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Yamashita A, Ota MS. A quantitative study of the development of taste pores in mice. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:241-248. [PMID: 38342298 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study determined the early development of taste buds by observing the changes in the three-dimensional structures of taste pores and microvilli in the circumvallate papillae (CVP) of mice, from pre- and postnatal stages to the adult stages. METHODS Fragments of mouse CVP tissue were collected on embryonic day (E) 18 and postnatal days (P) 0, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56. The surfaces of the tissue fragments located pore apertures via scanning electron microscopy, and the sizes of the CVP and maximum diameters of the pores were estimated from the recorded images. Likewise, changes in the structures of the epithelium around the pore aperture and microvilli protruding from the pores were examined. RESULTS The size of the CVP exhibited a linear increase with age from E18 to P56. The epithelium around the pore aperture demonstrated changes to form microridges, indicating a characteristic pattern during CVP development. The size of the pore aperture also increased with age from E18 to P56. Furthermore, an increase in the number of pores with protruding microvilli was observed at the base of the epithelial trench. A significant positive correlation was observed between the maximum diameter of the pore and the size of the CVP. CONCLUSIONS The expansion in the lateral view of the CVP was associated with the developmental stage from E18 to P56, suggesting that the growth of the CVP leads to the opening and enlargement of the taste pores with microvillus projections during these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yamashita
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Physiology and Food Biological Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Masato S Ota
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Physiology and Food Biological Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan.
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2
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Avni L, Farag N, Ghosh B, Nachman I. Gastruloid optimization. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:409-415. [PMID: 37815089 PMCID: PMC10754328 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The young field of gastruloids brings promise to modeling and understanding early embryonic development. However, being a complex model, gastruloids are prone to variability at different levels. In this perspective, we define the different levels of gastruloid variability, and parameters over which it can be measured. We discuss potential sources for variability, and then propose methods to better control and reduce it. We provide an example from definitive endoderm progression in gastruloids, where we harness gastruloid-to-gastruloid variation in early parameters to identify key driving factors for endoderm morphology. We then devise interventions that steer morphological outcome. A better control over the developmental progression of gastruloids will enhance their utility in both basic research and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Avni
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Farag
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Binita Ghosh
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iftach Nachman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Debruyne AC, Okkelman IA, Dmitriev RI. Balance between the cell viability and death in 3D. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:55-66. [PMID: 36117019 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a phenomenon, frequently perceived as an absolute event for cell, tissue and the organ. However, the rising popularity and complexity of such 3D multicellular 'tissue building blocks' as heterocellular spheroids, organoids, and 'assembloids' prompts to revise the definition and quantification of cell viability and death. It raises several questions on the overall viability of all the cells within 3D volume and on choosing the appropriate, continuous, and non-destructive viability assay enabling for a single-cell analysis. In this review, we look at cell viability and cell death modalities with attention to the intrinsic features of such 3D models as spheroids, organoids, and bioprints. Furthermore, we look at emerging and promising methodologies, which can help define and understand the balance between cell viability and death in dynamic and complex 3D environments. We conclude that the recent innovations in biofabrication, biosensor probe development, and fluorescence microscopy can help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Debruyne
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Irina A Okkelman
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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4
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Ha P, Liu TP, Li C, Zheng Z. Novel Strategies for Orofacial Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:339-360. [PMID: 35651274 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Orofacial structures are indispensable for speech and eating, and impairment disrupts whole-body health through malnutrition and poor quality of life. However, due to the unique and highly specialized cell populations, tissue architecture, and healing microenvironments, regeneration in this region is challenging and inadequately addressed to date. Recent Advances: With increasing understanding of the nuanced physiology and cellular responses of orofacial soft tissue, novel scaffolds, seeded cells, and bioactive molecules were developed in the past 5 years to specifically target orofacial soft tissue regeneration, particularly for tissues primarily found within the orofacial region such as oral mucosa, taste buds, salivary glands, and masseter muscles. Critical Issues: Due to the tightly packed and complex anatomy, orofacial soft tissue injury commonly implicates multiple tissue types, and thus functional unit reconstruction in the orofacial region is more important than single tissue regeneration. Future Directions: This article reviews the up-to-date knowledge in this highly translational topic, which provides insights into novel biologically inspired and engineered strategies for regenerating orofacial component tissues and functional units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Ha
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy P Liu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Doyle ME, Premathilake HU, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1193-1246. [PMID: 36422992 PMCID: PMC9942923 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, and the presence and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as address the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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6
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Chen Z, Leung TCN, Lui YL, Ngai SM, Chung HY. Combination of untargeted and targeted proteomics for secretome analysis of L-WRN cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1465-1476. [PMID: 36656349 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organoid culture is a promising biomedical technology that requires specialized growth factors. Recently, a recombinant L-WRN cell line has been extensively used to generate conditioned medium (L-CM) for organoid culture. Nevertheless, methods for evaluating the stability of the L-WRN cells have been limited. In this study, a novel proteomics-based approach was developed to analyze the secretome of the cells. Serum-free L-CM was lyophilized, precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, and desalted prior to analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) was conducted for the untargeted secretome profiling of the cells, and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was applied for the targeted quantification of the Wnt3A, R-spondin3, and noggin proteins (WRNs). This study also compared the performance of two types of PRM methods, namely MS1-independent PRM and MS1-dependent PRM, that can be executed on an Orbitrap instrument. The results showed that the growth of mouse intestinal organoids was closely related to the use of L-CM. The composition of L-CM could be markedly affected by the medium collection scheme. A total of 1725, 2302, and 2681 proteins were identified from the L-CM collected on day 5, day 9, and day 13, respectively. The MS1-independent PRM outperformed the MS1-dependent PRM and effectively quantified the WRNs with high repeatability and specificity. In conclusion, by integrating untargeted and targeted proteomics, this study develops a mass spectrometry-based method for the secretome analysis and quality control of the L-WRN cells. The methodology and findings of the present work will benefit future studies on organoids and secretomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomas Chun Ning Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Lam Lui
