylation in all cSCC cell lines. These data indicate that growth and viability of the investigated cSCC cells display differential sensitivity to isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors.
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Ramu AK, Ali D, Alarifi S, Syed Abuthakir MH, Ahmed Abdul BA. Reserpine inhibits DNA repair, cell proliferation, invasion and induces apoptosis in oral carcinogenesis via modulation of TGF-β signaling. Life Sci 2020; 264:118730. [PMID: 33160994 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reserpine is a natural indole alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia serpentina and has potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-mutagenic properties. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of reserpine on DNA repair, cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene(DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was found to induce Smad2, 3 and 4 phosphorylation triggering Smad3/Snail mediated DNA repair proteins and Smad2/4 nuclear translocation. In contrast, reserpine inhibits TGF-β dependent Smad2/3/4 phosphorylation, thereby blockage Smad3/Snail activation and Smad2/4 nuclear translocation. Interruption of these oncogenic signaling pathways leads to downregulating ERCC1, XPF, Ku70, DNA-PKcs, PCNA, cyclin D1, HIF-1α, IL-6, Mcl-1 and stimulates Bax, cytochrome C, Apaf-1, caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP protein expressions. This study provides therapeutic potential of reserpine in inhibiting DNA repair, cell proliferation, and invasion while simultaneously inducing apoptosis via modulation TGF-β signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Ramu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST Deemed University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST Deemed University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Jayaganesh R, Pugalendhi P, Murali R. Effect of citronellol on NF-kB inflammatory signaling molecules in chemical carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in the rat model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22441. [PMID: 31926054 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a vital role in the process of carcinogenesis and anti-inflammatory properties of phytochemicals are gaining more attention in the chemoprevention of cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of citronellol (CT) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. The inflammation-associated gene and protein markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot techniques. Markers such as nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase are upregulated in DMBA-alone-treated mammary tumor tissues. The oral administration of CT (50 mg/kg BW) to DMBA-treated rats significantly downregulated the expression NF-kB and other inflammatory markers, and also increased the level of IL-10 in mammary tissues. The results suggested that the anti-inflammatory potential of CT prevented the incidence of chemical carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Jayaganesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pachaiappan Pugalendhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raju Murali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Andrade MJ, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Upton Z, Satyamoorthy K. Unravelling the insulin-like growth factor I-mediated photoprotection of the skin. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 52:45-55. [PMID: 31767341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces a range of biological reactions which may directly or indirectly lead to the development of skin cancer. In order to overcome these damaging effects of UVR and to reduce photodamage, the skin's endogenous defence system functions in concert with the various exogenous photoprotectors. Growth factors, particularly insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), produced within the body as a result of cellular interaction in response to UVR demonstrates photoprotective properties in human skin. This review summarises the impact of UVR-induced photolesions on human skin, discusses various endogenous as well as exogenous approaches of photoprotection described to date and explains how IGF-I mediates UVR photoprotective responses at the cellular and mitochondrial level. Further, we describe the current interventions using growth factors and propose how the knowledge of the IGF-I photoprotection signalling cascades may direct the development of improved UVR protection and remedial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Andrade
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Derek R Van Lonkhuyzen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zee Upton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute of Medical Biology, A⁎STAR, Singapore
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Sanz Ressel BL, Massone AR, Barbeito CG. Dysregulated Expression of Phosphorylated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue in Canine Cutaneous Papillomas and Squamous Cell Carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:26-33. [PMID: 31955800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of cutaneous papillomas (CPs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (CSCCs) are still poorly understood, limiting the ability to identify molecular suitable targets for the development of novel therapies. Persistent activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signalling pathway is a component of epidermal carcinogenesis in dogs. The present study describes the immunohistochemical expression pattern of two key regulatory molecules involved in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR)Tyr1068 and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), in samples of normal canine epidermis, CP, preneoplastic epidermis and CSCC using tissue microarrays to determine whether the deregulated activity of these molecules is involved in the pathogenesis of these relevant epidermal tumours of dogs. Expression of pEGFR and PTEN was dysregulated in most samples of CP, preneoplastic epidermis and CSCC. Overexpression of pEGFR, together with decreased expression of PTEN, may facilitate the progression of some canine CPs and CSCCs by deregulation of the key cellular functions in which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway is involved. These findings suggest that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling molecules may be potential therapeutic targets for canine patients with CP and CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Sanz Ressel
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, CONICET, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - A R Massone
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria Dr. Bernardo Epstein, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C G Barbeito
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, CONICET, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Hoesl C, Fröhlich T, Hundt JE, Kneitz H, Goebeler M, Wolf R, Schneider MR, Dahlhoff M. The transmembrane protein LRIG2 increases tumor progression in skin carcinogenesis. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2476-2492. [PMID: 31580518 PMCID: PMC6822252 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the number of cases of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has risen to over 3 million cases every year worldwide. Members of the ERBB receptor family are important regulators of skin development and homeostasis and, when dysregulated, contribute to skin pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated leucine‐rich repeats and immunoglobulin‐like domains 2 (LRIG2), a transmembrane protein involved in feedback loop regulation of the ERBB receptor family during NMSC. LRIG2 was identified to be up‐regulated in various types of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but little is known about LRIG2 in cutaneous SCC (cSCC). To investigate the function of LRIG2 in cSCC in vivo, we generated a skin‐specific LRIG2 overexpressing transgenic mouse line (LRIG2‐TG) using the Tet‐Off system. We employed the 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12‐O‐tetra‐decanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (DMBA/TPA) two‐stage chemical carcinogenesis model and analyzed the skin during homeostasis and tumorigenesis. LRIG2‐TG mice did not exhibit alterations in skin development or homeostasis but showed an interaction between LRIG2 and thrombospondin‐1, which is often involved in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, during carcinogenesis, transgenic animals showed significantly increased tumor progression and a more rapid development of cSCC. This was accompanied by changes in the ERBB system. After a single TPA application, inflammation of the epidermis was enhanced during LRIG2 overexpression. In human skin samples, LRIG2 expression was identified in the basal layer of the epidermis and in hair follicles of normal skin, but also in cSCC samples. In conclusion, epidermal LRIG2 excess is associated with activated EGFR/ERBB4‐MAPK signaling and accelerated tumor progression in experimentally induced NMSC, suggesting LRIG2 as a potential oncoprotein in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hoesl
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and BiotechnologyGene CenterLMU MünchenGermany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA)Gene CenterLMU MünchenGermany
| | - Jennifer E. Hundt
- Lübeck Institute for Experimental DermatologyUniversität zu LübeckGermany
| | - Hermann Kneitz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und AllergologieUniversitätsklinikum WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und AllergologieUniversitätsklinikum WürzburgGermany
| | - Ronald Wolf
- Department of Dermatology und AllergologyPhilipps UniversityMarburgGermany
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and BiotechnologyGene CenterLMU MünchenGermany
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and BiotechnologyGene CenterLMU MünchenGermany
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14
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Lang CMR, Chan CK, Veltri A, Lien WH. Wnt Signaling Pathways in Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091216. [PMID: 31438551 PMCID: PMC6769728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin functions as a barrier between the organism and the surrounding environment. Direct exposure to external stimuli and the accumulation of genetic mutations may lead to abnormal cell growth, irreversible tissue damage and potentially favor skin malignancy. Skin homeostasis is coordinated by an intricate signaling network, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the development of skin cancers. Wnt signaling is one such regulatory pathway orchestrating skin development, homeostasis, and stem cell activation. Aberrant regulation of Wnt signaling cascades not only gives rise to tumor initiation, progression and invasion, but also maintains cancer stem cells which contribute to tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarize recent studies highlighting functional evidence of Wnt-related oncology in keratinocyte carcinomas, as well as discussing preclinical and clinical approaches that target oncogenic Wnt signaling to treat cancers. Our review provides valuable insight into the significance of Wnt signaling for future interventions against keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chim Kei Chan
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Anthony Veltri
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Wen-Hui Lien
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium.
