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Phung AT, Shah JR, Dong T, Reid T, Larson C, Sanchez AB, Oronsky B, Trogler WC, Kummel AC, Aisagbonhi O, Blair SL. CAR expression in invasive breast carcinoma and its effect on adenovirus transduction efficiency. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:131. [PMID: 39256827 PMCID: PMC11389499 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women, with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) as the two most common forms of invasive breast cancer. While estrogen receptor positive (ER+) IDC and ILC are treated similarly, the multifocality of ILC presents challenges in detection and treatment, worsening long-term clinical outcomes in patients. With increasing documentation of chemoresistance in ILC, additional treatment options are needed. Oncolytic adenoviral therapy may be a promising option, but cancer cells must express the coxsackievirus & adenovirus receptor (CAR) for adenoviral therapy to be effective. The present study aims to evaluate the extent to which CAR expression is observed in ILC in comparison to IDC, and how the levels of CAR expression correlate with adenovirus transduction efficiency. The effect of liposome encapsulation on transduction efficiency is also assessed. METHODS To characterize CAR expression in invasive breast carcinoma, 36 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human breast tumor samples were assayed by CAR immunohistochemistry (IHC). Localization of CAR in comparison to other junctional proteins was performed using a multiplex immunofluorescence panel consisting of CAR, p120-catenin, and E-cadherin. ILC and IDC primary tumors and cell lines were transduced with E1- and E3-deleted adenovirus type 5 inserted with a GFP transgene (Ad-GFP) and DOTAP liposome encapsulated Ad-GFP (DfAd-GFP) at various multiplicities of infection (MOIs). Transduction efficiency was measured using a fluorescence plate reader. CAR expression in the human primary breast carcinomas and cell lines was also evaluated by IHC. RESULTS We observed membranous CAR, p120-catenin and E-cadherin expression in IDC. In ILC, we observed cytoplasmic expression of CAR and p120-catenin, with absent E-cadherin. Adenovirus effectively transduced high-CAR IDC cell lines, at MOIs as low as 12.5. Ad-GFP showed similar transduction as DfAd-GFP in high-CAR IDC cell lines. Conversely, Ad-GFP transduction of ILC cell lines was observed only at MOIs of 50 and 100. Furthermore, Ad-GFP did not transduce CAR-negative IDC cell lines even at MOIs greater than 100. Liposome encapsulation (DfAd-GFP) improved transduction efficiency 4-fold in ILC and 17-fold in CAR-negative IDC cell lines. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that oncolytic adenoviral therapy is less effective in ILC than IDC due to differences in spatial CAR expression. Liposome-enhanced delivery may be beneficial for patients with ILC and tumors with low or negative CAR expression to improve adenoviral therapeutic effectiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Female
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein/metabolism
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Liposomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham T Phung
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jaimin R Shah
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tao Dong
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tony Reid
- EpicentRx, Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - William C Trogler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew C Kummel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Omonigho Aisagbonhi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarah L Blair
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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2
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Bauer K, Machherndl-Spandl S, Kazianka L, Sadovnik I, Gültekin S, Suessner S, Proell J, Lauf J, Hoermann G, Eisenwort G, Häfner N, Födermayr-Mayrleitner M, Schmolke AS, van der Kouwe E, Platzbecker U, Lion T, Weltermann A, Zach O, Webersinke G, Germing U, Gabriel C, Sperr WR, Béné MC, Staber PB, Bettelheim P, Valent P. CAR virus receptor mediates erythroid differentiation and migration and is downregulated in MDS. Leukemia 2023; 37:2250-2260. [PMID: 37673973 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are myeloid neoplasms presenting with dysplasia in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral cytopenia. In most patients anemia develops. We screened for genes that are expressed abnormally in erythroid progenitor cells (EP) and contribute to the pathogenesis of MDS. We found that the Coxsackie-Adenovirus receptor (CAR = CXADR) is markedly downregulated in CD45low/CD105+ EP in MDS patients compared to control EP. Correspondingly, the erythroblast cell lines HEL, K562, and KU812 stained negative for CAR. Lentiviral transduction of the full-length CXADR gene into these cells resulted in an increased expression of early erythroid antigens, including CD36, CD71, and glycophorin A. In addition, CXADR-transduction resulted in an increased migration against a serum protein gradient, whereas truncated CXADR variants did not induce expression of erythroid antigens or migration. Furthermore, conditional knock-out of Cxadr in C57BL/6 mice resulted in anemia and erythroid dysplasia. Finally, decreased CAR expression on EP was found to correlate with high-risk MDS and decreased survival. Together, CAR is a functionally relevant marker that is down-regulated on EP in MDS and is of prognostic significance. Decreased CAR expression may contribute to the maturation defect and altered migration of EP and thus their pathologic accumulation in the BM in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Machherndl-Spandl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Lukas Kazianka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sinan Gültekin
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Proell
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norman Häfner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ann-Sofie Schmolke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emiel van der Kouwe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Division of Hematology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, Hematology and Cellular Therapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Lion
