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Zhao S, Rauer B, Valzania L, Dong J, Liu R, Li F, Gigan S, de Aguiar HB. Single-pixel transmission matrix recovery via two-photon fluorescence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi3442. [PMID: 38232161 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Imaging at depth in opaque materials has long been a challenge. Recently, wavefront shaping has enabled notable advance for deep imaging. Nevertheless, most noninvasive wavefront-shaping methods require cameras, lack the sensitivity for deep imaging under weak optical signals, or can only focus on a single "guidestar." Here, we retrieve the transmission matrix (TM) noninvasively using two-photon fluorescence exploiting a single-pixel detection combined with a computational framework, allowing to achieve single-target focus on multiple guidestars spread beyond the memory effect range. In addition, if we assume that memory effect correlations exist in the TM, we are able to substantially reduce the number of measurements needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Zhao
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France. 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bernhard Rauer
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France. 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Valzania
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France. 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Dong
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fuli Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Sylvain Gigan
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France. 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hilton B de Aguiar
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France. 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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2
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Liang H, Li TJ, Luo J, Zhao J, Wang J, Wu D, Luo ZC, Shen Y. Optical focusing inside scattering media with iterative time-reversed ultrasonically encoded near-infrared light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18365-18378. [PMID: 37381549 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Focusing light inside scattering media is a long-sought goal in optics. Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) focusing, which combines the advantages of biological transparency of the ultrasound and the high efficiency of digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) based wavefront shaping, has been proposed to tackle this problem. By invoking repeated acousto-optic interactions, iterative TRUE (iTRUE) focusing can further break the resolution barrier imposed by the acoustic diffraction limit, showing great potential for deep-tissue biomedical applications. However, stringent requirements on system alignment prohibit the practical use of iTRUE focusing, especially for biomedical applications at the near-infrared spectral window. In this work, we fill this blank by developing an alignment protocol that is suitable for iTRUE focusing with a near-infrared light source. This protocol mainly contains three steps, including rough alignment with manual adjustment, fine-tuning with a high-precision motorized stage, and digital compensation through Zernike polynomials. Using this protocol, an optical focus with a peak-to-background ratio (PBR) of up to 70% of the theoretical value can be achieved. By using a 5-MHz ultrasonic transducer, we demonstrated the first iTRUE focusing using near-infrared light at 1053 nm, enabling the formation of an optical focus inside a scattering medium composed of stacked scattering films and a mirror. Quantitatively, the size of the focus decreased from roughly 1 mm to 160 µm within a few consecutive iterations and a PBR up to 70 was finally achieved. We anticipate that the capability of focusing near-infrared light inside scattering media, along with the reported alignment protocol, can be beneficial to a variety of applications in biomedical optics.
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3
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Luo J, Liu Y, Wu D, Xu X, Shao L, Feng Y, Pan J, Zhao J, Shen Y, Li Z. High-speed single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing against dynamic scattering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd9158. [PMID: 36525498 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Focusing light deep inside live scattering tissue promises to revolutionize biophotonics by enabling deep tissue noninvasive optical imaging, manipulation, and therapy. By combining with guide stars, wavefront shaping is emerging as a powerful tool to make scattering media optically transparent. However, for in vivo biomedical applications, the speeds of existing techniques are still too slow to accommodate the fast speckle decorrelation of live tissue. To address this key bottleneck, we develop a quaternary phase encoding scheme to enable single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encode optical focusing with full-phase modulations. Specifically, we focus light inside dynamic scattering media with an average mode time down to 29 ns, which indicates that more than 104 effective spatial modes can be controlled within 1 millisecond. With this technique, we demonstrate in vivo light focusing in between a highly opaque adult zebrafish of 5.1 millimeters in thickness and a ground glass diffuser. Our work presents an important step toward in vivo deep tissue applications of wavefront shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Luo
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Daixuan Wu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lijie Shao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhua Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingshun Pan
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuecheng Shen
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
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4
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Zhang J, Gao Z, Zhang J, Ge P, Gao F, Wang J, Gao F. Snapshot time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing guided by time-reversed photoacoustic wave. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100352. [PMID: 35433254 PMCID: PMC9006768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Deep-tissue optical imaging is a longstanding challenge limited by scattering. Both optical imaging and treatment can benefit from focusing light in deep tissue beyond one transport mean free path. Wavefront shaping based on time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing utilizes ultrasound focus, which is much less scattered than light in biological tissues as the 'guide star'. However, the traditional TRUE is limited by the ultrasound focusing area and pressure tagging efficiency, especially in acoustically heterogeneous medium. Even the improved version of iterative TRUE comes at a large time consumption, which limits the application of TRUE. To address this problem, we proposed a method called time-reversed photoacoustic wave guided time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRPA-TRUE) optical focusing by integrating accurate ultrasonic focusing through acoustically heterogeneous medium guided by time-reversing PA signals, and the ultrasound modulation of diffused coherent light with optical phase conjugation (OPC), achieving dynamic focusing of light into scattering medium. Simulation results show that the focusing accuracy of the proposed method has been significantly improved compared with conventional TRUE, which is more suitable for practical applications that suffers severe acoustic distortion, e.g. transcranial optical focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juze Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijian Gao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peng Ge
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai 201210, China
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5
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Wang J, Liang H, Luo J, Ye B, Shen Y. Modeling of iterative time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing in a reflection mode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:30961-30977. [PMID: 34614811 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Time-reversed ultrasonically-encoded (TRUE) optical focusing is a promising technique to realize deep-tissue optical focusing by employing ultrasonic guide stars. However, the sizes of the ultrasound-induced optical focus are determined by the wavelengths of the ultrasound, which are typically tens of microns. To satisfy the need for high-resolution imaging and manipulation, iterative TRUE (iTRUE) was proposed to break this limit by triggering repeated interactions between light and ultrasound and compressing the optical focus. However, even for the best result reported to date, the resolutions along the ultrasound axial and lateral direction were merely improved by only 2-fold to 3-fold. This observation leads to doubt whether iTRUE can be effective in reducing the size of the optical focus. In this work, we address this issue by developing a physical model to investigate iTRUE in a reflection mode numerically. Our numerical results show that, under the influence of shot noises, iTRUE can reduce the optical focus to a single speckle within a finite number of iterations. This model also allows numerical investigations of iTRUE in detail. Quantitatively, based on the parameters set, we show that the optical focus can be reduced to a size of 1.6 µm and a peak-to-background ratio over 104 can be realized. It is also shown that iTRUE cannot significantly advance the focusing depth. We anticipate that this work can serve as useful guidance for optimizing iTRUE system for future biomedical applications, including deep-tissue optical imaging, laser surgery, and optogenetics.