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15
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Vakili Saatloo M, Aghbali AA, Koohsoltani M, Yari Khosroushahi A. Akt1 and Jak1 siRNA based silencing effects on the proliferation and apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Gene 2019; 714:143997. [PMID: 31348981 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on Akt1 and Jak1 key roles in apoptosis and proliferation of many cancers, the aim of this study was to find a new gene therapy strategy by silencing of these main anti-apoptotic genes for HNSCC treatment. Cancerous HN5 and normal HUVEC cell lines were treated with Akt1 and Jak1 siRNAs alone or with each other combined with/without cisplatin. The MTS, flow cytometry, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, real-time PCR and ELISA methods were utilized in this study. The highest percentage of apoptosis was observed in the treatment of Jak1 siRNA/cisplatin group in cancerous HN5 cells (96.5%) where this treatment showed 12.84% apoptosis in normal HUVEC cell line. Cell viability reduced significantly to 64.57% after treatment with Akt1 siRNA in HN5 treated group. Knocking down Akt1 and Jak1 genes using siRNAs could increase levels of apoptosis and reduce proliferation rate in HNSCC indicating the powerful effects of these genes siRNAs with or without chemotherapeutic agents in HNSCC treatment. In conclusion, the combination of siRNA-mediated gene-silencing strategy can be considered as a valuable and safe approach for sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents thus proposed further studies regarding this issue to approve some siRNA based therapeutics for using in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Vakili Saatloo
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Urmia Medical University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Amir Ala Aghbali
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Koohsoltani
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Tashiro K, Oikawa M, Miki Y, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Immunohistochemical assessment of growth factor signaling molecules: MAPK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways in oral epithelial precursor lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Odontology 2019; 108:91-101. [PMID: 31062130 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several growth factors and their receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, have been studied as prognostic biomarkers for many epithelial malignancies. The signal transduction cascade of those receptors includes RAS/RAF/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and STAT3 pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of several key proteins of those pathways in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral epithelial precursor lesions (OEPLs), and to correlate the expressions of these proteins with clinicopathologic features and prognosis. Fifteen leukoplakia (LP), 15 low-grade epithelial dysplasia, 15 high-grade epithelial dysplasia (HD), and 132 OSCC specimens were immunohistochemically examined for KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, BRAF, pERK1/2, pAkt, pmTOR, and pSTAT3 expression. Immunoreactivity for these molecules predominantly occurred in regions OEPL basal to prickle layers and in most OSCC cells. KRAS and NRAS expression was significantly lower in OSCC than in OEPLs, while pAkt and pmTOR showed higher expression in OSCC than in OEPLs. pERK1/2 expression was significantly higher in HD than in LP. In OSCC, KRAS and NRAS immunoreactivity was significantly higher in advanced age and male gender. In addition, higher immunoreactivity was shown in pERK1/2 in female gender and advanced TNM stage, pAkt in advanced T classification and cases without postoperative metastasis, pmTOR in advanced mode of invasion, and pSTAT3 in invasion depth. Correlations between these markers and clinicopathological variables were also noted. MAPK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways might play diverse roles in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tashiro
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mariko Oikawa
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aoba, Aramaki aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumamoto
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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17
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Hu SCS, Lai YC, Lin CL, Tzeng WS, Yen FL. Inclusion complex of saikosaponin-d with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Improved physicochemical properties and anti-skin cancer activity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 57:174-182. [PMID: 30776588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saikosaponin-d (SSD) is a triterpene saponin isolated from Bupleurum plants. It has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, its biomedical applications are limited by its poor water solubility. Cyclodextrins are highly water soluble oligosaccharide compounds which can form inclusion complexes with lipophilic drugs. PURPOSE We complexed SSD with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) in various ratios to form SSD-HPBCD inclusion complexes. The inclusion complexes were evaluated for their solubility, physicochemical properties and cytotoxic effects in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. METHODS Surface morphology of pure SSD and SSD-HPBCD inclusion complexes was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Crystalline structure was determined by X-ray diffractometry. Intermolecular hydrogen bond formation between SSD and HPBCD was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma HSC-1 cell viability was determined by the MTS assay, and cell apoptosis by the caspase 3/7 assay. Signal transduction pathways were investigated by Western blotting. RESULTS SSD-HPBCD inclusion complexes showed greatly increased water solubility. This was associated with an improvement in physicochemical properties, including transformation of crystalline structure to amorphous form, and formation of hydrogen bonds between SSD and HPBCD. In addition, SSD-HPBCD inclusion complexes induced apoptosis in HSC-1 cells, and this was mediated through activation of MAPK and suppression of Akt-mTOR signaling pathways. CONCLUSION SSD-HPBCD inclusion complex shows improvement in water solubility and physicochemical properties, and exhibits anticancer effects against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. Therefore, it may be a potential drug formulation for the treatment of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Lai
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ling Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Radiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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18
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Differential Role of the RasGEFs Sos1 and Sos2 in Mouse Skin Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00049-18. [PMID: 29844066 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00049-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Sos1 knockout (Sos1-KO), Sos2-KO, and Sos1/2 double-knockout (Sos1/2-DKO) mice, we assessed the functional role of Sos1 and Sos2 in skin homeostasis under physiological and/or pathological conditions. Sos1 depletion resulted in significant alterations of skin homeostasis, including reduced keratinocyte proliferation, altered hair follicle and blood vessel integrity in dermis, and reduced adipose tissue in hypodermis. These defects worsened significantly when both Sos1 and Sos2 were absent. Simultaneous Sos1/2 disruption led to severe impairment of the ability to repair skin wounds, as well as to almost complete ablation of the neutrophil-mediated inflammatory response in the injury site. Furthermore, Sos1 disruption delayed the onset of tumor initiation, decreased tumor growth, and prevented malignant progression of papillomas in a DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene)/TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced skin carcinogenesis model. Finally, Sos1 depletion in preexisting chemically induced papillomas resulted also in decreased tumor growth, probably linked to significantly reduced underlying keratinocyte proliferation. Our data unveil novel, distinctive mechanistic roles of Sos 1 and Sos2 in physiological control of skin homeostasis and wound repair, as well as in pathological development of chemically induced skin tumors. These observations underscore the essential role of Sos proteins in cellular proliferation and migration and support the consideration of these RasGEFs as potential biomarkers/therapy targets in Ras-driven epidermal tumors.
