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Winn NC, Schleh MW, Garcia JN, Lantier L, McGuinness OP, Blair JA, Hasty AH, Wasserman DH. Insulin at the intersection of thermoregulation and glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2024; 81:101901. [PMID: 38354854 PMCID: PMC10877958 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammals are protected from changes in environmental temperature by altering energetic processes that modify heat production. Insulin is the dominant stimulus of glucose uptake and metabolism, which are fundamental for thermogenic processes. The purpose of this work was to determine the interaction of ambient temperature induced changes in energy expenditure (EE) on the insulin sensitivity of glucose fluxes. Short-term and adaptive responses to thermoneutral temperature (TN, ∼28 °C) and room (laboratory) temperature (RT, ∼22 °C) were studied in mice. This range of temperature does not cause detectable changes in circulating catecholamines or shivering and postabsorptive glucose homeostasis is maintained. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in EE that occurs with TN causes insulin resistance and that this reduction in insulin action and EE is reversed upon short term (<12h) transition to RT. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) and tissue-specific glucose metabolic index were assessed combining isotopic tracers with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. EE and insulin-stimulated Rd are both decreased (∼50%) in TN-adapted vs RT-adapted mice. When RT-adapted mice are switched to TN, EE rapidly decreases and Rd is reduced by ∼50%. TN-adapted mice switched to RT exhibit a rapid increase in EE, but whole-body insulin-stimulated Rd remains at the low rates of TN-adapted mice. In contrast, whole body glycolytic flux rose with EE. This higher EE occurs without increasing glucose uptake from the blood, but rather by diverting glucose from glucose storage to glycolysis. In addition to adaptations in insulin action, 'insulin-independent' glucose uptake in brown fat is exquisitely sensitive to thermoregulation. These results show that insulin action adjusts to non-stressful changes in ambient temperature to contribute to the support of body temperature homeostasis without compromising glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Michael W Schleh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamie N Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joslin A Blair
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Winn NC, Schleh MW, Garcia JN, Lantier L, McGuinness OP, Blair JA, Hasty AH, Wasserman DH. Insulin at the Intersection of Thermoregulation and Glucose Homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.566254. [PMID: 38014310 PMCID: PMC10680846 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.566254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mammals are protected from changes in environmental temperature by altering energetic processes that modify heat production. Insulin is the dominant stimulus of glucose uptake and metabolism, which are fundamental for thermogenic processes. The purpose of this work was to determine the interaction of ambient temperature induced changes in energy expenditure (EE) on the insulin sensitivity of glucose fluxes. Short-term and adaptive responses to thermoneutral temperature (TN, ~28°C) and room (laboratory) temperature (RT, ~22°C) were studied in mice. This range of temperature does not cause detectable changes in circulating catecholamines or shivering and postabsorptive glucose homeostasis is maintained. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in EE that occurs with TN causes insulin resistance and that this reduction in insulin action and EE is reversed upon short term (<12h) transition to RT. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) and tissue specific glucose uptake were assessed combining isotopic tracers with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. EE and insulin-stimulated Rd are both decreased (~50%) in TN-adapted vs RT-adapted mice. When RT-adapted mice are switched to TN, EE rapidly decreases and Rd is reduced by ~50%. TN-adapted mice switched to RT exhibit a rapid increase in EE, but whole body insulin-stimulated Rd remains at the low rates of TN-adapted mice. In contrast, whole body glycolytic flux rose with EE. This higher EE occurs without increasing glucose uptake from the blood, but rather by diverting glucose from glucose storage to glycolysis. In addition to adaptations in insulin action, 'insulin-independent' glucose uptake in brown fat is exquisitely sensitive to thermoregulation. These results show that insulin action adjusts to non-stressful changes in ambient temperature to contribute to the support of body temperature homeostasis without compromising glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael W. Schleh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jamie N. Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joslin A. Blair
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David H. Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Aquilano K, Zhou B, Brestoff JR, Lettieri-Barbato D. Multifaceted mitochondrial quality control in brown adipose tissue. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:517-529. [PMID: 36272883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) controls mammalian core body temperature by non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT is extraordinarily rich in mitochondria, which have the peculiarity of generating heat by uncoupled respiration. Since the mitochondrial activity of BAT is subject to cycles of activation and deactivation in response to environmental temperature changes, an integrated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system is of fundamental importance to ensure BAT physiology. Here, we provide an overview of the conventional and alternative mechanisms through which thermogenic adipocytes selectively remove damaged parts of mitochondria and how macrophages participate in the MQC system by removing extracellular mitochondrial waste to maintain the thermogenic function of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. How to Increase Cellular Glutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051094. [PMID: 37237960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has special antioxidant properties due to its high intracellular concentration, ubiquity, and high reactivity towards electrophiles of the sulfhydryl group of its cysteine moiety. In most diseases where oxidative stress is thought to play a pathogenic role, GSH concentration is significantly reduced, making cells more susceptible to oxidative damage. Therefore, there is a growing interest in determining the best method(s) to increase cellular glutathione for both disease prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the major strategies for successfully increasing cellular GSH stores. These include GSH itself, its derivatives, NRf-2 activators, cysteine prodrugs, foods, and special diets. The possible mechanisms by which these molecules can act as GSH boosters, their related pharmacokinetic issues, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Thermogenic Adipose Redox Mechanisms: Potential Targets for Metabolic Disease Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010196. [PMID: 36671058 PMCID: PMC9854447 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have several negative health outcomes on affected humans. Dysregulated energy metabolism is a key component underlying the pathophysiology of these conditions. Adipose tissue is a fundamental regulator of energy homeostasis that utilizes several redox reactions to carry out the metabolism. Brown and beige adipose tissues, in particular, perform highly oxidative reactions during non-shivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. The appropriate regulation of energy metabolism then requires coordinated antioxidant mechanisms to counterbalance the oxidation reactions. Indeed, non-shivering thermogenesis activation can cause striking changes in concentrations of both oxidants and antioxidants in order to adapt to various oxidative environments. Current therapeutic options for metabolic diseases either translate poorly from rodent models to humans (in part due to the challenges of creating a physiologically relevant rodent model) or tend to have numerous side effects, necessitating novel therapies. As increased brown adipose tissue activity results in enhanced energy expenditure and is associated with beneficial effects on metabolic health, such as decreased obesity, it has gathered great interest as a modulator of metabolic disease. One potential reason for the beneficial health effects may be that although non-shivering thermogenesis is enormously oxidative, it is also associated with decreased oxidant formation after its activation. However, targeting its redox mechanisms specifically to alter metabolic disease remains an underexplored area. Therefore, this review will discuss the role of adipose tissue in energy homeostasis, non-shivering thermogenesis in adults, and redox mechanisms that may serve as novel therapeutic targets of metabolic disease.