- Cell and Molecular Biology Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hau Yin Chung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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7
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Zhao Z, Chen X, Dowbaj AM, Sljukic A, Bratlie K, Lin L, Fong ELS, Balachander GM, Chen Z, Soragni A, Huch M, Zeng YA, Wang Q, Yu H. Organoids. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:94. [PMID: 37325195 PMCID: PMC10270325 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have attracted increasing attention because they are simple tissue-engineered cell-based in vitro models that recapitulate many aspects of the complex structure and function of the corresponding in vivo tissue. They can be dissected and interrogated for fundamental mechanistic studies on development, regeneration, and repair in human tissues. Organoids can also be used in diagnostics, disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. Organoids are derived from either pluripotent or tissue-resident stem (embryonic or adult) or progenitor or differentiated cells from healthy or diseased tissues, such as tumors. To date, numerous organoid engineering strategies that support organoid culture and growth, proliferation, differentiation and maturation have been reported. This Primer serves to highlight the rationale underlying the selection and development of these materials and methods to control the cellular/tissue niche; and therefore, structure and function of the engineered organoid. We also discuss key considerations for generating robust organoids, such as those related to cell isolation and seeding, matrix and soluble factor selection, physical cues and integration. The general standards for data quality, reproducibility and deposition within the organoid community is also outlined. Lastly, we conclude by elaborating on the limitations of organoids in different applications, and key priorities in organoid engineering for the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anna M. Dowbaj
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Sljukic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kaitlin Bratlie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luda Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gowri Manohari Balachander
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice Soragni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Hanry Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, A*STAR, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
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8
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Wang Y, Stonehouse-Smith D, Cobourne MT, Green JBA, Seppala M. Cellular mechanisms of reverse epithelial curvature in tissue morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1066399. [PMID: 36518538 PMCID: PMC9742543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1066399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial bending plays an essential role during the multiple stages of organogenesis and can be classified into two types: invagination and evagination. The early stages of invaginating and evaginating organs are often depicted as simple concave and convex curves respectively, but in fact majority of the epithelial organs develop through a more complex pattern of curvature: concave flanked by convex and vice versa respectively. At the cellular level, this is far from a geometrical truism: locally cells must passively adapt to, or actively create such an epithelial structure that is typically composed of opposite and connected folds that form at least one s-shaped curve that we here, based on its appearance, term as "reverse curves." In recent years, invagination and evagination have been studied in increasing cellular detail. A diversity of mechanisms, including apical/basal constriction, vertical telescoping and extrinsic factors, all orchestrate epithelial bending to give different organs their final shape. However, how cells behave collectively to generate reverse curves remains less well-known. Here we review experimental models that characteristically form reverse curves during organogenesis. These include the circumvallate papillae in the tongue, crypt-villus structure in the intestine, and early tooth germ and describe how, in each case, reverse curves form to connect an invaginated or evaginated placode or opposite epithelial folds. Furthermore, by referring to the multicellular system that occur in the invagination and evagination, we attempt to provide a summary of mechanisms thought to be involved in reverse curvature consisting of apical/basal constriction, and extrinsic factors. Finally, we describe the emerging techniques in the current investigations, such as organoid culture, computational modelling and live imaging technologies that have been utilized to improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms in early tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stonehouse-Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn T. Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Chen Z, Chung HY. Pseudo-Taste Cells Derived from Rat Taste and Non-Taste Tissues: Implications for Cultured Taste Cell-Based Biosensors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10826-10835. [PMID: 35998688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the technique for taste cell culture has been reported, cultured taste cells have remained poorly validated. This study systematically compared the cultured cells derived from both taste and non-taste tissues. Fourteen cell lines established from rat circumvallate papillae (RCVs* or RCVs), non-taste lingual epithelia (RVEs), and tail skins (RTLs) were analyzed by PCR, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and calcium imaging. The cell lines were morphologically indistinguishable, and all expressed some taste-related molecules. Of the tested RCVs*, RCVs, RVEs, and RTLs (%), 84.7 ± 7.8, 63.9 ± 22.8, 46.8 ± 0.3, and 40.8 ± 15.1 of them were responsive to at least one tastant or ATP, respectively. However, the calcium signaling pathways in the responding cells differed from the canonical taste transduction pathways in the taste cells in vivo, suggesting that they were not genuine taste cells. In addition, the growth medium intended for taste cell culture did not prevent the proliferation of non-gustatory epithelial cells regardless of supplementation of Y-27632 and EGF. In conclusion, the current method for taste cell culture is susceptible to pseudo-taste cells that may lead to overinterpretation. Thus, biosensors that rely on calcium responses of cultured taste cells should be applied with extreme caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hau Yin Chung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Advances of Engineered Hydrogel Organoids within the Stem Cell Field: A Systematic Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060379. [PMID: 35735722 PMCID: PMC9222364 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are novel in vitro cell culture models that enable stem cells (including pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells) to grow and undergo self-organization within a three-dimensional microenvironment during the process of differentiation into target tissues. Such miniature structures not only recapitulate the histological and genetic characteristics of organs in vivo, but also form tissues with the capacity for self-renewal and further differentiation. Recent advances in biomaterial technology, particularly hydrogels, have provided opportunities to improve organoid cultures; by closely integrating the mechanical and chemical properties of the extracellular matrix microenvironment, with novel synthetic materials and stem cell biology. This systematic review critically examines recent advances in various strategies and techniques utilized for stem-cell-derived organoid culture, with particular emphasis on the application potential of hydrogel technology in organoid culture. We hope this will give a better understanding of organoid cultures for modelling diseases and tissue engineering applications.
