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de Alwis C, Wahr K, Perrine KA. Influence of Cations on Direct CO 2 Capture and Mineral Film Formation: The Role of KCl and MgCl 2 at the Air/Electrolyte/Iron Interface. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4052-4067. [PMID: 38718205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Uncovering the mechanisms associated with CO2 capture through mineralization is vital for addressing rising CO2 levels. Iron in planetary soils, the mineral cycle, and atmospheric dust react with CO2 through complex surface chemistry. Here, the effect of cations on the growth of carbonate films on iron surfaces was investigated. In situ polarized modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy was used to measure CO2 adsorption and oxidation of iron in MgCl2(aq) and KCl(aq), compared to FeCl2(aq) at the air/electrolyte/iron interface. The cation was found to influence the film composition and growth rates, as corroborated by infrared and photoelectron spectroscopy. In MgCl2(aq), a mixture of hydromagnesite, magnesite, and a Mg hydroxy carbonate film was grown on iron, while in KCl(aq), a potassium-rich bicarbonate film was grown. The cations were found to affect the rates of hydroxylation and carbonation, confirming a specific cation effect on carbonate film growth. In the submerged region, a heterogeneous mixture of lepidocrocite and iron hydroxy carbonate was produced, suggesting that Fe2+ dominates the surface products. Surface roughness measurements from in situ atomic force microscopy indicate iron initially corrodes faster in MgCl2(aq) than KCl(aq), due to the Cl- ions that initiate pitting and corrosion. In this region, cations were not found to affect the morphologies. This study shows surface corrosion is necessary to provide nucleation sites for film growth and that the cations influence the carbonate film, relevant for CO2 capture and planetary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura de Alwis
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Kayleigh Wahr
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Kathryn A Perrine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Kim J, Ha Y, Cho K, Lee S, Jung J, Lee SB, Lee JY, Song M, Jang KS, Lee K, Ahn J, Kim C. Effects of volatile organic compounds and new particle formation on real-time hygroscopicity of PM 2.5 particles in Seosan, Republic of Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171516. [PMID: 38458451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The hygroscopicity of PM2.5 particles plays an important role in PM2.5 haze in Northeast Asian countries by influencing particle growth and chemical composition. New particle formation (NPF) and atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are factors that influence particle hygroscopicity. However, the lack of real-time hygroscopicity measurements has deterred the understanding of their effects on particle hygroscopicity. In this study, two intensive monitoring campaigns were conducted during the summer of 2021 and spring of 2022 using real-time aerosol instruments, including a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA), in Seosan, Republic of Korea. The hygroscopicity parameter κ was calculated from the real-time HTDMA measurement data (κGf). The diurnal variations in κGf exhibited strong inverse linear correlations with the total concentration of VOCs (CTVOC) during the two campaigns. The higher atmospheric CTVOC in summer increased the growth rate of the particle diameter from 10 to 40 nm (6 nm/h) compared with that in spring (2.7 nm/h), resulting in a faster change in κGf for 40-nm particles in summer than in spring because of the increase in organic matter in the chemical compositions of particles. In addition, NPF events introduced additional tiny fresh particles into the atmosphere, which reduced the κGf of 40-nm particles and increased the intensity of the less hygroscopic peaks (κGf < 0.1) of κ-probability density functions (κ-PDF) in NPF days. However, 100-nm particles exhibited fewer changes in κGf than 40-nm particles, resulting in additional dominant hygroscopic peaks (κ ∼ 0.2) of κ-PDFs in both NPF and non-NPF days. When κGf values measured in Seosan were compared with those in other Northeast Asian countries in the literature, the κ values for 40-nm particles were lower than those (κ > 0.2) measured in Beijing and Guangzhou, but those for 100-nm particles were close to those measured in the two cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongbeen Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkyeong Ha
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungil Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soodong Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsang Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Song
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- Division of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Ahn
- Division of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Alebić-Juretić A, Mifka B, Kuzmić J. Airborne desert dust in the Northern Adriatic area (Croatia): Different sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169320. [PMID: 38103610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
During the implementation of the INTERREG IT-HR project ECOMOBILITY, whose one of the goals was to estimate the impact of ship emissions on air quality in the port city of Rijeka (Croatia) and Venice (Italy), two particular weekly samples were collected in Rijeka, during the first and the thirteen weeks of sampling, i.e. S01 (16.10.-23.10.2018) and S13 (24.04.-30.04.2019.), respectively. Both samples have similarities regarding species characteristic for desert dust contribution, but HYSPLIT analyses excluded Saharan desert to be the source of the S01 sample. Unlike Saharan dust, this sample had a high contribution of fine and ultrafine particles (>50 % and 9.8 %, respectively), as well as secondary inorganic (sulfates, ammonium) and organic (water soluble organic compounds - WSOC) aerosols. Detailed synoptic situation and HYSPLIT backward trajectories pointed out the Syrian Desert as the source of this collected sample. The same source was proved by MERRA-2 reanalysis of the desert dust emission. Although the Saharan dust episodes, mostly in precipitation, are well known in the Northern Adriatic area, this is the first time to indicate Syrian Desert as a source of airborne particulates. This assumption was confirmed with chemical species characteristic for the Syrian Desert, i.e. higher content of potassium from K- feldspar and phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alebić-Juretić
- Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Boris Mifka
- Faculty of Physics, University of Rijeka, R. Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Josipa Kuzmić
- Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Ravnice 48, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zhang H, Chu B, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Zhang P, Ma Q, Wang Q, He H. Titanium Dioxide Promotes New Particle Formation: A Smog Chamber Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:920-928. [PMID: 36592345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 is a widely used material in building coatings. Many studies have revealed that TiO2 promotes the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and the subsequent sulfate formation. However, whether and how much TiO2 contributes to the gaseous H2SO4 and subsequent new particle formation (NPF) still remains unclear. Herein, we used a 1 m3 quartz smog chamber to investigate NPF in the presence of TiO2. The experimental results indicated that TiO2 could greatly promote NPF. The increases in particle formation rate (J) and growth rate due to the presence of TiO2 were quantified, and the promotion effect was attributed to the production of gaseous H2SO4. The promotion effect of TiO2 on SO2 oxidation and subsequent NPF decreased gradually due to the formation of surface sulfate but did not disappear completely, instead partly recovering after washing with water. Moreover, the promotion effect of TiO2 on NPF was observed regardless of differences in RH, and the most significant promotion effect of TiO2 associated with the strongest NPF occurred at an RH of 20%. Based on the experimental evidence, the environmental impact of TiO2 on gaseous H2SO4 and particle pollution in urban areas was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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5