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Dodson M, Shakya A, Anandhan A, Chen J, Garcia JG, Zhang DD. NRF2 and Diabetes: The Good, the Bad, and the Complex. Diabetes 2022; 71:2463-2476. [PMID: 36409792 PMCID: PMC9750950 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of scientific effort, diabetes continues to represent an incredibly complex and difficult disease to treat. This is due in large part to the multifactorial nature of disease onset and progression and the multiple organ systems affected. An increasing body of scientific evidence indicates that a key mediator of diabetes progression is NRF2, a critical transcription factor that regulates redox, protein, and metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, while experimental studies have confirmed the critical nature of proper NRF2 function in preventing the onset of diabetic outcomes, we have only just begun to scratch the surface of understanding the mechanisms by which NRF2 modulates diabetes progression, particularly across different causative contexts. One reason for this is the contradictory nature of the current literature, which can often be accredited to model discrepancies, as well as whether NRF2 is activated in an acute or chronic manner. Furthermore, despite therapeutic promise, there are no current NRF2 activators in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with diabetes. In this review, we briefly introduce the transcriptional programs regulated by NRF2 as well as how NRF2 itself is regulated. We also review the current literature regarding NRF2 modulation of diabetic phenotypes across the different diabetes subtypes, including a brief discussion of contradictory results, as well as what is needed to progress the NRF2 diabetes field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Aryatara Shakya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Annadurai Anandhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jinjing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Joe G.N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Donna D. Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Selenium and selenoproteins in thermogenic adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 731:109445. [PMID: 36265651 PMCID: PMC9981474 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is involved in energy metabolism in the liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and may also play a role in thermogenic adipocytes, i.e. brown and beige adipocytes. Thereby this micronutrient is a key nutritional target to aid in combating obesity and metabolic diseases. In thermogenic adipocytes, particularly in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the selenoprotein type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) is essential for the activation of adaptive thermogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that additional selenoproteins may also be participating in this process, and a role for Se itself through its metabolic pathways is also envisioned. In this review, we discuss the recognized effects and the knowledge gaps in the involvement of Se metabolism and selenoproteins in the mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis in thermogenic (brown and beige) adipocytes.
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Zhu Y, Qi Z, Ding S. Exercise-Induced Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Browning: How to Explain the Conflicting Findings? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13142. [PMID: 36361929 PMCID: PMC9657384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been widely studied in targeting against metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance due to its role in nutrient metabolism and energy regulation. Whether exercise promotes adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning remains controversial. The results from human and rodent studies contradict each other. In our opinion, fat thermogenesis or browning promoted by exercise should not be a biomarker of health benefits, but an adaptation under the stress between body temperature regulation and energy supply and expenditure of multiple organs. In this review, we discuss some factors that may contribute to conflicting experimental results, such as different thermoneutral zones, gender, training experience and the heterogeneity of fat depots. In addition, we explain that a redox state in cells potentially causes thermogenesis heterogeneity and different oxidation states of UCP1, which has led to the discrepancies noted in previous studies. We describe a network by which exercise orchestrates the browning and thermogenesis of adipose tissue with total energy expenditure through multiple organs (muscle, brain, liver and adipose tissue) and multiple pathways (nerve, endocrine and metabolic products), providing a possible interpretation for the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Meneses MJ, Sousa-Lima I, Jarak I, Raposo JF, Alves MG, Macedo MP. Distinct impacts of fat and fructose on the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue metabolome: An integrated view. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:898471. [PMID: 36060961 PMCID: PMC9428722 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.898471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the last years, changes in dietary habits have contributed to the increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The differential burden of lipids and fructose on distinct organs needs to be unveiled. Herein, we hypothesized that high-fat and high-fructose diets differentially affect the metabolome of insulin-sensitive organs such as the liver, muscle, and different adipose tissue depots. Methods We have studied the impact of 12 weeks of a control (11.50% calories from fat, 26.93% from protein, and 61.57% from carbohydrates), high-fat/sucrose (HFat), or high-fructose (HFruct) feeding on C57Bl/6J male mice. Besides glucose homeostasis, we analyzed the hepatic levels of glucose and lipid-metabolism-related genes and the metabolome of the liver, the muscle, and white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots. Results HFat diet led to a more profound impact on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism than HFruct, with mice presenting glucose intolerance, increased saturated fatty acids, and no glycogen pool, yet both HFat and HFruct presented hepatic insulin resistance. HFat diet promoted a decrease in glucose and lactate pools in the muscle and an increase in glutamate levels. While HFat had alterations in BAT metabolites that indicate increased thermogenesis, HFruct led to an increase in betaine, a protective metabolite against fructose-induced inflammation. Conclusions Our data illustrate that HFat and HFruct have a negative but distinct impact on the metabolome of the liver, muscle, WAT, and BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Meneses
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association - Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa-Lima
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João F. Raposo
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association - Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association - Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Colitti M, Ali U, Wabitsch M, Tews D. Transcriptomic analysis of Simpson Golabi Behmel syndrome cells during differentiation exhibit BAT-like function. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bauzá-Thorbrügge M, Banke E, Chanclón B, Peris E, Wu Y, Musovic S, Jönsson C, Strålfors P, Rorsman P, Olofsson CS, Asterholm IW. Adipocyte-specific ablation of the Ca 2+ pump SERCA2 impairs whole-body metabolic function and reveals the diverse metabolic flexibility of white and brown adipose tissue. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101535. [PMID: 35760318 PMCID: PMC9287368 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) transports Ca2+ from the cytosol into the ER and is essential for appropriate regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that SERCA pumps are involved in the regulation of white adipocyte hormone secretion and other aspects of adipose tissue function and that this control is disturbed in obesity-induced type-2 diabetes. METHODS SERCA expression was measured in isolated human and mouse adipocytes as well as in whole mouse adipose tissue by Western blot and RT-qPCR. To test the significance of SERCA2 in adipocyte functionality and whole-body metabolism, we generated adipocyte-specific SERCA2 knockout mice. The mice were metabolically phenotyped by glucose tolerance and tracer studies, histological analyses, measurements of glucose-stimulated insulin release in isolated islets, and gene/protein expression analyses. We also tested the effect of pharmacological SERCA inhibition and genetic SERCA2 ablation in cultured adipocytes. Intracellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were recorded with dual-wavelength ratio imaging and mitochondrial function was assessed by Seahorse technology. RESULTS We demonstrate that SERCA2 is downregulated in white adipocytes from patients with obesity and type-2 diabetes as well as in adipocytes from diet-induced obese mice. SERCA2-ablated adipocytes display disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis associated with upregulated ER stress markers and impaired hormone release. These adipocyte alterations are linked to mild lipodystrophy, reduced adiponectin levels, and impaired glucose tolerance. Interestingly, adipocyte-specific SERCA2 ablation leads to increased glucose uptake in white adipose tissue while glucose uptake is reduced in brown adipose tissue. This dichotomous effect on glucose uptake is due to differently regulated mitochondrial function. In white adipocytes, SERCA2 deficiency triggers an adaptive increase in FGF21, increased mitochondrial UCP1 levels, and increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR). In contrast, brown SERCA2 null adipocytes display reduced OCR despite increased mitochondrial content and UCP1 levels compared to wild type controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest causal links between reduced white adipocyte SERCA2 levels, deranged adipocyte Ca2+ homeostasis, adipose tissue dysfunction and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bauzá-Thorbrügge
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Elin Banke
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Belén Chanclón
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Eduard Peris
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Saliha Musovic
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Jönsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Peter Strålfors
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX4 7LE, UK.
