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Brown N, Finnon R, Finnon P, McCarron R, Cruz-Garcia L, O’Brien G, Herbert E, Scudamore CL, Morel E, Badie C. Spi1 R235C point mutation confers hypersensitivity to radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia in mice. iScience 2023; 26:107530. [PMID: 37664628 PMCID: PMC10469541 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a risk factor for acute myeloid leukemia (rAML). Murine rAMLs feature both hemizygous chromosome 2 deletions (Del2) and point mutations (R235) within the hematopoietic regulatory gene Spi1. We generated a heterozygous CBA Spi1 R235 mouse (CBASpm/+) which develops de novo AML with 100% incidence by ∼12 months old and shows a dose-dependent reduction in latency following X-irradiation. These effects are reduced on an AML-resistant C57Bl6 genetic background. CBASpm/Gfp reporter mice show increased Gfp expression, indicating compensation for Spm-induced Spi1 haploinsufficiency. Del2 is always detected in both de novo and rAMLs, indicating that biallelic Spi1 mutation is required for AML. CBASpm/+ mice show that a single Spm modification is sufficient for initiating AML development with complete penetrance, via the "two-hit" mechanism and this is accelerated by IR exposure. Similar SPI1/PU.1 polymorphisms in humans could potentially lead to enhanced susceptibility to IR following medical or environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Brown
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Paul Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Roisin McCarron
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Grainne O’Brien
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | | | | | - Edouard Morel
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
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Stouten S, Balkenende B, Roobol L, Lunel SV, Badie C, Dekkers F. Hyper-radiosensitivity affects low-dose acute myeloid leukemia incidence in a mathematical model. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:361-373. [PMID: 35864346 PMCID: PMC9334435 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro experiments show that the cells possibly responsible for radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (rAML) exhibit low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS). In these cells, HRS is responsible for excess cell killing at low doses. Besides the endpoint of cell killing, HRS has also been shown to stimulate the low-dose formation of chromosomal aberrations such as deletions. Although HRS has been investigated extensively, little is known about the possible effect of HRS on low-dose cancer risk. In CBA mice, rAML can largely be explained in terms of a radiation-induced Sfpi1 deletion and a point mutation in the remaining Sfpi1 gene copy. The aim of this paper is to present and quantify possible mechanisms through which HRS may influence low-dose rAML incidence in CBA mice. To accomplish this, a mechanistic rAML CBA mouse model was developed to study HRS-dependent AML onset after low-dose photon irradiation. The rAML incidence was computed under the assumptions that target cells: (1) do not exhibit HRS; (2) HRS only stimulates cell killing; or (3) HRS stimulates cell killing and the formation of the Sfpi1 deletion. In absence of HRS (control), the rAML dose-response curve can be approximated with a linear-quadratic function of the absorbed dose. Compared to the control, the assumption that HRS stimulates cell killing lowered the rAML incidence, whereas increased incidence was observed at low doses if HRS additionally stimulates the induction of the Sfpi1 deletion. In conclusion, cellular HRS affects the number of surviving pre-leukemic cells with an Sfpi1 deletion which, depending on the HRS assumption, directly translates to a lower/higher probability of developing rAML. Low-dose HRS may affect cancer risk in general by altering the probability that certain mutations occur/persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Stouten
- Center for Environmental Safety and Security, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Balkenende
- Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Roobol
- Center for Environmental Safety and Security, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ UK
| | - Fieke Dekkers
- Center for Environmental Safety and Security, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Cruz-Garcia L, Hill MA, Badie C. Oxidative Stress and X-ray Exposure Levels-Dependent Survival and Metabolic Changes in Murine HSPCs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:11. [PMID: 35052515 PMCID: PMC8772903 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic bone marrow cells are amongst the most sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR), initially resulting in cell death or genotoxicity that may later lead to leukaemia development, most frequently Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). The target cells for radiation-induced Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (rAML) are believed to lie in the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment. Using the inbred strain CBA/Ca as a murine model of rAML, progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms, characterisation of target cell population and responses to IR. Complex regulatory systems maintain haematopoietic homeostasis which may act to modulate the risk of rAML. However, little is currently known about the role of metabolic factors and diet in these regulatory systems and modification of the risk of AML development. This study characterises cellular proliferative and clonogenic potential as well as metabolic changes within murine HSPCs under oxidative stress and X-ray exposure. Ambient oxygen (normoxia; 20.8% O2) levels were found to increase irradiated HSPC-stress, stimulating proliferative activity compared to low oxygen (3% O2) levels. IR exposure has a negative influence on the proliferative capability of HSPCs in a dose-dependent manner (0-2 Gy) and this is more pronounced under a normoxic state. One Gy x-irradiated HSPCs cultured under normoxic conditions displayed a significant increase in oxygen consumption compared to those cultured under low O2 conditions and to unirradiated HSPCs. Furthermore, mitochondrial analyses revealed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner under normoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that both IR and normoxia act as stressors for HSPCs, leading to significant metabolic deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunctionality which may affect long term risks such as leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Mark A. Hill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
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4
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O'Brien G, Cruz-Garcia L, Zyla J, Brown N, Finnon R, Polanska J, Badie C. Kras mutations and PU.1 promoter methylation are new pathways in murine radiation-induced AML. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1104-1112. [PMID: 31646336 PMCID: PMC7422620 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy-related and more specifically radiotherapy-associated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a well-recognized potential complication of cytotoxic therapy for the treatment of a primary cancer. The CBA mouse model is used to study radiation leukaemogenesis mechanisms with Sfpi1/PU.1 deletion and point mutation already identified as driving events during AML development. To identify new pathways, we analysed 123 mouse radiation-induced AML (rAML) samples for the presence of mutations identified previously in human AML and found three genes to be mutated; Sfpi1 R235 (68%), Flt3-ITD (4%) and Kras G12 (3%), of which G12R was previously unreported. Importantly, a significant decrease in Sfpi1 gene expression is found almost exclusively in rAML samples without an Sfpi1 R235 mutation and is specifically associated with up-regulation of mir-1983 and mir-582-5p. Moreover, this down-regulation of Sfpi1 mRNA is negatively correlated with DNA methylation levels at specific CpG sites upstream of the Sfpi1 transcriptional start site. The down regulation of Sfpi1/PU.1 has also been reported in human AML cases revealing one common pathway of myeloid disruption between mouse and human AML where dysregulation of Sfpi1/PU.1 is a necessary step in AML development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne O'Brien
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Joanna Zyla
- Silesian University of Technology, Data Mining Division, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Natalie Brown
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Silesian University of Technology, Data Mining Division, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Christophe Badie
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, UK
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5
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Stouten S, Verduyn Lunel S, Finnon R, Badie C, Dekkers F. Modeling low-dose radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia in male CBA/H mice. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:49-60. [PMID: 33221961 PMCID: PMC7902600 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure on leukemia incidence remains poorly understood. Possible dose-response curves for various forms of leukemia are largely based on cohorts of atomic bomb survivors. Animal studies can contribute to an improved understanding of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (rAML) in humans. In male CBA/H mice, incidence of rAML can be described by a two-hit model involving a radiation-induced deletion with Sfpi1 gene copy loss and a point mutation in the remaining Sfpi1 allele. In the present study (historical) mouse data were used and these processes were translated into a mathematical model to study photon-induced low-dose AML incidence in male CBA/H mice following acute exposure. Numerical model solutions for low-dose rAML incidence and diagnosis times could respectively be approximated with a model linear-quadratic in radiation dose and a normal cumulative distribution function. Interestingly, the low-dose incidence was found to be proportional to the modeled number of cells carrying the Sfpi1 deletion present per mouse following exposure. After making only model-derived high-dose rAML estimates available to extrapolate from, the linear-quadratic model could be used to approximate low-dose rAML incidence calculated with our mouse model. The accuracy in estimating low-dose rAML incidence when extrapolating from a linear model using a low-dose effectiveness factor was found to depend on whether a data transformation was used in the curve fitting procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Stouten
- Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TA, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Fieke Dekkers
- Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TA, The Netherlands
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6
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USP22 deficiency leads to myeloid leukemia upon oncogenic Kras activation through a PU.1-dependent mechanism. Blood 2018; 132:423-434. [PMID: 29844011 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-811760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras mutations are commonly observed in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). JMML and CMML transform into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in about 10% and 50% of patients, respectively. However, how additional events cooperate with Ras to promote this transformation are largely unknown. We show that absence of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22), a component of the Spt-Ada-GCN5-acetyltransferase chromatin-remodeling complex that is linked to cancer progression, unexpectedly promotes AML transformation in mice expressing oncogenic KrasG12D/+ USP22 deficiency in KrasG12D/+ mice resulted in shorter survival compared with control mice. This was due to a block in myeloid cell differentiation leading to the generation of AML. This effect was cell autonomous because mice transplanted with USP22-deficient KrasG12D/+ cells developed an aggressive disease and died rapidly. The transcriptome profile of USP22-deficient KrasG12D/+ progenitors resembled leukemic stem cells and was highly correlated with genes associated with poor prognosis in AML. We show that USP22 functions as a PU.1 deubiquitylase by positively regulating its protein stability and promoting the expression of PU.1 target genes. Reconstitution of PU.1 overexpression in USP22-deficient KrasG12D/+ progenitors rescued their differentiation. Our findings uncovered an unexpected role for USP22 in Ras-induced leukemogenesis and provide further insights into the function of USP22 in carcinogenesis.