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Zhu W, Qi Y, Tao H, Zhang H, Li W, Qu W, Shi J, Liu Y, Sheng L, Wang W, Wu G, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yao X, Wang X, Yi L, Ma Y, Zhou Y. Investigation of a haze-to-dust and dust swing process at a coastal city in northern China part I: Chemical composition and contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158270. [PMID: 36028017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The long retention of dust air masses in polluted areas, especially in winter, may efficiently change the physicochemical properties of aerosols, causing additional health and ecological effects. A large-scale haze-to-dust weather event occurred in the North China Plain (NCP) region during the autumn-to-winter transition period in 2018, affecting the coastal city Qingdao several times between Nov. 27th and Dec. 1st. To study the evolution of the pollution process, we analyzed the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 and source apportionments of PM2.5 and PM10, The dust stagnated around NCP and moved out and back to the site, noted as dust swing process, promoting SO42- formation in PM2.5 and NO3- formation in PM10-2.5. Source apportionments were analyzed using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model and weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF). Before the dust invasion, Qingdao was influenced by severe haze; waste incineration and coal burning were the major contributors (~80 %) to PM2.5, and the source region was in the southwest of Shandong Province. During the initial dust event, mineral dust and the mixed factor of dust and sea salt were the major contributors (46.0 % of PM2.5 and 86.5 % of PM10). During the polluted dust period, the contributions of regional transported biomass burning (22.3 %), vehicle emissions (20.8 %), and secondary aerosols (33.8 %) to PM2.5 from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region significantly increased. The secondary aerosols source was more regional than that of vehicle emissions and biomass burning and contributed considerably to PM10 (30.8 %) during the dust swing process. Our findings demonstrate that environmental managers should consider the possible adverse effects of winter dust on regional and local pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuxuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huihui Tao
- North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Ocean Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Ocean Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenjun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jinhui Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yingchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lifang Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guanru Wu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Yi
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Zhang Y, Li D, Ma Y, Dubois C, Wang X, Perrier S, Chen H, Wang H, Jing S, Lu Y, Lou S, Yan C, Nie W, Chen J, Huang C, George C, Riva M. Field Detection of Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules in Shanghai by Chemical Ionization-Orbitrap. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7608-7617. [PMID: 35594417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol, formed through atmospheric oxidation processes, plays an important role in affecting climate and human health. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive campaign in the megacity of Shanghai during the 2019 International Import Expo (EXPO), with the first deployment of a chemical ionization─Orbitrap mass spectrometer for ambient measurements. With the ultrahigh mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer (up to 140,000 Th/Th) and capability in dealing with massive spectral data sets by positive matrix factorization, we were able to identify the major gas-phase oxidation processes leading to the formation of oxygenated organic molecules (OOM) in Shanghai. Nine main factors from three independent sub-range analysis were identified. More than 90% of OOM are of anthropogenic origin and >60% are nitrogen-containing molecules, mainly dominated by the RO2 + NO and/or NO3 chemistry. The emission control during the EXPO showed that even though the restriction was effectual in significantly lowering the primary pollutants (20-70% decrease), the secondary oxidation products responded less effectively (14% decrease), or even increased (50 to >200%) due to the enhancement of ozone and the lowered condensation sink, indicating the importance of a stricter multi-pollutant coordinated strategy in primary and secondary pollution mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Dandan Li
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Clement Dubois
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
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Williams SC, Austin RN. An Overview of the Electron-Transfer Proteins That Activate Alkane Monooxygenase (AlkB). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845551. [PMID: 35295299 PMCID: PMC8918992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkane-oxidizing enzymes play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Alkane monooxygenase (AlkB) oxidizes most of the medium-chain length alkanes in the environment. The first AlkB identified was from P. putida GPo1 (initially known as P. oleovorans) in the early 1970s, and it continues to be the family member about which the most is known. This AlkB is found as part of the OCT operon, in which all of the key proteins required for growth on alkanes are present. The AlkB catalytic cycle requires that the diiron active site be reduced. In P. putida GPo1, electrons originate from NADH and arrive at AlkB via the intermediacy of a flavin reductase and an iron–sulfur protein (a rubredoxin). In this Mini Review, we will review what is known about the canonical arrangement of electron-transfer proteins that activate AlkB and, more importantly, point to several other arrangements that are possible. These other arrangements include the presence of a simpler rubredoxin than what is found in the canonical arrangement, as well as two other classes of AlkBs with fused electron-transfer partners. In one class, a rubredoxin is fused to the hydroxylase and in another less well-explored class, a ferredoxin reductase and a ferredoxin are fused to the hydroxylase. We review what is known about the biochemistry of these electron-transfer proteins, speculate on the biological significance of this diversity, and point to key questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Narehood Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rachel Narehood Austin,
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Quantitatively Assessing the Contributions of Dust Aerosols to Direct Radiative Forcing Based on Remote Sensing and Numerical Simulation. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dust aerosols substantially impinge on the Earth’s climate by altering its energy balance, particularly over Northwest China, where dust storms occur frequently. However, the quantitative contributions of dust aerosols to direct radiative forcing (DRF) are not fully understood and warrant in-depth investigations. Taking a typical dust storm that happened during 9–12 April 2020 over Northwest China as an example, four simulation experiments based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) were designed, including a real scenario with dust emissions and three hypothetical scenarios without dust emissions, with dust emissions doubled, and with dust emissions reduced by half, to quantitatively evaluate the contributions of dust aerosols to DRF and then to surface temperature, with particular attention to the differences between daytime and nighttime. Moreover, multi-satellite observations were used to reveal the behavior of dust events and to evaluate the model performance. During the daytime, the net dust radiative forcing induced by dust aerosols was –3.76 W/m2 at the surface (SFC), 3.00 W/m2 in the atmosphere (ATM), and –0.76 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), and thus led to surface air temperature cooling by an average of –0.023 ℃ over Northwest China. During the nighttime, the net dust radiative forcing was 2.20 W/m2 at the SFC, –2.65 W/m2 in the ATM, and –0.45 W/m2 at the TOA, which then resulted in surface temperature warming by an average of 0.093 ℃ over Northwest China. These results highlight that the contribution of dust aerosols to DRF is greater during the daytime than that during the nighttime, while exhibiting the opposite impact on surface temperature, as dust can slow down the rate of surface temperature increases (decreases) by reducing (increasing) the surface energy during the daytime (nighttime). Our findings are critical to improving the understanding of the climate effects related to dust aerosols and provide scientific insights for coping with the corresponding disasters induced by dust storms in Northwest China.
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Dust Criteria Derived from Long-Term Filter and Online Observations at Gosan in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dust and pollution are frequently mixed together in East Asia, causing large uncertainties in assessing climate change and environmental influence and in relevant policymaking. To discern the dust effect on particle mass, we carried out long-term measurements of the mass and key chemical compositions of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 from August 2007 to February 2012 and collected hourly data of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations from January 2012 to October 2020 at Gosan, South Korea. The principal component analysis of measured species reveals two dominant factors, pollution and dust, accounting for 46% and 16% of the total variance, respectively. The mode distribution of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass in addition to the dust events helps to provide a robust criterion of the dust impact. Dust can be identified by the mean + standard deviation (σ) of PM10, while the threshold is down to the mean concentration when dust particles experience precipitation. High PM2.5 concentration also presents dust impact; however, the criterion decreases from mean + σ in 2007–2012 to mean in 2012–2020. It indicates that dust is no longer a high-concentration event of PM2.5, but its influence gradually appears in low-concentration particles. Therefore, the dust criterion obtained from long-term PM10 concentration data is robust; however, the standard is based on PM2.5 changes over time and still needs to be determined by follow-up long-term observations.