| | - Charlotta S Olofsson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Why succinate? Physiological regulation by a mitochondrial coenzyme Q sentinel. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:461-469. [PMID: 35484255 PMCID: PMC9150600 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites once considered solely in catabolism or anabolism turn out to have key regulatory functions. Among these, the citric acid cycle intermediate succinate stands out owing to its multiple roles in disparate pathways, its dramatic concentration changes and its selective cell release. Here we propose that succinate has evolved as a signaling modality because its concentration reflects the coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool redox state, a central redox couple confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane. This connection is of general importance because CoQ redox state integrates three bioenergetic parameters: mitochondrial electron supply, oxygen tension and ATP demand. Succinate, by equilibrating with the CoQ pool, enables the status of this central bioenergetic parameter to be communicated from mitochondria to the rest of the cell, into the circulation and to other cells. The logic of this form of regulation explains many emerging roles of succinate in biology, and suggests future research questions.
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Mills EL, Harmon C, Jedrychowski MP, Xiao H, Gruszczyk AV, Bradshaw GA, Tran N, Garrity R, Laznik-Bogoslavski D, Szpyt J, Prendeville H, Lynch L, Murphy MP, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM, Chouchani ET. Cysteine 253 of UCP1 regulates energy expenditure and sex-dependent adipose tissue inflammation. Cell Metab 2022; 34:140-157.e8. [PMID: 34861155 PMCID: PMC8732317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a major regulator of brown and beige adipocyte energy expenditure and metabolic homeostasis. However, the widely employed UCP1 loss-of-function model has recently been shown to have a severe deficiency in the entire electron transport chain of thermogenic fat. As such, the role of UCP1 in metabolic regulation in vivo remains unclear. We recently identified cysteine-253 as a regulatory site on UCP1 that elevates protein activity upon covalent modification. Here, we examine the physiological importance of this site through the generation of a UCP1 cysteine-253-null (UCP1 C253A) mouse, a precise genetic model for selective disruption of UCP1 in vivo. UCP1 C253A mice exhibit significantly compromised thermogenic responses in both males and females but display no measurable effect on fat accumulation in an obesogenic environment. Unexpectedly, we find that a lack of C253 results in adipose tissue redox stress, which drives substantial immune cell infiltration and systemic inflammatory pathology in adipose tissues and liver of male, but not female, mice. Elevation of systemic estrogen reverses this male-specific pathology, providing a basis for protection from inflammation due to loss of UCP1 C253 in females. Together, our results establish the UCP1 C253 activation site as a regulator of acute thermogenesis and sex-dependent tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cathal Harmon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Mark P Jedrychowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haopeng Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anja V Gruszczyk
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gary A Bradshaw
- Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nhien Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Garrity
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John Szpyt
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Prendeville
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Exercise-Mediated Browning of White Adipose Tissue: Its Significance, Mechanism and Effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111512. [PMID: 34768943 PMCID: PMC8583930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a metabolic organ, adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating metabolism. In adults, most adipose tissue is white adipose tissue (WAT), and excessive expansion of WAT will lead to obesity. It is worth noting that exercise can reduce the fat mass. There is also a lot of evidence that exercise can promote the browning of WAT, which is beneficial for metabolic homeostasis. Multiple factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, nervous system, exerkines and lipolysis can facilitate exercise-mediated browning of WAT. In this review, the roles and the underlying mechanisms of exercise-mediated browning of WAT are summarized. The effects of different styles of exercise on the browning of WAT are also discussed, with the aim to propose better exercise strategies to enhance exercise-mediated browning of WAT, so as to promote metabolic health. Finally, the different reactivity of WAT at different anatomical sites to exercise-mediated browning is reviewed, which may provide potential suggestion for people with different fat loss needs.
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15
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A Role of Stress Sensor Nrf2 in Stimulating Thermogenesis and Energy Expenditure. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091196. [PMID: 34572382 PMCID: PMC8472024 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic cold stress, thermogenic adipocytes generate heat through uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration from ATP synthesis. Recent discovery of various dietary phytochemicals, endogenous metabolites, synthetic compounds, and their molecular targets for stimulating thermogenesis has provided promising strategies to treat or prevent obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. Nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a stress response protein that plays an important role in obesity and metabolisms. However, both Nrf2 activation and Nrf2 inhibition can suppress obesity and metabolic diseases. Here, we summarized and discussed conflicting findings of Nrf2 activities accounting for part of the variance in thermogenesis and energy metabolism. We also discussed the utility of Nrf2-activating mechanisms for their potential applications in stimulating energy expenditure to prevent obesity and improve metabolic deficits.