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7
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Noguera NI, Piredda ML, Taulli R, Catalano G, Angelini G, Gaur G, Nervi C, Voso MT, Lunardi A, Pandolfi PP, Lo-Coco F. PML/RARa inhibits PTEN expression in hematopoietic cells by competing with PU.1 transcriptional activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66386-66397. [PMID: 27626703 PMCID: PMC5341808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocitic leukemia (APL) is characterized by the pathognomonic presence in leukemic blasts of the hybrid protein PML/RARA, that acts as a transcriptional repressor impairing the expression of genes that are critical to myeloid differentiation. Here, we show that primary blasts from APL patients express lower levels of the oncosuppressor protein PTEN, as compared to blast cells from other AML subtypes or normal bone marrow, and demonstrate that PML-RARA directly inhibits PTEN expression. We show that All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) triggers in APL cells an active chromatin status at the core regulatory region of the PTEN promoter, that allows the binding of the myeloid-regulating transcription factor PU.1, and, in turn, the transcriptional induction of PTEN. ATRA, via PML/RARA degradation, also promotes PTEN nuclear re-localization and decreases expression of the PTEN target Aurora A kinase. In conclusion, our findings support the notion that PTEN is one of the primary targets of PML/RARA in APL
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélida Inés Noguera
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Neuro-Oncohematology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Liliana Piredda
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Neuro-Oncohematology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gianfranco Catalano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Angelini
- Neuro-Oncohematology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Girish Gaur
- Neuro-Oncohematology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Voso
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lunardi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Neuro-Oncohematology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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8
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Badie C, Blachowicz A, Barjaktarovic Z, Finnon R, Michaux A, Sarioglu H, Brown N, Manning G, Benotmane MA, Tapio S, Polanska J, Bouffler SD. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of mouse radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Oncotarget 2018; 7:40461-40480. [PMID: 27250028 PMCID: PMC5130020 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of mouse radiation-induced AMLs using two primary AMLs, cell lines from these primaries, another cell line and its in vivo passage is reported. Compared to haematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPSC), over 5000 transcriptome alterations were identified, 2600 present in all materials. 55 and 3 alterations were detected in the proteomes of the cell lines and primary/in vivo passage material respectively, with one common to all materials. In cell lines, approximately 50% of the transcriptome changes are related to adaptation to cell culture, and in the proteome this proportion was higher. An AML 'signature' of 17 genes/proteins commonly deregulated in primary AMLs and cell lines compared to HPSCs was identified and validated using human AML transcriptome data. This also distinguishes primary AMLs from cell lines and includes proteins such as Coronin 1, pontin/RUVBL1 and Myeloperoxidase commonly implicated in human AML. C-Myc was identified as having a key role in radiation leukaemogenesis. These data identify novel candidates relevant to mouse radiation AML pathogenesis, and confirm that pathways of leukaemogenesis in the mouse and human share substantial commonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Badie
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - Agnieszka Blachowicz
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Techology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zarko Barjaktarovic
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Radiation Proteomics Group, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - Arlette Michaux
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•.CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Hakan Sarioglu
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit Protein Science, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Brown
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - Grainne Manning
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - M Abderrafi Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•.CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Radiation Proteomics Group, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Techology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Simon D Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
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9
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Candéias SM, Mika J, Finnon P, Verbiest T, Finnon R, Brown N, Bouffler S, Polanska J, Badie C. Low-dose radiation accelerates aging of the T-cell receptor repertoire in CBA/Ca mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4339-4351. [PMID: 28667356 PMCID: PMC11107572 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While the biological effects of high-dose-ionizing radiation on human health are well characterized, the consequences of low-dose radiation exposure remain poorly defined, even though they are of major importance for radiological protection. Lymphocytes are very radiosensitive, and radiation-induced health effects may result from immune cell loss and/or immune system impairment. To decipher the mechanisms of effects of low doses, we analyzed the modulation of the T-cell receptor gene repertoire in mice exposed to a single low (0.1 Gy) or high (1 Gy) dose of radiation. High-throughput T-cell receptor gene profiling was used to visualize T-lymphocyte dynamics over time in control and irradiated mice. Radiation exposure induces "aging-like" effects on the T-cell receptor gene repertoire, detectable as early as 1 month post-exposure and for at least 6 months. Surprisingly, these effects are more pronounced in animals exposed to 0.1 Gy than to 1 Gy, where partial correction occurs over time. Importantly, we found that low-dose radiation effects are partially due to the hematopoietic stem cell impairment. Collectively, our findings show that acute low-dose radiation exposure specifically results in long-term alterations of the T-lymphocyte repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge M Candéias
- CEA, Fundamental Research Division, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute, Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, 38054, Grenoble, France.
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, CNRS, UMR5249, 38054, Grenoble, France.
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR5249, University of Grenoble-Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France.
| | - Justyna Mika
- Data Mining Group, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Paul Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, CRCE, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | - Tom Verbiest
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, CRCE, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, CRCE, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | - Natalie Brown
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, CRCE, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, CRCE, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Data Mining Group, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, CRCE, Public Health England, Didcot, UK.
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Abstract
Potential ionising radiation exposure scenarios are varied, but all bring risks beyond the simple issues of short-term survival. Whether accidentally exposed to a single, whole-body dose in an act of terrorism or purposefully exposed to fractionated doses as part of a therapeutic regimen, radiation exposure carries the consequence of elevated cancer risk. The long-term impact of both intentional and unintentional exposure could potentially be mitigated by treatments specifically developed to limit the mutations and precancerous replication that ensue in the wake of irradiation The development of such agents would undoubtedly require a substantial degree of in vitro testing, but in order to accurately recapitulate the complex process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, well-understood animal models are necessary. Inbred strains of the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, present the most logical choice due to the high number of molecular and physiological similarities they share with humans. Their small size, high rate of breeding and fully sequenced genome further increase its value for use in cancer research. This chapter will review relevant m. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animals of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia, thymic lymphoma, breast and lung cancers. Method of cancer induction and associated molecular pathologies will also be described for each model.