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6
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Zhang H, Zhang B, Feng Q, Ding Y, Liu Q. Self-reference method for measuring the transmission matrices of scattering media. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:7547-7552. [PMID: 32902453 DOI: 10.1364/ao.398419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A significant approach for manipulating light propagation through scattering media consists of the measurement of transmission matrices (TMs). Here we propose a TM-measurement method with high stability and universal applicability, which we call the self-reference method. This method uses a new, to the best of our knowledge, way to perform holographic measurement, where the reference light is superimposed directly to the signal light. This method does not pose any restriction on the signal light, so it is applicable to nearly all types of input bases. The effectivity of this method in accurately measuring the TM is verified by experimentally achieving high-quality light focusing through a scattering medium. We believe that the self-reference method provides an ideal way for TM measurement and wavefront shaping, which will be of great significance to imaging and communication technologies in scattering environments.
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7
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Jang M, Ko H, Hong JH, Lee WK, Lee JS, Choi W. Deep tissue space-gated microscopy via acousto-optic interaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:710. [PMID: 32024847 PMCID: PMC7002486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To extend the imaging depth of high-resolution optical microscopy, various gating operations-confocal, coherence, and polarization gating-have been devised to filter out the multiply scattered wave. However, the imaging depth is still limited by the multiply scattered wave that bypasses the existing gating operations. Here, we present a space gating method, whose mechanism is independent of the existing methods and yet effective enough to complement them. Specifically, we reconstruct an image only using the ballistic wave that is acousto-optically modulated at the object plane. The space gating suppresses the multiply scattered wave by 10-100 times in a highly scattering medium, and thus enables visualization of the skeletal muscle fibers in whole-body zebrafish at 30 days post fertilization. The space gating will be an important addition to optical-resolution microscopy for achieving the ultimate imaging depth set by the detection limit of ballistic wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mooseok Jang
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | - Hakseok Ko
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Hong
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Won Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Wonshik Choi
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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8
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Wu C, Chen J, Si K, Song Y, Zhu X, Hu L, Zheng Y, Gong W. Aberration corrections of doughnut beam by adaptive optics in the turbid medium. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900125. [PMID: 31291061 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The doughnut beam is a spatially structured beam which has been widely used in super-resolution microscopy, laser trapping and so on. However, when it passes through thick scattering medium, aberrations will seriously affect its performance. Currently, adaptive optics (AO) has become one of the most powerful tools to compensate aberrations. However, conventional AO always suffers from limited corrected field of view (FOV). Here, we propose a method with conjugate AO system based on coherent optical adaptive technique. The results show that the corrected FOV can be improved effectively. For a wide range of the optical applications with doughnut beam, our method has potentials in correcting aberrations with high speed in turbid media.(A) Mouse brain slice, (B) the distribution of r PAO , (C) the distribution of r CAO . The vortex beam focus of the blue point in (B) and (C) among a 137.5 × 137.5 μm FOV (D1) ideally, (D2) with scattering, (D3) in pupil AO system and (D4) in conjugate AO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Si
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanchun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinpei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lejia Hu
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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An ICCD camera-based time-domain ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10552. [PMID: 31332236 PMCID: PMC6646316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging in centimeter-deep tissues with high resolution is highly desirable for many biomedical applications. Recently, we have developed a new imaging modality, ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) imaging, for achieving this goal. In our previous work, we successfully achieved USF imaging with several types of USF contrast agents and imaging systems. In this study, we introduced a new USF imaging system: an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera-based, time-domain USF imaging system. We demonstrated the principle of time-domain USF imaging by using two USF contrast agents. With a series of USF imaging experiments, we demonstrated the tradeoffs among different experimental parameters (i.e., data acquisition time, including CCD camera recording time and intensifier gate delay; focused ultrasound (FU) power; and imaging depth) and the image qualities (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution). In this study, we also discussed several imaging strategies for achieving a high-quality USF image via this time-domain system.