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19
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Costa C, Santos M, Martínez-Fernández M, Lorz C, Lázaro S, Paramio JM. Deregulation of the pRb-E2F4 axis alters epidermal homeostasis and favors tumor development. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75712-75728. [PMID: 27708231 PMCID: PMC5342772 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F/RB activity is altered in most human tumors. The retinoblastoma family of proteins plays a key role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to S phases. This is achieved through negative regulation of E2F transcription factors, important positive regulators of cell cycle entry. E2F family members are divided into two groups: activators (E2F1-E2F3a) and repressors (E2F3b-E2F8). E2F4 accounts for a large part of the E2F activity and is a main E2F repressor member in vivo. Perturbations in the balance from quiescence towards proliferation contribute to increased mitotic gene expression levels frequently observed in cancer. We have previously reported that combined Rb1-Rbl1 or Rb1-E2f1 ablation in epidermis produces important alterations in epidermal proliferation and differentiation, leading to tumor development. However, the possible roles of E2F4 in this context are still to be determined. Here, we show the absence of any discernible phenotype in the skin of mice lacking of E2f4. In contrast, the inducible loss of Rb1 in the epidermis of E2F4-null mice produced multiple skin abnormalities including altered differentiation and proliferation, spontaneous wounds, carcinoma in situ development and stem cell perturbations. All these phenotypic alterations are associated with extensive gene expression changes, the induction of c-myc and the Akt activation. Moreover the whole transcriptome analyses in comparison with previous models generated also revealed extensive changes in multiple repressive complexes and in transcription factor activity. These results point to E2F4 as a master regulator in multiple steps of epidermal homeostasis in Rb1 absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Costa
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Unidad Mixta Roche-Chus, Hospital Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Oncología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomed, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Fernández
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Oncología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomed, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Oncología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomed, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Lázaro
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Oncología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomed, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Ramu A, Kathiresan S, Ramadoss H, Nallu A, Kaliyan R, Azamuthu T. Gramine attenuates EGFR-mediated inflammation and cell proliferation in oral carcinogenesis via regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:523-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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21
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Cui X, Kim E. Dual Effects of High Protein Diet on Mouse Skin and Colonic Inflammation. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:56-68. [PMID: 29423390 PMCID: PMC5796924 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major etiology of cancer. Accumulating epidemiological and experimental evidences suggest that intake of high protein diet (HPD) is associated with colitis-associated colon cancer, however, most of the studies were confined in colon. Systemic influence of HPD on inflammation indices in different tissues of an organism has never been studied. We therefore investigated the effect of HPD on mouse skin and colonic inflammation using the well characterized inflammation induction protocol in both tissues (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate [TPA] for skin and dextran sodium sulfate [DSS] for colon). ICR mice were grouped to normal diet (ND, 20% casein) or HPD (50% casein) groups. In each diet group, mice were treated with either vehicle (acetone or H2O), TPA, TPA and DSS, or DSS. Experimental diet was fed for total 4 weeks. After 1 week of diet feeding, 6.5 nmol of TPA was topically applied twice a week for 2 weeks on the shaved mouse dorsal skin. Drinking water containing 2% DSS was administered for 7 days at the final week of experiment. The results showed that TPA-induced skin hyperplasia, epidermal cell proliferation, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were reduced in HPD group compared to ND group. In contrast, HPD increased DSS-induced colon mucosal hyperplasia, colonocyte proliferation, COX-2 expression, and plasma nitric oxide compared to ND group. This suggests that HPD exerts differential effect on different tissue inflammation which implies efficacy of protein intervention to human also should be monitored more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Cui
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
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22
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Kim DJ, Lee MH, Liu K, Lim DY, Roh E, Chen H, Kim SH, Shim JH, Kim MO, Li W, Ma F, Fredimoses M, Bode AM, Dong Z. Herbacetin suppresses cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma cell growth by targeting AKT and ODC. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1136-1146. [PMID: 29029040 PMCID: PMC5862242 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbacetin is a flavonol compound that is found in plants such as flaxseed and ramose scouring rush herb, it possesses a strong antioxidant capacity, and exerts anticancer effects on colon and breast cancer. However, the effect of herbacetin on skin cancer has not been investigated. Herein, we identified herbacetin as a dual V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor, and illustrated its anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma cell growth. To identify the direct target(s) of herbacetin, we screened several skin cancer-related protein kinases, and results indicated that herbacetin strongly suppresses both AKT and ODC activity. Results of cell-based assays showed that herbacetin binds to both AKT and ODC, inhibits TPA-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 mouse epidermal cells, and suppresses anchorage-independent growth of cutaneous SCC and melanoma cells. The inhibitory activity of herbacetin was associated with markedly reduced NF-κB and AP1 reporter activity. Interestingly, herbacetin effectively attenuated TPA-induced skin cancer development and also exhibited therapeutic effects against solar-UV-induced skin cancer and melanoma growth in vivo. Our findings indicate that herbacetin is a potent AKT and ODC inhibitor that should be useful for preventing skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joon Kim
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - KangDong Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Do Young Lim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Eunmiri Roh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- Center for Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Dae-gu 700-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenwen Li
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Fayang Ma
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | | | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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23