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11
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Bednarski JJ, Pandey R, Schulte E, White LS, Chen BR, Sandoval GJ, Kohyama M, Haldar M, Nickless A, Trott A, Cheng G, Murphy KM, Bassing CH, Payton JE, Sleckman BP. RAG-mediated DNA double-strand breaks activate a cell type-specific checkpoint to inhibit pre-B cell receptor signals. J Exp Med 2016; 213:209-23. [PMID: 26834154 PMCID: PMC4749927 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) activate a canonical DNA damage response, including highly conserved cell cycle checkpoint pathways that prevent cells with DSBs from progressing through the cell cycle. In developing B cells, pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signals initiate immunoglobulin light (Igl) chain gene assembly, leading to RAG-mediated DNA DSBs. The pre-BCR also promotes cell cycle entry, which could cause aberrant DSB repair and genome instability in pre-B cells. Here, we show that RAG DSBs inhibit pre-BCR signals through the ATM- and NF-κB2-dependent induction of SPIC, a hematopoietic-specific transcriptional repressor. SPIC inhibits expression of the SYK tyrosine kinase and BLNK adaptor, resulting in suppression of pre-BCR signaling. This regulatory circuit prevents the pre-BCR from inducing additional Igl chain gene rearrangements and driving pre-B cells with RAG DSBs into cycle. We propose that pre-B cells toggle between pre-BCR signals and a RAG DSB-dependent checkpoint to maintain genome stability while iteratively assembling Igl chain genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emily Schulte
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Lynn S White
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bo-Ruei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gabriel J Sandoval
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Masako Kohyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Malay Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrew Nickless
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amanda Trott
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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12
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Sive JI, Basilico S, Hannah R, Kinston SJ, Calero-Nieto FJ, Göttgens B. Genome-scale definition of the transcriptional programme associated with compromised PU.1 activity in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:14-23. [PMID: 26126967 PMCID: PMC4705427 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is associated with haematological malignancy. Although mutations of the key haematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 are rare in human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), they are common in murine models of radiation-induced AML, and PU.1 downregulation and/or dysfunction has been described in human AML patients carrying the fusion oncogenes RUNX1-ETO and PML-RARA. To study the transcriptional programmes associated with compromised PU.1 activity, we adapted a Pu.1-mutated murine AML cell line with an inducible wild-type PU.1. PU.1 induction caused transition from leukaemia phenotype to monocytic differentiation. Global binding maps for PU.1, CEBPA and the histone mark H3K27Ac with and without PU.1 induction showed that mutant PU.1 retains DNA-binding ability, but the induction of wild-type protein dramatically increases both the number and the height of PU.1-binding peaks. Correlating chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Seq with gene expression data, we found that PU.1 recruitment coupled with increased histone acetylation induces gene expression and activates a monocyte/macrophage transcriptional programme. PU.1 induction also caused the reorganisation of a subgroup of CEBPA binding peaks. Finally, we show that the PU.1 target gene set defined in our model allows the stratification of primary human AML samples, shedding light on both known and novel AML subtypes that may be driven by PU.1 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Sive
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Basilico
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Hannah
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S J Kinston
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F J Calero-Nieto
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Influence of radiation quality on mouse chromosome 2 deletions in radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Zhou J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Guan Y. PU.1 affects proliferation of the human acute myeloid leukemia U937 cell line by directly regulating MEIS1. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1912-1918. [PMID: 26622774 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PU.1 is a member of the ETS family, which is expressed in a wide variety of hematopoietic lineages. Accumulating evidence has indicated that PU.1 plays a key role in hematopoiesis, and reduced expression of PU.1 leads to the pathogenesis of human myeloid leukemia. As a multi-functional factor, PU.1 is also required for mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) stem cell potential and the development of MLL. However, the function of PU.1 in human non-MLL leukemia and its molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, PU.1 siRNA was demonstrated to efficiently inhibit the transcription level of oncogene MEIS1 in the human acute myeloid non-MLL leukemia U937 cell line. In addition, PU.1, as a positive regulator of MEIS1, performed a crucial role in maintaining cell proliferation. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and luciferase reporter assay, previously unexplored evidence that PU.1 activated the MEIS1 promoter through a conserved binding motif in vitro and in vivo was further defined. Overall, the present study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of the contribution of PU.1 to the pathogenesis of non-MLL U937 cells, which is mediated by direct regulation of MEIS1 transcription. The present data reveal the possibility of developing an alternative therapy for non-MLL leukemia by targeting PU.1-mediated MEIS1 gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Laboratory of Genome Variations and Precision Bio-Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA ; Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Guan
- Respiratory Department, 2nd Branch of First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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15
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Verbiest T, Bouffler S, Nutt SL, Badie C. PU.1 downregulation in murine radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): from molecular mechanism to human AML. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:413-9. [PMID: 25750172 PMCID: PMC4392607 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PU.1, encoded by the murine Sfpi1 gene (SPI1 in humans), is a member of the Ets transcription factor family and plays a vital role in commitment and maturation of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Murine studies directly link primary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and decreased PU.1 expression in specifically modified strains. Similarly, a radiation-induced chromosome 2 deletion and subsequent Sfpi1 point mutation in the remaining allele lead to murine radiation-induced AML. Consistent with murine data, heterozygous deletion of the SPI1 locus and mutation of the −14kb SPI1 upstream regulatory element were described previously in human primary AML, although they are rare events. Other mechanisms linked to PU.1 downregulation in human AML include TP53 deletion, FLT3-ITD mutation and the recurrent AML1-ETO [t(8;21)] and PML-RARA [t(15;17)] translocations. This review provides an up-to-date overview on our current understanding of the involvement of PU.1 in the initiation and development of radiation-induced AML, together with recommendations for future murine and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Verbiest
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK, CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christophe Badie
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK,
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16
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Genik PC, Vyazunova I, Steffen LS, Bacher JW, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, McKercher S, Ullrich RL, Fallgren CM, Weil MM, Ray FA. Leukemogenesis in heterozygous PU.1 knockout mice. Radiat Res 2014; 182:310-5. [PMID: 25076114 DOI: 10.1667/rr13738.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most murine radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemias involve biallelic inactivation of the PU.1 gene, with one allele being lost through a radiation-induced chromosomal deletion and the other allele affected by a recurrent point mutation in codon 235 that is likely to be spontaneous. The short latencies of acute myeloid leukemias occurring in nonirradiated mice engineered with PU.1 conditional knockout or knockdown alleles suggest that once both copies of PU.1 have been lost any other steps involved in leukemogenesis occur rapidly. Yet, spontaneous acute myeloid leukemias have not been reported in mice heterozygous for a PU.1 knockout allele, an observation that conflicts with the understanding that the PU.1 codon 235 mutation is spontaneous. Here we describe experiments that show that the lack of spontaneous leukemia in PU.1 heterozygous knockout mice is not due to insufficient monitoring times or mouse numbers or the genetic background of the knockout mice. The results reveal that spontaneous leukemias that develop in mice of the mixed 129S2/SvPas and C57BL/6 background of knockout mice arise by a pathway that does not involve biallelic PU.1 mutation. In addition, the latency of radiation-induced leukemia in PU.1 heterozygous mice on a genetic background susceptible to radiation-induced leukemia indicates that the codon 235 mutation is not a rate-limiting step in radiation leukemogenesis driven by PU.1 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Genik