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11
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Ou M, Li Q, Ling X, Yao J, Mo X. Cocktail Formula and Application Prospects for Oral and Maxillofacial Organoids. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:913-925. [PMID: 35612711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial organoids (OMOs), tiny tissues and organs derived from stem cells cultured through 3-d cell culture models, can fully summarize the cell tissue structure, physiological functions and biological characteristics of the source tissues in the body. OMOs are applied in areas such as disease modelling, developmental and regenerative medicine, drug screening, personalized treatment, etc. Although the construction of organoids in various parts of the oral and maxillofacial (OM) region has achieved considerable success, the existing cocktail formulae (construction strategies) are not widely applicable for tissues of various sources due to factors including the heterogeneity of the source tissues and the dependence on laboratory technology. Most of their formulae are based on growth factor niches containing expensive recombinant proteins with their efficiency remaining to be improved. In view of this, the cocktail formulae of various parts of the OM organs are reviewed with further discussion of the application and prospects for those OMOs to find some affordable cocktail formula with strong operability and high repeatability for various maxillofacial organs. The results may help improve the efficiency of organoid construction in the laboratory and accelerate the pace of the clinical use of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ou
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China
| | - Qing Li
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China
| | - Xiaofang Ling
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China. .,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Mo
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.
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12
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Barlow LA. The sense of taste: Development, regeneration, and dysfunction. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1547. [PMID: 34850604 PMCID: PMC11152580 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gustation or the sense of taste is a primary sense, which functions as a gatekeeper for substances that enter the body. Animals, including humans, ingest foods that contain appetitive taste stimuli, including those that have sweet, moderately salty and umami (glutamate) components, and tend to avoid bitter-tasting items, as many bitter compounds are toxic. Taste is mediated by clusters of heterogeneous taste receptors cells (TRCs) organized as taste buds on the tongue, and these convey taste information from the oral cavity to higher order brain centers via the gustatory sensory neurons of the seventh and ninth cranial ganglia. One remarkable aspect of taste is that taste perception is mostly uninterrupted throughout life yet TRCs within buds are constantly renewed; every 1-2 months all taste cells have been steadily replaced. In the past decades we have learned a substantial amount about the cellular and molecular regulation of taste bud cell renewal, and how taste buds are initially established during embryogenesis. Here I review more recent findings pertaining to taste development and regeneration, as well as discuss potential mechanisms underlying taste dysfunction that often occurs with disease or its treatment. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells & Development, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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13
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Liu S, Zhu P, Tian Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Chen W, Liping D, Wu C. Preparation and application of taste bud organoids in biomedicine towards chemical sensation mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2015-2030. [PMID: 35441364 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Taste is one of the most basic and important sensations that is able to monitor the food quality and avoid intake of potential danger materials. Whether as an inevitable symptom of aging or a complication of cancer treatment, taste loss very seriously affects the patient's life quality. Taste bud organoids provide an alternative and convenient approach for the research of taste functions and the underlying mechanisms due to their characteristics of availability, strong maneuverability, and high similarity to the in-vivo taste buds. This review gives a systemic and comprehensive introduction to the preparation and application of taste bud organoids towards chemical sensing mechanisms. For the first, the basic structure and functions of taste buds will be briefly introduced. Then, the currently available approaches for the preparation of taste bud organoids are summarized and discussed, which are mainly divided into two categories, i.e. the stem/progenitor cell-derived approach and the tissue-derived approach. For the next, different applications of taste bud organoids in biomedicine are outlined based on their central roles such as disease modeling, biological sensing, gene regulation, and signal transduction. Finally, the current challenges, future development trends and prospects of research in taste bud organoids are proposed and discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yating Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yage Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Du Liping
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
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14
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Hino K, Hirashima S, Tsuneyoshi R, Togo A, Hiroshige T, Kusukawa J, Nakamura KI, Ohta K. Three-dimensional ultrastructure and histomorphology of mouse circumvallate papillary taste buds before and after birth using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope tomography. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Fine-tuning of epithelial taste bud organoid to promote functional recapitulation of taste reactivity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:211. [PMID: 35344108 PMCID: PMC8958342 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Taste stem/progenitor cells from posterior mouse tongues have been used to generate taste bud organoids. However, the inaccessible location of taste receptor cells is observed in conventional organoids. In this study, we established a suspension-culture method to fine-tune taste bud organoids by apicobasal polarity alteration to form the accessible localization of taste receptor cells. Compared to conventional Matrigel-embedded organoids, suspension-cultured organoids showed comparable differentiation and renewal rates to those of taste buds in vivo and exhibited functional taste receptor cells and cycling progenitor cells. Accessible taste receptor cells enabled the direct application of calcium imaging to evaluate the taste response. Moreover, suspension-cultured organoids can be genetically altered. Suspension-cultured taste bud organoids harmoniously integrated with the recipient lingual epithelium, maintaining the taste receptor cells and gustatory innervation capacity. We propose that suspension-cultured organoids may provide an efficient model for taste research, including taste bud development, regeneration, and transplantation.
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16
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Fei K, Zhang J, Yuan J, Xiao P. Present Application and Perspectives of Organoid Imaging Technology. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030121. [PMID: 35324810 PMCID: PMC8945799 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified in vitro model with a similar structure and function to a real organ. In recent years, the use of organoids has increased explosively in the field of growth and development, disease simulation, drug screening, cell therapy, etc. In order to obtain necessary information, such as morphological structure, cell function and dynamic signals, it is necessary and important to directly monitor the culture process of organoids. Among different detection technologies, imaging technology is a simple and convenient choice and can realize direct observation and quantitative research. In this review, the principle, advantages and disadvantages of imaging technologies that have been applied in organoids research are introduced. We also offer an overview of prospective technologies for organoid imaging. This review aims to help biologists find appropriate imaging techniques for different areas of organoid research, and also contribute to the development of organoid imaging systems.