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Kim M, Morales LD, Baek M, Slaga TJ, DiGiovanni J, Kim DJ. UVB-induced nuclear translocation of TC-PTP by AKT/14-3-3σ axis inhibits keratinocyte survival and proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90674-90692. [PMID: 29207596 PMCID: PMC5710877 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding protein subcellular localization is important to determining the functional role of specific proteins. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) contains bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLSI and NLSII) in its C-terminus. We previously have demonstrated that the nuclear form of TC-PTP (TC45) is mainly localized to the cytoplasm in keratinocytes and it is translocated to the nucleus following UVB irradiation. Here, we report that TC45 is translocated by an AKT/14-3-3σ-mediated mechanism in response to UVB exposure, resulting in increased apoptosis and decreased keratinocyte proliferation. We demonstrate that UVB irradiation increased phosphorylation of AKT and induced nuclear translocation of 14-3-3σ and TC45. However, inhibition of AKT blocked nuclear translocation of TC45 and 14-3-3σ. Site-directed mutagenesis of 14-3-3σ binding sites within TC45 showed that a substitution at Threonine 179 (TC45/T179A) effectively blocked UVB-induced nuclear translocation of ectopic TC45 due to the disruption of the direct binding between TC45 and 14-3-3σ. Overexpression of TC45/T179A in keratinocytes resulted in a decrease of UVB-induced apoptosis which corresponded to an increase in nuclear phosphorylated STAT3, and cell proliferation was higher in TC45/T179A-overexpressing keratinocytes compared to control keratinocytes following UVB irradiation. Furthermore, deletion of TC45 NLSII blocked its UVB-induced nuclear translocation, indicating that both T179 and NLSII are required. Taken together, our findings suggest that AKT and 14-3-3σ cooperatively regulate TC45 nuclear translocation in a critical step of an early protective mechanism against UVB exposure that signals the deactivation of STAT3 in order to promote keratinocyte cell death and inhibit keratinocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Liza D Morales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.,South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Minwoo Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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SALL4 suppresses PTEN expression to promote glioma cell proliferation via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:263-272. [PMID: 28887597 PMCID: PMC5663806 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4), a oncogene, is known to participate in multiple carcinomas, and is up-regulated in glioma. However, its actual role and underlying mechanisms in the development of glioma remain unclear. The present study explored the molecular functions of SALL4 in promoting cell proliferation in glioma. The expression level of SALL4 in 69 human glioma samples and six non-tumor brain tissues was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, we transfected U87 and U251 cell lines with siRNA, and assessed cellular proliferation and cell cycle to understand the function of SALL4, and the relationship between SALL4, PTEN and PI3K/AKT pathway. PCR confirmed that the expression of SALL4 was higher in the glioma samples than non-tumor brain tissues. Cellular growth and proliferation were dramatically reduced following inhibition of SALL4 expression. Western blot showed increase in PTEN expression when SALL4 was silenced, which in turn depressed the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that PTEN was a downstream target of SALL4 in glioma development. Therefore, SALL4 could act as a proto-oncogene by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby facilitating proliferation of glioma cells.
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25
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Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Signalling Pathways in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070086. [PMID: 28696382 PMCID: PMC5532622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) derives from keratinocytes in the epidermis and accounts for 15–20% of all cutaneous malignancies. Although it is usually curable by surgery, 5% of these tumours metastasise leading to poor prognosis mostly because of a lack of therapies and validated biomarkers. As the incidence rate is rising worldwide it has become increasingly important to better understand the mechanisms involved in cSCC development and progression in order to develop therapeutic strategies. Here we discuss some of the evidence indicating that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)-dependent signalling pathways (in particular the PI3Ks targets Akt and mTOR) has a key role in cSCC. We further discuss available data suggesting that inhibition of these pathways can be beneficial to counteract the disease. With the growing number of different inhibitors currently available, it would be important to further investigate the specific contribution of distinct components of the PI3Ks/Akt/mTOR pathways in order to identify the most promising molecular targets and the best strategy to inhibit cSCC.
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26
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AKT can modulate the in vitro response of HNSCC cells to irreversible EGFR inhibitors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53288-53301. [PMID: 28881811 PMCID: PMC5581110 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in up to 90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors. Cetuximab is the first targeted (anti-EGFR) therapy approved for the treatment of HNSCC patients. However, its efficacy is limited due to primary and secondary resistance, and there is no predict biomarkers of response. New generation of EGFR inhibitors with pan HER targeting and irreversible action, such as afatinib and allitinib, represents a significant therapeutic promise. In this study, we intend to compare the potential cytotoxicity of two anti-EGFR inhibitors (afatinib and allitinib) with cetuximab and to identify potential predictive biomarkers of response in a panel of HNSCC cell lines. The mutational analysis in the eight HNSCC cell lines revealed an EGFR mutation (p.H773Y) and gene amplification in the HN13 cells. According to the growth inhibition score (GI), allitinib was the most cytotoxic drug, followed by afatinib and finally cetuximab. The higher AKT phosphorylation level was associated with resistance to anti-EGFR agents. Therefore, we further performed drug combinations with anti-AKT agent (MK2206) and AKT1 gene editing, which demonstrated afatinib and allitinib sensitivity restored. Additionally, in silico analysis of TCGA database showed that AKT1 overexpression was present in 14.7% (41/279) of HNSCC cases, and was associated with perineural invasion in advanced stage. In conclusion, allitinib presented a greater cytotoxic profile when compared to afatinib and cetuximab. AKT pathway constitutes a predictive marker of allitinib response and combination with AKT inhibitors could restore response and increase treatment success.
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27
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Targeted disruption of TC-PTP in the proliferative compartment augments STAT3 and AKT signaling and skin tumor development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45077. [PMID: 28322331 PMCID: PMC5359614 DOI: 10.1038/srep45077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a vital mechanism that contributes to skin carcinogenesis. It is regulated by the counter-activities of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Here, we report the critical role of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP), encoded by Ptpn2, in chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis via the negative regulation of STAT3 and AKT signaling. Using epidermal specific TC-PTP knockout (K14Cre.Ptpn2fl/fl) mice, we demonstrate loss of TC-PTP led to a desensitization to tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced apoptosis both in vivo epidermis and in vitro keratinocytes. TC-PTP deficiency also resulted in a significant increase in epidermal thickness and hyperproliferation following exposure to the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Western blot analysis showed that both phosphorylated STAT3 and phosphorylated AKT expressions were significantly increased in epidermis of TC-PTP-deficient mice compared to control mice following TPA treatment. Inhibition of STAT3 or AKT reversed the effects of TC-PTP deficiency on apoptosis and proliferation. Finally, TC-PTP knockout mice showed a shortened latency of tumorigenesis and significantly increased numbers of tumors during two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Our findings reveal that TC-PTP has potential as a novel target for the prevention of skin cancer through its role in the regulation of STAT3 and AKT signaling.