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16
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Zheng J, Xiao H, Duan Y, Song B, Zheng C, Guo Q, Li F, Li T. Roles of amino acid derivatives in the regulation of obesity. Food Funct 2021; 12:6214-6225. [PMID: 34105579 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an issue of great concern to people all over the world. It is accompanied by serious complications, leading to reduced quality of life and higher morbidity and mortality. Over the past few years, there has been an explosion in knowledge about the roles of potential therapeutic agents in obesity management. Among them, amino acid (AA) derivatives, such as taurine, glutathione (GSH), betaine, α-ketoglutarate (AKG), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), have recently gained popularity due to their beneficial effects on the promotion of weight loss and improvement in the lipid profile. The mechanisms of action of these derivatives mainly include inhibiting adipogenesis, increasing lipolysis, promoting brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) development, and improving glucose metabolism. Therefore, this review summarizes these AA derivatives and the possible mechanisms responsible for their anti-obesity effects. Based on the current findings, these AA derivatives could be potential therapeutic agents for obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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17
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Whitehead A, Krause FN, Moran A, MacCannell ADV, Scragg JL, McNally BD, Boateng E, Murfitt SA, Virtue S, Wright J, Garnham J, Davies GR, Dodgson J, Schneider JE, Murray AJ, Church C, Vidal-Puig A, Witte KK, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Brown and beige adipose tissue regulate systemic metabolism through a metabolite interorgan signaling axis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1905. [PMID: 33772024 PMCID: PMC7998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissue are emerging as distinct endocrine organs. These tissues are functionally associated with skeletal muscle, adipose tissue metabolism and systemic energy expenditure, suggesting an interorgan signaling network. Using metabolomics, we identify 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline, and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid as small molecule metabokines synthesized in browning adipocytes and secreted via monocarboxylate transporters. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid induce a brown adipocyte-specific phenotype in white adipocytes and mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism in skeletal myocytes both in vitro and in vivo. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid and 5-oxoproline signal through cAMP-PKA-p38 MAPK and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid via mTOR. In humans, plasma and adipose tissue 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid concentrations correlate with markers of adipose browning and inversely associate with body mass index. These metabolites reduce adiposity, increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and insulin homeostasis in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Our findings identify beige adipose-brown adipose-muscle physiological metabokine crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fynn N Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Moran
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jack Garnham
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graeme R Davies
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Dodgson
- Phenotypic Screening and High Content Imaging, Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Church
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Androgen Reduces Mitochondrial Respiration in Mouse Brown Adipocytes: A Model for Disordered Energy Balance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010243. [PMID: 33383677 PMCID: PMC7796281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy that is associated with an adverse metabolic profile including reduced postprandial thermogenesis. Although abnormalities in adipose tissue function have been widely reported in women with PCOS, less is known about direct effects of androgen on white and, particularly, brown adipocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on (1) lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic markers in immortalized mouse brown adipose cell lines (IMBATs), (2) mitochondrial respiration in IMBATs, (3) mitochondrial DNA content and gene expression, (4) expression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) markers and thermogenic activation. In addition, we profiled the relative levels of 38 adipokines secreted from BAT explants and looked at androgen effects on adipokine gene expression in both IMBATs and immortalized mouse white adipose (IMWATs) cell lines. Androgen treatment inhibited IMBAT differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, reduced markers of adipogenesis, and attenuated the β-adrenoceptor-stimulated increase in uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression. In explants of mouse interscapular BAT, androgen reduced expression of UCP1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PCG-1) and Cidea. Significantly, as well as affecting genes involved in thermogenesis in BAT, androgen treatment reduced mitochondrial respiration in IMBATs, as measured by the Seahorse XF method. The results of this study suggest a role for excess androgen in inhibiting brown adipogenesis, attenuating the activation of thermogenesis and reducing mitochondrial respiration in BAT. Together, these data provide a plausible molecular mechanism that may contribute to reduced postprandial thermogenesis and the tendency to obesity in women with PCOS.
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19
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Aquilano K, Sciarretta F, Turchi R, Li BH, Rosina M, Ceci V, Guidobaldi G, Arena S, D'Ambrosio C, Audano M, Salvatori I, Colella B, Faraonio R, Panebianco C, Pazienza V, Caruso D, Mitro N, Di Bartolomeo S, Scaloni A, Li JY, Lettieri-Barbato D. Low-protein/high-carbohydrate diet induces AMPK-dependent canonical and non-canonical thermogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101633. [PMID: 32863211 PMCID: PMC7358542 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-protein/high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet has been suggested to promote metabolic health and longevity in adult humans and animal models. However, the complex molecular underpinnings of how LPHC diet leads to metabolic benefits remain elusive. Through a multi-layered approach, here we observed that LPHC diet promotes an energy-dissipating response consisting in the parallel recruitment of canonical and non-canonical (muscular) thermogenic systems in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). In particular, we measured Ucp1 induction in association with up-regulation of actomyosin components and several Serca (Serca1, Serca2a, Serca2b) ATPases. In beige adipocytes, we observed that AMPK activation is responsible for transducing the amino acid lowering in an enhanced fat catabolism, which sustains both Ucp1-and Serca-dependent energy dissipation. Limiting AMPK activation counteracts the expression of brown fat and muscular genes, including Ucp1 and Serca, as well as mitochondrial oxidative genes. We observed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are the upstream molecules controlling AMPK-mediated metabolic rewiring in amino acid-restricted beige adipocytes. Our findings delineate a novel metabolic phenotype of responses to amino acid shortage, which recapitulates some of the benefits of cool temperature in sWAT. In conclusion, this highlights LPHC diet as a valuable and practicable strategy to prevent metabolic diseases through the enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and the recruitment of different energy dissipating routes in beige adipocytes. LPHC diet promotes brown- and muscular-like features in sWAT. In vitro amino acid shortage mimics the effects of LPHC diet. AMPK controls canonical and non-canonical thermogenesis in sWAT. L-Cys replenishment limits the AMPK-mediated adaptive responses in sWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Riccardo Turchi
- Department Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Bo-Han Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Marco Rosina
- Department Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ceci
- Department Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Guidobaldi
- Department Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara D'Ambrosio
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Colella
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, IS, Italy
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Concita Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione-IRCCS "Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione-IRCCS "Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Chechi K, Vijay J, Voisine P, Mathieu P, Bossé Y, Tchernof A, Grundberg E, Richard D. UCP1 expression-associated gene signatures of human epicardial adipose tissue. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123618. [PMID: 30996144 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple reports of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression have established its presence in human epicardial adipose tissue (eAT). Its functional relevance to eAT, however, remains largely unknown. In a recent study, we reported that adrenergic stimulation of eAT was associated with downregulation of secreted proteins involved in oxidative stress-related and immune-related pathways. Here, we explored the UCP1-associated features of human eAT using next-generation deep sequencing. Paired biopsies of eAT, mediastinal adipose tissue (mAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (sAT) obtained from cardiac surgery patients, with specific criteria of high and low expression of UCP1 in eAT, were subjected to RNA sequencing. Although eAT exhibited a depot-specific upregulation in the immune-related pathways relative to mAT and sAT, high UCP1 expression in eAT was specifically associated with differential gene expression that functionally corresponded with downregulation in the production of reactive oxygen species and immune responses, including T cell homeostasis. Our data indicate that UCP1 and adaptive immunity share a reciprocal relationship at the whole-transcriptome level, thereby supporting a plausible role for UCP1 in maintaining tissue homeostasis in human eAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chechi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Jinchu Vijay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Voisine
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andre Tchernof
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Background Thermogenic adipocytes reorganize their metabolism during cold exposure. Metabolic reprogramming requires readily available bioenergetics substrates, such as glucose and fatty acids, to increase mitochondrial respiration and produce heat via the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This condition generates a finely-tuned production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) that support non-shivering thermogenesis. Scope of review Herein, the findings underlining the mechanisms that regulate ROS production and control of the adaptive responses tuning thermogenesis in adipocytes are described. Furthermore, this review describes the metabolic responses to substrate availability and the consequence of mitochondrial failure to switch fuel oxidation in response to changes in nutrient availability. A framework to control mitochondrial ROS threshold to maximize non-shivering thermogenesis in adipocytes is provided. Major conclusions Thermogenesis synchronizes fuel oxidation with an acute and transient increase of mitochondrial ROS that promotes the activation of redox-sensitive thermogenic signaling cascade and UCP1. However, an overload of substrate flux to mitochondria causes a massive and damaging mitochondrial ROS production that affects mitochondrial flexibility. Finding novel thermogenic redox targets and manipulating ROS concentration in adipocytes appears to be a promising avenue of research for improving thermogenesis and counteracting metabolic diseases. Mitochondrial ROS support non-shivering thermogenesis. Thermogenic ROS are tightly related to mitochondrial metabolic reorganization. Uncontrolled mitochondrial ROS production is causative of metabolic inflexibility.