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Zhao H, Han D, Sun Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Shi F, Sheng X. Interactions between isocyanic acid and atmospheric acidic, neutral and basic species. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Chen Y, Tong S, Li W, Liu Y, Tan F, Ge M, Xie X, Sun J. Photocatalytic Oxidation of SO 2 by TiO 2: Aerosol Formation and the Key Role of Gaseous Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9784-9793. [PMID: 34232022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic materials are proved to effectively eliminate gaseous pollutants and are widely used in the environment. However, as one of the rare experiments focusing on their influence on secondary aerosol formation generated in the gas phase (SAg), our study demonstrated the high-yield SAg formation in the photocatalysis process. In this study, the photodegradation of SO2 by TiO2 under various relative humidity (RH) conditions was deeply explored with multiple methods. Unexpectedly, H2SO4 aerosols (SAg-H2SO4) in yields of 10.10-32.64% were observed under the studied RH conditions for the first time. Gaseous •OH and H2O2 generated from the oxidation of H2O and reduction of O2 by TiO2 were directly detected in the photocatalysis process, and they were identified as the determining factor for SAg-H2SO4 formation. The formation of SAg-H2SO4 was also influenced by RH, the heterogeneous reaction of SO2, and the uptake of H2SO4. The role of the released gaseous •OH and H2O2 on atmospheric chemistry was proved to be unignorable by adopting the obtained parameters into the real environment. These findings provided direct experimental evidence of secondary pollution in the photocatalysis process and are of great significance to the field of atmospheric environment and photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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12
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Quantify the Contribution of Dust and Anthropogenic Sources to Aerosols in North China by Lidar and Validated with CALIPSO. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Persistent heavy haze episodes have repeatedly shrouded North China in recent years. Besides anthropogenic emissions, natural dust also contributes to the aerosols in this region. Through continuous observation by a dual-wavelength Raman lidar, the primary aerosol types and their contributions to air pollution in North China were determined. The following three aerosol types can be classified: natural dust, anthropogenic aerosols, and the mixture of anthropogenic aerosols and dust (polluted dust). The classification results are basically consistent with the classification results from the cloud–aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observations (CALIPSO) satellite measurements. The relative bias of the lidar ratio between the Raman lidar and CALIPSO is less than 25% over 90% of the cases, indicating that the CALIPSO lidar ratio selection algorithm is reasonable. The classification results show that approximately 45% of aerosols below 1.8 km are contributed by polluted dust during our one year observations. The contribution of dust increased with height, from 6% at 500 m to 28% at 1,800 m, while the contribution of anthropogenic aerosols decreased from 49% to 25%. In addition, polluted dust is the major aerosol subtype below 1.0 km in spring (over 60%) and autumn (over 70%). Anthropogenic aerosols contribute more than 75% of air pollution in summer. In winter, anthropogenic aerosols prevailed (over 80%) in the lower layer, while polluted dust (around 60%) dominated the upper layer. Our results identified the primarily aerosol types to assess the contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources to air pollution in North China, and highlight that natural dust plays a crucial role in lower-layer air pollution in spring and autumn, while controlling anthropogenic aerosols will significantly improve air quality in winter.
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13
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Xu W, Zhang G, Wang Y, Tong S, Zhang W, Ma Z, Lin W, Kuang Y, Yin L, Xu X. Aerosol Promotes Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation During Winter in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3568-3581. [PMID: 33656863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator for photochemical pollution, formed similar to ozone in the photochemistry of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of nitrogen oxides, and has displayed surprisingly high concentrations during wintertime that were better correlated to particulate rather than ozone concentrations, for which the reasons remained unknown. In this study, wintertime observations of PAN, VOCs, PM2.5, HONO, and various trace gases were investigated to find the relationship between aerosols and wintertime PAN formation. Wintertime photochemical pollution was affirmed by the high PAN concentrations (average: 1.2 ± 1.1 ppb, maximum: 7.1 ppb), despite low ozone concentrations. PAN concentrations were determined by its oxygenated VOC (OVOC) precursor concentrations and the NO/NO2 ratios and can be well parameterized based on the understanding of their chemical relationship. Data analysis and box modeling results suggest that PAN formation was mostly contributed by VOC aging processes involving OH oxidation or photolysis rather than ozonolysis pathways. Heterogeneous reactions on aerosols have supplied key photochemical oxidants such as HONO, which produced OH radicals upon photolysis, promoting OVOC formation and thereby enhancing PAN production, explaining the observed PM2.5-OVOC-PAN intercorrelation. In turn, parts of these OVOCs might participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, further aggravating haze pollution as a feedback. Low wintertime temperatures enable the long-range transport of PAN to downwind regions, and how that will impact their oxidation capacity and photochemical pollution requires further assessment in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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14
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Holubová Šmejkalová A, Zíková N, Ždímal V, Plachá H, Bitter M. Atmospheric aerosol growth rates at different background station types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13352-13364. [PMID: 33184792 PMCID: PMC7943522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Highly time-resolved particle number size distributions (PNSDs) were evaluated during 5 years (2013-2017) at four background stations in the Czech Republic located in different types of environments-urban background (Ústí nad Labem), industrial background (Lom), agricultural background (National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice), and suburban background (Prague-Suchdol). The PNSD data was used for new particle formation event determination as well as growth rate (GR) and condensation sink (CS) calculations. The differences or similarities of these parameters were evaluated from perspectives of the different pollution load, meteorological condition, and regional or long-range transport. The median growth rate (4 nm h-1) is very similar at all stations, and the most frequent length of growth lasted between 2 and 4 h. Condensation sink reflects the pollution load at the individual station and their connection to the environment type. The highest median, CS = 1.34 × 10-2 s-1, was recorded at the urban station (Ústí nad Labem), and the lowest (CS = 0.85 × 10-2 s-1) was recorded at the agricultural station (National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice). Conditional probability function polar plots illustrate the influence of source location to GR. These primary potential emission sources involve traffic, operation of a power plant, and domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Holubová Šmejkalová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 2050/17, 143 06, Prague 4-Komořany, Czech Republic.
