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Zhu S, Zhao H. Sexual dimorphism in bladder cancer: a review of etiology, biology, diagnosis, and outcomes. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1326627. [PMID: 38283839 PMCID: PMC10811034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1326627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma represents a prevalent malignancy, wherein the influence of sex extends across its incidence, biological attributes, and clinical outcomes. This scholarly exposition meticulously examines pertinent investigations, elucidating the nuanced impact of sex on bladder cancer, and posits cogent avenues for future research and intervention modalities. In the initial discourse, an exhaustive scrutiny is undertaken of the etiological underpinnings of bladder cancer, encompassing variables such as tobacco consumption, occupational exposures, and genetic aberrations. Subsequently, a comprehensive dissection unfolds, delving into the intricate biological disparities inherent in sex vis-à-vis the initiation and progression of bladder cancer. This analytical framework embraces multifaceted considerations, spanning sex hormones, sex chromosomal dynamics, metabolic enzymatic cascades, and the intricate interplay with the microbiome. Lastly, a synthesized exposition encapsulates the ramifications of gender differentials on the diagnostic and prognostic landscapes of bladder cancer, underscoring the imperative for intensified investigative endeavors directed towards elucidating gender-specific variances and the formulation of tailored therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Guilin Hospital of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Guilin, China
| | - Huasheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, ShaoYang Hosptial, Affiliated to University of South China, ShaoYang, China
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2
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Lam CM, Li Z, Theodorescu D, Li X. Mechanism of Sex Differences in Bladder Cancer: Evident and Elusive Sex-biasing Factors. Bladder Cancer 2022; 8:241-254. [PMID: 36277328 PMCID: PMC9536425 DOI: 10.3233/blc-211658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer incidence is drastically higher in males than females across geographical, racial, and socioeconomic strata. Despite potential differences in tumor biology, however, male and female bladder cancer patients are still clinically managed in highly similar ways. While sex hormones and sex chromosomes have been shown to promote observed sex differences, a more complex story lies beneath these evident sex-biasing factors than previously appreciated. Advances in genomic technology have spurred numerous preclinical studies characterizing elusive sex-biasing factors such as epigenetics, X chromosome inactivation escape genes, single nucleotide polymorphism, transcription regulation, metabolism, immunity, and many more. Sex-biasing effects, if properly understood, can be leveraged by future efforts in precision medicine based on a patient's biological sex. In this review, we will highlight key findings from the last half century that demystify the intricate ways in which sex-specific biology contribute to differences in pathogenesis as well as discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M. Lam
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Poulose N, Forsythe N, Polonski A, Gregg G, Maguire S, Fuchs M, Minner S, Sauter G, McDade SS, Mills IG. VPRBP Functions Downstream of the Androgen Receptor and OGT to Restrict p53 Activation in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1047-1060. [PMID: 35348747 PMCID: PMC9381113 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a major driver of prostate cancer initiation and progression. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that catalyzes the covalent addition of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues of proteins, is often highly expressed in prostate cancer with its expression correlated with high Gleason score. In this study, we have identified an AR and OGT coregulated factor, Vpr (HIV-1) binding protein (VPRBP) also known as DDB1 and CUL4 Associated Factor 1 (DCAF1). We show that VPRBP is regulated by the AR at the transcript level, and stabilized by OGT at the protein level. VPRBP knockdown in prostate cancer cells led to a significant decrease in cell proliferation, p53 stabilization, nucleolar fragmentation, and increased p53 recruitment to the chromatin. In human prostate tumor samples, VPRBP protein overexpression correlated with AR amplification, OGT overexpression, a shorter time to postoperative biochemical progression and poor clinical outcome. In clinical transcriptomic data, VPRBP expression was positively correlated with the AR and also with AR activity gene signatures. IMPLICATIONS In conclusion, we have shown that VPRBP/DCAF1 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation by restraining p53 activation under the influence of the AR and OGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninu Poulose
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Authors: Ian G. Mills, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom. E-mail: ; and Ninu Poulose,
| | - Nicholas Forsythe
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Polonski
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gemma Gregg
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Maguire
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Minner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon S. McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Authors: Ian G. Mills, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom. E-mail: ; and Ninu Poulose,
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5
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Obinata D, Funakoshi D, Takayama K, Hara M, Niranjan B, Teng L, Lawrence MG, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP, Suzuki Y, Takahashi S, Inoue S. OCT1-target neural gene PFN2 promotes tumor growth in androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6094. [PMID: 35413990 PMCID: PMC9005514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapies are the main treatment for most prostate cancer (PC) patients. Although AR signaling inhibitors are effective, tumors can evade this treatment by transforming to an AR-negative PC via lineage plasticity. OCT1 is a transcription factor interacting with the AR to enhance signaling pathways involved in PC progression, but its role in the emergence of the AR-negative PC is unknown. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) in patient-derived castration-resistant AR-negative PC cells to identify genes that are regulated by OCT1. Interestingly, a group of genes associated with neural precursor cell proliferation was significantly enriched. Then, we focused on neural genes STNB1 and PFN2 as OCT1-targets among them. Immunohistochemistry revealed that both STNB1 and PFN2 are highly expressed in human AR-negative PC tissues. Knockdown of SNTB1 and PFN2 by siRNAs significantly inhibited migration of AR-negative PC cells. Notably, knockdown of PFN2 showed a marked inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo. Thus, we identified OCT1-target genes in AR-negative PC using a patient-derived model, clinicopathologial analysis and an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Ooyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Daigo Funakoshi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Ooyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Makoto Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Ooyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Linda Teng
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, 183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, 183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, 183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Ooyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan. .,Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan.