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28
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Azimi A, Kaufman KL, Ali M, Kossard S, Fernandez-Penas P. In Silico Analysis Validates Proteomic Findings of Formalin-fixed Paraffin Embedded Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tissue. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 13:453-465. [PMID: 27807068 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of skin cancer but there are no comprehensive proteomic studies on this entity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cSCC material to study the tumor and normal skin tissue proteomes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to interpret the role of altered proteins in cSCC pathophysiology. Results were validated using the Human Protein Atlas and Oncomine database in silico. RESULTS Of 1,310 unique proteins identified, expression of an average of 144 and 88 proteins were significantly (p<0.05) increased and decreased, respectively, in the tumor samples compared to their normal counterparts. IPA analysis revealed disruptions in proteins associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. In silico analysis confirmed that proteins corresponding to 12 antibodies, and genes corresponding to 18 proteins were differentially expressed between the two categories, validating our proteomic measurements. CONCLUSION Label-free MS-based proteomics is useful for analyzing FFPE cSCC tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azimi
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Kaufman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Ali
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Kossard
- Dermatopathology, Skin and Cancer Foundation Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo Fernandez-Penas
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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29
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Park G, Oh DS, Lee MG, Lee CE, Kim YU. 6-Shogaol, an active compound of ginger, alleviates allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions via cytokine inhibition by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:51-59. [PMID: 27562088 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allergic dermatitis (AD) clinically presents with skin erythematous plaques, eruption, and elevated serum IgE, and T helper cell type 2 and 1 (Th2 and Th1) cytokine levels. 6-Shogaol [1-(4-hydroxy-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-one], a pungent compound isolated from ginger, has shown anti-inflammatory effects, but its inhibitory effects on AD are unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether 6-shogaol inhibits AD-like skin lesions and their underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro. An AD-like response was induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)+IFN-γ in human keratinocytes or by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice. In vivo, 6-shogaol inhibited the development of DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions and scratching behavior, and showed significant reduction in Th2/1-mediated inflammatory cytokines, IgE, TNF-α, IFN-γ, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, IL-1, 4, 12, and 13, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase levels. In vitro, 6-shogaol inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling, and increased the levels of total glutathione, heme oxygenase-1, and quinone 1 via nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. 6-Shogaol can alleviate AD-like skin lesions by inhibiting immune mediators via regulating the ROS/MAPKs/Nrf2 signaling pathway, and may be an effective alternative therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhyuk Park
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dal-Seok Oh
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Gi Lee
- Major in Cosmeceutical Science, Division of Bio-technology and Convergence, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eon Lee
- Major in Cosmeceutical Science, Division of Bio-technology and Convergence, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Abstract
The TP63 gene codes for two major isoform types, TAp63 and ΔNp63, with probable opposite roles in tumorigenesis. The ΔNp63α protein is frequently amplified and overexpressed in different epithelial tumors. Accordingly, it has been considered a potential oncogene. Nonetheless, a possible metastatic suppressor activity has also been suggested based on the experimental observation that its expression is reduced or even absent in advanced invasive tumors. Such metastatic suppressor activities are often related to tumors bearing point mutated TP53 gene. However, its potential roles in TP53-deficient tumors are poorly characterized. Here we show that in spontaneous tumors, induced by the epidermal-specific Trp53 ablation, the reduction of ΔNp63 expression is an early event, whereas it is re-expressed in the lung metastatic lesions. Using knock down and ectopic expression approaches, we show that ΔNp63 expression opposes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and reduces the metastatic potential of the cells. This process occurs through the modulation of ΔNp63-dependent downstream targets (including transcription factors and microRNAs) likely to play metastatic roles. Further, ΔNp63 also favors the expression of factors involved in iPS reprogramming, thus suggesting that it can also modulate specific stem cell traits in mouse epidermal tumor cells. Overall, our data assign antimetastatic roles to ΔNp63 in the context of p53 deficiency and epidermis.
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31
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Zur R, Garcia-Ibanez L, Nunez-Buiza A, Aparicio N, Liappas G, Escós A, Risco A, Page A, Saiz-Ladera C, Alsina-Beauchamp D, Montans J, Paramio JM, Cuenda A. Combined deletion of p38γ and p38δ reduces skin inflammation and protects from carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12920-35. [PMID: 26079427 PMCID: PMC4536989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of chronic skin inflammation to the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is poorly understood. While the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α regulates inflammatory responses and tumour development, little is known about the role of p38γ and p38δ in these processes. Here we show that combined p38γ and p38δ (p38γ/δ) deletion blocked skin tumour development in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model. p38γ/δ deletion reduced TPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and inflammation; it inhibited expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in keratinocytes in vitro and in whole skin in vivo, resulting in decreased neutrophil recruitment to skin. Our data indicate that p38γ/δ in keratinocytes promote carcinogenesis by enabling formation of a proinflammatory microenvironment that fosters epidermal hyperproliferation and tumourigenesis. These findings provide genetic evidence that p38γ and p38δ have essential roles in skin tumour development, and suggest that targeting inflammation through p38γ/δ offers a therapeutic strategy for SCC treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zur
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Garcia-Ibanez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nunez-Buiza
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Aparicio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandra Escós
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Risco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT and I+12 Biomedical Research Institute, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Saiz-Ladera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT and I+12 Biomedical Research Institute, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Montans
- Centro Anatomopatológico, Camino de Vinateros, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT and I+12 Biomedical Research Institute, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Balupillai A, Prasad RN, Ramasamy K, Muthusamy G, Shanmugham M, Govindasamy K, Gunaseelan S. Caffeic Acid Inhibits UVB-induced Inflammation and Photocarcinogenesis Through Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γin Mouse Skin. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1458-68. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agilan Balupillai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajendra N. Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Karthikeyan Ramasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ganesan Muthusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohana Shanmugham
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kanimozhi Govindasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Srithar Gunaseelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Annamalai University; Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
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33
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Yu M, Owens DM, Ghosh S, Farber DL. Conditional PDK1 Ablation Promotes Epidermal and T-Cell-Mediated Dysfunctions Leading to Inflammatory Skin Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2688-2696. [PMID: 26099023 PMCID: PMC4640961 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is a key signaling molecule downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and is a master regulator of multiple kinases in cells of epithelial and hematopoietic lineages. The physiological role of PDK1 in regulating skin and immune homeostasis is not known. Here we developed a mouse model in which PDK1 is conditionally ablated in activated CD4 T cells, regulatory T cells, and mature keratinocytes through OX40-Cre recombinase expression. The resultant mice (PDK1-CKO) spontaneously developed severe dermatitis, skin fibrosis, and systemic T helper type 2 immunity, succumbing by 11 weeks of age. Through a series of T-cell transfers, bone marrow reconstitutions, and crossing to lymphocyte-deficient backgrounds, we demonstrate that ablation of PDK1 in keratinocytes is the major driver of disease pathogenesis. PDK1-deficient keratinocytes exhibit intrinsic defects in the expression of key structural proteins including cytokeratin-10 and loricrin, resulting in increased keratinocyte turnover, which in turn triggers inflammation, T-cell recruitment, and immune-mediated destruction. Our results reveal PDK1 as a central regulator of keratinocyte homeostasis that prevents skin immune infiltration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David M Owens
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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34