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10
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Abstract
The conventional fluorescence imaging has limited spatial resolution in centimeter-deep tissue because of the tissue's high scattering property. Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) imaging, a new imaging technique, was recently proposed to realize high-resolution fluorescence imaging in centimeter-deep tissue. However, in vivo USF imaging has not been achieved so far because of the lack of stable near-infrared contrast agents in a biological environment and the lack of data about their biodistributions. In this study, for the first time, we achieved in vivo USF imaging successfully in mice with high resolution. USF imaging in porcine heart tissue and mouse breast tumor via local injections were studied and demonstrated. In vivo and ex vivo USF imaging of the mouse spleen via intravenous injections was also successfully achieved. The results showed that the USF contrast agent adopted in this study was very stable in a biological environment, and it was mainly accumulated into the spleen of the mice. By comparing the results of CT imaging and the results of USF imaging, the accuracy of USF imaging was proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Yao
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shuai Yu
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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11
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Zhu X, Huang L, Zheng Y, Song Y, Xu Q, Wang J, Si K, Duan S, Gong W. Ultrafast optical clearing method for three-dimensional imaging with cellular resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11480-11489. [PMID: 31101714 PMCID: PMC6561250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819583116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical clearing is a versatile approach to improve imaging quality and depth of optical microscopy by reducing scattered light. However, conventional optical clearing methods are restricted in the efficiency-first applications due to unsatisfied time consumption, irreversible tissue deformation, and fluorescence quenching. Here, we developed an ultrafast optical clearing method (FOCM) with simple protocols and common reagents to overcome these limitations. The results show that FOCM can rapidly clarify 300-µm-thick brain slices within 2 min. Besides, the tissue linear expansion can be well controlled by only a 2.12% increase, meanwhile the fluorescence signals of GFP can be preserved up to 86% even after 11 d. By using FOCM, we successfully built the detailed 3D nerve cells model and showed the connection between neuron, astrocyte, and blood vessel. When applied to 3D imaging analysis, we found that the foot shock and morphine stimulation induced distinct c-fos pattern in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Therefore, FOCM has the potential to be a widely used sample mounting media for biological optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Zhu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Limeng Huang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanchun Song
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaoqi Xu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ke Si
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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12
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Yang J, Li J, He S, Wang LV. Angular-spectrum modeling of focusing light inside scattering media by optical phase conjugation. OPTICA 2019; 6:250-256. [PMID: 32025534 PMCID: PMC7002031 DOI: 10.1364/optica.6.000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Focusing light inside scattering media by optical phase conjugation has been intensively investigated due to its potential applications, such as in deep tissue imaging. However, no existing physical models explain the impact of the various factors on the focusing performance inside a dynamic scattering medium. Here, we establish an angular- spectrum model to trace the field propagation during the entire optical phase conjugation process in the presence of scattering media. By incorporating fast decorrelation components, the model enables us to investigate the com- petition between the guide star and fast tissue motions for photon tagging. Other factors affecting the focusing performance are also analyzed via the model. As a proof of concept, we experimentally verify our model in the case of focusing light through dynamic scattering media. This angular-spectrum model allows analysis of a series of scattering events in highly scattering media and benefits related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Yang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jingwei Li
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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13
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Controlling light in complex media beyond the acoustic diffraction-limit using the acousto-optic transmission matrix. Nat Commun 2019; 10:717. [PMID: 30755617 PMCID: PMC6372584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the internal structure of complex samples with light is an important task but a difficult challenge due to light scattering. While the complex optical distortions induced by scattering can be effectively undone if the medium’s scattering-matrix is known, this matrix generally cannot be retrieved without the presence of an invasive detector or guide-star at the target points of interest. To overcome this limitation, the current state-of-the-art approaches utilize focused ultrasound for generating acousto-optic guide-stars, in a variety of different techniques. Here, we introduce the acousto-optic transmission matrix (AOTM), which is an ultrasonically-encoded, spatially-resolved, optical scattering-matrix. The AOTM provides both a generalized framework to describe any acousto-optic based technique, and a tool for light control and focusing beyond the acoustic diffraction-limit inside complex samples. We experimentally demonstrate complex light control using the AOTM singular vectors, and utilize the AOTM framework to analyze the resolution limitation of acousto-optic guided focusing approaches. Various techniques combine light and ultrasound to study the inside of strongly scattering samples, beyond the reach of purely optical imaging. Here, Katz et al. introduce the acousto-optic transmission matrix framework that allows to control and focus light beyond the acoustic diffraction limit.
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14
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Zhao Q, Shi X, Zhu X, Zheng Y, Wu C, Tang H, Hu L, Xue Y, Gong W, Si K. Large field of view correction by using conjugate adaptive optics with multiple guide stars. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800225. [PMID: 30141268 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics has been widely used in the optical microscopy to recover high-resolution images deep into the sample. However, the corrected field of view (FOV) with a single correction is generally limited, which seriously restricts the imaging speed. In this article, we demonstrate a high-speed wavefront correction method by using the conjugate adaptive optical correction with multiple guide stars (CAOMG) based on the coherent optical adaptive technique. The results show that the CAOMG method can greatly improve the corrected FOV. For 120-μm-thick mouse brain tissue, the corrected FOV can be improved up to ~243 times of the conventional pupil adaptive optics (PAO) without additional time consumption. Therefore, this study shows the potential of high-speed imaging through scattering medium in biological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinpei Zhu
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lejia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Si
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Fayyaz Z, Mohammadian N, Salimi F, Fatima A, Tabar MRR, Avanaki MRN. Simulated annealing optimization in wavefront shaping controlled transmission. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:6233-6242. [PMID: 30118010 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.006233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we present results of simulated annealing (SA), a heuristic optimization algorithm, for focusing light through a turbid medium. Performance of the algorithm on phase and amplitude modulations has been evaluated. A number of tips to tune the optimization parameters are provided. The effect of measurement noise on the performance of the SA algorithm is explored. Additionally, SA performance is compared with continuous sequential and briefly with other optimization algorithms.