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17
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Lu C, Lin X, Yamashita J, Xi R, Zhou M, Zhang YV, Wang H, Margolskee RF, Koo BK, Clevers H, Matsumoto I, Jiang P. RNF43/ZNRF3 negatively regulates taste tissue homeostasis and positively regulates dorsal lingual epithelial tissue homeostasis. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:369-383. [PMID: 34995498 PMCID: PMC8828551 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste bud cells are renewed throughout life in a process requiring innervation. Recently, we reported that R-spondin substitutes for neuronal input for taste cell regeneration. R-spondin amplifies WNT signaling by interacting with stem-cell-expressed E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF43/ZNRF3 (negative regulators of WNT signaling) and G-protein-coupled receptors LGR4/5/6 (positive regulators of WNT signaling). Therefore, we hypothesized that RNF43/ZNRF3 may serve as a brake, controlled by gustatory neuron-produced R-spondin, for regulating taste tissue homeostasis. Here, we show that mice deficient for Rnf43/Znrf3 in KRT5-expressing epithelial stem/progenitor cells (RZ dKO) exhibited taste cell hyperplasia; in stark contrast, epithelial tissue on the tongue degenerated. WNT signaling blockade substantially reversed all these effects in RZ dKO mice. Furthermore, innervation becomes dispensable for taste cell renewal in RZ dKO mice. We thus demonstrate important but distinct functions of RNF43/ZNRF3 in regulating taste versus lingual epithelial tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyi Lu
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ranhui Xi
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Minliang Zhou
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yali V Zhang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, and University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Y Baena AR, Casasco A, Monti M. Hypes and Hopes of Stem Cell Therapies in Dentistry: a Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1294-1308. [PMID: 35015212 PMCID: PMC8748526 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most exciting advances in life science research is the development of 3D cell culture systems to obtain complex structures called organoids and spheroids. These 3D cultures closely mimic in vivo conditions, where cells can grow and interact with their surroundings. This allows us to better study the spatio-temporal dynamics of organogenesis and organ function. Furthermore, physiologically relevant organoids cultures can be used for basic research, medical research, and drug discovery. Although most of the research thus far focuses on the development of heart, liver, kidney, and brain organoids, to name a few, most recently, these structures were obtained using dental stem cells to study in vitro tooth regeneration. This review aims to present the most up-to-date research showing how dental stem cells can be grown on specific biomaterials to induce their differentiation in 3D. The possibility of combining engineering and biology principles to replicate and/or increase tissue function has been an emerging and exciting field in medicine. The use of this methodology in dentistry has already yielded many interesting results paving the way for the improvement of dental care and successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rodriguez Y Baena
- Program in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Andrea Casasco
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Dental & Face Center, CDI, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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19
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O'Farrell C, Stamatopoulos K, Simmons M, Batchelor H. In vitro models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113924. [PMID: 34390774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orally ingestible medical devices offer significant opportunity in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. Their development necessitates the use of models that simulate the gastrointestinal environment on both a macro and micro scale. An evolution in scientific technology has enabled a wide range of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to be developed that replicate the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the landscape of the existing range of in vitro tools that are available to characterize ingestible devices. Models are presented with details on their benefits and limitations with regards to the evaluation of ingestible devices and examples of their use in the evaluation of such devices is presented where available. The multitude of models available provides a suite of tools that can be used in the evaluation of ingestible devices that should be selected on the functionality of the device and the mechanism of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor O'Farrell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Stamatopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Mark Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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20
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Burman A, Kaji I. Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113712. [PMID: 34835968 PMCID: PMC8620795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Ftuwi H, Parri R, Mohammed AR. Novel, Fully Characterised Bovine Taste Bud Cells of Fungiform Papillae. Cells 2021; 10:2285. [PMID: 34571933 PMCID: PMC8469975 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of functional characteristics and biochemical pathways in taste bud cells have been hindered due the lack of long-term cultured cells. To address this, we developed a holistic approach to fully characterise long term cultured bovine taste bud cells (BTBCs). Initially, cultured BTBCs were characterised using RT-PCR gene expression profiling, immunocytochemistry, flowcytometry and calcium imaging, that confirmed the cells were mature TBCs that express taste receptor genes, taste specific protein markers and capable of responding to taste stimuli, i.e., denatonium (2 mM) and quinine (462.30 μM). Gene expression analysis of forty-two genes implicated in taste transduction pathway (map04742) using custom-made RT-qPCR array revealed high and low expressed genes in BTBCs. Preliminary datamining and bioinformatics demonstrated that the bovine α-gustducin, gustatory G-protein, have higher sequence similarity to the human orthologue compared to rodents. Therefore, results from this work will replace animal experimentation and provide surrogate cell-based throughput system to study human taste transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afzal R. Mohammed
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (H.F.); (R.P.)
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22
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Zhang Y, Huang S, Zhong W, Chen W, Yao B, Wang X. 3D organoids derived from the small intestine: An emerging tool for drug transport research. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1697-1707. [PMID: 34386316 PMCID: PMC8343122 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestine in vitro models play a crucial role in drug transport research. Although conventional 2D cell culture models, such as Caco-2 monolayer, possess many advantages, they should be interpreted with caution because they have relatively poor physiologically reproducible phenotypes and functions. With the development of 3D culture technology, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and adult somatic stem cells (ASCs) show remarkable self-organization characteristics, which leads to the development of intestinal organoids. Based on previous studies, this paper reviews the application of intestinal 3D organoids in drug transport mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). The advantages and limitations of this model are also discussed. Although there are still many challenges, intestinal 3D organoid model has the potential to be an excellent tool for drug transport research.
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Key Words
- 3D organoid
- ASCs, adult somatic stem cells
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CDF, 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
- Caco-2 cell monolayer
- DDI, drug–drug interactions
- Drug transporter
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ER, efflux ratio
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- Lgr5+, leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 positive
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter protein
- MRP2, multidrug resistance protein 2
- NBD, nucleotide-binding domain
- OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide
- OCT, organic cation transporter
- OCTN, carnitine/organic cation transporter
- P-glycoprotein
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PEPT, peptide transporter protein
- PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transporter
- PSCs, pluripotent stem cells
- Papp, apparent permeability coefficient
- Rh123, rhodamine 123
- SLC, solute carrier
- Small intestine
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TMDs, transmembrane domains
- cMOAT, canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiguo Zhong
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Wenxia Chen
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Bingyi Yao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 21 2420 6564; fax: +86 21 5434 4922.