- Children´s Cancer Research Institute Vienna und Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Otto Zach
- Laboratory for Molecular and Genetic Diagnostics, Ordensklinikum, Linz, Austria
| | - Gerald Webersinke
- Laboratory for Molecular and Genetic Diagnostics, Ordensklinikum, Linz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Germing
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Gabriel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie C Béné
- Hematology Laboratory, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp B Staber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bettelheim
- Labor Europaplatz, Linz, Austria
- Laboratory for Molecular and Genetic Diagnostics, Ordensklinikum, Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Freiberg F, Thakkar M, Hamann W, Lopez Carballo J, Jüttner R, Voss FK, Becher PM, Westermann D, Tschöpe C, Heuser A, Rocks O, Fischer R, Gotthardt M. CAR links hypoxia signaling to improved survival after myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:643-652. [PMID: 36941462 PMCID: PMC10073142 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homo- and heterotopic interactions between neighboring cardiomyocytes at the intercalated disc. CAR is upregulated in the hypoxic areas surrounding myocardial infarction (MI). To elucidate whether CAR contributes to hypoxia signaling and MI pathology, we used a gain- and loss-of-function approach in transfected HEK293 cells, H9c2 cardiomyocytes and CAR knockout mice. CAR overexpression increased RhoA activity, HIF-1α expression and cell death in response to chemical and physical hypoxia. In vivo, we subjected cardiomyocyte-specific CAR knockout (KO) and wild-type mice (WT) to coronary artery ligation. Survival was drastically improved in KO mice with largely preserved cardiac function as determined by echocardiography. Histological analysis revealed a less fibrotic, more compact lesion. Thirty days after MI, there was no compensatory hypertrophy or reduced cardiac output in hearts from CAR KO mice, in contrast to control mice with increased heart weight and reduced ejection fraction as signs of the underlying pathology. Based on these findings, we suggest CAR as a therapeutic target for the improved future treatment or prevention of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Freiberg
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meghna Thakkar
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hamann
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacobo Lopez Carballo
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rene Jüttner
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felizia K Voss
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter M Becher
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT (Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Animal Phenotyping, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Rocks
- Spatiotemporal Control of Rho GTPase Signaling, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Fischer
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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CXADR: From an Essential Structural Component to a Vital Signaling Mediator in Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021288. [PMID: 36674801 PMCID: PMC9865082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) is a transmembrane component of cell junctions that is crucial for cardiac and testicular functions via its homophilic and heterophilic interaction. CXADR is expressed in both Sertoli cells and germ cells and is localized mainly at the interface between Sertoli-Sertoli cells and Sertoli-germ cells. Knockout of CXADR in mouse Sertoli cells specifically impairs male reproductive functions, including a compromised blood-testis barrier, apoptosis of germ cells, and premature loss of spermatids. Apart from serving as an important component for cell junctions, recent progress has showed the potential roles of CXADR as a signaling mediator in spermatogenesis. This review summarizes current research progress related to the regulation and role of CXADR in spermatogenesis as well as in pathological conditions. We hope this review provides some future directions and a blueprint to promote the further study on the roles of CXADR.
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5
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Bagley DC, Hernandez VL, Roberts LB, Maguire TJA, Voss F, Mertins P, Kirchner M, Peset-Martin I, Woszczek G, Rosenblatt J, Gotthardt M, Santis G, Parsons M. Epithelial coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor promotes house dust mite-induced lung inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6407. [PMID: 36302767 PMCID: PMC9613683 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway inflammation and remodelling are important pathophysiologic features in asthma and other respiratory conditions. An intact epithelial cell layer is crucial to maintain lung homoeostasis, and this depends on intercellular adhesion, whilst damaged respiratory epithelium is the primary instigator of airway inflammation. The Coxsackievirus Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) is highly expressed in the epithelium where it modulates cell-cell adhesion stability and facilitates immune cell transepithelial migration. However, the contribution of CAR to lung inflammation remains unclear. Here we investigate the mechanistic contribution of CAR in mediating responses to the common aeroallergen, House Dust Mite (HDM). We demonstrate that administration of HDM in mice lacking CAR in the respiratory epithelium leads to loss of peri-bronchial inflammatory cell infiltration, fewer goblet-cells and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In vitro analysis in human lung epithelial cells confirms that loss of CAR leads to reduced HDM-dependent inflammatory cytokine release and neutrophil migration. Epithelial CAR depletion also promoted smooth muscle cell proliferation mediated by GSK3β and TGF-β, basal matrix production and airway hyperresponsiveness. Our data demonstrate that CAR coordinates lung inflammation through a dual function in leucocyte recruitment and tissue remodelling and may represent an important target for future therapeutic development in inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dustin C Bagley