- a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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17
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Rivina L, Davoren M, Schiestl RH. Radiation-induced myeloid leukemia in murine models. Hum Genomics 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 25062865 PMCID: PMC4128013 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of radiation therapy is a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment. The number of patients that undergo radiation as a part of their therapy regimen is only increasing every year, but this does not come without cost. As this number increases, so too does the incidence of secondary, radiation-induced neoplasias, creating a need for therapeutic agents targeted specifically towards incidence reduction and treatment of these cancers. Development and efficacy testing of these agents requires not only extensive in vitro testing but also a set of reliable animal models to accurately recreate the complex situations of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. As radiation-induced leukemic progression often involves genomic changes such as rearrangements, deletions, and changes in methylation, the laboratory mouse Mus musculus, with its fully sequenced genome, is a powerful tool in cancer research. This fact, combined with the molecular and physiological similarities it shares with man and its small size and high rate of breeding in captivity, makes it the most relevant model to use in radiation-induced leukemia research. In this work, we review relevant M. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animal models, as well as methods of induction of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia. Associated molecular pathologies are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Davoren
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E, Young Dr, South, CHS 71-295, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Olme CH, Finnon R, Brown N, Kabacik S, Bouffler S, Badie C. Live cell detection of chromosome 2 deletion and Sfpi1/PU1 loss in radiation-induced mouse acute myeloid leukaemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1374-82. [PMID: 23806234 PMCID: PMC3775122 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CBA/H mouse model of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (rAML) has been studied for decades to bring to light the molecular mechanisms associated with multistage carcinogenesis. A specific interstitial deletion of chromosome 2 found in a high proportion of rAML is recognised as the initiating event. The deletion leads to the loss of Sfpi, a gene essential for haematopoietic development. Its product, the transcription factor PU.1 acts as a tumour suppressor in this model. Although the deletion can be detected early following ionising radiation exposure by cytogenetic techniques, precise characterisation of the haematopoietic cells carrying the deletion and the study of their fate in vivo cannot be achieved. Here, using a genetically engineered C57BL/6 mouse model expressing the GFP fluorescent molecule under the control of the Sfpi1 promoter, which we have bred onto the rAML-susceptible CBA/H strain, we demonstrate that GFP expression did not interfere with X-ray induced leukaemia incidence and that GFP fluorescence in live leukaemic cells is a surrogate marker of radiation-induced chromosome 2 deletions with or without point mutations on the remaining allele of the Sfpi1 gene. This study presents the first experimental evidence for the detection of this leukaemia initiating event in live leukemic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Disease Models, Animal
- Exons
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Mice
- Mutation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - C. Badie
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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19
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Olme CH, Brown N, Finnon R, Bouffler S, Badie C. Frequency of acute myeloid leukaemia-associated mouse chromosome 2 deletions in X-ray exposed immature haematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. Mutat Res 2013; 756:119-26. [PMID: 23665297 PMCID: PMC4028086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionising radiation can lead to an increased risk of cancer, particularly leukaemia. In radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (rAML), a partial hemizygous deletion of mouse chromosome 2 is a common feature in several susceptible strains. The deletion is an early event detectable 24h after exposure in bone marrow cells using cytogenetic techniques. Expanding clones of bone marrow cells with chromosome 2 deletions can be detected less than a year after exposure to ionising radiation in around half of the irradiated mice. Ultimately, 15-25% of exposed animals develop AML. It is generally assumed that leukaemia originates in an early progenitor cell or haematopoietic stem cell, but it is unknown whether the original chromosome damage occurs at a similar frequency in committed progenitors and stem cells. In this study, we monitored the frequency of chromosome 2 deletions in immature bone marrow cells (Lin(-)) and haematopoietic stem cells/multipotent progenitor cells (LSK) by several techniques, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and through use of a reporter gene model, flow cytometry and colony forming units in spleen (CFU-S) following ex vivo or in vivo exposure. We showed that partial chromosome 2 deletions are present in the LSK subpopulation, but cannot be detected in Lin(-) cells and CFU-S12 cells. Furthermore, we transplanted irradiated Lin(-) or LSK cells into host animals to determine whether specific irradiated cell populations acquire an increased proliferative advantage compared to unirradiated cells. Interestingly, the irradiated LSK subpopulation containing cells carrying chromosome 2 deletions does not appear to repopulate as well as the unirradiated population, suggesting that the chromosomal deletion does not provide an advantage for growth and in vivo repopulation, at least at early stages following occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - C. Badie
- Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics Group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORQ, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Radiation-induced (RI) secondary cancers were not a major clinical concern even as little as 15 years ago. However, advances in cancer diagnostics, therapy, and supportive care have saved numerous lives and many former cancer patients are now living for 5, 10, 20, and more years beyond their initial diagnosis. The majority of these patients have received radiotherapy as a part of their treatment regimen and are now beginning to develop secondary cancers arising from normal tissue exposure to damaging effects of ionizing radiation. Because historically patients rarely survived past the extended latency periods inherent to these RI cancers, very little effort was channeled towards the research leading to the development of therapeutic agents intended to prevent or ameliorate oncogenic effects of normal tissue exposure to radiation. The number of RI cancers is expected to increase very rapidly in the near future, but the field of cancer biology might not be prepared to address important issues related to this phenomena. One such issue is the ability to accurately differentiate between primary tumors and de novo arising secondary tumors in the same patient. Another issue is the lack of therapeutic agents intended to reduce such cancers in the future. To address these issues, large-scale epidemiological studies must be supplemented with appropriate animal modeling studies. This work reviews relevant mouse (Mus musculus) models of inbred and F1 animals and methodologies of induction of most relevant radiation-associated cancers: leukemia, lymphoma, and lung and breast cancers. Where available, underlying molecular pathologies are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Rivina
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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21
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Mouse models for efficacy testing of agents against radiation carcinogenesis—a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 10:107-43. [PMID: 23271302 PMCID: PMC3564133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the number of cancer survivors treated with radiation as a part of their therapy regimen is constantly increasing, so is concern about radiation-induced cancers. This increases the need for therapeutic and mitigating agents against secondary neoplasias. Development and efficacy testing of these agents requires not only extensive in vitro assessment, but also a set of reliable animal models of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) remains one of the best animal model systems for cancer research due to its molecular and physiological similarities to man, small size, ease of breeding in captivity and a fully sequenced genome. This work reviews relevant M. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animal models and methodologies of induction of radiation-induced leukemia, thymic lymphoma, breast, and lung cancer in these models. Where available, the associated molecular pathologies are also included.