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23
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Shechtman LA, Piarowski CM, Scott JK, Golden EJ, Gaillard D, Barlow LA. Generation and Culture of Lingual Organoids Derived from Adult Mouse Taste Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33871462 DOI: 10.3791/62300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of taste is mediated by taste buds on the tongue, which are composed of rapidly renewing taste receptor cells (TRCs). This continual turnover is powered by local progenitor cells and renders taste function prone to disruption by a multitude of medical treatments, which in turn severely impacts the quality of life. Thus, studying this process in the context of drug treatment is vital to understanding if and how taste progenitor function and TRC production are affected. Given the ethical concerns and limited availability of human taste tissue, mouse models, which have a taste system similar to humans, are commonly used. Compared to in vivo methods, which are time-consuming, expensive, and not amenable to high throughput studies, murine lingual organoids can enable experiments to be run rapidly with many replicates and fewer mice. Here, previously published protocols have been adapted and a standardized method for generating taste organoids from taste progenitor cells isolated from the circumvallate papilla (CVP) of adult mice is presented. Taste progenitor cells in the CVP express LGR5 and can be isolated via EGFP fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from mice carrying an Lgr5EGFP-IRES-CreERT2 allele. Sorted cells are plated onto a matrix gel-based 3D culture system and cultured for 12 days. Organoids expand for the first 6 days of the culture period via proliferation and then enter a differentiation phase, during which they generate all three taste cell types along with non-taste epithelial cells. Organoids can be harvested upon maturation at day 12 or at any time during the growth process for RNA expression and immunohistochemical analysis. Standardizing culture methods for production of lingual organoids from adult stem cells will improve reproducibility and advance lingual organoids as a powerful drug screening tool in the fight to help patients experiencing taste dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Shechtman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Christina M Piarowski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Jennifer K Scott
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Erin J Golden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Dany Gaillard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus;
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus;
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24
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Gaillard D, Barlow LA. A Mechanistic Overview of Taste Bud Maintenance and Impairment in Cancer Therapies. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6161548. [PMID: 33693542 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 20th century, progress in cancer therapies has significantly improved disease prognosis. Nonetheless, cancer treatments are often associated with side effects that can negatively affect patient well-being and disrupt the course of treatment. Among the main side effects, taste impairment is associated with depression, malnutrition, and morbid weight loss. Although relatively common, taste disruption associated with cancer therapies remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge related to the molecular mechanisms underlying taste maintenance and disruption in the context of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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25
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Xing Y, Liu J, Guo X, Liu H, Zeng W, Wang Y, Zhang C, Lu Y, He D, Ma S, He Y, Xing XH. Engineering organoid microfluidic system for biomedical and health engineering: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Oral organoids are complex 3-dimensional structures that develop from stem cells or organ-specific progenitors through a process of self-organization and re-create architectures and functionalities similar to in vivo organs and tissues in the oral and maxillofacial region. Recently, striking advancements have been made in the construction and application of oral organoids of the tooth, salivary gland, and tongue. Dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells isolated from tooth germs or derived from pluripotent stem cells could generate tooth germ-like organoids by self-organization in a specific culture system. Tooth organoids can also be constructed based on tissue engineering principles by seeding stem cells on a scaffold with the bioregulatory functions of odontogenic differentiation. Two main approaches have been used to construct salivary gland organoids: 1) incubation of salivary gland-derived stem/progenitor cells in a 3-dimensional culture system to form the structure of the gland through mimicking regenerative processes and 2) inducing of pluripotent stem cells to generate embryonic salivary glands by replicating the development process. Taste bud organoids can be generated by embedding isolated circumvallate papilla tissue in Matrigel with a mixture of growth factors, while lingual epithelial organoids have been constructed using lingual stem cells in a suitable culture system containing specific signaling molecules. These oral organoids usually maintain the main functions and characteristic structures of the corresponding organ to a certain extent. Furthermore, using cells isolated from patients, oral organoids could replicate specific diseases such as maxillofacial tumors and tooth dysplasia. Until now, oral organoids have been applied in the study of mechanisms of tooth development, pathology and regeneration of the salivary gland, and precision therapeutics for tongue cancer. These findings strongly demonstrate that the organoid technique is a novel paradigm for the study of the development, pathology, and regeneration of oral and maxillofacial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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R-spondin substitutes for neuronal input for taste cell regeneration in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2001833118. [PMID: 33443181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001833118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste bud cells regenerate throughout life. Taste bud maintenance depends on continuous replacement of senescent taste cells with new ones generated by adult taste stem cells. More than a century ago it was shown that taste buds degenerate after their innervating nerves are transected and that they are not restored until after reinnervation by distant gustatory ganglion neurons. Thus, neuronal input, likely via neuron-supplied factors, is required for generation of differentiated taste cells and taste bud maintenance. However, the identity of such a neuron-supplied niche factor(s) remains unclear. Here, by mining a published RNA-sequencing dataset of geniculate ganglion neurons and by in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that R-spondin-2, the ligand of Lgr5 and its homologs Lgr4/6 and stem-cell-expressed E3 ligases Rnf43/Znrf3, is expressed in nodose-petrosal and geniculate ganglion neurons. Using the glossopharyngeal nerve transection model, we show that systemic delivery of R-spondin via adenovirus can promote generation of differentiated taste cells despite denervation. Thus, exogenous R-spondin can substitute for neuronal input for taste bud cell replenishment and taste bud maintenance. Using taste organoid cultures, we show that R-spondin is required for generation of differentiated taste cells and that, in the absence of R-spondin in culture medium, taste bud cells are not generated ex vivo. Thus, we propose that R-spondin-2 may be the long-sought neuronal factor that acts on taste stem cells for maintaining taste tissue homeostasis.
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An alternative pathway for sweet sensation: possible mechanisms and physiological relevance. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1667-1691. [PMID: 33030576 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sweet substances are detected by taste-bud cells upon binding to the sweet-taste receptor, a T1R2/T1R3 heterodimeric G protein-coupled receptor. In addition, experiments with mouse models lacking the sweet-taste receptor or its downstream signaling components led to the proposal of a parallel "alternative pathway" that may serve as metabolic sensor and energy regulator. Indeed, these mice showed residual nerve responses and behavioral attraction to sugars and oligosaccharides but not to artificial sweeteners. In analogy to pancreatic β cells, such alternative mechanism, to sense glucose in sweet-sensitive taste cells, might involve glucose transporters and KATP channels. Their activation may induce depolarization-dependent Ca2+ signals and release of GLP-1, which binds to its receptors on intragemmal nerve fibers. Via unknown neuronal and/or endocrine mechanisms, this pathway may contribute to both, behavioral attraction and/or induction of cephalic-phase insulin release upon oral sweet stimulation. Here, we critically review the evidence for a parallel sweet-sensitive pathway, involved signaling mechanisms, neural processing, interactions with endocrine hormonal mechanisms, and its sensitivity to different stimuli. Finally, we propose its physiological role in detecting the energy content of food and preparing for digestion.