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22
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Zoico E, Rubele S, De Caro A, Nori N, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Zamboni M. Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue and Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:368. [PMID: 31281288 PMCID: PMC6595248 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Across aging, adipose tissue (AT) changes its quantity and distribution: AT becomes dysfunctional with an increase in production of inflammatory peptides, a decline of those with anti-inflammatory activity and infiltration of macrophages. Adipose organ dysfunction may lead to age-related metabolic alterations. Aging is characterized by an increase in adiposity and a decline in brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots and activity, and UCP1 expression. There are many possible links to age-associated involution of BAT, including the loss of mitochondrial function, impairment of the sympathetic nervous system, age-induced alteration of brown adipogenic stem/progenitor cell function and changes in endocrine signals. Aging is also associated with a reduction in beige adipocyte formation. Beige adipocytes are known to differentiate from a sub-population of progenitors resident in white adipose tissue (WAT); a defective ability of progenitor cells to proliferate and differentiate has been hypothesized with aging. The loss of beige adipocytes with age may be caused by changes in trophic factors in the adipose tissue microenvironment, which regulate progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. This review focuses on possible mechanisms involved in the reduction of BAT and beige activity with aging, along with possible targets for age-related metabolic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zoico
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Zoico
| | - Sofia Rubele
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Caro
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicole Nori
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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23
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Effect of Low-Fat Diet in Obese Mice Lacking Toll-like Receptors. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101464. [PMID: 30304787 PMCID: PMC6213519 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed at assessing the effect of a low-fat diet (LFD) in obese mice lacking toll–like receptors (Tlr) and understanding the expression and regulation of microRNAs during weight reduction. Methods: C57BL/6, Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice were used in this study. A group of mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) (58% kcal) for 12 weeks to induce obesity (diet-induced obesity, DIO). Another group that had been fed with HFD for eight weeks (obese mice) were switched to a low-fat diet (LFD) (10.5% kcal) for the next four weeks to reduce their body weight. The control mice were fed with a standard AIN-76A diet for the entire 12 weeks. The body weight of the mice was measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, epididymal fat weight and adipocyte size were measured. The differentially expressed miRNAs in the fat tissue was determined by next-generation sequencing with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR). Target prediction and functional annotation of miRNAs were performed using miRSystem database. Results: Switching to LFD significantly reduced the body weight and epididymal fat mass in the HFD-fed C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− mice but not in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice. Weight reduction significantly decreased the size of adipocytes in C57BL/6 but not in the Tlr knockout mice. In Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice, feeding with HFD and the subsequent weight reduction resulted in an aberrant miRNA expression in the epididymal fat tissue unlike in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/−. However, target prediction and functional annotation by miRSystem database revealed that all the top 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways of the dysregulated miRNAs during weight reduction in the C57BL/6 mice were also found in the regulated pathways of Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/−, and Tlr4−/− strains. However, among these pathways, gene sets involved in arginine and proline metabolism and glutathione metabolism were mainly involved in the Tlr knockout mice but not in the C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated that feeding of LFD leads to significant body weight reduction in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− mice, but not in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice. Significant reduction in the size of adipocytes of epididymal fat was only found in C57BL/6, but not in Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/−, and Tlr4−/− mice. The dysregulated miRNAs in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice were different from those in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− strains. Among those miRNA-regulated pathways, arginine and proline metabolism as well as glutathione metabolism may have important roles in the Tlr knockout mice rather than in C57BL/6 mice.
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24
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Wickramasekara RN, Morrill S, Farhat Y, Smith SJ, Yilmazer-Hanke D. Glutathione and Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3 (Itih3) mRNA levels in nicotine-treated Cd44 knockout mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:759-764. [PMID: 29984189 PMCID: PMC6031235 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic nicotine use that replaces tobacco smoking weakens antioxidant defense. Depletion of glutathione by chronic nicotine delivery may compromise liver health. Inter-α-trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 3 (Itih3) mRNA correlates with glutathione. Nicotine and sex interact with Cd44 signaling in regulation of liver glutathione.