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16
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Toda S, Kato Y, Kudo N, Shimizu K. Effects of digital phase-conjugate light intensity on time-reversal imaging through animal tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1570-1581. [PMID: 29675302 PMCID: PMC5905906 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For transillumination imaging of animal tissues, we have attempted to suppress the scattering effect in a turbid medium using the time-reversal principle of phase-conjugate light. We constructed a digital phase-conjugate system to enable intensity modulation and phase modulation. Using this system, we clarified the effectiveness of the intensity information for restoration of the original light distribution through a turbid medium. By varying the scattering coefficient of the medium, we clarified the limit of time-reversal ability with intensity information of the phase-conjugate light. Experiment results demonstrated the applicability of the proposed technique to animal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogo Toda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14 West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Yuji Kato
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14 West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kudo
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14 West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
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17
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Liu Y, Shen Y, Ruan H, Brodie FL, Wong TTW, Yang C, Wang LV. Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing through highly scattering ex vivo human cataractous lenses. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-4. [PMID: 29322749 PMCID: PMC5762002 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.1.010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Normal development of the visual system in infants relies on clear images being projected onto the retina, which can be disrupted by lens opacity caused by congenital cataract. This disruption, if uncorrected in early life, results in amblyopia (permanently decreased vision even after removal of the cataract). Doctors are able to prevent amblyopia by removing the cataract during the first several weeks of life, but this surgery risks a host of complications, which can be equally visually disabling. Here, we investigated the feasibility of focusing light noninvasively through highly scattering cataractous lenses to stimulate the retina, thereby preventing amblyopia. This approach would allow the cataractous lens removal surgery to be delayed and hence greatly reduce the risk of complications from early surgery. Employing a wavefront shaping technique named time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing in reflection mode, we focused 532-nm light through a highly scattering ex vivo adult human cataractous lens. This work demonstrates a potential clinical application of wavefront shaping techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Yuecheng Shen
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Haowen Ruan
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Frank L. Brodie
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
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18
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Wavefront Shaping and Its Application to Enhance Photoacoustic Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction to the field in mid-1990s, photoacoustic imaging has become a fast-developing biomedical imaging modality with many promising potentials. By converting absorbed diffused light energy into not-so-diffused ultrasonic waves, the reconstruction of the ultrasonic waves from the targeted area in photoacoustic imaging leads to a high-contrast sensing of optical absorption with ultrasonic resolution in deep tissue, overcoming the optical diffusion limit from the signal detection perspective. The generation of photoacoustic signals, however, is still throttled by the attenuation of photon flux due to the strong diffusion effect of light in tissue. Recently, optical wavefront shaping has demonstrated that multiply scattered light could be manipulated so as to refocus inside a complex medium, opening up new hope to tackle the fundamental limitation. In this paper, the principle and recent development of photoacoustic imaging and optical wavefront shaping are briefly introduced. Then we describe how photoacoustic signals can be used as a guide star for in-tissue optical focusing, and how such focusing can be exploited for further enhancing photoacoustic imaging in terms of sensitivity and penetration depth. Finally, the existing challenges and further directions towards in vivo applications are discussed.
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19
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Ruan H, Brake J, Robinson JE, Liu Y, Jang M, Xiao C, Zhou C, Gradinaru V, Yang C. Deep tissue optical focusing and optogenetic modulation with time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao5520. [PMID: 29226248 PMCID: PMC5722648 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive light focusing deep inside living biological tissue has long been a goal in biomedical optics. However, the optical scattering of biological tissue prevents conventional optical systems from tightly focusing visible light beyond several hundred micrometers. The recently developed wavefront shaping technique time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) focusing enables noninvasive light delivery to targeted locations beyond the optical diffusion limit. However, until now, TRUE focusing has only been demonstrated inside nonliving tissue samples. We present the first example of TRUE focusing in 2-mm-thick living brain tissue and demonstrate its application for optogenetic modulation of neural activity in 800-μm-thick acute mouse brain slices at a wavelength of 532 nm. We found that TRUE focusing enabled precise control of neuron firing and increased the spatial resolution of neuronal excitation fourfold when compared to conventional lens focusing. This work is an important step in the application of TRUE focusing for practical biomedical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Ruan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joshua Brake
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J. Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mooseok Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Changhuei Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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20
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Liu Y, Ma C, Shen Y, Shi J, Wang LV. Focusing light inside dynamic scattering media with millisecond digital optical phase conjugation. OPTICA 2017; 4:280-288. [PMID: 28815194 PMCID: PMC5555171 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront shaping based on digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) focuses light through or inside scattering media, but the low speed of DOPC prevents it from being applied to thick, living biological tissue. Although a fast DOPC approach was recently developed, the reported single-shot wavefront measurement method does not work when the goal is to focus light inside, instead of through, highly scattering media. Here, using a ferroelectric liquid crystal based spatial light modulator, we develop a simpler but faster DOPC system that focuses light not only through, but also inside scattering media. By controlling 2.6 × 105 optical degrees of freedom, our system focused light through 3 mm thick moving chicken tissue, with a system latency of 3.0 ms. Using ultrasound-guided DOPC, along with a binary wavefront measurement method, our system focused light inside a scattering medium comprising moving tissue with a latency of 6.0 ms, which is one to two orders of magnitude shorter than those of previous digital wavefront shaping systems. Since the demonstrated speed approaches tissue decorrelation rates, this work is an important step toward in vivo deep-tissue non-invasive optical imaging, manipulation, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Cheng Ma