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6
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Chai P, Jia R, Li Y, Zhou C, Gu X, Yang L, Shi H, Tian H, Lin H, Yu J, Zhuang A, Ge S, Jia R, Fan X. Regulation of epigenetic homeostasis in uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101030. [PMID: 34861419 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (RB), which cause blindness and even death, are the most frequently observed primary intraocular malignancies in adults and children, respectively. Epigenetic studies have shown that changes in the epigenome contribute to the rapid progression of both UM and RB following classic genetic changes. The loss of epigenetic homeostasis plays an important role in oncogenesis by disrupting the normal patterns of gene expression. The targetable nature of epigenetic modifications provides a unique opportunity to optimize treatment paradigms and establish new therapeutic options for both UM and RB with these aberrant epigenetic modifications. We aimed to review the research findings regarding relevant epigenetic changes in UM and RB. Herein, we 1) summarize the literature, with an emphasis on epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA modifications, noncoding RNAs and an abnormal chromosomal architecture; 2) elaborate on the regulatory role of epigenetic modifications in biological processes during tumorigenesis; and 3) propose promising therapeutic candidates for epigenetic targets and update the list of epigenetic drugs for the treatment of UM and RB. In summary, we endeavour to depict the epigenetic landscape of primary intraocular malignancy tumorigenesis and provide potential epigenetic targets in the treatment of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ruobing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Chuandi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ludi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Hanhan Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Huimin Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ai Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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7
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Ryan GE, Bohaczuk SC, Cassin J, Witham EA, Shojaei S, Ho EV, Thackray VG, Mellon PL. Androgen receptor positively regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in pituitary gonadotropes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111286. [PMID: 33872733 PMCID: PMC8177864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within pituitary gonadotropes, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) receives hypothalamic input from GnRH neurons that is critical for reproduction. Previous studies have suggested that androgens may regulate GnRHR, although the mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that androgens positively regulate Gnrhr mRNA in mice. We then investigated the effects of androgens and androgen receptor (AR) on Gnrhr promoter activity in immortalized mouse LβT2 cells, which represent mature gonadotropes. We found that AR positively regulates the Gnrhr proximal promoter, and that this effect requires a hormone response element (HRE) half site at -159/-153 relative to the transcription start site. We also identified nonconsensus, full-length HREs at -499/-484 and -159/-144, which are both positively regulated by androgens on a heterologous promoter. Furthermore, AR associates with the Gnrhr promoter in ChIP. Altogether, we report that GnRHR is positively regulated by androgens through recruitment of AR to the Gnrhr proximal promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Ryan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Stephanie C Bohaczuk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jessica Cassin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Emily A Witham
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Shadi Shojaei
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Emily V Ho
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Varykina G Thackray
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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8
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Ko MC, Frankl-Vilches C, Bakker A, Gahr M. The Gene Expression Profile of the Song Control Nucleus HVC Shows Sex Specificity, Hormone Responsiveness, and Species Specificity Among Songbirds. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680530. [PMID: 34135731 PMCID: PMC8200640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Singing occurs in songbirds of both sexes, but some species show typical degrees of sex-specific performance. We studied the transcriptional sex differences in the HVC, a brain nucleus critical for song pattern generation, of the forest weaver (Ploceus bicolor), the blue-capped cordon-bleu (Uraeginthus cyanocephalus), and the canary (Serinus canaria), which are species that show low, medium, and high levels of sex-specific singing, respectively. We observed persistent sex differences in gene expression levels regardless of the species-specific sexual singing phenotypes. We further studied the HVC transcriptomes of defined phenotypes of canary, known for its testosterone-sensitive seasonal singing. By studying both sexes of canaries during both breeding and non-breeding seasons, non-breeding canaries treated with testosterone, and spontaneously singing females, we found that the circulating androgen levels and sex were the predominant variables associated with the variations in the HVC transcriptomes. The comparison of natural singing with testosterone-induced singing in canaries of the same sex revealed considerable differences in the HVC transcriptomes. Strong transcriptional changes in the HVC were detected during the transition from non-singing to singing in canaries of both sexes. Although the sex-specific genes of singing females shared little resemblance with those of males, our analysis showed potential functional convergences. Thus, male and female songbirds achieve comparable singing behaviours with sex-specific transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ching Ko
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Carolina Frankl-Vilches
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Antje Bakker
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Manfred Gahr
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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9
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Ishii K, Nakagawa Y, Matsuda C, Katoh D, Ichishi M, Shirai T, Hirokawa Y, Fujiwara M, Sugimura Y, Watanabe M. Heterogeneous induction of an invasive phenotype in prostate cancer cells by coculturing with patient-derived fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:679-688. [PMID: 33480080 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) cells frequently invade the surrounding stroma, leading to heterogeneous formation of structural atypia. The surrounding stroma contains multiple functionally diverse populations of fibroblasts that trigger numerous changes in PCa cells including motility. Thus, we hypothesized that direct or indirect contact of PCa cells with fibroblasts determines an invasive phenotype in PCa cells. We investigated the effects of 10 different patient-derived fibroblast lines on the three-dimensional (3D) morphogenesis of PCa cells growing on a viscous substrate in vitro. When grown alone, all 10 patient-derived fibroblast lines clumped on the viscous substrate, whereas the human androgen-sensitive PCa cell line LNCaP did not. Cocultures of LNCaP cells with seven of the patient-derived fibroblast lines (PrSC, pcPrF-M5, pcPrF-M7, pcPrF-M23, pcPrF-M24, pcPrF-M28, and pcPrF-M31) formed a thick fibroblast layer that resembled human prostate stromal structures. In contrast, cocultures of LNCaP cells with the remaining three fibroblast lines (NPF-M13, pcPrF-M10, and pcPrF-M26) did not form a thick fibroblast layer. Of the seven fibroblast lines that caused thick layer formation, four patient-derived fibroblast lines (PrSC, pcPrF-M5, pcPrF-M28, and pcPrF-M31) induced an invasive phenotype in LNCaP cells with a cord-like infiltrating growth pattern, whereas the other three fibroblast lines (pcPrF-M7, pcPrF-M23, and pcPrF-M24) induced no or a very weak invasive phenotype. Using cell culture inserts, none of the four patient-derived fibroblast lines that induced an invasive phenotype (PrSC, pcPrF-M5, pcPrF-M28, and pcPrF-M31) affected CDH1 mRNA expression in LNCaP cells; yet, two patient-derived fibroblast lines (pcPrF-M5 and pcPrF-M28) increased CDH2 mRNA expression in LNCaP cells, whereas the other two fibroblast lines (PrSC and pcPrF-M31) did not. These results suggest that the existence of multiple functionally diverse populations of fibroblasts in PCa tissue may be responsible for the diversity in PCa cell invasion, leading to heterogeneous formation of structural atypia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Nakagawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Faculty of Medical Technology, Gifu University of Medical Science, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chise Matsuda
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Daisuke Katoh
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masako Ichishi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Taku Shirai
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hirokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujiwara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mie Chuo Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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10
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Leng X, Liu M, Tao D, Yang B, Zhang Y, He T, Xie S, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yang Y. Epigenetic modification-dependent androgen receptor occupancy facilitates the ectopic TSPY1 expression in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:691-702. [PMID: 33185915 PMCID: PMC7894013 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis‐specific protein Y‐encoded 1 (TSPY1), a Y chromosome‐linked oncogene, is frequently activated in prostate cancers (PCa) and its expression is correlated with the poor prognosis of PCa. However, the cause of the ectopic transcription of TSPY1 in PCa remains unclear. Here, we observed that the methylation status in the CpG islands (CGI) of the TSPY1 promoter was negatively correlated with its expression level in different human samples. The acetyl‐histone H4 and trimethylated histone H3‐lysine 4, two post–translational modifications of histones occupying the TSPY1 promoter, facilitated the TSPY1 expression in PCa cells. In addition, we found that androgen accelerated the TSPY1 transcription on the condition of hypomethylated of TSPY1‐CGI and promoted PCa cell proliferation. Moreover, the binding of androgen receptor (AR) to the TSPY1 promoter, enhancing TSPY1 transcription, was detected in PCa cells. Taken together, our findings identified the regulation of DNA methylation, acting as a primary mechanism, on TSPY1 expression in PCa, and revealed that TSPY1 is an androgen‐AR axis‐regulated oncogene, suggesting a novel and potential target for PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyou Leng