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Luke B Roberts
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felizia Voss
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in the Helmholtz Assoziation (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieluise Kirchner
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Grzegorz Woszczek
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in the Helmholtz Assoziation (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - George Santis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
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6
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Owczarek C, Ortiz-Zapater E, Kim J, Papaevangelou E, Santis G, Parsons M. CAR Co-Operates With Integrins to Promote Lung Cancer Cell Adhesion and Invasion. Front Oncol 2022; 12:829313. [PMID: 35252000 PMCID: PMC8889575 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a member of the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family of adhesion receptors and is localised to epithelial cell tight and adherens junctions. CAR has been shown to be highly expressed in lung cancer where it is proposed to promote tumor growth and regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), however the potential role of CAR in lung cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. To better understand the role of this receptor in tumor progression, we manipulated CAR expression in both epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like lung cancer cells. In both cases, CAR overexpression promoted tumor growth in vivo in immunocompetent mice and increased cell adhesion in the lung after intravenous injection without altering the EMT properties of each cell line. Overexpression of WTCAR resulted in increased invasion in 3D models and enhanced β1 integrin activity in both cell lines, and this was dependent on phosphorylation of the CAR cytoplasmic tail. Furthermore, phosphorylation of CAR was enhanced by substrate stiffness in vitro, and CAR expression increased at the boundary of solid tumors in vivo. Moreover, CAR formed a complex with the focal adhesion proteins Src, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and paxillin and promoted activation of the Guanine Triphosphate (GTP)-ase Ras-related Protein 1 (Rap1), which in turn mediated enhanced integrin activation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CAR contributes to lung cancer metastasis via promotion of cell-matrix adhesion, providing new insight into co-operation between cell-cell and cell-matrix proteins that regulate different steps of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Owczarek
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Efthymia Papaevangelou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Santis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Maddy Parsons,
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Kotha Lakshmi Narayan P, Readler JM, Alghamri MS, Brockman TL, Yan R, Sharma P, Snitsarev V, Excoffon KJDA, Kolawole AO. The Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Has a Short Half-Life in Epithelial Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:173. [PMID: 35215116 PMCID: PMC8880067 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is an essential cellular protein that is involved in cell adhesion, cell signaling, and viral infection. The 8-exon encoded isoform (CAREx8) resides at the apical surface of polarized epithelia, where it is accessible as a receptor for adenovirus entering the airway lumen. Given its pivotal role in viral infection, it is a target for antiviral strategies. To understand the regulation of CAREx8 and determine the feasibility of receptor downregulation, the half-life of total and apical localized CAREx8 was determined and correlated with adenovirus transduction. Total and apical CAREx8 has a relatively short half-life of approximately 2 h. The half-life of apical CAREx8 correlates well with adenovirus transduction. These results suggest that antiviral strategies that aim to degrade the primary receptor for apical adenovirus infection will be effective within a relatively short time frame after application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Kotha Lakshmi Narayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - James M. Readler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Mahmoud S. Alghamri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Trisha L. Brockman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
| | | | - Katherine J. D. A. Excoffon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Abimbola O. Kolawole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (P.K.L.N.); (J.M.R.); (M.S.A.); (T.L.B.); (R.Y.); (P.S.); (K.J.D.A.E.)
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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8
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Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CXADR): Recent Findings and Its Role and Regulation in Spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1288:95-109. [PMID: 34453733 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77779-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. It expresses in most tissues, but displays unique and indispensable functions in some tissues such as heart and testis. CXADR is a multifunctional protein that can serve as a viral receptor, a junction structural protein and a signalling molecule. Thus, it exerts a wide range of functions such as facilitating leukocyte transmigration, regulating barrier function and cell adhesion, promoting EMT transition, and mediating spermatogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview and highlights some recent findings on CXADR in the field with emphasis on studies in the testis, upon which future studies can be designed to delineate the roles and regulation of CXADR in spermatogenesis.