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Yuecheng Shen
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Junhui Shi
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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21
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Cheng B, Bandi V, Wei MY, Pei Y, D’Souza F, Nguyen KT, Hong Y, Yuan B. High-Resolution Ultrasound-Switchable Fluorescence Imaging in Centimeter-Deep Tissue Phantoms with High Signal-To-Noise Ratio and High Sensitivity via Novel Contrast Agents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165963. [PMID: 27829050 PMCID: PMC5102469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, investigators have sought after high-resolution fluorescence imaging in centimeter-deep tissue because many interesting in vivo phenomena—such as the presence of immune system cells, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis—may be located deep in tissue. Previously, we developed a new imaging technique to achieve high spatial resolution in sub-centimeter deep tissue phantoms named continuous-wave ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (CW-USF). The principle is to use a focused ultrasound wave to externally and locally switch on and off the fluorophore emission from a small volume (close to ultrasound focal volume). By making improvements in three aspects of this technique: excellent near-infrared USF contrast agents, a sensitive frequency-domain USF imaging system, and an effective signal processing algorithm, for the first time this study has achieved high spatial resolution (~ 900 μm) in 3-centimeter-deep tissue phantoms with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high sensitivity (3.4 picomoles of fluorophore in a volume of 68 nanoliters can be detected). We have achieved these results in both tissue-mimic phantoms and porcine muscle tissues. We have also demonstrated multi-color USF to image and distinguish two fluorophores with different wavelengths, which might be very useful for simultaneously imaging of multiple targets and observing their interactions in the future. This work has opened the door for future studies of high-resolution centimeter-deep tissue fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Cheng
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76010, United States of America
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States of America
| | - Venugopal Bandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155, Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas, 76203, United States of America
| | - Ming-Yuan Wei
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76010, United States of America
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States of America
| | - Yanbo Pei
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76010, United States of America
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States of America
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155, Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas, 76203, United States of America
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76010, United States of America
| | - Yi Hong
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76010, United States of America
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76010, United States of America
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yu S, Cheng B, Yao T, Xu C, Nguyen KT, Hong Y, Yuan B. New generation ICG-based contrast agents for ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35942. [PMID: 27775014 PMCID: PMC5075910 DOI: 10.1038/srep35942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed a new technology, ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF), for high-resolution imaging in centimeter-deep tissues via fluorescence contrast. The success of USF imaging highly relies on excellent contrast agents. ICG-encapsulated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanoparticles (ICG-NPs) are one of the families of the most successful near-infrared (NIR) USF contrast agents. However, the first-generation ICG-NPs have a short shelf life (<1 month). This work significantly increases the shelf life of the new-generation ICG-NPs (>6 months). In addition, we have conjugated hydroxyl or carboxyl function groups on the ICG-NPs for future molecular targeting. Finally, we have demonstrated the effect of temperature-switching threshold (Tth) and the background temperature (TBG) on the quality of USF images. We estimated that the Tth of the ICG-NPs should be controlled at ~38–40 °C (slightly above the body temperature of 37 °C) for future in vivo USF imaging. Addressing these challenges further reduces the application barriers of USF imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bingbing Cheng
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tingfeng Yao
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cancan Xu
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kytai T Nguyen
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Yi Hong
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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23
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Optical Brain Imaging: A Powerful Tool for Neuroscience. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:95-102. [PMID: 27535148 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As the control center of organisms, the brain remains little understood due to its complexity. Taking advantage of imaging methods, scientists have found an accessible approach to unraveling the mystery of neuroscience. Among these methods, optical imaging techniques are widely used due to their high molecular specificity and single-molecule sensitivity. Here, we overview several optical imaging techniques in neuroscience of recent years, including brain clearing, the micro-optical sectioning tomography system, and deep tissue imaging.
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24
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Liu Y, Ma C, Shen Y, Wang LV. Bit-efficient, sub-millisecond wavefront measurement using a lock-in camera for time-reversal based optical focusing inside scattering media. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1321-4. [PMID: 27192226 PMCID: PMC4874255 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing measures the wavefront of ultrasonically tagged light, and then phase conjugates the tagged light back to the ultrasonic focus, thus focusing light deep inside the scattering media. In previous works, the speed of wavefront measurement was limited by the low frame rates of conventional cameras. In addition, these cameras used most of their bits to represent an informationless background when the signal-to-background ratio was low, resulting in extremely low efficiencies in the use of bits. Here, using a lock-in camera, we increase the bit efficiency and reduce the data transfer load by digitizing only the signal after rejecting the background. With this camera, we obtained the wavefront of ultrasonically tagged light after a single frame of measurement taken within 0.3 ms, and focused light in between two diffusers. The phase sensitivity has reached 0.51 rad even when the SBR is 6×10-4.