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mohan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dachang Tao
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangwei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianrong He
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Xie
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunqiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Razdan A, de Souza P, Roberts TL. Role of MicroRNAs in Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 18:929-944. [PMID: 29644941 PMCID: PMC6463399 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180315160125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in men worldwide, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Depending on the grade and stage of the cancer, patients may be given radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. However, more than half of these patients develop resistance to treatment, leading to disease progression and metastases, often with lethal consequences. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs, which regulate numerous physiological as well as pathological processes, including cancer. miRNAs mediate their regulatory effect predominately by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of their target mRNAs. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms by which miRNAs mediate resistance to radiation and drug therapy (i.e. hormone therapy and chemotherapy) in PCa, including control of apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, we will discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs isolated from different body fluids of prostate cancer patients as non-invasive biomarkers of cancer detection, disease progression, and therapy response. Finally, we will shortlist the candidate miRNAs, which may have a role in drug and radioresistance, that could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuli Razdan
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tara Laurine Roberts
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Xu YH, Deng JL, Wang G, Zhu YS. Long non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer: Functional roles and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2019; 464:37-55. [PMID: 31465841 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not encode proteins. LncRNAs have been documented to exhibit aberrant expression in various types of cancer, including prostate cancer. Currently, screening for prostate cancer results in overdiagnosis. The consequent overtreatment of patients with indolent disease in the clinic is due to the lack of appropriately sensitive and specific biomarkers. Thus, the identification of lncRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer is promising. In the present review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge of lncRNA expression patterns and mechanisms in prostate cancer. In particular, we focus on lncRNAs regulated by the androgen receptor and the specific molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in prostate cancer to provide a potential clinical therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hua Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Jun-Li Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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13
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Stelloo S, Bergman AM, Zwart W. Androgen receptor enhancer usage and the chromatin regulatory landscape in human prostate cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R267-R285. [PMID: 30865928 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is commonly known as a key transcription factor in prostate cancer development, progression and therapy resistance. Genome-wide chromatin association studies revealed that transcriptional regulation by AR mainly depends on binding to distal regulatory enhancer elements that control gene expression through chromatin looping to gene promoters. Changes in the chromatin epigenetic landscape and DNA sequence can locally alter AR-DNA-binding capacity and consequently impact transcriptional output and disease outcome. The vast majority of reports describing AR chromatin interactions have been limited to cell lines, identifying numerous other factors and interacting transcription factors that impact AR chromatin interactions. Do these factors also impact AR cistromics - the genome-wide chromatin-binding landscape of AR - in vivo? Recent technological advances now enable researchers to identify AR chromatin-binding sites and their target genes in human specimens. In this review, we provide an overview of the different factors that influence AR chromatin binding in prostate cancer specimens, which is complemented with knowledge from cell line studies. Finally, we discuss novel perspectives on studying AR cistromics in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Stelloo
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries M Bergman
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Bellamri M, Xiao S, Murugan P, Weight CJ, Turesky RJ. Metabolic Activation of the Cooked Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine in Human Prostate. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:543-556. [PMID: 29596660 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), an heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formed in cooked meat, is a rodent and possible human prostate carcinogen. Recently, we identified DNA adducts of PhIP in the genome of prostate cancer patients, but adducts of 2-amino-3, 8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-9 H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), other prominent HAAs formed in cooked meats, were not detected. We have investigated the bioactivation of HAAs by Phase I and II enzymes in the human prostate (LNCaP) cell line using cytotoxicity and DNA adducts as endpoints. PhIP, MeIQx, and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, another HAA found in cooked meats, were poorly bioactivated and not toxic. The synthetic genotoxic N-hydroxylated-HAAs were also assayed in LNCaP cells with Phase II enzyme inhibitors. Notably, 2-hydroxy-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP), but not other HONH-HAAs, induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, PhIP-DNA adduct formation was 20-fold greater than adducts formed with other HONH-HAAs. Pretreatment of LNCaP cells with mefenamic acid, a specific inhibitor of sulfotransferase (SULT1A1), decreased PhIP-DNA adducts by 25%, whereas (Z)-5-(2'-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one and pentachlorophenol, inhibitors of SULTs and N-acetyltransferases (NATs), decreased the PhIP-DNA adduct levels by 75%. NATs in cytosolic fractions of LNCaP cells and human prostate catalyzed DNA binding of HONH-PhIP by up to 100-fold greater levels than for SULT and kinase activities. Recombinant NAT2 is catalytically superior to recombinant NAT1 in the bioactivation of HONH-PhIP; however, the extremely low levels of NAT2 activity in prostate suggest that NAT1 may be the major isoform involved in PhIP-DNA damage. Thus, the high susceptibility of LNCaP cells recapitulates the DNA-damaging effect of HONH-PhIP in rodent and human prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building
| | - Shun Xiao
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building
| | | | | | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building
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15
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Meech R, Hu DG, McKinnon RA, Mubarokah SN, Haines AZ, Nair PC, Rowland A, Mackenzie PI. The UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGT) Superfamily: New Members, New Functions, and Novel Paradigms. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1153-1222. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to a broad range of lipophilic molecules. This biotransformation plays a critical role in elimination of a broad range of exogenous chemicals and by-products of endogenous metabolism, and also controls the levels and distribution of many endogenous signaling molecules. In mammals, the superfamily comprises four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8. UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes have important roles in pharmacology and toxicology including contributing to interindividual differences in drug disposition as well as to cancer risk. These UGTs are highly expressed in organs of detoxification (e.g., liver, kidney, intestine) and can be induced by pathways that sense demand for detoxification and for modulation of endobiotic signaling molecules. The functions of the UGT3 and UGT8 family enzymes have only been characterized relatively recently; these enzymes show different UDP-sugar preferences to that of UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, and to date, their contributions to drug metabolism appear to be relatively minor. This review summarizes and provides critical analysis of the current state of research into all four families of UGT enzymes. Key areas discussed include the roles of UGTs in drug metabolism, cancer risk, and regulation of signaling, as well as the transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of UGT expression and function. The latter part of this review provides an in-depth analysis of the known and predicted functions of UGT3 and UGT8 enzymes, focused on their likely roles in modulation of levels of endogenous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siti Nurul Mubarokah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z. Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C. Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Chromosome Conformation Capture Reveals Two Elements That Interact with the PTBP3 ( ROD1) Transcription Start Site. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020242. [PMID: 30634466 PMCID: PMC6359592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-range control of gene expression is facilitated by chromatin looping and can be detected using chromosome conformation capture—3C. Here we focus on the chromatin architecture of the PTBP3 (Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 3) locus to evaluate its potential role in regulating expression of the gene. PTBP3 expression in prostate cancer cell lines is found significantly higher compared to skin fibroblasts using real-time PCR (p < 0.05) and digital droplet PCR (p < 0.01). Exploration of the chromatin spatial architecture of a nearly 200-kb fragment of chromosome 9 encompassing the PTBP3 gene identified two elements located 63 kb upstream and 48 kb downstream of PTBP3, which looped specifically to the PTBP3 promoter. These elements contain histone acetylation patterns characteristic of open chromatin regions with active enhancers. Our results reveal for the first time that long-range chromatin interactions between the −63 kb and +48 kb loci and the PTBP3 promoter regulate the expression of this gene in prostate cancer cells. These interactions support an open chromatin form for the PTBP3 locus in cancer cells and the three-dimensional structural model proposed in this paper.