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9
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Howden JD, Michael M, Hight-Warburton W, Parsons M. α2β1 integrins spatially restrict Cdc42 activity to stabilise adherens junctions. BMC Biol 2021; 19:130. [PMID: 34158053 PMCID: PMC8220754 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratinocytes form the main protective barrier in the skin to separate the underlying tissue from the external environment. In order to maintain this barrier, keratinocytes form robust junctions between neighbouring cells as well as with the underlying extracellular matrix. Cell–cell adhesions are mediated primarily through cadherin receptors, whereas the integrin family of transmembrane receptors is predominantly associated with assembly of matrix adhesions. Integrins have been shown to also localise to cell–cell adhesions, but their role at these sites remains unclear. Results Here we show that α2β1 integrins are enriched at mature keratinocyte cell–cell adhesions, where they play a crucial role in organising cytoskeletal networks to stabilize adherens junctions. Loss of α2β1 integrin has significant functional phenotypes associated with cell–cell adhesion destabilisation, including increased proliferation, reduced migration and impaired barrier function. Mechanistically, we show that α2β1 integrins suppress activity of Src and Shp2 at cell–cell adhesions leading to enhanced Cdc42–GDI interactions and stabilisation of junctions between neighbouring epithelial cells. Conclusion Our data reveals a new role for α2β1 integrins in controlling integrity of epithelial cell–cell adhesions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01054-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D Howden
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Magdalene Michael
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Willow Hight-Warburton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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10
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Shafraz O, Xie B, Yamada S, Sivasankar S. Mapping transmembrane binding partners for E-cadherin ectodomains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31157-31165. [PMID: 33229577 PMCID: PMC7733791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010209117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We combine proximity labeling and single molecule binding assays to discover transmembrane protein interactions in cells. We first screen for candidate binding partners by tagging the extracellular and cytoplasmic regions of a "bait" protein with BioID biotin ligase and identify proximal proteins that are biotin tagged on both their extracellular and intracellular regions. We then test direct binding interactions between proximal proteins and the bait, using single molecule atomic force microscope binding assays. Using this approach, we identify binding partners for the extracellular region of E-cadherin, an essential cell-cell adhesion protein. We show that the desmosomal proteins desmoglein-2 and desmocollin-3, the focal adhesion protein integrin-α2β1, the receptor tyrosine kinase ligand ephrin-B1, and the classical cadherin P-cadherin, all directly interact with E-cadherin ectodomains. Our data shows that combining extracellular and cytoplasmic proximal tagging with a biophysical binding assay increases the precision with which transmembrane ectodomain interactors can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Shafraz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Bin Xie
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sanjeevi Sivasankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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11
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Naturally occurring variants in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor have no impact on virus internalisation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:401-405. [PMID: 32334832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homophilic cell-cell contacts and susceptibility to both human pathogenic viruses through its membrane-distal immunoglobulin domain. In the present study, we screened five missense variants of the human CAR gene for their influence on adenovector or Coxsackievirus entry into Chinese hamster ovary cells. The CAR variants facilitated virus internalisation to a similar extent as wild type CAR. This underlines CAR's presumed invariance and essential physiological role in embryogenesis.
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12
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Wehbi A, Kremer EJ, Dopeso-Reyes IG. Location of the Cell Adhesion Molecule "Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor" in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32581729 PMCID: PMC7287018 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a single-pass transmembrane cell adhesion molecule (CAM). CAR is expressed in numerous mammalian tissues including the brain, heart, lung, and testes. In epithelial cells, CAR functions are typical of the quintessential roles of numerous CAMs. However, in the brain the multiple roles of CAR are poorly understood. To better understand the physiological role of CAR in the adult brain, characterizing its location is a primordial step to advance our knowledge of its functions. In addition, CAR is responsible for the attachment, internalization, and retrograde transport of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors, which have found a niche in the mapping of neuronal circuits and gene transfer to treat and model neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to document the global location of CAR in the healthy, young adult mouse brain. Globally, we found that CAR is expressed by maturing and mature neurons in the brain parenchyma and located on the soma and on projections. While CAR occasionally colocalizes with glial fibrillary acidic protein, this overlap was restricted to areas that are associated with adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Wehbi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Iria G Dopeso-Reyes
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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13
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Xiao X, Yang Y, Mao B, Cheng CY, Ni Y. Emerging role for SRC family kinases in junction dynamics during spermatogenesis. Reproduction 2019; 157:R85-R94. [PMID: 30608903 PMCID: PMC6602873 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SRC family kinases (SFKs) are known regulators of multiple cellular events, including cell movement, differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. SFKs are expressed virtually by all mammalian cells. They are non-receptor protein kinases that phosphorylate a variety of cellular proteins on tyrosine, leading to the activation of protein targets in response to environmental stimuli. Among SFKs, SRC, YES and FYN are the ubiquitously expressed and best studied members. In fact, SRC, the prototypical SFK, was the first tyrosine kinase identified in mammalian cells. Studies have shown that SFKs are regulators of cell junctions, and function in endocytosis and membrane trafficking to regulate junction restructuring events. Herein, we briefly summarize the recent findings in the field regarding the role of SFKs in the testis in regulating spermatogenesis, particularly in Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell adhesion. While it is almost 50 years since the identification of the oncogene v-Src encoded by Rous sarcoma transforming virus, the understanding of SFK involvement during spermatogenesis in the testis remains far behind that in other epithelia and tissues. The goal of this review is to bridge this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baiping Mao