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Meisel CT, Pagella P, Porcheri C, Mitsiadis TA. Three-Dimensional Imaging and Gene Expression Analysis Upon Enzymatic Isolation of the Tongue Epithelium. Front Physiol 2020; 11:825. [PMID: 32848819 PMCID: PMC7396520 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex organ involved in a variety of functions such as mastication, speech, and taste sensory function. Enzymatic digestion techniques have been developed to allow the dissociation of the epithelium from the connective tissue of the tongue. However, it is not clear if the integrity and three-dimensional architecture of the isolated epithelium is preserved, and, furthermore if this tissue separation technique excludes its contamination from the mesenchymal tissue. Here, we first describe in detail the methodology of tongue epithelium isolation, and thereafter we analyzed the multicellular compartmentalization of the epithelium by three-dimensional fluorescent imaging and quantitative real-time PCR. Molecular characterization at both protein and transcript levels confirmed the exclusive expression of epithelial markers in the isolated epithelial compartment of the tongue. Confocal imaging analysis revealed that the integrity of the epithelium was not affected, even in the basal layer, where areas of active cell proliferations were detected. Therefore, the preservation of both the architecture and the molecular signature of the tongue epithelium upon enzymatic tissue separation enable further cellular, molecular and imaging studies on the physiology, pathology, and regeneration of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Meisel
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Centre for Dental Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Centre for Dental Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Porcheri
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Centre for Dental Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Centre for Dental Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Corrò C, Novellasdemunt L, Li VSW. A brief history of organoids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C151-C165. [PMID: 32459504 PMCID: PMC7468890 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell cultures are crucial research tools for modeling human development and diseases. Although the conventional monolayer cell cultures have been widely used in the past, the lack of tissue architecture and complexity of such model fails to inform the true biological processes in vivo. Recent advances in the organoid technology have revolutionized the in vitro culture tools for biomedical research by creating powerful three-dimensional (3D) models to recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of the primary tissues. Such organoid technology enables researchers to recreate human organs and diseases in a dish and thus holds great promises for many translational applications such as regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and precision medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the organoid history and development. We discuss the strengths and limitations of organoids as well as their potential applications in the laboratory and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Corrò
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London United Kingdom
| | - Laura Novellasdemunt
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London United Kingdom
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London United Kingdom
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31
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Feng S, Achoute L, Margolskee RF, Jiang P, Wang H. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Taste Organoids. Chem Senses 2020; 45:187-194. [PMID: 31993633 PMCID: PMC7320225 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate numerous physiological processes, from tissue homeostasis to metabolism and food intake. Expression of certain cytokines can be markedly induced in subsets of taste bud cells under acute and chronic inflammation. This may contribute to altered taste perception and preference associated with many diseases. Although the pathways of cytokine induction are well studied in immune cells, they remain poorly characterized in taste cells, in part due to the difficulties of performing biochemical analyses with a limited number of taste cells. The recently developed taste organoid model provides an opportunity to carry out these mechanistic studies in vitro. However, it was unknown whether taste organoids respond to inflammatory stimuli as do in vivo native taste buds. Here we analyze lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression and secretion of two inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). We show that, similarly to native mouse taste epithelia, organoids derived from mouse circumvallate stem cells express several toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR4-the primary receptor for LPS. Organoids and native taste epithelia express all five genes in the nuclear factor-κb (Nfkb) family that encode the transcription factor NF-κB, a critical regulator of inflammatory responses. LPS stimulates fast induction of TNF and IL-6 with similar induction kinetics in organoids and native taste epithelia. These results show that taste epithelial cells possess necessary components for inflammatory cytokine induction and secretion and suggest that the organoid model can be a useful tool to dissect the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, China
| | - Leyitha Achoute
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lincoln University, Lincoln University, PA, USA
| | | | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Sensing Senses: Optical Biosensors to Study Gustation. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071811. [PMID: 32218129 PMCID: PMC7180777 DOI: 10.3390/s20071811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The five basic taste modalities, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and sour induce changes of Ca2+ levels, pH and/or membrane potential in taste cells of the tongue and/or in neurons that convey and decode gustatory signals to the brain. Optical biosensors, which can be either synthetic dyes or genetically encoded proteins whose fluorescence spectra depend on levels of Ca2+, pH or membrane potential, have been used in primary cells/tissues or in recombinant systems to study taste-related intra- and intercellular signaling mechanisms or to discover new ligands. Taste-evoked responses were measured by microscopy achieving high spatial and temporal resolution, while plate readers were employed for higher throughput screening. Here, these approaches making use of fluorescent optical biosensors to investigate specific taste-related questions or to screen new agonists/antagonists for the different taste modalities were reviewed systematically. Furthermore, in the context of recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, 3D cultures and imaging technologies, we propose new feasible approaches for studying taste physiology and for compound screening.