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17
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Misawa A, Orimo H. lncRNA HOTAIR Inhibits Mineralization in Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma Cells by Epigenetically Repressing ALPL. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:422-430. [PMID: 29846771 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
HOTAIR is a lncRNA that plays critical role in gene regulation and chromatin dynamics through epigenetic mechanisms. In this work we studied the physiological role of HOTAIR during the process of mineralization using osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells focusing in ALPL (Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase), a pivotal gene that controls bone formation. HOTAIR knockdown resulted in upregulation of ALPL, increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and enhanced mineralization in osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells cultured in mineralizing medium. Luciferase assays using reporter vectors containing ALPL promoter showed that HOTAIR repression increases ALPL promoter activity. Furthermore, HOTAIR knockdown increased histone H3K4 methylation levels at ALPL promoter region, suggesting that ALPL repression by HOTAIR is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. This work supports that physiological bone formation is epigenetically regulated by a lncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Misawa
- Division of Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hideo Orimo
- Division of Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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18
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Fujimura T, Takayama K, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Estrogen and Androgen Blockade for Advanced Prostate Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10020029. [PMID: 29360794 PMCID: PMC5836061 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been widely prescribed for patients with advanced prostate cancer (PC) to control key signaling pathways via androgen receptor (AR) and AR-collaborative transcriptional factors; however, PC gradually acquires a lethal phenotype and results in castration-resistant PC (CRPC) during ADT. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are required in clinical practice. In addition, ARs; estrogen receptors (ERs; ERα and ERβ); and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs; ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ) have been reported to be involved in the development or regulation of PC. Recent investigations have revealed the role of associated molecules, such as KLF5, FOXO1, PDGFA, VEGF-A, WNT5A, TGFβ1, and micro-RNA 135a of PC, via ERs and ERRs. Selective ER modulators (SERMs) have been developed. Recently, estrogen and androgen blockade (EAB) using a combination of toremifene and ADT has been demonstrated to improve biochemical recurrence rate in treatment-naïve bone metastatic PC. In the future, the suitability of ADT alone or EAB for individuals may be evaluated by making clinical decisions on the basis of information obtained from RT-PCR, gene-panel, or liquid biopsy to create a “personalized medicine” or “precision medicine”. In this review, we summarize ER and ERR signaling pathways, molecular diagnosis, and SERMs as candidates for advanced PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Takayama
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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19
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Moon SJ, Jeong BC, Kim HJ, Lim JE, Kwon GY, Kim JH. DBC1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by positively regulating DNA binding and stability of AR-V7. Oncogene 2017; 37:1326-1339. [PMID: 29249800 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active AR-V7, one of the major androgen receptor (AR) splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain, plays a key role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and anti-androgen resistance. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of AR-V7-driven transcription is limited. Here we report DBC1 as a key regulator of AR-V7 transcriptional activity and stability in CRPC cells. DBC1 functions as a coactivator for AR-V7 and is required for the expression of AR-V7 target genes including CDH2, a mesenchymal marker linked to CRPC progression. DBC1 is required for recruitment of AR-V7 to its target enhancers and for long-range chromatin looping between the CDH2 enhancer and promoter. Mechanistically, DBC1 enhances DNA-binding activity of AR-V7 by direct interaction and inhibits CHIP E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AR-V7 by competing with CHIP for AR-V7 binding, thereby stabilizing and activating AR-V7. Importantly, DBC1 depletion suppresses the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of CRPC cells. Our results firmly establish DBC1 as a critical AR-V7 coactivator that plays a key role in the regulation of DNA binding and stability of AR-V7 and has an important physiological role in CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jin Moon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Eun Lim
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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20
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Jia R, Chai P, Zhang H, Fan X. Novel insights into chromosomal conformations in cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:173. [PMID: 29149895 PMCID: PMC5693495 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring gene function is critical for understanding the complexity of life. DNA sequences and the three-dimensional organization of chromatin (chromosomal interactions) are considered enigmatic factors underlying gene function, and interactions between two distant fragments can regulate transactivation activity via mediator proteins. Thus, a series of chromosome conformation capture techniques have been developed, including chromosome conformation capture (3C), circular chromosome conformation capture (4C), chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C), and high-resolution chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). The application of these techniques has expanded to various fields, but cancer remains one of the major topics. Interactions mediated by proteins or long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are typically found using 4C-sequencing and chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET). Currently, Hi-C is used to identify chromatin loops between cancer risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their target genes. Chromosomal conformations are responsible for altered gene regulation through several typical mechanisms and contribute to the biological behavior and malignancy of different tumors, particularly prostate cancer, breast cancer and hematologic neoplasms. Moreover, different subtypes may exhibit different 3D-chromosomal conformations. Thus, C-tech can be used to help diagnose cancer subtypes and alleviate cancer progression by destroying specific chromosomal conformations. Here, we review the fundamentals and improvements in chromosome conformation capture techniques and their clinical applications in cancer to provide insight for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Ashikari D, Takayama KI, Obinata D, Takahashi S, Inoue S. CLDN8, an androgen-regulated gene, promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1386-1393. [PMID: 28474805 PMCID: PMC5497721 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of prostate cancer cells is controlled by the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. However, the function of AR target genes has not been fully elucidated. In previous studies, we have identified global AR binding sites and AR target genes in prostate cancer cells. Here, we focused on Claudin 8 (CLDN8), a protein constituting tight junctions in cell membranes. We found one AR binding site in the promoter region and two functional androgen‐responsive elements in the sequence. Reporter assay revealed that transcriptional activation of the CLDN8 promoter by androgen is dependent on these androgen‐responsive elements. Furthermore, CLDN8 mRNA is induced by androgen time‐dependently and the induction is blocked by AR inhibitor, suggesting that AR is involved in the transcriptional activation. In addition, our functional analyses by overexpression and knockdown of CLDN8 mRNA indicate that CLDN8 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Claudin 8 was overexpressed in prostate cancer clinical samples compared to benign tissues. Furthermore, we found that CLDN8 regulates intracellular signal transduction and stabilizes the cytoskeleton. Taken together, these results indicate that CLDN8 functions as an AR downstream signal to facilitate the progression of prostate cancer. Claudin 8 may be a novel molecular target for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Ashikari
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Cottard F, Madi-Berthélémy PO, Erdmann E, Schaff-Wendling F, Keime C, Ye T, Kurtz JE, Céraline J. Dual effects of constitutively active androgen receptor and full-length androgen receptor for N-cadherin regulation in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72008-72020. [PMID: 29069764 PMCID: PMC5641107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) variants have been involved in the expression of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. It remains unclear, whether N-cadherin gene (CDH2) is a direct transcriptional target of AR variants or whether the observed upregulation is due to indirect effects through additional regulatory factors. Moreover, the specific contribution of full-length AR and AR variants in N-cadherin regulation in PCa has never been explored deeply. To investigate this, we artificially mimicked the co-expression of AR variants together with a full-length AR and performed miRNA-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP assays. Our results were in favor of a direct AR variants action on CDH2. Our data also revealed a distinctive mode of action between full-length AR and AR variants to regulate N-cadherin expression. Both wild type AR and AR variants could interact with a regulatory element in intron 1 of CDH2. However, a higher histone H4 acetylation in this genomic region was only observed with AR variants. This suggests that full-length AR may play an occluding function to impede CDH2 upregulation. Our data further highlighted a negative effect of AR variants on the expression of the endogenous full-length AR in LNCaP. These differences in the mode of action of AR variants and full-length AR for the control of one key gene for prostate cancer progression could be worth considering for targeting AR variants in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Erdmann
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédérique Schaff-Wendling
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Tao Ye
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and cost. Environmental or occupational exposures to carcinogens, especially tobacco, are the main risk factors for bladder cancer. Most bladder cancers are diagnosed after patients present with macroscopic haematuria, and cases are confirmed after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), which also serves as the first stage of treatment. Bladder cancer develops via two distinct pathways, giving rise to non-muscle-invasive papillary tumours and non-papillary (solid) muscle-invasive tumours. The two subtypes have unique pathological features and different molecular characteristics. Indeed, The Cancer Genome Atlas project identified genetic drivers of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) as well as subtypes of MIBC with distinct characteristics and therapeutic responses. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), intravesical therapies (primarily Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)) with maintenance are the main treatments to prevent recurrence and progression after initial TURBT; additional therapies are needed for those who do not respond to BCG. For localized MIBC, optimizing care and reducing morbidity following cystectomy are important goals. In metastatic disease, advances in our genetic understanding of bladder cancer and in immunotherapy are being translated into new therapies.