- The Mary M. Woldford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - C. Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Woldford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Ya Ni
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Pike R, Ortiz-Zapater E, Lumicisi B, Santis G, Parsons M. KIF22 coordinates CAR and EGFR dynamics to promote cancer cell proliferation. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/515/eaaq1060. [PMID: 29382784 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a transmembrane receptor that plays a key role in cell-cell adhesion. CAR is found in normal epithelial cells and is increased in abundance in various human tumors, including lung carcinomas. We investigated the potential mechanisms by which CAR contributes to cancer cell growth and found that depletion of CAR in human lung cancer cells reduced anchorage-independent growth, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent proliferation, and tumor growth in vivo. EGF induced the phosphorylation of CAR and its subsequent relocalization to cell junctions through the activation of the kinase PKCδ. EGF promoted the binding of CAR to the chromokinesin KIF22. KIF22-dependent regulation of microtubule dynamics led to delayed EGFR internalization, enhanced EGFR signaling, and coordination of CAR dynamics at cell-cell junctions. These data suggest a role for KIF22 in the coordination of membrane receptors and provide potential new therapeutic strategies to combat lung tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Pike
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.,Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Brooke Lumicisi
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - George Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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15
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Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Phosphorylation of tight junction transmembrane proteins: Many sites, much to do. Tissue Barriers 2017; 6:e1382671. [PMID: 29083946 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1382671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a dynamic post-translational modification that can alter protein structure, localization, protein-protein interactions and stability. All of the identified tight junction transmembrane proteins can be multiply phosphorylated, but only in a few cases are the consequences of phosphorylation at specific sites well characterized. The goal of this review is to highlight some of the best understood examples of phosphorylation changes in the integral membrane tight junction proteins in the context of more general overview of the effects of phosphorylation throughout the proteome. We expect as that structural information for the tight junction proteins becomes more widely available and the molecular modeling algorithms improve, so will our understanding of the relevance of phosphorylation changes at single and multiple sites in tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - James M Anderson
- a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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16
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Santis G, Parsons M. CAR: A key regulator of adhesion and inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:1-5. [PMID: 28545889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a transmembrane receptor that plays a key role in controlling adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells. CAR is highly expressed in epithelial cells and was originally identified as a primary receptor for adenovirus cell binding. However, studies over the last 10 years have demonstrated that CAR plays a key role in co-ordinating cell-cell adhesion under homeostatic conditions including neuronal and cardiac development and cell junction stability; it has also been implicated in pathological states such as cancer growth and leukocyte transmigration during inflammation. Here we provide an overview of the functions of CAR as an adhesion molecule and highlight the emerging important role for CAR in controlling both recruitment of immune cells and in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - George Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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17
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Matthäus C, Langhorst H, Schütz L, Jüttner R, Rathjen FG. Cell-cell communication mediated by the CAR subgroup of immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules in health and disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:32-40. [PMID: 27871939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily represents a diverse set of cell-cell contact proteins and includes well-studied members such as NCAM1, DSCAM, L1 or the contactins which are strongly expressed in the nervous system. In this review we put our focus on the biological function of a less understood subgroup of Ig-like proteins composed of CAR (coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor), CLMP (CAR-like membrane protein) and BT-IgSF (brain and testis specific immunoglobulin superfamily). The CAR-related proteins are type I transmembrane proteins containing an N-terminal variable (V-type) and a membrane proximal constant (C2-type) Ig domain in their extracellular region which are implicated in homotypic adhesion. They are highly expressed during embryonic development in a variety of tissues including the nervous system whereby in adult stages the protein level of CAR and CLMP decreases, only BT-IgSF expression increases within age. CAR-related proteins are concentrated at specialized cell-cell communication sites such as gap or tight junctions and are present at the plasma membrane in larger protein complexes. Considerable progress has been made on the molecular structure and interactions of CAR while research on CLMP and BT-IgSF is at an early stage. Studies on mouse mutants revealed biological functions of CAR in the heart and for CLMP in the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems. Furthermore, CAR and BT-IgSF appear to regulate synaptic function in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matthäus
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanna Langhorst
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Schütz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Jüttner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Luissint AC, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:616-32. [PMID: 27436072 PMCID: PMC5317033 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that forms a dynamic, permeable barrier allowing for selective absorption of nutrients, while restricting access to pathogens and food-borne antigens. Precise regulation of epithelial barrier function is therefore required for maintaining mucosal homeostasis and depends, in part, on barrier-forming elements within the epithelium and a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the mucosa. Pathologic states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, are associated with a leaky epithelial barrier, resulting in excessive exposure to microbial antigens, recruitment of leukocytes, release of soluble mediators, and ultimately mucosal damage. An inflammatory microenvironment affects epithelial barrier properties and mucosal homeostasis by altering the structure and function of epithelial intercellular junctions through direct and indirect mechanisms. We review our current understanding of complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium and immune cells, with a focus on pathologic mucosal inflammation and mechanisms of epithelial repair. We discuss leukocyte-epithelial interactions, as well as inflammatory mediators that affect the epithelial barrier and mucosal repair. Increased knowledge of communication networks between the epithelium and immune system will lead to tissue-specific strategies for treating pathologic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny-Claude Luissint