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22
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Steffen LS, Bacher JW, Peng Y, Le PN, Ding LH, Genik PC, Ray FA, Bedford JS, Fallgren CM, Bailey SM, Ullrich RL, Weil MM, Story MD. Molecular characterisation of murine acute myeloid leukaemia induced by 56Fe ion and 137Cs gamma ray irradiation. Mutagenesis 2012; 28:71-9. [PMID: 22987027 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sparsely ionising gamma- or X-ray irradiation is known to increase the risk of leukaemia in humans. However, heavy ion radiotherapy and extended space exploration will expose humans to densely ionising high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation for which there is currently no understanding of leukaemia risk. Murine models have implicated chromosomal deletion that includes the hematopoietic transcription factor gene, PU.1 (Sfpi1), and point mutation of the second PU.1 allele as the primary cause of low-LET radiation-induced murine acute myeloid leukaemia (rAML). Using array comparative genomic hybridisation, fluorescence in situ hybridisation and high resolution melt analysis, we have confirmed that biallelic PU.1 mutations are common in low-LET rAML, occurring in 88% of samples. Biallelic PU.1 mutations were also detected in the majority of high-LET rAML samples. Microsatellite instability was identified in 42% of all rAML samples, and 89% of samples carried increased microsatellite mutant frequencies at the single-cell level, indicative of ongoing instability. Instability was also observed cytogenetically as a 2-fold increase in chromatid-type aberrations. These data highlight the similarities in molecular characteristics of high-LET and low-LET rAML and confirm the presence of ongoing chromosomal and microsatellite instability in murine rAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leta S Steffen
- Genetic Analysis Group, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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24
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PU.1 and Haematopoietic Cell Fate: Dosage Matters. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:808524. [PMID: 21845190 PMCID: PMC3154517 DOI: 10.1155/2011/808524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS family transcription factor PU.1 is a key regulator of haematopoietic differentiation. Its expression is dynamically controlled throughout haematopoiesis in order to direct appropriate lineage specification. Elucidating the biological role of PU.1 has proved challenging. This paper will discuss how a range of experiments in cell lines and mutant and transgenic mouse models have enhanced our knowledge of the mechanisms by which PU.1 drives lineage-specific differentiation during haematopoiesis.
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25
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Dekkers F, Bijwaard H, Bouffler S, Ellender M, Huiskamp R, Kowalczuk C, Meijne E, Sutmuller M. A two-mutation model of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia using historical mouse data. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:37-45. [PMID: 20842369 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
From studies of the atomic bomb survivors, it is well known that ionizing radiation causes several forms of leukemia. However, since the specific mechanism behind this process remains largely unknown, it is difficult to extrapolate carcinogenic effects at acute high-dose exposures to risk estimates for the chronic low-dose exposures that are important for radiation protection purposes. Recently, it has become clear that the induction of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in CBA/H mice takes place through two key steps, both involving the Sfpi1 gene. A similar mechanism may play a role in human radiation-induced AML. In the present paper, a two-mutation carcinogenesis model is applied to model AML in several data sets of X-ray- and neutron-exposed CBA/H mice. The models obtained provide good fits to the data. A comparison between the predictions for neutron-induced and X-ray-induced AML yields an RBE for neutrons of approximately 3. The model used is considered to be a first step toward a model for human radiation-induced AML, which could be used to estimate risks of exposure to low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fieke Dekkers
- Laboratory of Radiation Research, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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26
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Sfpi1/PU.1 mutations in mouse radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemias affect mRNA and protein abundance and associate with disrupted transcription. Leuk Res 2010; 35:126-32. [PMID: 20638124 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemias (AMLs) in mice are characterised by deletions and point mutations in the Sfpi1/PU.1 transcription factor. Six AML cell lines were used to examine the impact of three previously described R235 point mutations. AML cells carry myeloid and stem cell markers and the R235 mutations differentially affect mRNA and protein abundance. Expression of Sfpi1/PU.1 target genes was deregulated in a broadly similar fashion irrespective of R235 mutation including Flt3, which is frequently subject to activating mutations in human myeloid leukaemias. While R235 mutations differentially affect protein abundance they resulted in similar disruption of Sfpi1/PU.1 functions.
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27
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Abstract
Abstract
The transcription factor PU.1 is essential for myeloid development. Targeted disruption of an upstream regulatory element (URE) decreases PU.1 expression by 80% and leads to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. Here, we sequenced the URE sequences of PU.1 in 120 AML patients. Four polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in the URE were observed, with homozygosity in all SNPs in 37 patients. Among them, we compared samples at diagnosis and remission, and one patient with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia M2 was identified with heterozygosity in 3 of the SNPs in the URE at remission. Loss of heterozygosity was further found in this patient at 2 polymorphic sites in the 5′ promoter region and in 2 intronic sites flanking exon 4, thus suggesting loss of heterozygosity covering at least 40 kb of the PU.1 locus. Consistently, PU.1 expression in this patient was markedly reduced. Our study suggests that heterozygous deletion of the PU.1 locus can be associated with human AML.
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Bonadies N, Neururer C, Steege A, Vallabhapurapu S, Pabst T, Mueller BU. PU.1 is regulated by NF-κB through a novel binding site in a 17 kb upstream enhancer element. Oncogene 2009; 29:1062-72. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Goodhead DT. Fifth Warren K. Sinclair Keynote Address: Issues in quantifying the effects of low-level radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2009; 97:394-406. [PMID: 19820449 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181ae8acf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Health risks from exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation are well characterized from epidemiological studies. Uncertainty and controversy remain for extension of these risks to the low doses and low dose rates of particular relevance in the workplace, in medical diagnostics and screening, and from background radiations. In order to make such extrapolations, a number of concepts have been developed for radiation protection, partly on the basis of assumed processes in the mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis. Included amongst these are the assumptions of a linear no-threshold dose response and simple scaling factors for dose rate and radiation quality. With a progressive reduction in recommended dose limits over the past half century, these approaches have had considerable success in protecting humans. But do they go far enough or, conversely, are they overprotective? Four selected underlying aspects are considered. It is concluded that (1) even the lowest dose of radiation has the capability to cause complex DNA damage that can lead to a variety of permanent cellular changes; (2) the unique clustered characteristics of radiation damage, even at very low doses, enable it to stand out above the much larger quantity of endogenous DNA damage; (3) although a chromosome aberration may represent the rate-limiting initiating event for carcinogenesis, as is often assumed, direct evidence is still lacking; and (4) the extensive influence that dicentric aberrations have had on guiding extrapolations for radiation protection may be substantially misleading. Finally, some comments are offered on aspects that lie outside the current paradigm.
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Mullenders L, Atkinson M, Paretzke H, Sabatier L, Bouffler S. Assessing cancer risks of low-dose radiation. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:596-604. [PMID: 19629073 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is considered a non-threshold carcinogen. However, quantifying the risk of the more commonly encountered low and/or protracted radiation exposures remains problematic and subject to uncertainty. Therefore, a major challenge lies in providing a sound mechanistic understanding of low-dose radiation carcinogenesis. This Perspective article considers whether differences exist between the effects mediated by high- and low-dose radiation exposure and how this affects the assessment of low-dose cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Mullenders
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands.
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31
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Implication of replicative stress-related stem cell ageing in radiation-induced murine leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:363-71. [PMID: 19513063 PMCID: PMC2720201 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential aetiology of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in mice is the downregulation of the transcription factor PU.1. The causative mutation of the PU.1-endocing Sfpi1 gene consists mostly of C:G to T:A transitions at a CpG site and is likely to be of spontaneous origin. To work out a mechanism underlying the association between radiation exposure and the AML induction, we have hypothesised that replicative stress after irradiation accelerates the ageing of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and the ageing-related decline in DNA repair could affect the spontaneous mutation rates. METHODS Mathematical model analysis was conducted to examine whether and to what extent the cell kinetics of HSCs can be modified after irradiation. The haematopoietic differentiation process is expressed as a mathematical model and the cell-kinetics parameters were estimated by fitting the simulation result to the assay data. RESULTS The analysis revealed that HSCs cycle vigourously for more than a few months after irradiation. The estimated number of cell divisions per surviving HSC in 3 Gy-exposed mice reached as high as ten times that of the unexposed. INTERPRETATION The mitotic load after 3 Gy irradiation seems to be heavy enough to accelerate the ageing of HSCs and the hypothesis reasonably explains the leukaemogenic process.