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25
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Bossy E, Gigan S. Photoacoustics with coherent light. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:22-35. [PMID: 27069874 PMCID: PMC4811919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction in the mid-nineties, photoacoustic imaging of biological tissue has been one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modality, and its basic principles are now considered as well established. In particular, light propagation in photoacoustic imaging is generally considered from the perspective of transport theory. However, recent breakthroughs in optics have shown that coherent light propagating through optically scattering medium could be manipulated towards novel imaging approaches. In this article, we first provide an introduction to the relevant concepts in the field, and then review the recent works showing that it is possible to exploit the coherence of light in conjunction with photoacoustics. We illustrate how the photoacoustic effect can be used as a powerful feedback mechanism for optical wavefront shaping in complex media, and conversely show how the coherence of light can be exploited to enhance photoacoustic imaging, for instance in terms of spatial resolution or for designing minimally invasive endoscopic devices. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives down the road towards practical applications in the field of photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bossy
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Optics Laboratory and Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gigan
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Ruan H, Jang M, Yang C. Optical focusing inside scattering media with time-reversed ultrasound microbubble encoded light. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8968. [PMID: 26597439 PMCID: PMC4673873 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing light inside scattering media in a freely addressable fashion is challenging, as the wavefront of the scattered light is highly disordered. Recently developed ultrasound-guided wavefront shaping methods are addressing this challenge, albeit with relatively low modulation efficiency and resolution limitations. In this paper, we present a new technique, time-reversed ultrasound microbubble encoded (TRUME) optical focusing, which can focus light with improved efficiency and sub-ultrasound wavelength resolution. This method ultrasonically destroys microbubbles, and measures the wavefront change to compute and render a suitable time-reversed wavefront solution for focusing. We demonstrate that the TRUME technique can create an optical focus at the site of bubble destruction with a size of ∼2 μm. We further demonstrate a twofold enhancement in addressable focus resolution in a microbubble aggregate target by exploiting the nonlinear pressure-to-destruction response of the microbubbles. The reported technique provides a deep tissue-focusing solution with high efficiency, resolution, and specificity. Focusing light inside biological tissue is challenging due to its strong scattering nature. Here, the authors develop a technique that uses ultrasonically destroyed microbubbles to assist in the computation of a wavefront solution which forms optical foci at the microbubble destruction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Ruan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mooseok Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Changhuei Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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27
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Horstmeyer R, Ruan H, Yang C. Guidestar-assisted wavefront-shaping methods for focusing light into biological tissue. NATURE PHOTONICS 2015; 9:563-571. [PMID: 27293480 PMCID: PMC4900467 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the field of biomedical optics, optical scattering has traditionally limited the range of imaging within tissue to a depth of one millimetre. A recently developed class of wavefront-shaping techniques now aims to overcome this limit and achieve diffraction-limited control of light beyond one centimetre. By manipulating the spatial profile of an optical field before it enters a scattering medium, it is possible to create a micrometre-scale focal spot deep within tissue. To successfully operate in vivo, these wavefront-shaping techniques typically require feedback from within the biological sample. This Review summarizes recently developed 'guidestar' mechanisms that provide feedback for intra-tissue focusing. Potential applications of guidestar-assisted focusing include optogenetic control over neurons, targeted photodynamic therapy and deep tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roarke Horstmeyer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Haowen Ruan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Changhuei Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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28
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Conkey DB, Caravaca-Aguirre AM, Dove JD, Ju H, Murray TW, Piestun R. Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging through a scattering wall. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7902. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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29
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Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy is the current method of choice for in vivo deep-tissue imaging. The long laser wavelength suffers less scattering, and the 3D-confined excitation permits the use of scattered signal light. However, the imaging depth is still limited because of the complex refractive index distribution of biological tissue, which scrambles the incident light and destroys the optical focus needed for high resolution imaging. Here, we demonstrate a wavefront-shaping scheme that allows clear imaging through extremely turbid biological tissue, such as the skull, over an extended corrected field of view (FOV). The complex wavefront correction is obtained and directly conjugated to the turbid layer in a noninvasive manner. Using this technique, we demonstrate in vivo submicron-resolution imaging of neural dendrites and microglia dynamics through the intact skulls of adult mice. This is the first observation, to our knowledge, of dynamic morphological changes of microglia through the intact skull, allowing truly noninvasive studies of microglial immune activities free from external perturbations.
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30
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Watnik AT, Lebow PS. Weak-signal iterative holography. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2615-2619. [PMID: 25967166 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An iterative holographic table-top experiment is presented, where a recorded hologram is used to re-illuminate the initial target. With this beam shaping setup, more light is directed to the target for each iteration until a convergence limit is met. We experimentally examine convergence properties of this iterative hologram reconstruction approach for weak object signals and compare with theory.
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31
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Wu TW, Cui M. Numerical study of multi-conjugate large area wavefront correction for deep tissue microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:7463-70. [PMID: 25837086 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.007463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront distortion fundamentally limits the achievable imaging depth and quality in thick tissue. Wavefront correction can help restore the diffraction limited focus albeit with a small field of view (FOV), which limits its imaging applications. In this work, we numerically investigate whether the multi-conjugate configuration, originally developed for astronomical adaptive optics, may increase the correction FOV in random turbid media. The results show that the multi-conjugate configuration can significantly improve the correction area compared to the widely adopted pupil plane correction. Even in the simple case of single-conjugation, it still outperforms the pupil plane correction. This study provides a guideline for designing the optimal wavefront correction system in deep tissue imaging.