- Air Quality Department, Košetice Observatory, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, 39422, Košetice, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Naděžda Zíková
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Plachá
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 2050/17, 143 06, Prague 4-Komořany, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Bitter
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 2050/17, 143 06, Prague 4-Komořany, Czech Republic
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15
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Huang Q, Wei H, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ. Direct Quantification of the Effect of Ammonium on Aerosol Droplet pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:778-787. [PMID: 33296596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is an important atmospheric constituent that dictates many environmental processes. The impact of the ammonium ion concentration on 10-50 μm aerosol droplet pH was quantified using pH nanoprobes and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Sample solutions were prepared by mixing 1 M ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), sodium sulfate (SS), or sodium nitrate (SN) solutions with 1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at different volume ratios. Stable pH values were measured for pure PB, AS, and AN droplets at different concentrations. The centroid pH of 1 M PB droplets was ∼11, but when PB was systematically replaced with ammonium (AS- or AN-PB), the centroid pH within the droplets decreased from ≈11 to 5.5. Such a decrease was not observed in sodium (SS- or SN-PB) droplets, and no pH differences were observed between sulfate and nitrate salts. Ammonia partitioning to the gas phase in ammonium-containing droplets was evaluated to be negligible. Raman sulfate peak (∼980 cm-1) intensity measurements and surface tension measurements were conducted to investigate changes in ion distribution. The pH difference between ammonium-containing droplets and ammonium-free droplets is attributed to the alteration of the ion distribution in the presence of ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishen Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Haoran Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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16
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Zhang Q, Jia S, Yang L, Krishnan P, Zhou S, Shao M, Wang X. New particle formation (NPF) events in China urban clusters given by sever composite pollution background. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127842. [PMID: 32799146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New Particle Formation (NPF) refers to transformation of gaseous precursors in the atmosphere due to nucleation and subsequent growth process through physicochemical interaction. It has generated a lot of interest due to its profound impact on global and regional environment, climate and human health. We reviewed the studies on NPF in three city clusters of China: the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta obtained through experiment simulations (e.g., chamber simulation, flow-tube simulation, etc.), field observations, and numerical simulations. Due to its atmospheric background pollution and strong oxidation capacities resulting in high source rate of precursors, China's atmosphere possesses challenges different from those evaluated in previous studies on cleaning sites and other developing countries. Hence, NPF events can simultaneously exhibit high condensable sink, formation rate and growth rate. In addition, the high intensity of anthropogenic emissions in urban China has led to greater diversity of pollutant species involved in NPF nucleation and subsequent growth, compared to the dominant role of biogenic precursors at cleaning sites. Differences in geographical location and industrial structure also lead to significant distinctions in NPF characteristics of the three city clusters. Consequently, the lack of understanding of nucleation mechanism of complexly polluted background sites makes the global and regional climate models with submodels based on clean background have enormous uncertainty when applied to urban China. The establishment of a mature research ecosystem including field observations, laboratory simulations and numerical simulations is the key to the breakthrough of NPF research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Padmaja Krishnan
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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17
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Regional New Particle Formation over the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) events taking place over large distances between locations, featuring similar characteristics, have been the focus of studies during the last decade. The exact mechanism which triggers NPF still remains indefinable, so are the circumstances under which simultaneous occurrence of such events take place in different environments, let alone in environments which are parted by over 1200 km. In this study, concurrent number size distribution measurements were conducted in the urban environments of Athens (Greece) and Amman (Jordan) as well as the regional background site of Finokalia, Crete, all located within a distance of almost 1300 km for a 6-month period (February–July 2017). During the study period Athens and Finokalia had similar occurrence of NPF (around 20%), while the occurrence in Amman was double. When focusing on the dynamic characteristics at each site, it occurs that formation and growth rates at Amman are similar to those at Finokalia, while lower values in Athens can be ascribed to a higher pre-existing particle number at this urban site. By comparing common NPF events there are 5 concomitant days between all three sites, highly related to air masses origin. Additionally, for another 19 days NPF takes place simultaneously between Finokalia and Amman, which also share common meteorological characteristics, adding to a total of 60% out of 41 NPF events observed at Finokalia, also simultaneously occurring in Amman.
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18
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Xu W, Kuang Y, Liang L, He Y, Cheng H, Bian Y, Tao J, Zhang G, Zhao P, Ma N, Zhao H, Zhou G, Su H, Cheng Y, Xu X, Shao M, Sun Y. Dust-Dominated Coarse Particles as a Medium for Rapid Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation in Highly Polluted Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15710-15721. [PMID: 33237756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aerosol (SA) frequently drives severe haze formation on the North China Plain. However, previous studies mostly focused on submicron SA formation, thus our understanding of SA formation on supermicron particles remains poor. In this study, PM2.5 chemical composition and PM10 number size distribution measurements revealed that the SA formation occurred in very distinct size ranges. In particular, SA formation on dust-dominated supermicron particles was surprisingly high and increased with relative humidity (RH). SA formed on supermicron aerosols reached comparable levels with that on submicron particles during evolutionary stages of haze episodes. These results suggested that dust particles served as a medium for rapid secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation under favorable photochemical and RH conditions in a highly polluted environment. Further analysis indicated that SA formation pathways differed among distinct size ranges. Overall, our study highlights the importance of dust in SA formation during non-dust storm periods and the urgent need to perform size-resolved aerosol chemical and physical property measurements in future SA formation investigations that are extended to the coarse mode because the large amount of SA formed thereon might have significant impacts on ice nucleation, radiative forcing, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Liang CS, Wu H, Li HY, Zhang Q, Li Z, He KB. Efficient data preprocessing, episode classification, and source apportionment of particle number concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140923. [PMID: 32755782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Number concentration is an important index to measure atmospheric particle pollution. However, tailored methods for data preprocessing and characteristic and source analyses of particle number concentrations (PNC) are rare and interpreting the data is time-consuming and inefficient. In this method-oriented study, we develop and investigate some techniques via flexible conditions, C++ optimized algorithms, and parallel computing in R (an open source software for statistics and graphics) to tackle these challenges. The data preprocessing methods include deletions of variables and observations, outlier removal, and interpolation for missing values (NA). They do better in cleaning data and keeping samples and generate no new outliers after interpolation, compared with previous methods. Besides, automatic division of PNC pollution events based on relative values suites PNC properties and highlights the pollution characteristics related to sources and mechanisms. Additionally, basic functions of k-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and a newly-introduced model NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization) were tested and compared in analyzing PNC sources. Only PMF and NMF can identify coal heating and produce more explicable results, meanwhile NMF apportions more distinctly and runs 11-28 times faster than PMF. Traffic is interannually stable in non-heating periods and always dominant. Coal heating's contribution has decreased by 40%-86% in recent 5 heating periods, reflecting the effectiveness of coal burning control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (WMO/GAW Station), Xining 810001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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20
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Xia H, Huang D, Bao F, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhao J. Photochemical aging of Beijing urban PM 2.5: Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140751. [PMID: 32673920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 has become the dominant atmospheric pollutant in many countries. Many components of PM2.5 are highly photoactive. However, the photochemical aging of PM2.5 remains poorly understood. In this study, the photoaging of real PM2.5 samples collected from 2017 to 2018 in Beijing under simulated solar radiation (λ ~ 340-850 nm) was investigated. Our study showed that large amounts of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), such as acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone and acetic acid, were released during the photochemical aging of PM2.5. Furthermore, although a positive correlation between the OVOCs yield and the organic matter (OM) in PM2.5 was observed, the product distribution from the photoaging of PM2.5 was different from that in the direct photolysis of artificially synthesized SOA. Because of the release of OVOCs, the PM2.5 mass loss was evaluated to be ~1.80% per day under typical atmospheric conditions. The OVOCs released during the photoaging of PM2.5 may contribute substantially to the OVOCs sources omitted from troposphere chemistry models and may have a significant effect on the OVOCs distribution and oxidation capacity of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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21