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Peng Y, Brown N, Finnon R, Warner CL, Liu X, Genik PC, Callan MA, Ray FA, Borak TB, Badie C, Bouffler SD, Ullrich RL, Bedford JS, Weil MM. Radiation Leukemogenesis in Mice: Loss ofPU.1on Chromosome 2 in CBA and C57BL/6 Mice after Irradiation with 1 GeV/nucleon56Fe Ions, X Rays or γ Rays. Part I. Experimental Observations. Radiat Res 2009; 171:474-83. [PMID: 19397448 DOI: 10.1667/rr1547.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Peng
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Sasaki MS, Nomura T, Ejima Y, Utsumi H, Endo S, Saito I, Itoh T, Hoshi M. Experimental Derivation of Relative Biological Effectiveness of A-Bomb Neutrons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Implications for Risk Assessment. Radiat Res 2008; 170:101-17. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1249.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Upregulation of c-myc gene accompanied by PU.1 deficiency in radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:871-85. [PMID: 18375040 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-dose radiation exposure induces acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in C3H mice, most of which have a frequent hemizygous deletion around the D2Mit15 marker on chromosome 2. This region includes PU.1, a critical candidate gene for initiation of leukemogenesis. To identify novel cooperative genes with PU.1, relevant to radiation-induced leukemogenesis, we analyzed the copy number alterations of tumor-related gene loci by array CGH, and their expressions in primary and transplanted AMLs. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the induction of AMLs, C3H/He Nrs mice were exposed to 3 Gy of x-rays or gamma-rays. The genomic alterations of 35 primary AMLs and 34 transplanted AMLs obtained from the recipient mice transplanted the primary AMLs were analyzed by array CGH. According to the genomic alterations and mutations of the 235th arginine of PU.1 allele, we classified the radiogenic AMLs into three types such as Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235-) AML, Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235+) AML and Chr2(intact) PU.1(R235+/R235+) AML, to compare the expression levels of 8 tumor-related genes quantitatively by real-time polymerase chain reaction and cell-surface antigen expression. Results. In addition to well-known loss of PU.1 with hemizygous deletion of chromosome 2, novel genomic alterations such as partial gain of chromosome 6 were recurrently detected in AMLs. In this study, we found similarity between cell-surface antigen expressions of bone marrows and those of spleens in AML mice and significantly higher expressions of c-myc and PU.1 expression, especially in the PU.1-deficient (Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235-)) AML and Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235+) compared to Chr2(intact) PU.1(R235+/R235+) AMLs. CONCLUSION The new finding on upregulation of c-myc and PU.1 in both and hemizygous PU.1-deficient AMLs and different genomic alterations detected by array CGH suggests that the molecular mechanism for development of radiation-induced AML should be different among three types of AML.
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Abstract
The current paradigm on leukemogenesis indicates that leukemias are propagated by leukemic stem cells. The genomic events and pathways involved in the transformation of hematopoietic precursors into leukemic stem cells are increasingly understood. This concept is based on genomic mutations or functional dysregulation of transcription factors in malignant cells of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Loss of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (CEBPA) function in myeloid cells in vitro and in vivo leads to a differentiation block, similar to that observed in blasts from AML patients. CEBPA alterations in specific subgroups of AML comprise genomic mutations leading to dominant-negative mutant proteins, transcriptional suppression by leukemic fusion proteins, translational inhibition by activated RNA-binding proteins, and functional inhibition by phosphorylation or increased proteasomal-dependent degradation. The PU.1 gene can be mutated or its expression or function can be blocked by leukemogenic fusion proteins in AML. Point mutations in the RUNX1/AML1 gene are also observed in specific subtypes of AML, in addition to RUNX1 being the most frequent target for chromosomal translocation in AML. These data are persuasive evidence that impaired function of particular transcription factors contributes directly to the development of human AML, and restoring their function represents a promising target for novel therapeutic strategies in AML.
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Yamada T, Shimizu T, Suzuki M, Kihara-Negishi F, Nanashima N, Sakurai T, Fan Y, Akita M, Oikawa T, Tsuchida S. Interaction between the homeodomain protein HOXC13 and ETS family transcription factor PU.1 and its implication in the differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:847-58. [PMID: 18076876 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Some of homeodomain proteins and the ETS family of transcription factors are involved in hematopoiesis. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the HOXC13 and PU.1 genes were expressed in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells and their levels decreased during DMSO-induced differentiation into erythroid cells. HOXC13 bound to the ETS domain of PU.1 through a region encompassing the C-terminal part of the homeodomain and the most C-terminal region and enhanced the transcriptional activity of PU.1. Enforced expression of HOXC13 in MEL cells resulted in the suppression of beta-globin gene expression. In MEL cells overexpressing HOXC13 and PU.1, which also inhibits the differentiation of MEL cells, no synergistic effect on the suppression of beta-globin gene expression was observed. However, in the presence of DMSO, the expression levels of the beta-globin gene in the cells overexpressing HOXC13 and PU.1 were, unexpectedly, higher than those in the cells overexpressing PU.1 alone. The levels of PU.1 protein were markedly decreased despite that the levels of mRNA were preserved in the cells overexpressing PU.1 and HOXC13. It was, thus, suggested that although HOXC13 negatively regulates the differentiation of MEL cells into erythroid cells, it antagonizes PU.1 possibly by down-regulation of PU.1 protein in the presence of a differentiation stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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37
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PU.1 is a major downstream target of AML1 (RUNX1) in adult mouse hematopoiesis. Nat Genet 2007; 40:51-60. [PMID: 17994017 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both PU.1 (also called SFPI1), an Ets-family transcription factor, and AML1 (also called RUNX1), a DNA-binding subunit of the CBF transcription factor family, are crucial for the generation of all hematopoietic lineages, and both act as tumor suppressors in leukemia. An upstream regulatory element (URE) of PU.1 has both enhancer and repressor activity and tightly regulates PU.1 expression. Here we show that AML1 binds to functionally important sites within the PU.1 upstream regulatory element and regulates PU.1 expression at both embryonic and adult stages of development. Analysis of mice carrying conditional AML1 knockout alleles and knock-in mice carrying mutations in all three AML1 sites of the URE proximal region demonstrated that AML1 regulates PU.1 both positively and negatively in a lineage dependent manner. Dysregulation of PU.1 expression contributed to each of the phenotypes observed in these mice, and restoration of proper PU.1 expression rescued or partially rescued each phenotype. Thus, our data demonstrate that PU.1 is a major downstream target gene of AML1.