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32
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Kong L, Cui M. In vivo neuroimaging through the highly scattering tissue via iterative multi-photon adaptive compensation technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:6145-50. [PMID: 25836837 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.006145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For in vivo deep tissue imaging, high order wavefront measurement and correction is needed for handling the severe wavefront distortion. Towards such a goal, we have developed the iterative multi-photon adaptive compensation technique (IMPACT). In this work, we explore using IMPACT to perform calcium imaging of neocortex through the intact skull of adult mice, and to image through the highly scattering white matter on the hippocampus surface.
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33
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Liu Y, Lai P, Ma C, Xu X, Grabar AA, Wang LV. Optical focusing deep inside dynamic scattering media with near-infrared time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) light. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5904. [PMID: 25556918 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing light deep inside living tissue has not been achieved despite its promise to play a central role in biomedical imaging, optical manipulation and therapy. To address this challenge, internal-guide-star-based wavefront engineering techniques--for example, time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing--were developed. The speeds of these techniques, however, were limited to no greater than 1 Hz, preventing them from in vivo applications. Here we improve the speed of optical focusing deep inside scattering media by two orders of magnitude, and focus diffuse light inside a dynamic scattering medium having a speckle correlation time as short as 5.6 ms, typical of living tissue. By imaging a target, we demonstrate the first focusing of diffuse light inside a dynamic scattering medium containing living tissue. Since the achieved focusing speed approaches the tissue decorrelation rate, this work is an important step towards in vivo deep tissue noninvasive optical imaging, optogenetics and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2]
| | - Puxiang Lai
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2]
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Alexander A Grabar
- Institute of Solid State Physics and Chemistry, Uzhgorod National University, 88 000 Uzhgorod, Ukraine
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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34
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Iterative time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light focusing in backscattering mode. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7156. [PMID: 25412687 PMCID: PMC4239564 DOI: 10.1038/srep07156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Time-Reversed Ultrasound-Encoded (TRUE) light technique enables noninvasive focusing deep inside scattering media. However, the time-reversal procedure usually has a low signal-to-noise ratio because the intensity of ultrasound-encoded light is intrinsically low. Consequently, the contrast and resolution of TRUE focus is far from ideal, especially in the backscattering geometry, which is more practical in many biomedical applications. To improve the light intensity and resolution of TRUE focus, we developed an iterative TRUE (iTRUE) light focusing technique that employs the TRUE focus itself as a signal source (rather than diffused light) for subsequent TRUE procedures. Importantly, this iTRUE technique enables light focusing in backscattering mode. Here, we demonstrate the concept by focusing light in between scattering layers in a backscattering configuration and show that the light intensity at the focus is progressively enhanced by a factor of ~20. By scanning across a fluorescent bead between these two scattering layers, the focusing resolution in the ultrasound axial and lateral directions was improved ~2-fold and ~3-fold, respectively. We further explored the application of iTRUE in biological samples by focusing light between 1 mm thick chicken tissue and cartilage, and light intensity enhancements of the same order were also observed.
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35
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Kong L, Cui M. In vivo fluorescence microscopy via iterative multi-photon adaptive compensation technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23786-94. [PMID: 25321957 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iterative multi-photon adaptive compensation technique (IMPACT) has been developed for wavefront measurement and compensation in highly scattering tissues. Our previous report was largely based on the measurements of fixed tissue. Here we demonstrate the advantages of IMPACT for in vivo imaging and report the latest results. In particular, we show that IMPACT can be used for functional imaging of awake mice, and greatly improve the in vivo neuron imaging in mouse cortex at large depth (~660 microns). Moreover, IMPACT enables neuron imaging through the intact skull of adult mice, which promises noninvasive optical measurements in mouse brain.
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36
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Hao X, Martin-Rouault L, Cui M. A self-adaptive method for creating high efficiency communication channels through random scattering media. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5874. [PMID: 25070592 PMCID: PMC5376198 DOI: 10.1038/srep05874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves is important to a broad range of applications. Recent advances in controlling wave propagation in random scattering media have enabled optical focusing and imaging inside random scattering media. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a new method to deliver optical power more efficiently through scattering media. Drastically different from the random matrix characterization approach, our method can rapidly establish high efficiency communication channels using just a few measurements, regardless of the number of optical modes, and provides a practical and robust solution to boost the signal levels in optical or short wave communications. We experimentally demonstrated analog and digital signal transmission through highly scattering media with greatly improved performance. Besides scattering, our method can also reduce the loss of signal due to absorption. Experimentally, we observed that our method forced light to go around absorbers, leading to even higher signal improvement than in the case of purely scattering media. Interestingly, the resulting signal improvement is highly directional, which provides a new means against eavesdropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hao
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | | | - Meng Cui
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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37
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Watnik AT, Lebow PS. Limits of bootstrapping in a weak-signal holographic conjugator. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:3841-3847. [PMID: 24979413 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.003841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of noise on the energy convergence for extremely weak signals in the object field of a holographic experiment. The impact of noise for the energy-on-target in the iterative, bootstrapping process of a holographic phase conjugator system is theoretically derived to obtain a recursive analytical solution. Theoretical results are compared with numerical simulations for a weak-signal holographic conjugator.