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Carr TD, Feehan RP, Hall MN, Rüegg MA, Shantz LM. Conditional disruption of rictor demonstrates a direct requirement for mTORC2 in skin tumor development and continued growth of established tumors. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:487-97. [PMID: 25740823 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signaling dependent on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been demonstrated in a variety of human malignancies, and our previous work suggests that mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2 may play unique roles in skin tumorigenesis. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the function of mTORC2-dependent pathways in skin tumor development and the maintenance of established tumors. Using mice that allow spatial and temporal control of mTORC2 in epidermis by conditional knockout of its essential component Rictor, we studied the effect of mTORC2 loss on both epidermal proliferation and chemical carcinogenesis. The results demonstrate that mTORC2 is dispensable for both normal epidermal proliferation and the hyperproliferative response to treatment with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA). In contrast, deletion of epidermal Rictor prior to initiation in DMBA/TPA chemical carcinogenesis was sufficient to dramatically delay tumor development and resulted in reduced tumor number and size compared with control groups. Silencing of Rictor expression in tumor-bearing animals triggered regression of established tumors and increased caspase-3 cleavage without changes in proliferation. In vitro experiments demonstrate an increased sensitivity to caspase-dependent apoptosis in the absence of rictor, which is dependent on mTORC2 signaling. These studies demonstrate that mTORC2 activation is essential for keratinocyte survival, and suggest that inhibition of mTORC2 has value in chemoprevention by eliminating carcinogen-damaged cells during the early stages of tumorigenesis, and in therapy of existing tumors by restricting critical pro-survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa D Carr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA and
| | - Robert P Feehan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA and
| | - Michael N Hall
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa M Shantz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA and
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35
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Segrelles C, García-Escudero R, Garín MI, Aranda JF, Hernández P, Ariza JM, Santos M, Paramio JM, Lorz C. Akt signaling leads to stem cell activation and promotes tumor development in epidermis. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1917-28. [PMID: 24504902 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HF-SCs) alternate between periods of quiescence and proliferation, to finally differentiate into all the cell types that constitute the hair follicle. Also, they have been recently identified as cells of origin in skin cancer. HF-SCs localize in a precise region of the hair follicle, the bulge, and molecular markers for this population have been established. Thus, HF-SCs are good model to study the potential role of oncogenic activations on SC physiology. Expression of a permanently active form of Akt (myrAkt) in basal cells leads to Akt hyperactivation specifically in the CD34(+)Itga6(H) population. This activation causes bulge stem cells to exit from quiescence increasing their response to proliferative stimuli and affecting some functions such as cell migration. HF-SC identity upon Akt activation is preserved; in this sense, increased proliferation does not result in stem cell exhaustion with age suggesting that Akt activation does not affect self-renewal an important aspect for normal tissue maintenance and cancer development. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of HF-SC isolated from myrAkt and wild-type epidermis underscores changes in metabolic pathways characteristic of cancer cells. These differences manifest during a two-step carcinogenesis protocol in which Akt activation in HF-SCs results in increased tumor development and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit and, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
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Kim I, He YY. Ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer: Regulation of DNA damage repair and inflammation. Genes Dis 2014; 1:188-198. [PMID: 25642450 PMCID: PMC4307792 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with approximately 65% of melanoma cases, and 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While the incidence of most other malignancies has either stabilized or declined, that of NMSC has increased and is developing even in younger age groups. NMSCs account for nearly 15,000 deaths, 3.5 million new cases, and more than 3 billion dollars a year in medical costs in the United States alone, representing a major public health concern. As sun protection efforts have not been proven effective, targeted chemoprevention strategies are much needed. Skin carcinogenesis by DNA damage is considered a predominant paradigm for UV toxicity. Exposure to UV radiation can activate various oncogenes while inactivating tumor suppressor genes, resulting in inappropriate survival and proliferation of keratinocytes that harbor these damages. Moreover, increasing evidence demonstrate that inflammatory responses by the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment also contribute significantly to skin tumorigenesis. Initiation and progression of skin carcinogenesis mediated by UV radiation involve complex pathways, including those of apoptosis, proliferation, autophagy, DNA repair, checkpoint signaling, metabolism, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in two of these key molecular processes that result in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis. In particular, we discuss 1) pathways that regulate DNA damage repair and 2) the regulation of the inflammatory process its crosstalk with DNA repair potentially leading to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- InYoung Kim
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Modulating the structure of EGFR with UV light: new possibilities in cancer therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111617. [PMID: 25386651 PMCID: PMC4227675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. EGFR is activated upon binding to e.g. epidermal growth factor (EGF), leading to cell survival, proliferation and migration. EGFR overactivation is associated with tumor progression. We have previously shown that low dose UVB illumination of cancer cells overexpressing EGFR prior to adding EGF halted the EGFR signaling pathway. We here show that UVB illumination of the extracellular domain of EGFR (sEGFR) induces protein conformational changes, disulphide bridge breakage and formation of tryptophan and tyrosine photoproducts such as dityrosine, N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine. Fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism and thermal studies confirm the occurrence of conformational changes. An immunoassay has confirmed that UVB light induces structural changes in the EGF binding site. A monoclonal antibody which competes with EGF for binding sEGFR was used. We report clear evidence that UVB light induces structural changes in EGFR that impairs the correct binding of an EGFR specific antibody that competes with EGF for binding EGFR, confirming that the 3D structure of the EGFR binding domain suffered conformational changes upon UV illumination. The irradiance used is in the same order of magnitude as the integrated intensity in the solar UVB range. The new photonic technology disables a key receptor and is most likely applicable to the treatment of various types of cancer, alone or in combination with other therapies.
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Carnero A, Paramio JM. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway in vivo, Cancer Mouse Models. Front Oncol 2014; 4:252. [PMID: 25295225 PMCID: PMC4172058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, it phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3 and activates the signaling pathway. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, and thus, negatively regulates the pathway. AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; protein kinase B) is activated downstream of PIP3 and mediates physiological processes. Furthermore, substantial crosstalk exists with other signaling networks at all levels of the PI3K pathway. Because of its diverse array, gene mutations, and amplifications and also as a consequence of its central role in several signal transduction pathways, the PI3K-dependent axis is frequently activated in many tumors and is an attractive therapeutic target. The preclinical testing and analysis of these novel therapies requires appropriate and well-tailored systems. Mouse models in which this pathway has been genetically modified have been essential in understanding the role that this pathway plays in the tumorigenesis process. Here, we review cancer mouse models in which the PI3K/AKT pathway has been genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Jesus M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT , Madrid , Spain ; Oncogenomics Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
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Doi K, Uetsuka K. Mechanisms of Mycotoxin-induced Dermal Toxicity and Tumorigenesis Through Oxidative Stress-related Pathways. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:1-10. [PMID: 24791061 PMCID: PMC4000067 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2013-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, citrinin (CTN), patulin (PAT), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are known to have the potential to induce dermal toxicity and/or tumorigenesis in rodent models. T-2 toxin, CTN, PAT and OTA induce apoptosis in mouse or rat skin. PAT, AFB1 and OTA have tumor initiating properties, and OTA is also a tumor promoter in mouse skin. This paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of dermal toxicity and tumorigenesis induced in rodent models by these mycotoxins especially from the viewpoint of oxidative stress-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Doi
- Bozo Research Center Inc., 8 Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan ; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koji Uetsuka
- Animal Health Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
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40
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Mountzios G, Rampias T, Psyrri A. The mutational spectrum of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: targetable genetic events and clinical impact. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1889-1900. [PMID: 24718888 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous-cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) represents a heterogeneous disease entity, with various etiological factors implicated in the genesis of distinct molecular subsets of tumors, which exhibit different biological and clinical behavior. Treatment of SCCHN is expected to change in the next decade as targeted therapies continue to make strides. Recently, next-generation sequencing studies conducted on ∼190 SCCHN specimens shed light into the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. These studies discovered mutations in genes involved in the differentiation program of squamous epithelium and the Notch/p63 axis (such as NOTCH1, TP63 and FBXW7), and validated genetic alterations derived from previous studies (such as mutations in TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, CCND1 and HRAS) as driver genetic events in SCCHN neoplastic transformation. More recently, comprehensive data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project on 306 SCCHN specimens provided further insight into SCCHN inherent molecular complexity, identifying novel significantly mutated genes, including FAT1, MLL2, TGFRBR2, HLA-A, NFE2l2 and CASP8. In this article, we provide an overview of the mutational spectrum of SCCHN, with emphasis on the clinical implementation of this knowledge. We also discuss the potential integration of new data within the framework of precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mountzios
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - T Rampias
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,USA
| | - A Psyrri
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,USA.