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24
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Yamada Y, Takayama KI, Fujimura T, Ashikari D, Obinata D, Takahashi S, Ikeda K, Kakutani S, Urano T, Fukuhara H, Homma Y, Inoue S. A novel prognostic factor TRIM44 promotes cell proliferation and migration, and inhibits apoptosis in testicular germ cell tumor. Cancer Sci 2016; 108:32-41. [PMID: 27754579 PMCID: PMC5276827 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif 44 (TRIM44) is one of the TRIM family proteins that are involved in ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins by modulating E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM44 overexpression has been observed in various cancers. However, its association with testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is unknown. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of TRIM44 and its function in TGCT. High expression of TRIM44 was significantly associated with α feto-protein levels, clinical stage, nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT), and cancer-specific survival (P = 0.0009, P = 0.0035, P = 0.0004, and P = 0.0140, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that positive TRIM44 IR was an independent predictor of cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.046). Gain-of-function study revealed that overexpression of TRIM44 promoted cell proliferation and migration of NTERA2 and NEC8 cells. Knockdown of TRIM44 using siRNA promoted apoptosis and repressed cell proliferation and migration in these cells. Microarray analysis of NTERA2 cells revealed that tumor suppressor genes such as CADM1, CDK19, and PRKACB were upregulated in TRIM44-knockdown cells compared to control cells. In contrast, oncogenic genes including C3AR1, ST3GAL5, and NT5E were downregulated in those cells. These results suggest that high expression of TRIM44 is associated with poor prognosis and that TRIM44 plays significant role in cell proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptosis in TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ashikari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center of Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kakutani
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center of Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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25
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Targeting Oct1 genomic function inhibits androgen receptor signaling and castration-resistant prostate cancer growth. Oncogene 2016; 35:6350-6358. [PMID: 27270436 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor to regulate its downstream signaling for prostate cancer progression. AR complex formation by multiple transcription factors is important for enhancer activity and transcriptional regulation. However, the significance of such collaborative transcription factors has not been fully understood. In this study, we show that Oct1, an AR collaborative factor, coordinates genome-wide AR signaling for prostate cancer growth. Using global analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we found that Oct1 is recruited to AR-binding enhancer/promoter regions and facilitates androgen signaling. Moreover, a major target of AR/Oct1 complex, acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSL3), contributes to tumor growth in nude mice, and its high expression is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Next, we examined the therapeutic effects of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides that target the Oct1-binding sequence identified in the center of the ACSL3 AR-binding site. We observed that treatment with Oct1 polyamide severely blocked the Oct1 binding at the ACSL3 enhancer responsible for its transcriptional activity and ACSL3 induction. In addition, Oct1 polyamides suppressed castration-resistant tumor growth and specifically repressed global Oct1 chromatin association and androgen signaling in prostate cancer cells, with few nonspecific effects on basal promoter activity. Thus, targeting Oct1 binding could be a novel therapeutic strategy for AR-activated castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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26
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Obinata D, Takada S, Takayama KI, Urano T, Ito A, Ashikari D, Fujiwara K, Yamada Y, Murata T, Kumagai J, Fujimura T, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Homma Y, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Abhydrolase domain containing 2, an androgen target gene, promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Eur J Cancer 2016; 57:39-49. [PMID: 26854828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the development of prostate cancer. AR signalling mediates the expression of androgen-responsive genes, which are involved in prostate cancer development and progression. Our previous chromatin immunoprecipitation study showed that the region of abhydrolase domain containing 2 (ABHD2) includes a functional androgen receptor binding site. In this study, we demonstrated that ABHD2 is a novel androgen-responsive gene that is overexpressed in human prostate cancer tissues. METHODS The expression levels of ABHD2 in androgen-sensitive cells were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western-blot analyses. LNCaP and VCaP cells with ABHD2 overexpression or short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown were used for functional analyses. ABHD2 expression was examined in clinical samples of prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We showed that ABHD2 expression is increased by androgen in LNCaP and VCaP cells. This androgen-induced ABHD2 expression was diminished by bicalutamide. While stable expression of ABHD2 affected the enhancement of LNCaP cell proliferation and migration, siRNA-mediated ABHD2 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and migration. In addition, the siRNA treatment significantly repressed the tumour growth derived from LNCaP cells in athymic mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of ABHD2 expression in tumour specimens showed a positive correlation of ABHD2 immunoreactivity with high Gleason score and pathological N stage. Moreover, patients with high immunoreactivity of ABHD2 showed low cancer-specific survival rates and a resistance to docetaxel-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSION ABHD2 is a novel androgen-regulated gene that can promote prostate cancer growth and resistance to chemotherapy, and is a novel target for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Takada
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Takayama
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ashikari
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujiwara
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Murata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinpei Kumagai
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan.
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27
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Meng D, Yang S, Wan X, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zhao P, Li T, Wang L, Huang Y, Li T, Li Y. A transcriptional target of androgen receptor, miR-421 regulates proliferation and metabolism of prostate cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 73:30-40. [PMID: 26827675 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and microRNAs have been recognized to be involved in tumorigenesis of various kinds of cancer including prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen receptor (AR) plays a core role in prostate cancer progression and is responsible for regulation of numerous downstream targets including microRNAs. This study identified an AR-repressed microRNA, miR-421, in prostate cancer. Expression of miR-421 was significantly suppressed by androgen treatment, and correlated to AR expression in different prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, androgen-activated AR could directly bind to androgen responsive element (ARE) of miR-421, as predicted by bioinformatics resources and demonstrated by ChIP and luciferase reporter assays. In addition, over-expression of miR-421 markedly supressed cell viability, delayed cell cycle, reduced glycolysis and inhibited migration in prostate cancer cells. According to the result of miR-421 target genes searching, we focused on 4 genes NRAS, PRAME, CUL4B and PFKFB2 based on their involvement in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and metabolism. The expression of these 4 downstream targets were significantly repressed by miR-421, and the binding sites were verified by luciferase assay. Additionally, we explored the expression of miR-421 and its target genes in human prostate cancer tissues, both in shared microarray data and in our own cohort. Significant differential expression and inverse correlation were found in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianqing Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong Province, China.
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Bu H, Narisu N, Schlick B, Rainer J, Manke T, Schäfer G, Pasqualini L, Chines P, Schweiger MR, Fuchsberger C, Klocker H. Putative Prostate Cancer Risk SNP in an Androgen Receptor-Binding Site of the Melanophilin Gene Illustrates Enrichment of Risk SNPs in Androgen Receptor Target Sites. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:52-64. [PMID: 26411452 PMCID: PMC4715509 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified genomic loci, whose single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predispose to prostate cancer (PCa). However, the mechanisms of most of these variants are largely unknown. We integrated chromatin-immunoprecipitation-coupled sequencing and microarray expression profiling in TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangement positive DUCaP cells with the GWAS PCa risk SNPs catalog to identify disease susceptibility SNPs localized within functional androgen receptor-binding sites (ARBSs). Among the 48 GWAS index risk SNPs and 3,917 linked SNPs, 80 were found located in ARBSs. Of these, rs11891426:T>G in an intron of the melanophilin gene (MLPH) was within a novel putative auxiliary AR-binding motif, which is enriched in the neighborhood of canonical androgen-responsive elements. T→G exchange attenuated the transcriptional activity of the ARBS in an AR reporter gene assay. The expression of MLPH in primary prostate tumors was significantly lower in those with the G compared with the T allele and correlated significantly with AR protein. Higher melanophilin level in prostate tissue of patients with a favorable PCa risk profile points out a tumor-suppressive effect. These results unravel a hidden link between AR and a functional putative PCa risk SNP, whose allele alteration affects androgen regulation of its host gene MLPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Bu
- Department of UrologyDivision of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging ResearchUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Bettina Schlick
- Department of UrologyDivision of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- OncotyrolCenter for Personalized Cancer MedicineInnsbruckAustria
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Biocenter InnsbruckSection for Molecular PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Center for BiomedicineEURAC ResearchBolzanoItaly
| | - Thomas Manke
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Department of UrologyDivision of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of PathologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Lorenza Pasqualini
- Department of UrologyDivision of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Peter Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Michal R. Schweiger
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
- Cologne Center for GenomicsUniversity of CologneGermany
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Center for BiomedicineEURAC ResearchBolzanoItaly
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of UrologyDivision of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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29