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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19
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Fuchs M, Boulanger MC, Lambert H, Landry J, Lavoie JN. Adenofection: A Method for Studying the Role of Molecular Chaperones in Cellular Morphodynamics by Depletion-Rescue Experiments. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27685647 DOI: 10.3791/54557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes such as mitosis and cell differentiation are governed by changes in cell shape that largely rely on proper remodeling of the cell cytoskeletal structures. This involves the assembly-disassembly of higher-order macromolecular structures at a given time and location, a process that is particularly sensitive to perturbations caused by overexpression of proteins. Methods that can preserve protein homeostasis and maintain near-to-normal cellular morphology are highly desirable to determine the functional contribution of a protein of interest in a wide range of cellular processes. Transient depletion-rescue experiments based on RNA interference are powerful approaches to analyze protein functions and structural requirements. However, reintroduction of the target protein with minimum deviation from its physiological level is a real challenge. Here we describe a method termed adenofection that was developed to study the role of molecular chaperones and partners in the normal operation of dividing cells and the relationship with actin remodeling. HeLa cells were depleted of BAG3 with siRNA duplexes targeting the 3'UTR region. GFP-tagged BAG3 proteins were reintroduced simultaneously into >75% of the cells using recombinant adenoviruses coupled to transfection reagents. Adenofection enabled to express BAG3-GFP proteins at near physiological levels in HeLa cells depleted of BAG3, in the absence of a stress response. No effect was observed on the levels of endogenous Heat Shock Protein chaperones, the main stress-inducible regulators of protein homeostasis. Furthermore, by adding baculoviruses driving the expression of fluorescent markers at the time of cell transduction-transfection, we could dissect mitotic cell dynamics by time-lapse microscopic analyses with minimum perturbation of normal mitotic progression. Adenofection is applicable also to hard-to-infect mouse cells, and suitable for functional analyses of myoblast differentiation into myotubes. Thus adenofection provides a versatile method to perform structure-function analyses of proteins involved in sensitive biological processes that rely on higher-order cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Fuchs
- Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; Oncology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratoire d'études moléculaires des valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de recherche en valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center; Department of Surgery, Université Laval
| | - Herman Lambert
- Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; Oncology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval
| | - Jacques Landry
- Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; Oncology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval
| | - Josée N Lavoie
- Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; Oncology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval;
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20
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Morton PE, Hicks A, Ortiz-Zapater E, Raghavan S, Pike R, Noble A, Woodfin A, Jenkins G, Rayner E, Santis G, Parsons M. TNFα promotes CAR-dependent migration of leukocytes across epithelial monolayers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26321. [PMID: 27193388 PMCID: PMC4872059 DOI: 10.1038/srep26321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-epithelial migration (TEpM) of leukocytes during inflammation requires engagement with receptors expressed on the basolateral surface of the epithelium. One such receptor is Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) that binds to Junctional Adhesion Molecule-like (JAM-L) expressed on leukocytes. Here we provide the first evidence that efficient TEpM of monocyte-derived THP-1 cells requires and is controlled by phosphorylation of CAR. We show that TNFα acts in a paracrine manner on epithelial cells via a TNFR1-PI3K-PKCδ pathway leading to CAR phosphorylation and subsequent transmigration across cell junctions. Moreover, we show that CAR is hyper-phosphorylated in vivo in acute and chronic lung inflammation models and this response is required to facilitate immune cell recruitment. This represents a novel mechanism of feedback between leukocytes and epithelial cells during TEpM and may be important in controlling responses to pro-inflammatory cytokines in pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Morton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alexander Hicks
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Swetavalli Raghavan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rosemary Pike
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alistair Noble
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - George Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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21
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ADAM10 Is Involved in Cell Junction Assembly in Early Porcine Embryo Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152921. [PMID: 27043020 PMCID: PMC4820119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease domain-containing protein 10) is a cell surface protein with a unique structure possessing both potential adhesion and protease domains. However, the role of ADAM10 in preimplantation stage embryos is not clear. In this study, we examined the expression patterns and functional roles of ADAM10 in porcine parthenotes during preimplantation development. The transcription level of ADAM10 dramatically increased from the morula stage onward. Immunostaining revealed that ADAM10 was present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in early cleavage stage embryos, and localized to the apical region of the outer cells in morula and blastocyst embryos. Knockdown (KD) of ADAM10 using double strand RNA did not alter preimplantation embryo development until morula stage, but resulted in significantly reduced development to blastocyst stage. Moreover, the KD blastocyst showed a decrease in gene expression of adherens and tight junction (AJ/TJ), and an increase in trophectoderm TJ permeability by disrupting TJ assembly. Treatment with an ADAM10 specific chemical inhibitor, GI254023X, at the morula stage also inhibited blastocyst development and led to disruption of TJ assembly. An in situ proximity ligation assay demonstrated direct interaction of ADAM10 with coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR), supporting the involvement of ADAM10 in TJ assembly. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that ADADM10 is important for blastocyst formation rather than compaction, particularly for TJ assembly and stabilization in preimplantation porcine parthenogenetic development.