Cluster of differentiation 44 (Cd44), a hyaluronan receptor, and the secreted hyaluronan-binding protein Inter-α-trypsin Inhibitor Heavy chain 3 (Itih3) play an important role in cancer and oxidative stress. Smoking of tobacco reduces Itih3 in the plasma and activates hyaluronan signaling through Cd44, but the impact of Cd44 on Itih3 expression is unknown. Here, we studied changes induced by the tobacco component nicotine on the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system and Itih3 gene expression in Cd44 knockout mice. Cd44 deficiency decreased baseline total GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels in the liver compared to wildtype mice. However, contrary to wildtype mice, chronic oral nicotine administration (200 μg/ml) failed to further reduce total GSH and GSSG in Cd44 mice. Sex differences with lowered glutathione levels in females was also detectable only in wildtype but not Cd44 knockout mice. Itih3 mRNA levels in the liver and hypothalamus were not affected by nicotine, Cd44 genotype or sex. Nonetheless, the correlation between Itih3 and total GSH levels in the liver (r = 0.42, p < 0.05) suggested a role of Itih3 in glutathione metabolism in WT mice. Again this effect was diminished in Cd44 knockout mice. The disappearance of nicotine effects, sex differences and correlations between Itih3 and total GSH in Cd44 knockout mice compared to wildtype animals suggests an interaction between nicotine, Cd44 and/or sex-dependent signaling in the regulation of glutathione metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth Morrill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yasmine Farhat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sarah J Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Center for Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Germany
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25
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Tseng HH, Yeh WC, Tu YC, Yang BF, Lai YT, Lee HK, Yang YC, Huang HC, Lee YJ, Ou CC, Kuo HP, Kuo YH, Kao MC, Liu JY. Proteomic profiling of Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract-induced adipogenesis displaying browning features. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1643-1666. [PMID: 29683472 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma is classified as a top grade traditional Chinese medicine for promoting human health by regulating 'vital energy'. Its potency towards metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly, metabolic adaptations of adipocytes, needs to be re-evaluated through an evidence-based study. Here, the triterpenoid-rich Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE) was found to contribute towards adipogenesis accompanied with elevated intracellular lipid metabolic flux. Additionally, proteomic profiling revealed GTEE-upregulated mitochondrial remodeling and chemical energy redox modifications, which display UCP1-positive browning fat-selective features and a NADH-mediated adaptive mechanism. GTEE-treated mice with diet-induced obesity also resulted in the amelioration of white adipocyte hypertrophy and the appearance of UCP1-positive browning adipocytes. Our novel findings unravel that GTEE could promote intracellular metabolic flexibility and plasticity followed by the induction of adipocyte browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Hsueh Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Chun Yeh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Chen Tu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bi-Fen Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ting Lai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Kuang Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yo-Chang Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chih Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Peng Kuo
- Research and Development Unit, Sinphar Group, I-Lan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Ching Kao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jah-Yao Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Okuno Y, Fukuhara A, Hashimoto E, Kobayashi H, Kobayashi S, Otsuki M, Shimomura I. Oxidative Stress Inhibits Healthy Adipose Expansion Through Suppression of SREBF1-Mediated Lipogenic Pathway. Diabetes 2018; 67:1113-1127. [PMID: 29618580 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Okuno
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsunori Fukuhara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Hashimoto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kobayashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Otsuki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Shiba K, Tsuchiya K, Komiya C, Miyachi Y, Mori K, Shimazu N, Yamaguchi S, Ogasawara N, Katoh M, Itoh M, Suganami T, Ogawa Y. Canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, attenuates the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model of human NASH. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2362. [PMID: 29402900 PMCID: PMC5799179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, an antidiabetic drug, promotes urinary excretion of glucose by blocking its reabsorption in the renal proximal tubules. It is unclear whether SGLT2 inhibition could attenuate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. We examined the preventive effects of an SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin (CANA) in Western diet (WD)-fed melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient (MC4R-KO) mice, a mouse model of human NASH. An eight-week CANA treatment attenuated hepatic steatosis in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice, with increased epididymal fat mass without inflammatory changes. CANA treatment for 20 weeks inhibited the development of hepatic fibrosis in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice. After one year of CANA treatment, the number of liver tumors was significantly reduced in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice. In adipose tissue, CANA suppressed the ratio of oxidative to reduced forms of glutathiones (GSSG/GSH) in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice. Treatment with GSH significantly attenuated the H2O2-induced upregulation of genes related to NADPH oxidase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and that of Il6, Tgfb, and Pdgfb in RAW264.7 cells. This study provides evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors represent the unique class of drugs that can attenuate or delay the onset of NASH and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma, at least partly, through “healthy adipose expansion”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Shiba
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Diabetes, Yamanashi-Kosei Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Chikara Komiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimazu
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Katoh
- Medical Science Department Ikuyaku, Integrated Value Development Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Medical and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Gan F, Hu Z, Huang Y, Xue H, Huang D, Qian G, Hu J, Chen X, Wang T, Huang K. Overexpression of pig selenoprotein S blocks OTA-induced promotion of PCV2 replication by inhibiting oxidative stress and p38 phosphorylation in PK15 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20469-85. [PMID: 26943035 PMCID: PMC4991468 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary cause of porcine circovirus disease, and ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced oxidative stress promotes PCV2 replication. In humans, selenoprotein S (SelS) has antioxidant ability, but it is unclear whether SelS affects viral infection. Here, we stably transfected PK15 cells with pig pCDNA3.1-SelS to overexpress SelS. Selenium (Se) at 2 or 4 μM and SelS overexpression blocked the OTA-induced increases of PCV2 DNA copy number and infected cell numbers. SelS overexpression also increased glutathione (GSH), NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase mRNA levels; decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; and inhibited p38 phosphorylation in PCV2-infected PK15 cells, regardless of OTA treatment. Buthionine sulfoximine reversed all of the above SelS-induced changes. siRNA-mediated SelS knockdown decreased Nrf2 mRNA and GSH levels, increased ROS levels, and promoted PCV2 replication in OTA-treated PK15 cells. These data indicate that pig SelS blocks OTA-induced promotion of PCV2 replication by inhibiting the oxidative stress and p38 phosphorylation in PK15 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhihua Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongxia Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junfa Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
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29
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Functional characterization of the Ucp1-associated oxidative phenotype of human epicardial adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15566. [PMID: 29138472 PMCID: PMC5686183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown fat presence and metabolic activity has been associated with lower body mass index, higher insulin sensitivity and better cardiometabolic profile in humans. We, and others, have previously reported the presence of Ucp1, a marker of brown adipocytes, in human epicardial adipose tissue (eAT). Characterization of the metabolic activity and associated physiological relevance of Ucp1 within eAT, however, is still awaited. Here, we validate the presence of Ucp1 within human eAT and its ‘beige’ nature. Using in-vitro analytical approaches, we further characterize its thermogenic potential and demonstrate that human eAT is capable of undergoing enhanced uncoupling respiration upon stimulation. Direct biopsy gene expression analysis reveals a negative association between thermogenic markers and oxidative stress-related genes in this depot. Consistently, isoproterenol (Iso) stimulation of eAT leads to a downregulation of secreted proteins included in the GO terms ‘cell redox homeostasis’ and ‘protein folding’. In addition, cardiac endothelial cells exhibit a downregulation in the expression of adhesion markers upon treatment with Iso-stimulated eAT derived conditioned media. Overall, these observations suggest that Ucp1- associated metabolic activity plays a significant role in local tissue homeostasis within eAT and can plausibly alter its communication with neighboring cells of the cardiovascular system.