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Holmes KA, Brown GD, Carroll JS. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Sequencing (ChIP-seq) for Mapping of Estrogen Receptor-Chromatin Interactions in Breast Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1366:79-98. [PMID: 26585129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3127-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful tool which combines the established method of ChIP with next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine DNA-binding sites of a protein of interest on a genome-wide level, importantly, allowing for de novo discovery of binding events. Here we describe ChIP-seq using the well-established example of estrogen receptor-α mapping in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Holmes
- Cambridge Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Cambridge Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cambridge Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
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30
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Takayama KI, Inoue S. The emerging role of noncoding RNA in prostate cancer progression and its implication on diagnosis and treatment. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 15:257-65. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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31
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Su YJ, Yu J, Huang YQ, Yang J. Circulating Long Noncoding RNA as a Potential Target for Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13322-38. [PMID: 26110379 PMCID: PMC4490497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is considered the second most common visceral malignancy in men in Western countries. Its emergence is largely due to the coordination of a malignant network, and long noncoding RNA has been recently demonstrated to play a critical role in prostate carcinogenesis. The aberrant expression of long noncoding RNA in prostate cancer patients is strongly associated with diagnosis, risk stratification and carcinogenesis, information that provides new insight into the complicated intracellular milieu of prostate cancer. This review focuses mainly on literature evidence for the role of long noncoding RNA in prostate cancer, which may suggest novel strategies for its prognosis, diagnosis and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Jie Su
- Trainee Brigade, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Ya-Qin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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32
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Massie CE, Spiteri I, Ross-Adams H, Luxton H, Kay J, Whitaker HC, Dunning MJ, Lamb AD, Ramos-Montoya A, Brewer DS, Cooper CS, Eeles R, Warren AY, Tavaré S, Neal DE, Lynch AG. HES5 silencing is an early and recurrent change in prostate tumourigenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:131-44. [PMID: 25560400 PMCID: PMC4335379 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, resulting in over 10 000 deaths/year in the UK. Sequencing and copy number analysis of primary tumours has revealed heterogeneity within tumours and an absence of recurrent founder mutations, consistent with non-genetic disease initiating events. Using methylation profiling in a series of multi-focal prostate tumours, we identify promoter methylation of the transcription factor HES5 as an early event in prostate tumourigenesis. We confirm that this epigenetic alteration occurs in 86-97% of cases in two independent prostate cancer cohorts (n=49 and n=39 tumour-normal pairs). Treatment of prostate cancer cells with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased HES5 expression and downregulated its transcriptional target HES6, consistent with functional silencing of the HES5 gene in prostate cancer. Finally, we identify and test a transcriptional module involving the AR, ERG, HES1 and HES6 and propose a model for the impact of HES5 silencing on tumourigenesis as a starting point for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inmaculada Spiteri
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Ross-Adams
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley Luxton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark J Dunning
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin S Cooper
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
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Proteomic-coupled-network analysis of T877A-androgen receptor interactomes can predict clinical prostate cancer outcomes between White (non-Hispanic) and African-American groups. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113190. [PMID: 25409505 PMCID: PMC4237393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) remains an important contributor to the neoplastic evolution of prostate cancer (CaP). CaP progression is linked to several somatic AR mutational changes that endow upon the AR dramatic gain-of-function properties. One of the most common somatic mutations identified is Thr877-to-Ala (T877A), located in the ligand-binding domain, that results in a receptor capable of promiscuous binding and activation by a variety of steroid hormones and ligands including estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, and several anti-androgens. In an attempt to further define somatic mutated AR gain-of-function properties, as a consequence of its promiscuous ligand binding, we undertook a proteomic/network analysis approach to characterize the protein interactome of the mutant T877A-AR in LNCaP cells under eight different ligand-specific treatments (dihydrotestosterone, mibolerone, R1881, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, dexamethasone, and cyproterone acetate). In extending the analysis of our multi-ligand complexes of the mutant T877A-AR we observed significant enrichment of specific complexes between normal and primary prostatic tumors, which were furthermore correlated with known clinical outcomes. Further analysis of certain mutant T877A-AR complexes showed specific population preferences distinguishing primary prostatic disease between white (non-Hispanic) vs. African-American males. Moreover, these cancer-related AR-protein complexes demonstrated predictive survival outcomes specific to CaP, and not for breast, lung, lymphoma or medulloblastoma cancers. Our study, by coupling data generated by our proteomics to network analysis of clinical samples, has helped to define real and novel biological pathways in complicated gain-of-function AR complex systems.
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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Obinata D, Ito A, Fujiwara K, Takayama KI, Ashikari D, Murata Y, Yamaguchi K, Urano T, Fujimura T, Fukuda N, Soma M, Watanabe T, Nagase H, Inoue S, Takahashi S. Pyrrole-imidazole polyamide targeted to break fusion sites in TMPRSS2 and ERG gene fusion represses prostate tumor growth. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1272-8. [PMID: 25088707 PMCID: PMC4462350 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant overexpression of ERG induced by the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is likely involved in the development of prostate cancer. Synthetic pyrrole–imidazole (PI) polyamides recognize and attach to the minor groove of DNA with high affinity and specificity. In the present study, we designed a PI polyamide targeting TMPRSS2-ERG translocation breakpoints and assessed its effect on human prostate cancer cells. Our study identified that this PI polyamide repressed the cell and tumor growth of androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Targeting of these breakpoint sequences by PI polyamides could be a novel approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Takayama KI, Suzuki T, Fujimura T, Urano T, Takahashi S, Homma Y, Inoue S. CtBP2 Modulates the Androgen Receptor to Promote Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6542-53. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Systemic identification of estrogen-regulated genes in breast cancer cells through cap analysis of gene expression mapping. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:531-6. [PMID: 24746470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore the estrogen-regulated genes genome-widely in breast cancer, cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) sequencing was performed in MCF-7 cells under estrogen treatment. Estrogen-regulated expressional changes were found in 1537 CAGE tag clusters (TCs) (⩾1.5 or ⩽0.66-folds). Among them, 15 TCs were situated in the vicinity of (⩽10 kb) reported estrogen receptor-binding sites. Knockdown experiments of the 15 TC-associated genes demonstrated that the genes such as RAMP3, ISOC1 and GPRC5C potentially regulate the growth or migration of MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that CAGE sequencing will reveal novel estrogen target genes in breast cancer.
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Svensson C, Ceder J, Iglesias-Gato D, Chuan YC, Pang ST, Bjartell A, Martinez RM, Bott L, Helczynski L, Ulmert D, Wang Y, Niu Y, Collins C, Flores-Morales A. REST mediates androgen receptor actions on gene repression and predicts early recurrence of prostate cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:999-1015. [PMID: 24163104 PMCID: PMC3902919 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key regulator of prostate tumorgenesis through actions that are not fully understood. We identified the repressor element (RE)-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) as a mediator of AR actions on gene repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that AR binds chromatin regions containing well-characterized cis-elements known to mediate REST transcriptional repression, while cell imaging studies confirmed that REST and AR closely co-localize in vivo. Androgen-induced gene repression also involves modulation of REST protein turnover through actions on the ubiquitin ligase β-TRCP. Androgen deprivation or AR blockage with inhibitor MDV3100 (Enzalutamide) leads to neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation, a phenomenon that is mimicked by REST inactivation. Gene expression profiling revealed that REST not only acts to repress neuronal genes but also genes involved in cell cycle progression, including Aurora Kinase A, that has previously been implicated in the growth of NE-like castration-resistant tumors. The analysis of prostate cancer tissue microarrays revealed that tumors with reduced expression of REST have higher probability of early recurrence, independently of their Gleason score. The demonstration that REST modulates AR actions in prostate epithelia and that REST expression is negatively correlated with disease recurrence after prostatectomy, invite a deeper characterization of its role in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Svensson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden, Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Clinical Pathology, 205 80 Malmö, Sweden, Department of Surgery (Urology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 100 65, USA, Vancouver Prostate Centre and The Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada V6H 3Z6 and Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300 211, China
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Torrente A, López-Pintado S, Romo J. DepthTools: an R package for a robust analysis of gene expression data. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14:237. [PMID: 23885712 PMCID: PMC3750619 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of DNA microarrays and oligonucleotide chips of high density in modern biomedical research provides complex, high dimensional data which have been proven to convey crucial information about gene expression levels and to play an important role in disease diagnosis. Therefore, there is a need for developing new, robust statistical techniques to analyze these data. Results depthTools is an R package for a robust statistical analysis of gene expression data, based on an efficient implementation of a feasible notion of depth, the Modified Band Depth. This software includes several visualization and inference tools successfully applied to high dimensional gene expression data. A user-friendly interface is also provided via an R-commander plugin. Conclusion We illustrate the utility of the depthTools package, that could be used, for instance, to achieve a better understanding of genome-level variation between tumors and to facilitate the development of personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Torrente
- Functional Genomics Team, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK.