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38
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Suzuki Y, Tay JW, Yang Q, Wang LV. Continuous scanning of a time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focus by reflection-mode digital phase conjugation. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3441-4. [PMID: 24978506 PMCID: PMC4138829 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing in turbid media was previously implemented using both analog and digital phase conjugation. The digital approach, in addition to its large energy gain, can improve the focal intensity and resolution by iterative focusing. However, performing iterative focusing at each focal position can be time-consuming. Here, we show that by gradually moving the focal position, the TRUE focal intensity is improved, as in iterative focusing at a fixed position, and can be continuously scanned to image fluorescent targets in a shorter time. In addition, our setup is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of TRUE focusing using a digital phase conjugate mirror in a reflection mode, which is more suitable for practical applications.
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39
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Pei Y, Wei MY, Cheng B, Liu Y, Xie Z, Nguyen K, Yuan B. High resolution imaging beyond the acoustic diffraction limit in deep tissue via ultrasound-switchable NIR fluorescence. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4690. [PMID: 24732947 PMCID: PMC4003820 DOI: 10.1038/srep04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging in deep tissue with high spatial resolution is highly desirable because it can provide details about tissue's structural, functional, and molecular information. Unfortunately, current fluorescence imaging techniques are limited either in penetration depth (microscopy) or spatial resolution (diffuse light based imaging) as a result of strong light scattering in deep tissue. To overcome this limitation, we developed an ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) imaging technique whereby ultrasound was used to switch on/off the emission of near infrared (NIR) fluorophores. We synthesized and characterized unique NIR USF contrast agents. The excellent switching properties of these agents, combined with the sensitive USF imaging system developed in this study, enabled us to image fluorescent targets in deep tissue with spatial resolution beyond the acoustic diffraction limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Pei
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA [3]
| | - Ming-Yuan Wei
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA [3]
| | - Bingbing Cheng
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA [3]
| | - Kytai Nguyen
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Baohong Yuan
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA [2] Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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40
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Jang M, Ruan H, Judkewitz B, Yang C. Model for estimating the penetration depth limit of the time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:5787-807. [PMID: 24663917 PMCID: PMC4086332 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.005787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing technique is a method that is capable of focusing light deep within a scattering medium. This theoretical study aims to explore the depth limits of the TRUE technique for biological tissues in the context of two primary constraints - the safety limit of the incident light fluence and a limited TRUE's recording time (assumed to be 1 ms), as dynamic scatterer movements in a living sample can break the time-reversal scattering symmetry. Our numerical simulation indicates that TRUE has the potential to render an optical focus with a peak-to-background ratio of ~2 at a depth of ~103 mm at wavelength of 800 nm in a phantom with tissue scattering characteristics. This study sheds light on the allocation of photon budget in each step of the TRUE technique, the impact of low signal on the phase measurement error, and the eventual impact of the phase measurement error on the strength of the TRUE optical focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mooseok Jang
- Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Haowen Ruan
- Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin Judkewitz
- Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Changhuei Yang
- Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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41
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Caravaca-Aguirre AM, Conkey DB, Dove JD, Ju H, Murray TW, Piestun R. High contrast three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging through scattering media by localized optical fluence enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:26671-6. [PMID: 24216888 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.026671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate enhanced three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging behind a scattering material by increasing the fluence in the ultrasound transducer focus. We enhance the optical intensity using wavefront shaping before the scatterer. The photoacoustic signal induced by an object placed behind the scattering medium serves as feedback to optimize the wavefront, enabling one order of magnitude enhancement of the photoacoustic amplitude. Using the enhanced optical intensity, we scan the object in two-dimensions before post-processing of the data to reconstruct the image. The temporal profile of the photoacoustic signal provides the information used to reconstruct the third dimension.
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42
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Tang J, van Panhuys N, Kastenmüller W, Germain RN. The future of immunoimaging--deeper, bigger, more precise, and definitively more colorful. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1407-12. [PMID: 23568494 PMCID: PMC3748132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are thoroughbreds, moving farther and faster and surveying more diverse tissue space than their nonhematopoietic brethren. Intravital 2-photon microscopy has provided insights into the movements and interactions of many immune cell types in diverse tissues, but more information is needed to link such analyses of dynamic cell behavior to function. Here, we describe additional methods whose application promises to extend our vision, allowing more complete, multiscale dissection of how immune cell positioning and movement are linked to system state, host defense, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Tang
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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43
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Judkewitz B, Wang YM, Horstmeyer R, Mathy A, Yang C. Speckle-scale focusing in the diffusive regime with time-reversal of variance-encoded light (TROVE). NATURE PHOTONICS 2013; 7:300-305. [PMID: 23814605 PMCID: PMC3692396 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Focusing of light in the diffusive regime inside scattering media has long been considered impossible. Recently, this limitation has been overcome with time reversal of ultrasound-encoded light (TRUE), but the resolution of this approach is fundamentally limited by the large number of optical modes within the ultrasound focus. Here, we introduce a new approach, time reversal of variance-encoded light (TROVE), which demixes these spatial modes by variance-encoding to break the resolution barrier imposed by the ultrasound. By encoding individual spatial modes inside the scattering sample with unique variances, we effectively uncouple the system resolution from the size of the ultrasound focus. This enables us to demonstrate optical focusing and imaging with diffuse light at unprecedented, speckle-scale lateral resolution of ~ 5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Judkewitz
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena CA 91125, USA ; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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