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38
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Steidl U, Steidl C, Ebralidze A, Chapuy B, Han HJ, Will B, Rosenbauer F, Becker A, Wagner K, Koschmieder S, Kobayashi S, Costa DB, Schulz T, O’Brien KB, Verhaak RG, Delwel R, Haase D, Trümper L, Krauter J, Kohwi-Shigematsu T, Griesinger F, Tenen DG. A distal single nucleotide polymorphism alters long-range regulation of the PU.1 gene in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2611-20. [PMID: 17694175 PMCID: PMC1937499 DOI: 10.1172/jci30525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted disruption of a highly conserved distal enhancer reduces expression of the PU.1 transcription factor by 80% and leads to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with frequent cytogenetic aberrations in mice. Here we identify a SNP within this element in humans that is more frequent in AML with a complex karyotype, leads to decreased enhancer activity, and reduces PU.1 expression in myeloid progenitors in a development-dependent manner. This SNP inhibits binding of the chromatin-remodeling transcriptional regulator special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1). Overexpression of SATB1 increased PU.1 expression, and siRNA inhibition of SATB1 downregulated PU.1 expression. Targeted disruption of the distal enhancer led to a loss of regulation of PU.1 by SATB1. Interestingly, disruption of SATB1 in mice led to a selective decrease of PU.1 RNA in specific progenitor types (granulocyte-macrophage and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors) and a similar effect was observed in AML samples harboring this SNP. Thus we have identified a SNP within a distal enhancer that is associated with a subtype of leukemia and exerts a deleterious effect through remote transcriptional dysregulation in specific progenitor subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/genetics
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/metabolism
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Steidl
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Steidl
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ebralidze
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Chapuy
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hye-Jung Han
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Britta Will
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Rosenbauer
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annegret Becker
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Wagner
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susumu Kobayashi
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B. Costa
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen B. O’Brien
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel G.W. Verhaak
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Haase
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Trümper
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Krauter
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terumi Kohwi-Shigematsu
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Griesinger
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel G. Tenen
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Hemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Rimmelé P, Kosmider O, Mayeux P, Moreau-Gachelin F, Guillouf C. Spi-1/PU.1 participates in erythroleukemogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis in cooperation with Epo signaling and by blocking erythroid differentiation. Blood 2007; 109:3007-14. [PMID: 17132716 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-006718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 in mice leads to acute erythroleukemia characterized by a differentiation block at the proerythroblastic stage. In this study, we made use of a new cellular system allowing us to reach graded expression of Spi-1 in preleukemic cells to dissect mechanisms of Spi-1/ PU-1 in erythroleukemogenesis. This system is based on conditional production of 1 or 2 spi-1-interfering RNAs stably inserted into spi-1 transgenic proerythroblasts. We show that Spi-1 knock-down was sufficient to reinstate the erythroid differentiation program. This differentiation process was associated with an exit from the cell cycle. Evidence is provided that in the presence of erythropoietin (Epo), Spi-1 displays an antiapoptotic role that is independent of its function in blocking erythroid differentiation. Apoptosis inhibited by Spi-1 did not involve activation of the Fas/FasL signaling pathway nor a failure to activate Epo receptor (EpoR). Furthermore, we found that reducing the Spi-1 level yields to ERK dephosphorylation and increased phosphorylation of AKT and STAT5, suggesting that Spi-1 may affect major signaling pathways downstream of the EpoR in erythroid cells. These findings reveal 2 distinct roles for Spi-1 during erythroleukemogenesis: Spi-1 blocks the erythroid differentiation program and acts to impair apoptotic death in cooperation with an Epo signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Erythroblasts/pathology
- Erythroblasts/physiology
- Erythropoiesis/physiology
- Erythropoietin/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Erythropoietin/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rimmelé
- Institut Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unite 528, Paris, France
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to identify protein biomarkers of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (rAML) in CBA/CaJ mice, and to examine the similarities or differences in the patterns of protein-expression profiles among AMLs induced by low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation (e.g., gamma- or x-rays), and high LET radiation (i.e., neutrons). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used two-dimensional electrophoresis gel in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), i.e., matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight MS and electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, to identify protein signatures in blood-plasma samples collected from control and rAML mice. There were nine cases of rAML (three cases induced by high LET radiation; six induced by low LET radiation) and eight control mice at similar ages. RESULTS The results showed differences in the patterns of protein profiles from blood-plasma samples collected from rAML vs control mice. Moreover, our data demonstrated, both qualitatively and quantitatively, differences between the plasma protein profiles obtained from mice with AML induced by low vs high LET radiation. Most of the proteins that were present at greater levels in normal samples than in rAML samples were associated with normal metabolism and growth. Several acute-phase proteins were upregulated in rAML samples. CONCLUSION The data present, for the first time, evidence for increased expression of clusterin and a loss of gelsolin expression in blood plasma as potential biomarkers of rAML in the CBA/CaJ mouse. Results also indicate that two-dimensional electrophoresis, in combination with MS, is a highly sensitive technique for identification of blood-based biomarkers of rAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Noy Rithidech
- Pathology Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA.
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41
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Durual S, Rideau A, Ruault-Jungblut S, Cossali D, Beris P, Piguet V, Matthes T. Lentiviral PU.1 overexpression restores differentiation in myeloid leukemic blasts. Leukemia 2007; 21:1050-9. [PMID: 17361223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PU.1, a transcription factor of the ETS family, plays a pivotal role in normal hematopoiesis, and particularly in myeloid differentiation. Altered PU.1 function is possibly implicated in leukemogenesis, as PU.1 gene mutations were identified in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and as several oncogenic products (AML1-ETO, promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha, FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication) are associated with PU.1 downregulation. To demonstrate directly a role of PU.1 in the blocked differentiation of leukemic blasts, we transduced cells from myeloid cell lines and primary blasts from AML patients with a lentivector encoding PU.1. In NB4 cells we obtained increases in PU.1 mRNA and protein, comparable to increases obtained with all-trans retinoic acid-stimulation. Transduced cells showed increased myelomonocytic surface antigen expression, decreased proliferation rates and increased apoptosis. Similar results were obtained in primary AML blasts from 12 patients. These phenotypic changes are characteristic of restored blast differentiation. PU.1 should therefore constitute an interesting target for therapeutic intervention in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Durual
- 1Division of Hematology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Rosenbauer F, Tenen DG. Transcription factors in myeloid development: balancing differentiation with transformation. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:105-17. [PMID: 17259967 DOI: 10.1038/nri2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the progenitor-cell hierarchy of the myeloid lineage. Transcription factors have been shown to be key determinants in the orchestration of myeloid identity and differentiation fates. Most transcription factors show cell-lineage-restricted and stage-restricted expression patterns, indicating the requirement for tight regulation of their activities. Moreover, if dysregulated or mutated, these transcription factors cause the differentiation block observed in many myeloid leukaemias. Consequently, therapies designed to restore defective transcription factor functions are an attractive option in the treatment of myeloid and other human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rosenbauer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Dakic A, Wu L, Nutt SL. Is PU.1 a dosage-sensitive regulator of haemopoietic lineage commitment and leukaemogenesis? Trends Immunol 2007; 28:108-14. [PMID: 17267285 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor PU.1 is an essential regulator of haemopoiesis and a suppressor of myeloid leukaemia. PU.1 displays a complex expression pattern characterized by high expression in myeloid cells and low amounts in lymphoid cells. Based on this transcriptional profile, and the analysis of cell lines and mice expressing altered levels of PU.1, a model has been proposed where the concentration of PU.1 determines cell fate, whereas the graded reduction, but not absence, of PU.1 facilitates leukaemogenesis. The recent reports of mouse strains that enable the accurate determination of PU.1 expression and the conditional inactivation of PU.1 in adult haemopoiesis have led us to re-examine our understanding of the complex functions of PU.1. Here, we will discuss the data that, we believe, argue against the dosage-sensitive model of PU.1-mediated lineage commitment and leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dakic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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44