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22
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Kwon JW, Kim NH, Choi I. CXADR is required for AJ and TJ assembly during porcine blastocyst formation. Reproduction 2016; 151:297-304. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily as well as a member of the junctional adhesion molecule family of adhesion receptor. In human pre-implantation embryos, CXADR was detected and co-localized with tight junction (TJ) proteins on the membrane of the trophectoderm. However, its physiological roles were not elucidated in terms of blastocyst formation. Here, we reported expression patterns and biological functions of CXADR in porcine pre-implantation embryos. The transcripts of CXADR were detected at all stages of pre-implantation. Particularly, its expression dramatically increased and preferentially localized at the edge of cell–cell contacts, rather than in the nucleus from the eight-cell stage onwards. CXADR expression was knocked down (KD) by microinjecting double-stranded RNA into one-cell parthenotes. The vast majority of CXADR KD embryos failed to develop to the blastocyst stage, and a few developed KD blastocysts did not expand fully. Analysis of adherens junction (AJ)- and TJ-associated genes/proteins using qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and assessment of TJ permeability using FITC-dextran uptake assay revealed that the developmental failure and relatively small cavities are attributed to the defects of TJ assembly. In summary, CXADR is necessary for the AJ and TJ assembly/biogenesis during pre-implantation development.
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Loustalot F, Kremer EJ, Salinas S. Membrane Dynamics and Signaling of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 322:331-62. [PMID: 26940522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and acts as a receptor for some adenovirus types and group B coxsackieviruses. Its role is best described in epithelia where CAR participates to tight junction integrity and maintenance. Recently, several studies aimed to characterize its potential interaction with intracellular signaling pathways and highlighted several features linking CAR to gene expression. In addition, the molecular mechanisms leading to CAR-specific membrane targeting via the secretory pathway in polarized cells and its internalization are starting to be unraveled. This chapter discusses the interaction between membrane dynamics, intracellular trafficking, and signaling of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Loustalot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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The Intracellular Domain of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Differentially Influences Adenovirus Entry. J Virol 2015; 89:9417-26. [PMID: 26136571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01488-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell adhesion molecule used as a docking molecule by some adenoviruses (AdVs) and group B coxsackieviruses. We previously proposed that the preferential transduction of neurons by canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) is due to CAR-mediated internalization. Our proposed pathway of CAV-2 entry is in contrast to that of human AdV type 5 (HAdV-C5) in nonneuronal cells, where internalization is mediated by auxiliary receptors such as integrins. We therefore asked if in fibroblast-like cells the intracellular domain (ICD) of CAR plays a role in the internalization of the CAV-2 fiber knob (FK(CAV)), CAV-2, or HAdV-C5 when the capsid cannot engage integrins. Here, we show that in fibroblast-like cells, the CAR ICD is needed for FK(CAV) entry and efficient CAV-2 transduction but dispensable for HAdV-C5 and an HAdV-C5 capsid lacking the RGD sequence (an integrin-interacting motif) in the penton. Moreover, the deletion of the CAR ICD further impacts CAV-2 intracellular trafficking, highlighting the crucial role of CAR in CAV-2 intracellular dynamics. These data demonstrate that the CAR ICD contains sequences important for the recruitment of the endocytic machinery that differentially influences AdV cell entry. IMPORTANCE Understanding how viruses interact with the host cell surface and reach the intracellular space is of crucial importance for applied and fundamental virology. Here, we compare the role of a cell adhesion molecule (CAR) in the internalization of adenoviruses that naturally infect humans and Canidae. We show that the intracellular domain of CAR differentially regulates AdV entry and trafficking. Our study highlights the mechanistic differences that a receptor can have for two viruses from the same family.