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Tian Y, Wang Z, Pan X, Li J, Yang T, Wang D, Liu X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Lei S, Sun Y, Fu P, Uno I, Wang Z. Influence of the morphological change in natural Asian dust during transport: A modeling study for a typical dust event over northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139791. [PMID: 32535462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the nonsphericity of mineral dust aerosols on its deposition and transport was investigated based on model simulation for a typical dust event over northern China from April 6 to 12, 2018. The settling velocity related to morphological change in dust size was considered in Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS) to simulate the dust spatial distribution. Comparison of these results with observations showed that the model reproduced the temporal variability in the mass concentration of particles along the dust plume pathway. The most frequently reported aspect ratio (λ) was 1.7 ± 0.2 for Asian dust aerosols. Changing the nonsphericity of the particle from typical prolate ellipsoids (λ = 1.7) to spherical ellipsoids (λ = 1) caused an ~3% decrease in the surface dust concentration on average. For particles with diameters >5 μm, nonsphericity caused a change in the surface dust concentration up to 10%, especially at the periphery of the dust source region. The overall effects on the fine dust (<2.5 μm) were not significant. A sensitivity study using a more extreme nonspherical shape (λ = 2) showed that the differences in PM10 concentration were evident, and the surface dust concentration increased by 15 ± 5% as a result of an ~10% decrease in settling velocity. These results confirmed that the effect of the variability in the nonsphericity of Asian dust particles on their regional transport highly depended on synoptical and pollution conditions, and the adoption of a deposition value that changes over time due to this morphological variability could improve the performance of dust modeling and the assessment of climate effects on a global scale, especially for transboundary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shandong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Itsushi Uno
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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22
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Zheng Y, Che H, Xia X, Wang Y, Yang L, Chen J, Wang H, Zhao H, Li L, Zhang L, Gui K, Yang X, Liang Y, Zhang X. Aerosol optical properties and its type classification based on multiyear joint observation campaign in north China plain megalopolis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 273:128560. [PMID: 34756345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since haze and other air pollution are frequently seen in the North China Plain (NCP), detail information on aerosol optical and radiative properties and its type classification is demanded for the study of regional environmental pollution. Here, a multiyear ground-based synchronous sun photometer observation at seven sites on North China Plain megalopolis from 2013 to 2018 was conducted. First, the annual and seasonal variation of these characteristics as well as the intercomparsion were analyzed. Then the potential relationships between these properties with meteorological factors and the aerosol type classification were discussed. The results show: Particle volume exhibited a decreasing trend from the urban downtown to suburban and the rural region. The annual average aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD440) varied from ∼0.43 to 0.86 over the NCP. Annual average single-scattering albedo at 440 nm (SSA440) varied from ∼0.89 to 0.93, indicating a moderate to slight absorption capacity. Average absorption aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AAOD440) varied from ∼0.07 to 0.10. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) (∼0.89-1.40) indicated the multi-types of absorptive matters originated form nature and anthropogenic emission. The discussion of aerosol composition showed a smaller particle size of aerosol from biomass burning and/or fossil foil consumption with enhanced aerosol scattering and enlarged light extinction. Aerosol classification indicated a large percentage of mixed absorbing aerosol (∼20%-49%), which showed increasing trend between relative humidity (RH) with aerosol scattering and dust was an important environmental pollutant compared to southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; School of Geoscience, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Leiku Yang
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shijiazhuang Meteorological Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050081, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
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23
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Nadykto AB. Interactions of sulfuric acid with common atmospheric bases and organic acids: Thermodynamics and implications to new particle formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:130-140. [PMID: 32653172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the three common atmospheric bases, dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH), methylamine (CH3NH2), ammonia (NH3), all considered to be efficient stabilizers of binary clusters in the Earth's atmosphere, with H2SO4, the key atmospheric precursor, and 14 common atmospheric organic acids (COAs) (formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric acid, adipic, benzoic, phenylacetic, pyruvic, maleic acid, malic, tartaric and pinonic acids) have been studied using the density functional theory (DFT) and composite high-accuracy G3MP2 method. The thermodynamic stability of mixed (COA)(H2SO4), (COA)(B1), (COA)(B2) and (COA)(B3) dimers and (COA)(H2SO4)(B1), (COA)(H2SO4)(B2) and (COA)(H2SO4)(B3) trimers, where B1, B2 and B3 refer to (CH3)2NH, CH3NH2 and NH3, respectively, have been investigated and their impacts on the thermodynamic stability of clusters containing H2SO4 have been studied. Our investigation shows that interactions of H2SO4 with COA, (CH3)2NH, CH3NH2 and NH3 lead to the formation of more stable mixed dimers and trimers than (H2SO4)2 and (H2SO4)2(base), respectively, and emphasize the importance of common organic species for early stages of atmospheric nucleation. We also show that although amines are generally confirmed to be more active than NH3 as stabilizers of binary clusters, in some cases mixed trimers containing NH3 are more stable thermodynamically than those containing CH3NH2. This study indicates an important role of COA, which coexist and interact with that H2SO4 and common atmospheric bases in the Earth atmosphere, in formation of stable pre-nucleation clusters and suggests that the impacts of COA on new particle formation (NPF) should be studied in further details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Alexey B Nadykto
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State University of Technology "Stankin", Moscow 127994, Russia.
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24
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Abbas Q, Yousaf B, Ali MU, Munir MAM, El-Naggar A, Rinklebe J, Naushad M. Transformation pathways and fate of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in distinct interactive environmental compartments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105646. [PMID: 32179325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing production and use of nano-enabled commercial products release the massive amount of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment. An increasing number of recent studies have shown the toxic effects of ENPs on different organisms, raising concerns over the nano-pollutants behavior and fate in the various environmental compartments. After the release of ENPs in the environment, ENPs interact with various components of the environment and undergoes dynamic transformation processes. This review focus on ENPs transformations in the various environmental compartments. The transformation processes of ENPs are interrelated to multiple environmental aspects. Physical, chemical and biological processes such as the homo- or hetero-agglomeration, dissolution/sedimentation, adsorption, oxidation, reduction, sulfidation, photochemically and biologically mediated reactions mainly occur in the environment consequently changes the mobility and bioavailability of ENPs. Physico-chemical characteristics of ENPs (particle size, surface area, zeta potential/surface charge, colloidal stability, and core-shell composition) and environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, organic and inorganic colloids, temperature, etc.) are the most important parameters which regulated the ENPs environmental transformations. Meanwhile, in the environment, organisms encountered multiple transformed ENPs rather than the pristine nanomaterials due to their interactions with various environmental materials and other pollutants. Thus it is the utmost importance to study the behavior of transformed ENPs to understand their environmental fate, bioavailability, and mode of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qumber Abbas
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mehr Ahmed Mujtaba Munir
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ali El-Naggar
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Liu JM, Wang PF, Zhang HL, Du ZY, Zheng B, Yu QQ, Zheng GJ, Ma YL, Zheng M, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, He KB. Integration of field observation and air quality modeling to characterize Beijing aerosol in different seasons. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125195. [PMID: 31683164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in Beijing was investigated based on field observation and air quality modeling. Measurement results showed that when using elemental carbon (EC) as the reference component, concurrent increases were observed in the relative abundances of sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) when RH exceeded ∼65% during winter. The observed increases could not be explained by variations of primary biomass burning emissions, instead they likely pointed to heterogeneous chemistry and presumably indicated that formation of secondary inorganic and organic aerosols might be related during winter haze events in Beijing. Large gaps were found in winter when comparing the observational and modeling results. In summer, RH exhibited little influence on the observed sulfate/EC, OC/EC or WSOC/EC, and the observed and modeled results were in general comparable for the concentrations of sulfate, EC and OC. This study suggests that distinct yet poorly-understood atmospheric chemistry may be at play in China's winter haze events, and it could be a substantial challenge to properly incorporate the related mechanisms into air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zheng
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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26
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Abstract
Air pollution has many adverse effects on health and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Desert dust outbreaks contribute directly to air pollution by increasing particulate matter concentrations. We investigated the influence of desert dust outbreaks on air quality in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, a city located in the dust export pathway off the west coast of North Africa, using air-quality observations from a six-year period (2012–2017). During winter intense dust outbreaks PM 10 mean (24-h) concentrations increased from 14 μ g m − 3 to 98 μ g m − 3 , on average, and PM 2 . 5 mean (24-h) concentrations increased from 6 μ g m − 3 to 32 μ g m − 3 . Increases were less during summer outbreaks, with a tripling of PM 10 and PM 2 . 5 daily mean concentrations. We found that desert dust outbreaks reduced the height of the marine boundary layer in our study area by >45%, on average, in summer and by ∼25%, on average, in winter. This thinning of the marine boundary layer was associated with an increase of local anthropogenic pollution during dust outbreaks. NO 2 and NO mean concentrations more than doubled and even larger relative increases in black carbon were observed during the more intense summer dust outbreaks; increases also occurred during the winter outbreaks but were less than in summer. This has public health implications; local anthropogenic emissions need to be reduced even further in areas that are impacted by desert dust outbreaks to reduce adverse health effects.