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Balagula Y, Kang S, Patel MJ. Synergism between mTOR pathway and ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma and its implication for solid-organ transplant recipients. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 31:15-25. [PMID: 24517835 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies in the United States in immunocompetent patients. Among the solid-organ transplant recipients, NMSCs represent a significant disease burden, and they tend to be multiple and more aggressive. While the precise mechanisms responsible for the higher risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) have not been completely elucidated, ultraviolet (UV) light has been established to be critical in initiation and promotion of tumor development. More recently, significant emphasis has been placed on the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in SCC pathogenesis. Furthermore, some studies have demonstrated the ability of mTOR inhibitors to decrease the incidence of new SCCs in the immunosuppressed transplanted patient population. In this review, we will highlight and examine the most recent available data on the role of UV radiation and its interaction with mTOR pathway signaling in SCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Balagula
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Checkley LA, Rho O, Angel JM, Cho J, Blando J, Beltran L, Hursting SD, DiGiovanni J. Metformin inhibits skin tumor promotion in overweight and obese mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 7:54-64. [PMID: 24196830 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the ability of metformin to inhibit skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was analyzed in mice maintained on either an overweight control diet or an obesity-inducing diet. Rapamycin was included for comparison, and a combination of metformin and rapamycin was also evaluated. Metformin (given in the drinking water) and rapamycin (given topically) inhibited development of both papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in overweight and obese mice in a dose-dependent manner. A low-dose combination of these two compounds displayed an additive inhibitory effect on tumor development. Metformin treatment also reduced the size of papillomas. Interestingly, all treatments seemed to be at least as effective for inhibiting tumor formation in obese mice, and both metformin and rapamycin were more effective at reducing tumor size in obese mice compared with overweight control mice. The effect of metformin on skin tumor development was associated with a significant reduction in TPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation. Furthermore, treatment with metformin led to activation of epidermal AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and attenuated signaling through mTOR complex (mTORC)-1 and p70S6K. Combinations of metformin and rapamycin were more effective at blocking epidermal mTORC1 signaling induced by TPA consistent with the greater inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion. Collectively, the current data demonstrate that metformin given in the drinking water effectively inhibited skin tumor promotion in both overweight and obese mice and that the mechanism involves activation of epidermal AMPK and attenuated signaling downstream of mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Allyson Checkley
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723.
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Rho O, Kiguchi K, Jiang G, DiGiovanni J. Impact of mTORC1 inhibition on keratinocyte proliferation during skin tumor promotion in wild-type and BK5.AktWT mice. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:871-82. [PMID: 24114993 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the impact of rapamycin on mTORC1 signaling during 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced keratinocyte proliferation and skin tumor promotion in both wild-type (FVB/N) and BK5.Akt(WT) mice. TPA activated mTORC1 signaling in a time-dependent manner in cultured primary mouse keratinocytes and a mouse keratinocyte cell line. Early activation (15-30 min) of mTORC1 signaling induced by TPA was mediated in part by PKC activation, whereas later activation (2-4 h) was mediated by activation of EGFR and Akt. BK5.Akt(WT) transgenic mice, where Akt1 is overexpressed in basal epidermis, are highly sensitive to TPA-induced epidermal proliferation and two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Targeting mTORC1 with rapamycin effectively inhibited TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia and hyperproliferation as well as tumor promotion in a dose-dependent manner in both wild-type and BK5.Akt(WT) mice. A significant expansion (∼threefold) of the label retaining cell (LRC) population per hair follicle was observed in BK5.Akt(WT) mice compared to FVB/N mice. There was also a significant increase in K15 expressing cells in the hair follicle of transgenic mice that coincided with expression of phospho-Akt, phospho-S6K, and phospho-PRAS40, suggesting an important role of mTORC1 signaling in bulge-region keratinocyte stem cell (KSC) homeostasis. After 2 weeks of TPA treatment, LRCs had moved upward into the interfollicular epidermis from the bulge region of both wild-type and BK5.Akt(WT) mice. TPA-mediated LRC proliferation and migration was significantly inhibited by rapamycin. Collectively, the current data indicate that signaling through mTORC1 contributes significantly to the process of skin tumor promotion through effects on proliferation of the target cells for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, Texas
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Alam S, Pal A, Kumar R, Dwivedi PD, Das M, Ansari KM. EGFR-mediated Akt and MAPKs signal pathways play a crucial role in patulin-induced cell proliferation in primary murine keratinocytes via modulation of Cyclin D1 and COX-2 expression. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:988-98. [PMID: 23813870 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT), a present day major contaminant of commercial apple and apple products is reported to be carcinogenic, embryotoxic, and immunotoxic. While oral and inhalation are considered to be the most prevalent routes of exposure to this toxin, exposure through skin is now being extensively investigated. Our previous study showed that short-term dermal exposure to PAT resulted in toxicological injury to the skin, while long-term exposure induced skin tumorigenesis. In this study, we explore the mechanism involve in proliferation of mouse keratinocytes by PAT. Our study revealed that PAT rapidly induces phosphorylation of EGFR, activation of the Ras/MAPKs, and Akt pathways. This in-turn leads to the activation of NF-κB/AP-1 transcription factors which then binds to the promoter region of the cell growth regulatory genes Cyclin D1 and COX-2 inducing their expression leading ultimately to PMKs proliferation. Inhibition of EGFR or the Ras/MAPKs, PI3/Akt pathways with different pharmacological inhibitors or knockdown of NF-κB, c-jun, c-fos, Cyclin D1, and COX-2 with siRNA inhibited PAT-induced PMKs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Alam