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Nandhikonda P, Yasgar A, Baranowski AM, Sidhu PS, McCallum MM, Pawlak AJ, Teske K, Feleke B, Yuan NY, Kevin C, Bikle DD, Ayers SD, Webb P, Rai G, Simeonov A, Jadhav A, Maloney D, Arnold LA. Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor δ agonist GW0742 interacts weakly with multiple nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4193-203. [PMID: 23713684 DOI: 10.1021/bi400321p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening campaign was conducted to identify small molecules with the ability to inhibit the interaction between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and steroid receptor coactivator 2. These inhibitors represent novel molecular probes for modulating gene regulation mediated by VDR. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ agonist GW0742 was among the identified VDR-coactivator inhibitors and has been characterized herein as a pan nuclear receptor antagonist at concentrations of > 12.1 μM. The highest antagonist activity for GW0742 was found for VDR and the androgen receptor. Surprisingly, GW0742 behaved as a PPAR agonist and antagonist, activating transcription at lower concentrations and inhibiting this effect at higher concentrations. A unique spectroscopic property of GW0742 was identified as well. In the presence of rhodamine-derived molecules, GW0742 increased the fluorescence intensity and level of fluorescence polarization at an excitation wavelength of 595 nm and an emission wavelength of 615 nm in a dose-dependent manner. The GW0742-inhibited NR-coactivator binding resulted in a reduced level of expression of five different NR target genes in LNCaP cells in the presence of agonist. Especially VDR target genes CYP24A1, IGFBP-3, and TRPV6 were negatively regulated by GW0742. GW0742 is the first VDR ligand inhibitor lacking the secosteroid structure of VDR ligand antagonists. Nevertheless, the VDR-meditated downstream process of cell differentiation was antagonized by GW0742 in HL-60 cells that were pretreated with the endogenous VDR agonist 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premchendar Nandhikonda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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Androgen-responsive long noncoding RNA CTBP1-AS promotes prostate cancer. EMBO J 2013; 32:1665-80. [PMID: 23644382 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput techniques have identified numerous antisense (AS) transcripts and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, their significance in cancer biology remains largely unknown. Here, we report an androgen-responsive long ncRNA, CTBP1-AS, located in the AS region of C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP1), which is a corepressor for androgen receptor. CTBP1-AS is predominantly localized in the nucleus and its expression is generally upregulated in prostate cancer. CTBP1-AS promotes both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant tumour growth. Mechanistically, CTBP1-AS directly represses CTBP1 expression by recruiting the RNA-binding transcriptional repressor PSF together with histone deacetylases. CTBP1-AS also exhibits global androgen-dependent functions by inhibiting tumour-suppressor genes via the PSF-dependent mechanism thus promoting cell cycle progression. Our findings provide new insights into the functions of ncRNAs that directly contribute to prostate cancer progression.
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Cottard F, Asmane I, Erdmann E, Bergerat JP, Kurtz JE, Céraline J. Constitutively active androgen receptor variants upregulate expression of mesenchymal markers in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63466. [PMID: 23658830 PMCID: PMC3642121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway remains the foremost target of novel therapeutics for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the expression of constitutively active AR variants lacking the carboxy-terminal region in CRPC may lead to therapy inefficacy. These AR variants are supposed to support PCa cell growth in an androgen-depleted environment, but their mode of action still remains unresolved. Moreover, recent studies indicate that constitutively active AR variants are expressed in primary prostate tumors and may contribute to tumor progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of constitutively active AR variants on the expression of tumor progression markers. N-cadherin expression was analyzed in LNCaP cells overexpressing the wild type AR or a constitutively active AR variant by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. We showed here for the first time that N-cadherin expression was increased in the presence of constitutively active AR variants. These results were confirmed in C4-2B cells overexpressing these AR variants. Although N-cadherin expression is often associated with a downregulation of E-cadherin, this phenomenon was not observed in our model. Nevertheless, in addition to the increased expression of N-cadherin, an upregulation of other mesenchymal markers expression such as VIMENTIN, SNAIL and ZEB1 was observed in the presence of constitutively active variants. In conclusion, our findings highlight novel consequences of constitutively active AR variants on the regulation of mesenchymal markers in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicie Cottard
- INSERM U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Irène Asmane
- INSERM U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CHRU Strasbourg, Hematology and Oncology Unit, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eva Erdmann
- INSERM U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bergerat
- INSERM U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CHRU Strasbourg, Hematology and Oncology Unit, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- INSERM U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CHRU Strasbourg, Hematology and Oncology Unit, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- INSERM U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CHRU Strasbourg, Hematology and Oncology Unit, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Takayama KI, Inoue S. Transcriptional network of androgen receptor in prostate cancer progression. Int J Urol 2013; 20:756-68. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yamaga R, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Ouchi Y, Suzuki Y, Inoue S. RNA sequencing of MCF-7 breast cancer cells identifies novel estrogen-responsive genes with functional estrogen receptor-binding sites in the vicinity of their transcription start sites. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:222-32. [PMID: 23526455 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a key transcription factor in breast cancer, which plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of the disease by regulating the expression of various target genes. In the present study, we performed deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) as an unbiased high-throughput technique for comprehensive transcriptome analysis in ERα-positive human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, to facilitate the elucidation of ERα regulatory gene networks. From the 17,336 mapped RefSeq genes from the sequenced fragments of the cell samples treated with estrogen time dependently, substantial numbers of sequence reads were observed in 3,386 genes (>100 tags per million reads per sample at any of the six time points studied). ERα occupancy within and in the proximal regions of the genes (<10-kb upstream and downstream regions) was significantly enriched in the subgroup of the 3,386 genes compared to the whole 17,336 RefSeq genes. Of the 3,386 genes, we focused on 29 genes, which included ERα occupancy adjacent to their transcription start sites and whose expression was estrogen dependently altered by >3-fold. Knockdown studies using siRNAs specific to the 29 genes validated that prototypic ERα targets V-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog and cyclin D1 promote both proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells and further identified novel candidate ERα targets EIF3A and tumor protein D52-like 1, which will also facilitate the proliferation or migration of MCF-7 cells. Taken together, the present findings provide a valuable dataset that will elucidate ERα regulatory mechanisms in breast cancer biology, based on the integrative analysis of RNA-seq combined with the genome-wide information for ERα occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryonosuke Yamaga
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bumkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Sun D, Layer R, Mueller AC, Cichewicz MA, Negishi M, Paschal BM, Dutta A. Regulation of several androgen-induced genes through the repression of the miR-99a/let-7c/miR-125b-2 miRNA cluster in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:1448-57. [PMID: 23503464 PMCID: PMC3915043 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) stimulates and represses gene expression to promote the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Here, we report that androgen represses the miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster through AR and anti-androgen drugs block the androgen-repression of the miRNA cluster. AR directly binds to the host gene of the miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster, LINC00478. Expression of the cluster is repressed or activated by chromatin remodelers EZH2 or JMJD3 in the presence or absence of androgen, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis reveals a significant enrichment of targets of miR-99a, let-7c and miR-125b in androgen-induced gene sets, suggesting that downregulation of the miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster by androgen protects many of their target mRNAs from degradation and indirectly assists in the gene induction. We validated the hypothesis with 12 potential targets of the miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster induced by androgen: 9 out of the 12 mRNAs are downregulated by the microRNA cluster. To ascertain the biological significance of this hypothesis, we focused on IGF1R, a known prostate cancer growth factor that is induced by androgen and directly targeted by the miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster. The androgen-induced cell proliferation is ameliorated to a similar extent as anti-androgen drugs by preventing the repression of the microRNAs or induction of IGF1R in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Expression of a microRNA-resistant form of IGF1R protects these cells from inhibition by the miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster. These results indicate that a thorough understanding of how androgen stimulates prostate cancer growth requires not only an understanding of genes directly induced/repressed by AR, but also of genes indirectly induced by AR through the repression of key microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Layer