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27
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Zheng Y, Che H, Xia X, Wang Y, Wang H, Wu Y, Tao J, Zhao H, An L, Li L, Gui K, Sun T, Li X, Sheng Z, Liu C, Yang X, Liang Y, Zhang L, Liu C, Kuang X, Luo S, You Y, Zhang X. Five-year observation of aerosol optical properties and its radiative effects to planetary boundary layer during air pollution episodes in North China: Intercomparison of a plain site and a mountainous site in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:140-158. [PMID: 31004891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aerosol microphysical, optical and radiative properties of the whole column and upper planetary boundary layer (PBL) were investigated during 2013 to 2018 based on long-term sun-photometer observations at a surface site (~106 m a.s.l.) and a mountainous site (~1225 m a.s.l.) in Beijing. Raman-Mie lidar data combined with radiosonde data were used to explore the aerosol radiative effects to PBL during dust and haze episodes. The results showed size distribution exhibited mostly bimodal pattern for the whole column and the upper PBL throughout the year, except in July for the upper PBL, when a trimodal distribution occurred due to the coagulation and hygroscopic growth of fine particles. The seasonal mean values of aerosol optical depth at 440 nm for the upper PBL were 0.31 ± 0.34, 0.30 ± 0.37, 0.17 ± 0.30 and 0.14 ± 0.09 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The single-scattering albedo at 440 nm of the upper PBL varied oppositely to that of the whole column, with the monthly mean value between 0.91 and 0.96, indicating weakly to slightly strong absorptive ability at visible spectrum. The monthly mean direct aerosol radiative forcing at the Earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere varied from -40 ± 7 to -105 ± 25 and from -18 ± 4 to -49 ± 17 W m-2, respectively, and the maximum atmospheric heating was found in summer (~66 ± 12 W m-2). From a radiative point of view, during dust episode, the presence of mineral dust heated the lower atmosphere, thus promoting vertical turbulence, causing more air pollutants being transported to the upper air by the increasing PBLH. In contrast, during haze episode, a large quantity of absorbing aerosols (such as black carbon) had a cooling effect on the surface and a heating effect on the upper atmosphere, which favored the stabilization of PBL and occurrence of inversion layer, contributing to the depression of the PBLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; School of Geoscience University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linchang An
- National Meteorological Center, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianze Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaopan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhizhong Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China; School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Henan 454000, China
| | - Xianyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yingchang You
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
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28
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Lu K, Guo S, Tan Z, Wang H, Shang D, Liu Y, Li X, Wu Z, Hu M, Zhang Y. Exploring atmospheric free-radical chemistry in China: the self-cleansing capacity and the formation of secondary air pollution. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:579-594. [PMID: 34691906 PMCID: PMC8291643 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1971, it has been known that the atmospheric free radicals play a pivotal role in maintaining the oxidizing power of the troposphere. The existence of the oxidizing power is an important feature of the troposphere to remove primary air pollutants emitted from human beings as well as those from the biosphere. Nevertheless, serious secondary air-pollution incidents can take place due to fast oxidation of the primary pollutants. Elucidating the atmospheric free-radical chemistry is a demanding task in the field of atmospheric chemistry worldwide, which includes two kinds of work: first, the setup of reliable radical detection systems; second, integrated field studies that enable closure studies on the sources and sinks of targeted radicals such as OH and NO3. In this review, we try to review the Chinese efforts to explore the atmospheric free-radical chemistry in such chemical complex environments and the possible link of this fast gas-phase oxidation with the fast formation of secondary air pollution in the city-cluster areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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Characteristics of Aerosol Chemical Compositions and Size Distributions during a Long-Range Dust Transport Episode in an Urban City in the Yangtze River Delta. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A long- and large-range heavy dust episode occurred from 3 to 8 May 2017 in China. To explore the impacts of this long-range dust transport episode on the chemical compositions and size distributions of urban aerosols, such instruments as an online analyzer for monitoring aerosols and gases (MARGA) and a wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) were mainly used to monitor chemical components, such as PM2.5 and aerosol size distributions in the range of 10 nm to 10 μm, in Nanjing in this study. During the dust episode, the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 and ions of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were 66.2, 233.9, and 1.1, 1.5, 1.1, 11.4, 7.8 and 4.4 μg·m−3, which were 4.4, 5.8, 3.7, 15, 1.38, 1.84, 1.66 and 1.83 times higher than the values observed before the episode and 2.2, 3.3, 5.5, 5.0, 1.57, 1.97, 1.39 and 1.69 times the levels after the episode. The dusts were demonstrated to have differential impacts on the water-soluble gases in the air. During the dust episode, the concentrations of HCl, SO2 and NH3 were comparably low, while the HNO2 and HNO3 concentrations were high. The diurnal variations in pollutants, including SO2, HNO3, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, PM2.5 and PM10, were strongly impacted by the dust episode. However, those variations in NH3, NO3−, SO42− and NH4+ were only slightly influenced. Pollutants were distinctively featured in the various dust stages. The concentration of HNO2 was relatively high in the earliest stage but was substituted by those of SO2, PM10, PM2.5, Ca2+, Mg2+ HNO3 and Cl- in the explosion stage. The aerosol number concentrations exhibited unimodal distributions in the earliest and explosion stages but showed bimodal distributions in the duration and dissipation stages. Additionally, the aerosol size distributions were observed to shift to larger particle segments in different dust stages. The surface area concentrations exhibited four peaks in different dust stages and exhibited trimodal distributions in the non-dust episode. The surface area concentration of fine particles first increased during the earliest stage, while that of coarse particles first decreased during the dissipation stage.