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30
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Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and adipose tissue thermogenesis: Bridging physiology and mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16810-16816. [PMID: 28842500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.789628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues can catabolize stored energy to generate heat, relying on the principal effector of thermogenesis: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This unique capability could be leveraged as a therapy for metabolic disease. Numerous animal and cellular models have now demonstrated that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal to support adipocyte thermogenic identity and function. Herein, we contextualize these findings within the established principles of redox signaling and mechanistic studies of UCP1 function. We provide a framework for understanding the role of mitochondrial ROS signaling in thermogenesis together with testable hypotheses for understanding mechanisms and developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Chouchani
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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31
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Poloni S, Spritzer PM, Mendes RH, D'Almeida V, Castro K, Sperb-Ludwig F, Kugele J, Tucci S, Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD. Leptin concentrations and SCD-1 indices in classical homocystinuria: Evidence for the role of sulfur amino acids in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 473:82-88. [PMID: 28801090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe body composition, lipid metabolism and Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) indices in patients with classical homocystinuria (HCU). METHODS Eleven treated HCU patients and 16 healthy controls were included. Body composition and bone mineral density were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Sulfur amino acids (SAA) and their derivatives (total homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and glutathione), lipids (free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, triglycerides and lipoproteins), glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and isoprostanes were measured in plasma. Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA-IR. To estimate liver SCD-1 activity, SCD-16 [16:1(n-7)/16:0] and SCD-18 [18:1(n-9)/18:0] desaturation indices were determined. RESULTS In HCU patients, SCD-16 index was significantly reduced (p=0.03). A trend of an association of SCD-16 index with cysteine was observed (r=0.624, p=0.054). HCU patients displayed lower lean mass (p<0.05), with no differences in fat mass percentage. Leptin and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were lower in HCU patients (p<0.05). Femur bone mineral density Z-scores were correlated with plasma cysteine (r=0.829; p=0.04) and total homocysteine (r=-0.829; p=0.04) in HCU patients. CONCLUSIONS We report alterations in leptin and SCD-1 in HCU patients. These results agree with previous findings from epidemiologic and animal studies, and support a role for SAA on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Poloni
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberta H Mendes
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila Castro
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Johanna Kugele
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Tucci
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henk J Blom
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ida V D Schwartz
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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32
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Lettieri-Barbato D, D'Angelo F, Sciarretta F, Tatulli G, Tortolici F, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K. Maternal high calorie diet induces mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence phenotype in subcutaneous fat of newborn mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83407-83418. [PMID: 29137352 PMCID: PMC5663524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and senescence-like features are observed in adipose depots in aging and obesity. Herein, we evaluated how maternal high calorie diet (HCD) may impact on subcutaneous adipose tissue (sAT) of the newborn mice. Adult C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided in three groups: normal calorie diet (NCD), HCD and HCD supplemented with niacin 8 weeks before mating. Mothers and pups were then sacrificed and metabolic and molecular analyses were carried out on sAT. HCD induced mitochondria dysfunction in mothers without inflammation and senescence, whereas in pups we also revealed the occurrence of senescent phenotype. The mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence in pups was accompanied by a drop in NAD+/NADH ratio and alteration in the NAD+-dependent enzymes PARP1 and SIRT1. Importantly, maternal dietary supplementation with niacin during gestation and lactation restrained NAD+/NADH decrease imposed by HCD limiting inflammatory cytokine production and senescence phenotype in newborn sAT. Given the fundamental role of sAT in buffering nutrient overload and avoiding pathogenic ectopic fat accumulation, we suggest that NAD+ boosting strategies during maternal HCD could be helpful in limiting sAT dysfunction in newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana D'Angelo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Flavia Tortolici
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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33
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Lu X, Solmonson A, Lodi A, Nowinski SM, Sentandreu E, Riley CL, Mills EM, Tiziani S. The early metabolomic response of adipose tissue during acute cold exposure in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3455. [PMID: 28615704 PMCID: PMC5471228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain core body temperature in cold conditions, mammals activate a complex multi-organ metabolic response for heat production. White adipose tissue (WAT) primarily functions as an energy reservoir, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated during cold exposure to generate heat from nutrients. Both BAT and WAT undergo specific metabolic changes during acute cold exposure. Here, we use an untargeted metabolomics approach to characterize the initial metabolic response to cold exposure in multiple adipose tissue depots in mice. Results demonstrate dramatically distinct metabolic responses during cold exposure in BAT and WAT. Amino acids, nucleotide pathways, and metabolites involved in redox regulation were greatly affected 4 hours post-exposure in BAT, while no polar metabolites were observed to significantly change in WAT depots up to 6 hours post exposure. Lipid metabolism was activated early (2 hours) in both BAT and the subcutaneous WAT depots, with the most striking change being observed in the modulation of diglyceride and monoglyceride levels in BAT. Overall, these data provide a timeline of global thermogenic metabolism in adipose depots during acute cold exposure. We have highlighted differences in visceral and subcutaneous WAT thermogenic metabolism and demonstrate the distinct metabolism of BAT during cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400, Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400, Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Sara M Nowinski
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Enrique Sentandreu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400, Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Christopher L Riley
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Edward M Mills
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400, Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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Ortega SP, Chouchani ET, Boudina S. Stress turns on the heat: Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and UCP1 by ROS in adipocytes. Adipocyte 2017; 6:56-61. [PMID: 28452586 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1273298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress (OS) in adipose tissue are associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The nature of this relationship i.e., cause and effect or consequence has not been clearly determined. We provide evidence that elevated mitochondrial ROS generated by adipocytes from mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) represents an adaptive mechanism that precipitates fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial uncoupling in an effort to defend against weight gain. Consistent with that, mice with adipocyte-specific deletion of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) exhibit increased adipocyte superoxide generation and are protected from weight gain and insulin resistance which otherwise develops in wild-type (WT) mice that consume an obesogenic diet. The defense mechanism displayed by MnSOD-deficiency in fat cells appears to be mediated by a dual effect of ROS on inefficient substrate oxidation through uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. The aim of this commentary is to summarize and contextualize additional evidence supporting the importance of mitochondrial ROS in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the modulation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and activation in both white and brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Edward T. Chouchani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Exploring the Lean Phenotype of Glutathione-Depleted Mice: Thiol, Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163214. [PMID: 27788147 PMCID: PMC5082875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although reduced glutathione (rGSH) is decreased in obese mice and humans, block of GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) results in a lean, insulin-sensitive phenotype. Data is lacking about the effect of BSO on GSH precursors, cysteine and glutamate. Plasma total cysteine (tCys) is positively associated with stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity and adiposity in humans and animal models. OBJECTIVE To explore the phenotype, amino acid and fatty acid profiles in BSO-treated mice. DESIGN Male C3H/HeH mice aged 11 weeks were fed a high-fat diet with or without BSO in drinking water (30 mmol/L) for 8 weeks. Amino acid and fatty acid changes were assessed, as well as food consumption, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, body composition and liver vacuolation (steatosis). RESULTS Despite higher food intake, BSO decreased particularly fat mass but also lean mass (both P<0.001), and prevented fatty liver vacuolation. Physical activity increased during the dark phase. BSO decreased plasma free fatty acids and enhanced insulin sensitivity. BSO did not alter liver rGSH, but decreased plasma total GSH (tGSH) and rGSH (by ~70%), and liver tGSH (by 82%). Glutamate accumulated in plasma and liver. Urine excretion of cysteine and its precursors was increased by BSO. tCys, rCys and cystine decreased in plasma (by 23-45%, P<0.001 for all), but were maintained in liver, at the expense of decreased taurine. Free and total plasma concentrations of the SCD products, oleic and palmitoleic acids were decreased (by 27-38%, P <0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Counterintuitively, block of GSH synthesis decreases circulating tCys, raising the question of whether the BSO-induced obesity-resistance is linked to cysteine depletion. Cysteine-supplementation of BSO-treated mice is warranted to dissect the effects of cysteine and GSH depletion on energy metabolism.