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33
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Ohki J, Sakashita A, Aihara E, Inaba A, Uchiyama H, Matsumoto M, Ninomiya Y, Yamane T, Oishi Y, Iwatsuki K. Comparative analysis of enteroendocrine cells and their hormones between mouse intestinal organoids and native tissues. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:936-942. [PMID: 31916916 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1713043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract secrete multiple hormones to maintain homeostasis in the body. In the present study, we generated intestinal organoids from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of Neurogenin 3 (Ngn3)-EGFP mice and examined how enteroendocrine cells (EECs) within organoid cultures resemble native epithelial cells in the gut. Transcriptome analysis of EGFP-positive cells from Ngn3-EGFP organoids showed gene expression pattern comparable to EECs in vivo. We also compared mRNAs of five major hormones, namely, ghrelin (Ghrl), cholecystokinin (Cck), Gip, secretin (Sct), and glucagon (Gcg) in organoids and small intestine along the longitudinal axis and found that expression patterns of these hormones in organoids were similar to those in native tissues. These findings suggest that an intestinal organoid culture system can be utilized as a suitable model to study enteroendocrine cell functions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Ohki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba International University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakashita
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Pharmacology and System Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Akihiko Inaba
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Uchiyama
- Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research & Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Takumi Yamane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oishi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Guo Q, Chen S, Rao X, Li Y, Pan M, Fu G, Yao Y, Gao X, Tang P, Zhou Y, Xu X, Gao J, Hua G. Inhibition of SIRT1 promotes taste bud stem cell survival and mitigates radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4789-4799. [PMID: 31497199 PMCID: PMC6731402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Taste loss is one of the debilitating complications in radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM), as occurs in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. We report here a radio-mitigation effect of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitors in taste bud organoids and a mouse model of radiation-induced taste bud injury. The organoids, developed from circumvallate (CV) papilla, were irradiated with single dose of X-rays and inhibitors of SIRT1 or SIRT2 were added 24 h later. The survival was evaluated by measuring the number and size of regenerated organoids after irradiation (IR). Oral mucositis (OM) was induced by IR of the oral region of Lgr5-lacZ transgenic mice. The surviving Lgr5+ taste bud stem cells were identified after lacZ-staining and the mucosal ulceration on tongue dorsal surface was determined by histological methods. Results showed that SIRT1 inhibitors (nicotinamide, EX527, salermide and sirtinol), but not SIRT2 inhibitors, significantly improve taste bud organoid survival after IR. Remarkably, administration of nicotinamide (NAM), a recognized inhibitor of SIRT1 to mice 24 h after IR promotes the survival of Lgr5+ taste bud stem cells, resulting in alleviated tongue mucositis. In conclusion, SIRT1 inhibitors promote Lgr5+ taste bud stem cell survival and mitigate RIOM in mice. These observations have important implications for efforts to develop therapeutic strategies against taste dysfunction and mucosal ulceration in RIOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Shengzhi Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinxin Rao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanchuang Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengxue Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoxiang Fu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxue Gao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Peiyuan Tang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoya Xu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
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35
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Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 mediates sour taste sensing via type III taste cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6686. [PMID: 31040368 PMCID: PMC6491610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste buds are comprised of taste cells, which are classified into types I to IV. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play a significant role in taste perception. TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective cation channel that responds to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The present study aimed to define the function and expression of TRPV4 in taste buds using Trpv4-deficient mice. In circumvallate papillae, TRPV4 colocalized with a type IV cell and epithelial cell marker but not type I, II, or III markers. Behavioural studies showed that Trpv4 deficiency reduced sensitivity to sourness but not to sweet, umami, salty, and bitter tastes. Trpv4 deficiency significantly reduced the expression of type III cells compared with that in wild type (WT) mice in vivo and in taste bud organoid experiments. Trpv4 deficiency also significantly reduced Ki67-positive cells and β-catenin expression compared with those in WT circumvallate papillae. Together, the present results suggest that TRPV4 contributes to sour taste sensing by regulating type III taste cell differentiation in mice.
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36
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Matsu-Ura T, Moore SR, Hong CI. WNT Takes Two to Tango: Molecular Links between the Circadian Clock and the Cell Cycle in Adult Stem Cells. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 33:5-14. [PMID: 29277155 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417745913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Like two dancers, the circadian clock and cell cycle are biological oscillators engaged in bidirectional communication, resulting in circadian clock-gated cell division cycles in species ranging from cyanobacteria to mammals. The identified mechanisms for this phenomenon have expanded beyond intracellular molecular coupling components to include intercellular connections. However, detailed molecular mechanisms, dynamics, and physiological functions of the circadian clock and cell cycle as coupled oscillators remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of this connection in light of recent findings that have uncovered intercellular coupling between the circadian clock in Paneth cells and the cell cycle in intestinal stem cells via WNT signaling. This extends the impact of circadian rhythms regulating the timing of cell divisions beyond the intracellular domain of homogenous cell populations into dynamic, multicellular systems. In-depth understanding of the molecular links and dynamics of these two oscillators will identify potential targets and temporal regimens for effective chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsu-Ura
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, UVA Child Health Research Center, Virginia
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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37
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Klicks J, von Molitor E, Ertongur-Fauth T, Rudolf R, Hafner M. In vitro skin three-dimensional models and their applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-179004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klicks
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elena von Molitor
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Mukherjee N, Pal Choudhuri S, Delay RJ, Delay ER. Cellular mechanisms of cyclophosphamide-induced taste loss in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185473. [PMID: 28950008 PMCID: PMC5614555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many commonly prescribed chemotherapy drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CYP) have adverse side effects including disruptions in taste which can result in loss of appetite, malnutrition, poorer recovery and reduced quality of life. Previous studies in mice found evidence that CYP has a two-phase disturbance in taste behavior: a disturbance immediately following drug administration and a second which emerges several days later. In this study, we examined the processes by which CYP disturbs the taste system by examining the effects of the drug on taste buds and cells responsible for taste cell renewal using immunohistochemical assays. Data reported here suggest CYP has direct cytotoxic effects on lingual epithelium immediately following administration, causing an early loss of taste sensory cells. Types II and III cells in fungiform taste buds appear to be more susceptible to this effect than circumvallate cells. In addition, CYP disrupts the population of rapidly dividing cells in the basal layer of taste epithelium responsible for taste cell renewal, manifesting a disturbance days later. The loss of these cells temporarily retards the system’s capacity to replace Type II and Type III taste sensory cells that survived the cytotoxic effects of CYP and died at the end of their natural lifespan. The timing of an immediate, direct loss of taste cells and a delayed, indirect loss without replacement of taste sensory cells are broadly congruent with previously published behavioral data reporting two periods of elevated detection thresholds for umami and sucrose stimuli. These findings suggest that chemotherapeutic disturbances in the peripheral mechanisms of the taste system may cause dietary challenges at a time when the cancer patient has significant need for well balanced, high energy nutritional intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemosensory Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Shreoshi Pal Choudhuri