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Latorre V, Sevilla LM, Sanchis A, Pérez P. Selective ablation of glucocorticoid receptor in mouse keratinocytes increases susceptibility to skin tumorigenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2771-2779. [PMID: 23756710 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that mice lacking the epidermal glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) (GR epidermal knockout (GR(EKO)) mice) have developmental defects and sensitivity to epidermal challenge in adulthood. We examined the susceptibility of GR(EKO) mice to skin chemical carcinogenesis. GR(EKO) mice treated with a low dose of 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) followed by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) promotion exhibited earlier papilloma formation with higher incidence and multiplicity relative to control littermates (CO). Augmented proliferation and inflammation and defective differentiation of GR(EKO) keratinocytes contributed to the phenotype, likely through increased AKT and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activities. GR(EKO) tumors exhibited signs of early malignization, including delocalized expression of laminin A, dermal invasion of keratin 5 (K5)-positive cells, K13 expression, and focal loss of E-cadherin. Cultured GR(EKO) keratinocytes were spindle like, with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and Snail, suggesting partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. A high DMBA dose followed by PMA promotion generated sebaceous adenomas and melanocytic foci in GR(EKO) and CO. Importantly, the number, growth kinetics, and extent of both tumor types increased in GR(EKO) mice, suggesting that in addition to regulating tumorigenesis from epidermal lineages, GR in keratinocytes is important for cross-talk with other skin cells. Altogether, our data reinforce the importance of GR in the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Latorre
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Sanchis
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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46
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Sales KU, Giudice FS, Castilho RM, Salles FT, Squarize CH, Abrahao AC, Pinto DS. Cyclin D1-induced proliferation is independent of beta-catenin in head and neck cancer. Oral Dis 2013; 20:e42-8. [PMID: 23730900 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression and metastasis have previously been associated with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) and Wnt signalling pathways, which lead to the activation of pro-proliferative genes, such as cyclin D1. The current study aims to investigate whether there is a crosstalk between these pathways in HNSCC and which pathway is more likely to regulate cyclin D1. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two HNSCC and a control keratinocyte cell lines were treated with EGF and wortmannin to respectively activate and block the PI3K-Akt and Wnt pathways. Partial and total levels of cyclin D1, beta-catenin and Akt were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Twenty-four paraffin-embedded samples of human HNSCC, as well as normal oral mucosa biopsies, were also immunohistochemically evaluated for beta-catenin and cyclin D1 expression. RESULTS Following both treatments, change in cyclin D1 protein was correlated with Akt levels only. Cytoplasmic staining for beta-catenin and loss of its membranous expression in the HNSCC invasive areas were found in 92% of the HNSCC biopsies. CONCLUSION Taken together, we show that the change in cyclin D1 levels is more likely to be due to the EGFR-Akt pathway activation than due to beta-catenin nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Sales
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kumar R, Alam S, Chaudhari BP, Dwivedi PD, Jain SK, Ansari KM, Das M. Ochratoxin A-induced cell proliferation and tumor promotion in mouse skin by activating the expression of cyclin-D1 and cyclooxygenase-2 through nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein-1. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:647-57. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Costa C, Santos M, Segrelles C, Dueñas M, Lara MF, Agirre X, Prosper F, García-Escudero R, Paramio JM. A novel tumor suppressor network in squamous malignancies. Sci Rep 2012; 2:828. [PMID: 23145321 PMCID: PMC3494016 DOI: 10.1038/srep00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific ablation of Rb1 gene in stratified epithelia (RbF/F;K14cre) promotes proliferation and altered differentiation but is insufficient to produce spontaneous tumors. The pRb relative, p107, compensates some of the functions of pRb in these tissues; however, RbF/F;K14cre;p107−/− mice die postnatally. Here we show, using an inducible mouse model (RbF/F;K14creERTM), that p107 exerts specific tumor suppressor functions in the absence of pRb in stratified epithelia. The simultaneous absence of pRb and p107 produces impaired p53 transcriptional functions and reduction of Pten expression, allowing spontaneous squamous carcinoma development. These tumors display significant overlap with human squamous carcinomas, supporting that RbF/F;K14creERTM;p107−/− mice might constitute a new model for these malignancies. Remarkably tumor development in vivo is partially alleviated by mTOR inhibition. These data demonstrate the existence of a previously unreported functional connection between pRb, Pten and p53 tumor suppressors, through p107, of a particular relevance in squamous tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Costa
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, CIEMAT (Ed 70A), Ave Complutense 40. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Ali A, Sidorova TS, Matesic DF. Dual modulation of JNK and Akt signaling pathways by chaetoglobosin K in human lung carcinoma and ras-transformed epithelial cells. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:525-34. [PMID: 23054210 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chaetoglobosin K (ChK) is a natural product that inhibits anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of ras-transformed cells, prevents tumor-promoter disruption of cell-cell communication, and reduces Akt activation in tumorigenic cells. This study demonstrates how ChK modulates the JNK pathway in ras-transformed and human lung carcinoma cells and investigates regulatory mechanisms controlling ChK's effect on the Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Human lung carcinoma and ras-transformed epithelial cell lines treated with ChK or vehicle for varying times were assayed for cell growth or extracted for total proteins for western blot analysis using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies to monitor changes in activation of JNK, Akt, and other signaling enzymes. Results show that ChK inhibited both Akt and JNK phosphorylation at key activation sites in ras-transformed cells as well as human lung carcinoma cells. Downstream effectors of both kinases were accordingly affected. Direct upstream kinases of JNK were not affected by ChK. Wortmannin and LY294002, two PI3 kinase inhibitors, inhibited Akt but not JNK phosphorylation in ras-transformed cells. This report establishes the dual inhibitory effect of ChK on both the Akt and JNK signaling pathways in ras-transformed epithelial and human carcinoma cells. The unique effect of ChK on these two key pathways involved in carcinogenesis earmarks ChK for further studies to determine its molecular target(s) and in vivo anti-tumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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50
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Loyo M, Li RJ, Bettegowda C, Pickering CR, Frederick MJ, Myers JN, Agrawal N. Lessons learned from next-generation sequencing in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2012; 35:454-63. [PMID: 22907887 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific innovation has enabled whole exome capture and massively parallel sequencing of cancer genomes. In head and neck cancer, next-generation sequencing has granted us further understanding of the mutational spectrum of squamous cell carcinoma. As a result of these new technologies, frequently occurring mutations were identified in NOTCH1, a gene that had not previously been implicated in head and neck cancer. The current review describes the most common mutations in head and neck cancer: TP53, NOTCH1, HRAS, PIK3CA, and CDKN2A. Emphasis is placed on the involved cellular pathways, clinical correlations, and potential therapeutic interventions. Additionally, the implications of human papillomavirus on mutation patterns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Loyo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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