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A C Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M A Cichewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M Negishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B M Paschal
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA [2] Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Need EF, Selth LA, Harris TJ, Birrell SN, Tilley WD, Buchanan G. Research resource: interplay between the genomic and transcriptional networks of androgen receptor and estrogen receptor α in luminal breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1941-52. [PMID: 23023562 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to circulating sex steroids is more than the sum of individual hormone actions, instead representing an interplay between activities of the evolutionarily related steroid hormone receptors. An example of this interaction is in breast cancer, where the risk of dying from estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive disease decreases approximately 4-fold when androgen receptor (AR) expression is high. In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and microarray expression profiling to investigate the genomic and transcriptional cross talk between AR and ERα signaling in a luminal breast cancer cell line model, ZR-75-1. Expression profiling demonstrated reciprocal interference between 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)- and 17β-estradiol (E(2))-induced transcriptional programs. Specifically, regulation of 26% of E(2) and 15% of DHT target genes was significantly affected by cotreatment with the other hormone, in the majority of cases (78-83%) antagonistically. Pathway analysis suggested that DHT cotreatment, for example, depleted E(2)-regulated pathways in cell survival and proliferation. ChIP-seq identified substantial overlap between the steroid receptor cistromes in ZR-75-1 cells, with 10-13% of AR- and ERα-binding sites located within 10 kb of the other receptor. Enrichment of androgen response elements in ERα-binding sites and vice versa was revealed by motif analysis, and AR-binding sites were enriched about E(2)-responsive genes affected by DHT cotreatment. Targeted ChIP and expression analysis revealed locus-specific outcomes when AR and ERα bind to the same DNA region. This work provides the first cistrome data for two steroid receptors in the same cell, insight into the antagonistic interplay between estrogens and androgens in luminal breast cancer, and an important resource for future work aimed at evaluating interrelated steroid receptors in different cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor F Need
- Molecular Ageing Laboratory, The Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Research, Australia
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Grunewald TGP, Bach H, Cossarizza A, Matsumoto I. The STEAP protein family: versatile oxidoreductases and targets for cancer immunotherapy with overlapping and distinct cellular functions. Biol Cell 2012; 104:641-57. [PMID: 22804687 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) protein family contains at least five homologous members. The necessity of multiple homologous STEAP proteins is still unclear, but their peculiar and tissue-specific expression suggests that they are assigned to distinct functional tasks. This concept is supported by the fact that especially STEAP1, and to a lesser extent STEAP2 and -4, are highly over-expressed in many different cancer entities, while being only minimally expressed in a few normal tissues. Despite their very similar domain organisation, STEAP3 seems to act as a potent metalloreductase essential for physiological iron uptake and turnover, while in particular STEAP4 appears to be rather involved in responses to nutrients and inflammatory stress, fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Moreover, individual STEAP proteins possess overlapping functions important for growth and survival of cancer cells. Due to their membrane-bound localisation and their high expression in many different cancers such as prostate, breast and bladder carcinoma as well as Ewing's sarcoma, STEAP proteins have been recognised and utilised as promising targets for cell- and antibody-based immunotherapy. This review summarises our present knowledge of the individual members of the human STEAP family and highlights the functional differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grunewald
- INSERM Unit 830 'Genetics and Biology of Cancer', Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
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Itkonen H, Mills IG. Chromatin binding by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 360:44-51. [PMID: 21989426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in transcriptional programs are fundamental to the development of cancers. The androgen receptor is central to the normal development of the prostate gland and to the development of prostate cancer. To a large extent this is believed to be due to the control of gene expression through the interaction of the androgen receptor with chromatin and subsequently with coregulators and the transcriptional machinery. Unbiased genome-wide studies have recently uncovered the recruitment sites that are gene-distal and intragenic rather than associated with proximal promoter regions. Whilst expression profiles from AR-positive primary prostate tumours and cell lines can directly relate to the AR cistrome in prostate cancer cells, this distribution raises significant challenges in making direct mechanistic connections. Furthermore, extrapolating from datasets assembled in one model to other model systems or clinical samples poses challenges if we are to use the AR-directed transcriptome to guide the development of novel biomarkers or treatment decisions. This review will provide an overview of the androgen receptor before addressing the challenges and opportunities created by whole-genome studies of the interplay between the androgen receptor and chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Itkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1137 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Murata T, Takayama KI, Urano T, Fujimura T, Ashikari D, Obinata D, Horie-Inoue K, Takahashi S, Ouchi Y, Homma Y, Inoue S. 14-3-3ζ, a novel androgen-responsive gene, is upregulated in prostate cancer and promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5617-27. [PMID: 22904106 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen receptor is an essential transcriptional factor that contributes to the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the androgen regulation and functional analysis of 14-3-3ζ in prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) analysis in LNCaP cells, we identified a functional androgen receptor-binding site in the downstream region of the 14-3-3ζ gene. Androgen regulation was examined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analysis. Prostate cancer cells stably expressing 14-3-3ζ and siRNA knockdown were used for functional analyses. We further examined 14-3-3ζ expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Androgen-dependent upregulation of 14-3-3ζ was validated at the mRNA and protein levels. The 14-3-3ζ gene is favorable for cancer-cell survival, as its ectopic expression in LNCaP cells contributes to cell proliferation and the acquired resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis. 14-3-3ζ expression was associated with androgen receptor transcriptional activity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression. Immunoprecipitation indicated that 14-3-3ζ was associated with androgen receptor in the nucleus. Clinicopathologic studies further support the relevance of 14-3-3ζ in prostate cancers, as its higher expression is associated with malignancy and lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS 14-3-3ζ is a novel androgen-responsive gene that activates proliferation, cell survival, and androgen receptor transcriptional activity. 14-3-3ζ may facilitate the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Murata
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Altintas DM, Shukla MS, Goutte-Gattat D, Angelov D, Rouault JP, Dimitrov S, Samarut J. Direct cooperation between androgen receptor and E2F1 reveals a common regulation mechanism for androgen-responsive genes in prostate cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1531-41. [PMID: 22771493 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the regulation of ATAD2 gene expression by androgens in prostate cells. ATAD2 is a coactivator of the androgen receptor (AR) and the MYC protein. We showed that ATAD2 expression is directly regulated by AR via an AR binding sequence (ARBS) located in the distal enhancer of its regulatory region. The gene is also regulated by the E2F1 transcription factor. Using knockdown and chromatin immunoprecipitation technique approaches, we could demonstrate that AR and E2F1 functionally collaborate and physically interact between each other. From the analysis of chromatin conformation, we conclude that this cooperation results from a chromatin looping over the ATAD2 promoter region between the ARBS and E2F1 binding site in an androgen-dependent manner. Furthermore, we could show that several genes overexpressed in prostate cancer and potentially involved in several aspects of tumor development have an ARBS and an E2F1 binding site in their regulatory regions and exhibit the same mechanism of regulation by both transcription factors as ATAD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Altintas
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69346 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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