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Williams BB, Tebbutt NC, Buchert M, Putoczki TL, Doggett K, Bao S, Johnstone CN, Masson F, Hollande F, Burgess AW, Scott AM, Ernst M, Heath JK. Glycoprotein A33 deficiency: a new mouse model of impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function and inflammatory disease. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:805-15. [PMID: 26035389 PMCID: PMC4527289 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the intestinal epithelium provide a selectively permeable barrier between the external environment and internal tissues. The integrity of this barrier is maintained by tight junctions, specialised cell-cell contacts that permit the absorption of water and nutrients while excluding microbes, toxins and dietary antigens. Impairment of intestinal barrier function contributes to multiple gastrointestinal disorders, including food hypersensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) is an intestinal epithelium-specific cell surface marker and member of the CTX group of transmembrane proteins. Roles in cell-cell adhesion have been demonstrated for multiple CTX family members, suggesting a similar function for GPA33 within the gastrointestinal tract. To test a potential requirement for GPA33 in intestinal barrier function, we generated Gpa33−/− mice and subjected them to experimental regimens designed to produce food hypersensitivity, colitis and CAC. Gpa33−/− mice exhibited impaired intestinal barrier function. This was shown by elevated steady-state immunosurveillance in the colonic mucosa and leakiness to oral TRITC-labelled dextran after short-term exposure to dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) to injure the intestinal epithelium. Gpa33−/− mice also exhibited rapid onset and reduced resolution of DSS-induced colitis, and a striking increase in the number of colitis-associated tumours produced by treatment with the colon-specific mutagen azoxymethane (AOM) followed by two cycles of DSS. In contrast, Gpa33−/− mice treated with AOM alone showed no increase in sporadic tumour formation, indicating that their increased tumour susceptibility is dependent on inflammatory stimuli. Finally, Gpa33−/− mice displayed hypersensitivity to food allergens, a common co-morbidity in humans with IBD. We propose that Gpa33−/− mice provide a valuable model to study the mechanisms linking intestinal permeability and multiple inflammatory pathologies. Moreover, this model could facilitate preclinical studies aimed at identifying drugs that restore barrier function. Highlighted Article: We show that GPA33, an intestine-specific cell surface protein, plays a role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function and the prevention of intestinal pathologies such as food hypersensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Williams
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Niall C Tebbutt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Karen Doggett
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shisan Bao
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Cameron N Johnstone
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Frederick Masson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Frederic Hollande
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Joan K Heath
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Sumagin R, Parkos CA. Epithelial adhesion molecules and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis during neutrophil transepithelial migration. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e969100. [PMID: 25838976 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.969100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial adhesion molecules play essential roles in regulating cellular function and maintaining mucosal tissue homeostasis. Some form epithelial junctional complexes to provide structural support for epithelial monolayers and act as a selectively permeable barrier separating luminal contents from the surrounding tissue. Others serve as docking structures for invading viruses and bacteria, while also regulating the immune response. They can either obstruct or serve as footholds for the immune cells recruited to mucosal surfaces. Currently, it is well appreciated that adhesion molecules collectively serve as environmental cue sensors and trigger signaling events to regulate epithelial function through their association with the cell cytoskeleton and various intracellular adapter proteins. Immune cells, particularly neutrophils (PMN) during transepithelial migration (TEM), can modulate adhesion molecule expression, conformation, and distribution, significantly impacting epithelial function and tissue homeostasis. This review discusses the roles of key intestinal epithelial adhesion molecules in regulating PMN trafficking and outlines the potential consequences on epithelial function.
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Key Words
- AJs, adherens junctions
- CAR, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor
- CLMP, CAR-like protein
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTX, thymocyte Xenopus
- DMs, Desmosomes
- Dsc-2, desmocollin-2
- Dsg-2, desmoglein-2
- E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin
- EGFR, Epithelial growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- JAM, junctional adhesion molecules
- LAD, leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- LTB-4, lipid leukotriene B4
- MIP1 α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteases
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARS, protease-activated receptors
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PMN, polymorphonuclear cells
- SGD, specific granule deficiency
- SIRPa, signal regulatory protein alpha
- TEM, transepithelial migration
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- TIAM1, metastasis-inducing protein 1
- TJs, tight junctions
- TSP-1, thrombospondin-1
- adhesion molecules
- barrier
- cell migration
- epithelial cells
- neutrophils
- sLea, sialyl Lewis A
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Unit; Emory University ; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Unit; Emory University ; Atlanta, GA USA
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Luissint AC, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. JAM-related proteins in mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:211-26. [PMID: 24667924 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells that form a physical barrier protecting the body against external noxious substances and pathogens. At a molecular level, the mucosal barrier is regulated by tight junctions (TJs) that seal the paracellular space between adjacent epithelial cells. Transmembrane proteins within TJs include junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) that belong to the cortical thymocyte marker for Xenopus family of proteins. JAM family encompasses three classical members (JAM-A, JAM-B, and JAM-C) and related molecules including JAM4, JAM-like protein, Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CAR-like membrane protein and endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule. JAMs have multiple functions that include regulation of endothelial and epithelial paracellular permeability, leukocyte recruitment during inflammation, angiogenesis, cell migration, and proliferation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles of the JAM family members in the regulation of mucosal homeostasis and leukocyte trafficking with a particular emphasis on barrier function and its perturbation during pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny-Claude Luissint
- Epithelial pathobiology and mucosal inflammation research unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 30306, Atlanta, GA, USA
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