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31
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Tong H, Lakey PSJ, Arangio AM, Socorro J, Kampf CJ, Berkemeier T, Brune WH, Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Reactive oxygen species formed in aqueous mixtures of secondary organic aerosols and mineral dust influencing cloud chemistry and public health in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2019; 200:251-270. [PMID: 28574563 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00023e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a major fraction of atmospheric particulate matter, affecting climate, air quality and public health. How mineral dust interacts with SOA to influence cloud chemistry and public health, however, is not well understood. Here, we investigated the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are key species of atmospheric and physiological chemistry, in aqueous mixtures of SOA and mineral dust by applying electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry in combination with a spin-trapping technique, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and a kinetic model. We found that substantial amounts of ROS including OH, superoxide as well as carbon- and oxygen-centred organic radicals can be formed in aqueous mixtures of isoprene, α-pinene, naphthalene SOA and various kinds of mineral dust (ripidolite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, palygorskite, and Saharan dust). The molar yields of total radicals were ∼0.02-0.5% at 295 K, which showed higher values at 310 K, upon 254 nm UV exposure, and under low pH (<3) conditions. ROS formation can be explained by the decomposition of organic hydroperoxides, which are a prominent fraction of SOA, through interactions with water and Fenton-like reactions with dissolved transition metal ions. Our findings imply that the chemical reactivity and aging of SOA particles can be enhanced upon interaction with mineral dust in deliquesced particles or cloud/fog droplets. SOA decomposition could be comparably important to the classical Fenton reaction of H2O2 with Fe2+ and that SOA can be the main source of OH radicals in aqueous droplets at low concentrations of H2O2 and Fe2+. In the human respiratory tract, the inhalation and deposition of SOA and mineral dust can also lead to the release of ROS, which may contribute to oxidative stress and play an important role in the adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Tong
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
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32
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Dong X, Fu JS, Huang K, Lin NH, Wang SH, Yang CE. Analysis of the Co-existence of Long-range Transport Biomass Burning and Dust in the Subtropical West Pacific Region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8962. [PMID: 29895886 PMCID: PMC5997683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning and wind-blown dust has been well investigated during the past decade regarding their impacts on environment, but their co-existence hasn't been recognized because they usually occur in different locations and episodes. In this study we reveal the unique co-existence condition that dust from the Taklamakan and Gobi Desert (TGD) and biomass burning from Peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA) can reach to the west Pacific region simultaneously in boreal spring (March and April). The upper level trough at 700hPa along east coast of China favors the large scale subsidence of TGD dust while it travels southeastwards, and drives the PSEA biomass burning plume carried by the westerlies at 3-5 km to descend rapidly to around 1.5 km and mix with dust around southeast China and Taiwan. As compared to the monthly averages in March and April, surface observations suggested that concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, and CO were 69%, 37%, 20%, and 18% higher respectively during the 10 identified co-existence events which usually lasted for 2-3 days. Co-existence also lowers the surface O3, NOx, and SO2 by 4-5% due to the heterogeneous chemistry between biomass burning and mineral dust as indicated by model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Kan Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, 32056, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, 32056, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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33
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang DW. New particle formation and growth at a suburban site and a background site in Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:664-674. [PMID: 29172157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles have great impacts on human health and global climate change. The number concentrations and size distributions of nanoparticles in the size range of 5.5-350.4 nm were detected at a background site and a suburban site in Hong Kong from summer to winter in 2011 and in autumn of 2013, respectively. Significantly higher particle number concentrations in all modes were observed at the suburban site (p < 0.05) during the sampling periods, possibly due to stronger primary emissions/regional transport and more intensive new particle formation (NPF). Particle number concentrations were much enhanced under northerly winds at both sites, resulting from regional transport of Aitken and accumulation mode particles, enhanced local NPF and occasionally low condensation sink. NPF was mainly limited by the precursors of condensable vapors and oxidative capacity of the atmosphere at the background site and the suburban site, respectively. In most cases, the formation rate of 5.5 nm particles was a function of sulfuric acid vapor to the power of 1.32 ± 0.34 at the background site and 0.81 ± 0.31 at the suburban site, abiding by the cluster activation theory. However, ozonolysis of monoterpenes (particularly α-pinene) might also drive NPF, particularly in the afternoon. These reactions also contributed to the growth of nucleation mode particles, which was largely explained by sulfuric acid vapor (73.6 ± 10% at the background site and 60.4 ± 9.8% at the suburban site). In contrast, the oxidations of isoprene, β-pinene and aromatics (particularly xylenes and trimethylbenzenes) were found to participate in the growth of Aitken mode particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - D W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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34
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Heterogeneous Reaction of SO 2 on Manganese Oxides: the Effect of Crystal Structure and Relative Humidity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4550. [PMID: 28674413 PMCID: PMC5495761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese oxides from anthropogenic sources can promote the formation of sulfate through catalytic oxidation of SO2. In this study, the kinetics of SO2 reactions on MnO2 with different morphologies (α, β, γ and δ) was investigated using flow tube reactor and in situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Under dry conditions, the reactivity towards SO2 uptake was highest on δ-MnO2 but lowest on β-MnO2, with a geometric uptake coefficient (γobs) of (2.42 ± 0.13) ×10–2 and a corrected uptake coefficient (γc) of (1.48 ± 0.21) ×10−6 for the former while γobs of (3.35 ± 0.43) ×10−3 and γc of (7.46 ± 2.97) ×10−7 for the latter. Under wet conditions, the presence of water altered the chemical form of sulfate and was in favor for the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2. The maximum sulfate formation rate was reached at 25% RH and 45% for δ-MnO2 and γ-MnO2, respectively, possibly due to their different crystal structures. The results suggest that morphologies and RH are important factors influencing the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on mineral aerosols, and that aqueous oxidation process involving transition metals of Mn might be a potential important pathway for SO2 oxidation in the atmosphere.
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35
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Wang J, Zhao B, Wang S, Yang F, Xing J, Morawska L, Ding A, Kulmala M, Kerminen VM, Kujansuu J, Wang Z, Ding D, Zhang X, Wang H, Tian M, Petäjä T, Jiang J, Hao J. Particulate matter pollution over China and the effects of control policies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:426-447. [PMID: 28126285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the regions with highest PM2.5 concentration in the world. In this study, we review the spatio-temporal distribution of PM2.5 mass concentration and components in China and the effect of control measures on PM2.5 concentrations. Annual averaged PM2.5 concentrations in Central-Eastern China reached over 100μgm-3, in some regions even over 150μgm-3. In 2013, only 4.1% of the cities attained the annual average standard of 35μgm-3. Aitken mode particles tend to dominate the total particle number concentration. Depending on the location and time of the year, new particle formation (NPF) has been observed to take place between about 10 and 60% of the days. In most locations, NPF was less frequent at high PM mass loadings. The secondary inorganic particles (i.e., sulfate, nitrate and ammonium) ranked the highest fraction among the PM2.5 species, followed by organic matters (OM), crustal species and element carbon (EC), which accounted for 6-50%, 15-51%, 5-41% and 2-12% of PM2.5, respectively. In response to serious particulate matter pollution, China has taken aggressive steps to improve air quality in the last decade. As a result, the national emissions of primary PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX) have been decreasing since 2005, 2006, and 2011, respectively. The emission control policies implemented in the last decade could result in noticeable reduction in PM2.5 concentrations, contributing to the decreasing PM2.5 trends observed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. However, the control policies issued before 2010 are insufficient to improve PM2.5 air quality notably in future. An optimal mix of energy-saving and end-of-pipe control measures should be implemented, more ambitious control policies for NMVOC and NH3 should be enforced, and special control measures in winter should be applied. 40-70% emissions should be cut off to attain PM2.5 standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Joni Kujansuu
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Compositions, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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36
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Ma Q, Wang T, Liu C, He H, Wang Z, Wang W, Liang Y. SO 2 Initiates the Efficient Conversion of NO 2 to HONO on MgO Surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3767-3775. [PMID: 28248489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important source of hydroxyl radical (OH) that determines the fate of many chemically active and climate relevant trace gases. However, the sources and the formation mechanisms of HONO remain poorly understood. In this study, the effect of SO2 on the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on MgO as a mineral dust surrogate was investigated. The reactivity of MgO to NO2 is weak, while coexisting SO2 can increase the uptake coefficients of NO2 on MgO by 2-3 orders of magnitude. The uptake coefficients of NO2 on SO2-aged MgO are independent of NO2 concentrations in the range of 20-160 ppbv and relative humidity (0-70%RH). The reaction mechanism was demonstrated to be a redox reaction between NO2 and surface sulfite. In the presence of SO2, NO2 was reduced to nitrite under dry conditions, which could be further converted to gas-phase HONO in humid conditions. These results suggest that the reductive effect of SO2 on the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO may have a significant contribution to the unknown sources of HONO observed in polluted areas (for example, in China).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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37