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR. Mitochondrial Hormesis links nutrient restriction to improved metabolism in fat cell. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:869-81. [PMID: 26540513 PMCID: PMC4637211 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fasting promotes longevity by reprogramming metabolic and stress resistance pathways. However, although the impact on adipose tissue physiology through hormonal inputs is well established, the direct role of fasting on adipose cells is poorly understood. Herein we show that white and beige adipocytes, as well as mouse epididymal and subcutaneous adipose depots, respond to nutrient scarcity by acquiring a brown-like phenotype. Indeed, they improve oxidative metabolism through modulating the expression of mitochondrial-and nuclear-encoded oxidative phosphorylation genes as well as mitochondrial stress defensive proteins (UCP1, SOD2). Such adaptation is placed in a canonical mitohormetic response that proceeds via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production and redistribution of FoxO1 transcription factor into nucleus. Nuclear FoxO1 (nFoxO1) mediates retrograde communication by inducing the expression of mitochondrial oxidative and stress defensive genes. Collectively, our findings describe an unusual white/beige fat cell response to nutrient availability highlighting another health-promoting mechanism of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
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Lettieri Barbato D, Aquilano K. Feast and famine: Adipose tissue adaptations for healthy aging. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 28:85-93. [PMID: 27223996 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proper adipose tissue function controls energy balance with favourable effects on metabolic health and longevity. The molecular and metabolic asset of adipose tissue quickly and dynamically readapts in response to nutrient fluctuations. Once delivered into cells, nutrients are managed by mitochondria that represent a key bioenergetics node. A persistent nutrient overload generates mitochondrial exhaustion and uncontrolled reactive oxygen species ((mt)ROS) production. In adipocytes, metabolic/molecular reorganization is triggered culminating in the acquirement of a hypertrophic and hypersecretory phenotype that accelerates aging. Conversely, dietary regimens such as caloric restriction or time-controlled fasting endorse mitochondrial functionality and (mt)ROS-mediated signalling, thus promoting geroprotection. In this perspective view, we argued some important molecular and metabolic aspects related to adipocyte response to nutrient stress. Finally we delineated hypothetical routes by which molecularly and metabolically readapted adipose tissue promotes healthy aging.
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Vegliante R, Cannata SM, Bernardini S, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K. Dietary fat overload reprograms brown fat mitochondria. Front Physiol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26483700 PMCID: PMC4586425 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic nutrient overload accelerates the onset of several aging-related diseases reducing life expectancy. Although the mechanisms by which overnutrition affects metabolic processes in many tissues are known, its role on BAT physiology is still unclear. Herein, we investigated the mitochondrial responses in BAT of female mice exposed to high fat diet (HFD) at different steps of life. Although adult mice showed an unchanged mitochondrial amount, both respiration and OxPHOS subunits were strongly affected. Differently, offspring pups exposed to HFD during pregnancy and lactation displayed reduced mitochondrial mass but high oxidative efficiency that, however, resulted in increased bioenergetics state of BAT rather than augmented uncoupling respiration. Interestingly, the metabolic responses triggered by HFD were accompanied by changes in mitochondrial dynamics characterized by decreased content of the fragmentation marker Drp1 both in mothers and offspring pups. HFD-induced inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor seemed to be the up-stream modulator of Drp1 levels in brown fat cells. Furthermore, HFD offspring pups weaned with normal diet only partially reverted the mitochondrial dysfunctions caused by HFD. Finally these mice failed in activating the thermogenic program upon cold exposure. Collectively our findings suggest that maternal dietary fat overload irreversibly commits BAT unresponsiveness to physiological stimuli such as cool temperature and this dysfunction in the early stage of life might negatively modulate health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolando Vegliante
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano M Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy ; IRCCS San Raffaele Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy ; IRCCS San Raffaele Roma Rome, Italy
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Jeanson Y, Carrière A, Casteilla L. A New Role for Browning as a Redox and Stress Adaptive Mechanism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26500607 PMCID: PMC4598589 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of obesity and metabolic disorders is focusing the attention of the scientific community on white adipose tissue (WAT) and its biology. This tissue is characterized not only by its capability to change in size and shape but also by its heterogeneity and versatility. WAT can be converted into brown fat-like tissue according to different physiological and pathophysiological situations. The expression of uncoupling protein-1 in brown-like adipocytes changes their function from energy storage to energy dissipation. This plasticity, named browning, was recently rediscovered and convergent recent accounts, including in humans, have revived the idea of using these oxidative cells to fight against metabolic diseases. Furthermore, recent reports suggest that, beside the increased energy dissipation and thermogenesis that may have adverse effects in situations such as cancer-associated cachexia and massive burns, browning could be also considered as an adaptive stress response to high redox pressure and to major stress that could help to maintain tissue homeostasis and integrity. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning brown adipocytes and the browning process and also to explore unexpected putative role(s) for these cells. While it is important to find new browning inducers to limit energy stores and metabolic diseases, it also appears crucial to develop new browning inhibitors to limit adverse energy dissipation in wasting-associated syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Jeanson
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Louis Casteilla,
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