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Walter MJ, Ries RE, Armstrong JR, Park JS, Mardis ER, Ley TJ. Expression of a bcr-1 isoform of RARalpha-PML does not affect the penetrance of acute promyelocytic leukemia or the acquisition of an interstitial deletion on mouse chromosome 2. Blood 2006; 109:1237-40. [PMID: 17008533 PMCID: PMC1785146 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-037465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of a bcr-3 isoform of retinoic acid receptor alpha-promyelocytic leukemia (RARalpha-PML) in mice expressing a bcr-1 isoform of PML-RARalpha is associated with increased penetrance of murine acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and the frequent acquisition of an interstitial deletion of one copy of mouse chromosome 2 (del(2)). To determine whether the isoform of RARalpha-PML is important for these effects, we created mice that expressed a bcr-1 isoform of RARalpha-PML. Coexpression with the bcr-1 isoform of PML-RARalpha did not increase the penetrance of APL (7 of 45 animals developed APL with PML-RARalpha alone vs 12 of 44 with both transgenes; P=.19). Furthermore, the frequency of del(2) in APL cells from doubly transgenic mice was not different from that of mice expressing PML-RARalpha alone (3 of 6 vs 6 of 12, respectively-P=1.38-compared with 11 of 11 for mice coexpressing PML-RARalpha and bcr-3 RARalpha-PML). The bcr-1 and bcr-3 isoforms of RARalpha-PML, therefore, have different biological activities that may be relevant for the pathogenesis of murine APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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45
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Jawad M, Cole C, Zanker A, Lo P, Fitch S, Plumb M. Evidence for clustered tumour suppressor gene loci on mouse chromosomes 2 and 4 in radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82:383-91. [PMID: 16846973 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600784161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on allelic loss on chromosomes 2 and 4 in mouse radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (r-AML). METHODS r-AML that arose in (CBA/HxC57BL/6)F1xCBA/H and F1xC57BL/6 mice were screened for transcription factor PU1 (also known as SPI-1) gene mutations and methylation of the paired box gene 5 (Pax5) gene promoter. We have increased the statistical significance of a genetic linkage analysis of affected F1xCBA/H mice to test for linkage to loci implicated directly or indirectly with r-AML-susceptibility. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference ( p < 10-4) in the frequency of PU1 gene mutations in F1xCBA/H and F1xC57BL/6 r-AML, implicating a second linked but genotype-dependent myeloid leukaemia suppressor gene on chromosome 2. A suggestive CBA/H r-AML-resistance locus maps within 10 cM of the minimally deleted region on chromosome 4. The Pax5 gene promoter is subject to ongoing subclonal promoter methylation in the r-AML, evidence that Pax5 gene silencing confers a selective advantage during clonal expansion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Allelic loss in mouse r-AML and subsequent tumour suppressor gene mutation (PU1) or silencing (Pax5) is strongly influenced by genetic background and/or epigenetic factors, and driven by in vivo clonal selection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Bone and Bones/radiation effects
- Chromosomes
- Cluster Analysis
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/radiation effects
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mays Jawad
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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46
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Bruserud Ø, Stapnes C, Tronstad KJ, Ryningen A, Anensen N, Gjertsen BT. Protein lysine acetylation in normal and leukaemic haematopoiesis: HDACs as possible therapeutic targets in adult AML. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:51-68. [PMID: 16441228 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several new therapeutic strategies are now considered for acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), including modulation of protein lysine acetylation through inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs): a large group of enzymes that alters the acetylation and, thereby, the function of a wide range of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Firstly, HDACs can deacetylate histones as well as transcription factors, and can modulate gene expression through both these mechanisms. Secondly, acetylation is an important post-translational modulation of several proteins involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (e.g., p53, tubulin, heat-shock protein 90). The only HDAC inhibitors that have been investigated in clinical studies of AML are butyrate derivatives, valproic acid and depsipeptide. In the first studies, the drugs have usually been used as continuous therapy for several weeks or months, and in most studies the drugs were used alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid for treatment of patients with relapsed or primary resistant AML. Neurological toxicity and gastrointestinal side effects seem to be common for all three drugs. Complete haematological remission lasting for several months has been reported for a few patients (< 5% of included patients), whereas increased peripheral blood platelet counts seem more common and have been described both for patients with AML and myelodysplastic syndromes. Taken together, these studies suggest that HDAC inhibition can mediate antileukaemic effects in AML, but for most patients the clinical benefit seems limited and further studies of combination therapy are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Division for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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47
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Knoche E, McLeod HL, Graubert TA. Pharmacogenetics of alkylator-associated acute myeloid leukemia. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 7:719-29. [PMID: 16886897 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.5.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is a lethal late complication of alkylator chemotherapy. The genetic basis of susceptibility to t-AML is poorly understood. Both t-AML and de novo AML are complex genetic diseases, requiring cooperating mutations in interacting pathways for disease initiation and progression. Germline variants of these ‘leukemia pathway’ genes may cooperate with somatic mutations to induce both de novo and therapy-related AML. Several cancer susceptibility syndromes have been identified that cause an inherited predisposition to de novo and t-AML. The genes responsible for these syndromes are also somatically mutated in sporadic AML. We reason that germline polymorphism in any gene somatically mutated in AML could contribute to t-AML risk in the general population. Identification of these susceptibility alleles should help clinicians develop tailored therapies that reduce the relative risk of t-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Knoche
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stem Cell Biology Section, Campus Box 8007, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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48
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Guillouf C, Gallais I, Moreau-Gachelin F. Spi-1/PU.1 Oncoprotein Affects Splicing Decisions in a Promoter Binding-dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19145-55. [PMID: 16698794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Spi-1/PU.1 transcription factor is tightly regulated as a function of the hematopoietic lineage. It is required for myeloid and B lymphoid differentiation. When overexpressed in mice, Spi-1 is associated with the emergence of transformed proerythroblasts unable to differentiate. In the course of a project undertaken to characterize the oncogenic function of Spi-1, we found that Spi-1 interacts with proteins of the spliceosome in Spi-1-transformed proerythroblasts and participates in alternative splice site selection. Because Spi-1 is a transcription factor, it could be hypothesized that these two functions are coordinated. Here, we have developed a system allowing the characterization of transcription and splicing from a single target. It is shown that Spi-1 is able to regulate alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA for a gene whose transcription it regulates. Using a combination of Spi-1 mutants and Spi-1-dependent promoters, we demonstrate that Spi-1 must bind and transactivate a given promoter to favor the use of the proximal 5' alternative site. This establishes that Spi-1 affects splicing decisions in a promoter binding-dependent manner. These results provide new insight into how Spi-1 may act in the blockage of differentiation by demonstrating that it can deregulate gene expression and also modify the nature of the products generated from target genes.
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49
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Is PU.1 pivotal to APL? Blood 2006. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Mueller BU, Pabst T, Fos J, Petkovic V, Fey MF, Asou N, Buergi U, Tenen DG. ATRA resolves the differentiation block in t(15;17) acute myeloid leukemia by restoring PU.1 expression. Blood 2005; 107:3330-8. [PMID: 16352814 PMCID: PMC1895760 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated expression of the transcription factor PU.1 is crucial for normal hematopoiesis. PU.1 knockdown mice develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and PU.1 mutations have been observed in some populations of patients with AML. Here we found that conditional expression of promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARA), the protein encoded by the t(15;17) translocation found in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), suppressed PU.1 expression, while treatment of APL cell lines and primary cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) restored PU.1 expression and induced neutrophil differentiation. ATRA-induced activation was mediated by a region in the PU.1 promoter to which CEBPB and OCT-1 binding were induced. Finally, conditional expression of PU.1 in human APL cells was sufficient to trigger neutrophil differentiation, whereas reduction of PU.1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked ATRA-induced neutrophil differentiation. This is the first report to show that PU.1 is suppressed in acute promyelocytic leukemia, and that ATRA restores PU.1 expression in cells harboring t(15;17).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Octamer Transcription Factor-1/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice U Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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