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Wang Z, Wu Z, Yue D, Shang D, Guo S, Sun J, Ding A, Wang L, Jiang J, Guo H, Gao J, Cheung HC, Morawska L, Keywood M, Hu M. New particle formation in China: Current knowledge and further directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:258-266. [PMID: 27817924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) studies have been conducted in China since 2004. Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles has been observed to take place in diverse environments, even under the circumstances of high pre-existing particle loading, challenging the traditional and present understanding of the physicochemical nucleation mechanisms, which have been proposed based on the investigations in clean environments and under laboratory experimental conditions. This paper summarizes the present status and gaps in understanding NPF in China and discusses the main directions opening for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hing Cho Cheung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Melita Keywood
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, PMB1, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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38
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Kulmala M, Kerminen VM, Petäjä T, Ding AJ, Wang L. Atmospheric gas-to-particle conversion: why NPF events are observed in megacities? Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:271-288. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In terms of the global aerosol particle number load, atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) dominates over primary emissions. The key for quantifying the importance of atmospheric NPF is to understand how gas-to-particle conversion (GTP) takes place at sizes below a few nanometers in particle diameter in different environments, and how this nano-GTP affects the survival of small clusters into larger sizes. The survival probability of growing clusters is tied closely to the competition between their growth and scavenging by pre-existing aerosol particles, and the key parameter in this respect is the ratio between the condensation sink (CS) and the cluster growth rate (GR). Here we define their ratio as a dimensionless survival parameter,P, asP= (CS/10−4s−1)/(GR/nm h−1). Theoretical arguments and observations in clean and moderately-polluted conditions indicate thatPneeds to be smaller than about 50 for a notable NPF to take place. However, the existing literature shows that in China, NPF occurs frequently in megacities such as in Beijing, Nanjing and Shanghai, and our analysis shows that the calculated values ofPare even larger than 200 in these cases. By combining direct observations and conceptual modelling, we explore the variability of the survival parameterPin different environments and probe the reasons for NPF occurrence under highly-polluted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kulmala
- University of Helsinki
- Department
- of Physics
- Finland
| | | | - T. Petäjä
- University of Helsinki
- Department
- of Physics
- Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST)
| | - A. J. Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST)
- School of Atmospheric Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - L. Wang
- Fudan University
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3)
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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39
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Hu W, Niu H, Zhang D, Wu Z, Chen C, Wu Y, Shang D, Hu M. Insights into a dust event transported through Beijing in spring 2012: Morphology, chemical composition and impact on surface aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:287-298. [PMID: 27177135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple approaches were used to investigate the evolution of surface aerosols in Beijing during the passage of a dust event at high altitude, which was from the Gobi areas of southern Mongolia and covered a wide range of North China. Single particle analysis with electron microscope showed that the majority of coarse particles were mineral ones, and most of them were in the size range of 1-7μm with a peak of number concentration at about 3.5μm. Based on elemental composition and morphology, the mineral particles could be classified into several groups, including Si-rich (71%), Ca-rich (15%), Fe-rich (6%), and halite-rich (2%), etc., and they were the main contributors to the aerosol optical depth as the dust occurred. The size distributions of surface aerosols were significantly affected by the dust intrusion. The average number concentration of accumulation mode particles during the event was about 400cm(-3), which was much lower than that in heavily polluted days (6300cm(-3)). At the stage of floating dust, the number concentration of accumulation mode particles decreased, and coarse particles contributed to total volume concentration of particulate matter as much as 90%. The accumulation mode particles collected in this stage were mostly in the size range of 0.2-0.5μm, and were rectangular or spherical. They were considered to be particles consisting of ammonium sulfate. New particle formation (NPF) was observed around noon in the three days during the dust event, indicating that the passage of the dust was probably favorable for NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Hongya Niu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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40
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Baalousha M, Yang Y, Vance ME, Colman BP, McNeal S, Xu J, Blaszczak J, Steele M, Bernhardt E, Hochella MF. Outdoor urban nanomaterials: The emergence of a new, integrated, and critical field of study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:740-753. [PMID: 27046139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are currently widely incorporated in the outdoor urban environmental fabric and numerous new applications and products containing ENMs are expected in the future. As has been shown repeatedly, products containing ENMs have the potential, at some point in their lifetime, to release ENMs into their surrounding environment. However, the expanding body in environmental nanomaterial research has not yet shifted toward ENMs in the context of the complex outdoor urban environment. This is especially surprising because the world's human populations are on a steady march toward more and more urbanization and technological development, accompanied with increased applications for ENMs in the outdoor urban environment. Our objective for this paper is therefore to review, assess, and provide new information in this emerging field. We provide an overview of nanomaterials (NMs, encompassing both ENMs and incidental nanomaterials, INMs) that are likely to be released in the urban environment from outdoor sources by discussing 1) the applications of ENMs that may lead to release of ENMs in urban areas, 2) the recently published data on the release of ENMs from novel nano-enabled applications in the outdoor urban environment, 3) the available literature on the occurrence of INMs in the atmosphere and within/on dust particles, and 4) the potential pathways and fate of NMs in the outdoor urban environment. This review is then followed by three case studies demonstrating the importance of NMs in the outdoor urban environment. The first and second case studies illustrate the occurrence of NMs in urban dust and stormwater ponds, respectively, whereas the third case study discusses the lessons learned from the release of NMs (e.g. Pt, ph and Rh) from automotive vehicle catalytic convertors. This article ends with a discussion of the research priorities needed to advance this emerging field of "outdoor urban nanomaterials" and to assess the potential risks of NMs in the context of urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Geosciences, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China; Center for NanoBioEarth, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA.
| | - Marina E Vance
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, 410 Kelly Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA
| | - Benjamin P Colman
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Samantha McNeal
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for NanoBioEarth, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA
| | | | - Meredith Steele
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA
| | | | - Michael F Hochella
- Center for NanoBioEarth, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA; Geosciences Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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41
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Laskin A, Gilles MK, Knopf DA, Wang B, China S. Progress in the Analysis of Complex Atmospheric Particles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:117-43. [PMID: 27306308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
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42
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Jayaratne ER, Clifford S, Morawska L. Atmospheric Visibility and PM10 as Indicators of New Particle Formation in an Urban Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12751-12757. [PMID: 26485451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that new particle formation (NPF) in the atmosphere is inhibited by pre-existing particles in the air that act as condensation sinks to decrease the concentration and, thus, the supersaturation of precursor gases. In this study, we investigate the effects of two parameters-atmospheric visibility, expressed as the particle backscatter coefficient (BSP), and PM10 particulate mass concentration-on the occurrences of NPF events in an urban environment where the majority of precursor gases originate from motor vehicle and industrial sources. This is the first attempt to derive direct relationships between these two parameters and the occurrence of NPF. NPF events were identified from data obtained with a neutral cluster and air ion spectrometer over 245 days within a calendar year. Bayesian logistic regression was used to determine the probability of observing NPF as functions of BSP and PM10. We show that the BSP at 08 h on a given day is a reliable indicator of an NPF event later that day. The posterior median probability of observing an NPF event was greater than 0.5 (95%) when the BSP at 08 h was less than 6.8 Mm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Jayaratne
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - S Clifford
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - L Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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43
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The Influence of Sandstorms and Long-Range Transport on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 in the High-Altitude Atmosphere of Southern China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 at Mount Wutai Buddhism Scenic Spot, Shanxi, China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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