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemosensory Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Rona J. Delay
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemosensory Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Eugene R. Delay
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemosensory Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Abstract
Perception of the environment in vertebrates relies on a variety of neurosensory mini-organs. These organs develop via a multi-step process that includes placode induction, cell differentiation, patterning and innervation. Ultimately, cells derived from one or more different tissues assemble to form a specific mini-organ that exhibits a particular structure and function. The initial building blocks of these organs are epithelial cells that undergo rearrangements and interact with neighbouring tissues, such as neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells and sensory neurons, to construct a functional sensory organ. In recent years, advances in in vivo imaging methods have allowed direct observation of these epithelial cells, showing that they can be displaced within the epithelium itself via several modes. This Review focuses on the diversity of epithelial cell behaviours that are involved in the formation of small neurosensory organs, using the examples of dental placodes, hair follicles, taste buds, lung neuroendocrine cells and zebrafish lateral line neuromasts to highlight both well-established and newly described modes of epithelial cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Kapsimali
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris 75005, France .,INSERM U1024, Paris 75005, France.,CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
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40
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Abstract
Taste cells undergo constant turnover throughout life; however, the molecular mechanisms governing taste cell generation are not well understood. Using RNA-Seq, we systematically surveyed the transcriptome landscape of taste organoids at different stages of growth. Our data show the staged expression of a variety of genes and identify multiple signaling pathways underlying taste cell differentiation and taste stem/progenitor cell proliferation. For example, transcripts of taste receptors appear only or predominantly in late-stage organoids. Prior to that, transcription factors and other signaling elements are upregulated. RNA-Seq identified a number of well-characterized signaling pathways in taste organoid cultures, such as those involving Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Notch, and Hedgehog (Hh). By pharmacological manipulation, we demonstrate that Wnt, BMPs, Notch, and Hh signaling pathways are necessary for taste cell proliferation, differentiation and cell fate determination. The temporal expression profiles displayed by taste organoids may also lead to the identification of currently unknown transducer elements underlying sour, salt, and other taste qualities, given the staged expression of taste receptor genes and taste transduction elements in cultured organoids.
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41
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Riedel K, Sombroek D, Fiedler B, Siems K, Krohn M. Human cell-based taste perception - a bittersweet job for industry. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:484-495. [PMID: 28393162 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2016On the molecular level humans sense food by a variety of specialized tissues which express sensory receptors to handle nutritive value. In general, this means the interplay of gustatory, olfactory, trigeminal and haptic sensation is translated into perception and leads, in terms of taste, to descriptions like sweet, bitter, salty, sour and umami. Further perceptions include astringent, cool, hot, prickle, lingering, kokumi and fatty to name predominant characterizations. It is still not fully understood how this plethora of impressions can be perceived by quite a limited number of receptors obviously being the initial compilers to judge palatability. However, since the discovery of mammalian taste receptors (TASRs) almost 30 years ago the use of taste receptors in cell-based screening campaigns is advancing in industrial approaches. The article will highlight the impacts and the limits of cell-based guided identification of taste modulators for food applications with an emphasis on sweet, bitter and savory taste as well as implications emerging from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Riedel
- BRAIN AG, Darmstädter Str. 34-36, 64673 Zwingenberg, Germany.
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42
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Shah SB, Singh A. Cellular self-assembly and biomaterials-based organoid models of development and diseases. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:29-45. [PMID: 28159716 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis and morphogenesis have informed our understanding of physiology, pathophysiology, and avenues to create new curative and regenerative therapies. Thus far, this understanding has been hindered by the lack of a physiologically relevant yet accessible model that affords biological control. Recently, three-dimensional ex vivo cellular cultures created through cellular self-assembly under natural extracellular matrix cues or through biomaterial-based directed assembly have been shown to physically resemble and recapture some functionality of target organs. These "organoids" have garnered momentum for their applications in modeling human development and disease, drug screening, and future therapy design or even organ replacement. This review first discusses the self-organizing organoids as materials with emergent properties and their advantages and limitations. We subsequently describe biomaterials-based strategies used to afford more control of the organoid's microenvironment and ensuing cellular composition and organization. In this review, we also offer our perspective on how multifunctional biomaterials with precise spatial and temporal control could ultimately bridge the gap between in vitro organoid platforms and their in vivo counterparts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Several notable reviews have highlighted PSC-derived organoids and 3D aggregates, including embryoid bodies, from a development and cellular assembly perspective. The focus of this review is to highlight the materials-based approaches that cells, including PSCs and others, adopt for self-assembly and the controlled development of complex tissues, such as that of the brain, gut, and immune system.
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43
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Ponsioen B, Snippert HJ. Cancer systems biology: Live imaging of intestinal tissue in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Disease Modeling in Stem Cell-Derived 3D Organoid Systems. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:393-410. [PMID: 28341301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are 3D in vitro culture systems derived from self-organizing stem cells. They can recapitulate the in vivo architecture, functionality, and genetic signature of original tissues. Thus, organoid technology has been rapidly applied to understanding stem cell biology, organogenesis, and various human pathologies. The recent development of human patient-derived organoids has enabled disease modeling with precision, highlighting their great potential in biomedical applications, translational medicine, and personalized therapy. In light of recent breakthroughs using organoids, it is only apt that we appreciate the advantages and shortcomings of this technology to exploit its full potential. We discuss recent advances in the application of organoids in studying cancer and hereditary diseases, as well as in the examination of host cell-microorganism interactions.
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Genome engineering of stem cell organoids for disease modeling. Protein Cell 2017; 8:315-327. [PMID: 28102490 PMCID: PMC5413597 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine emerges as a new approach that takes into account individual variability. Successful realization of precision medicine requires disease models that are able to incorporate personalized disease information and recapitulate disease development processes at the molecular, cellular and organ levels. With recent development in stem cell field, a variety of tissue organoids can be derived from patient specific pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. In combination with the state-of-the-art genome editing tools, organoids can be further engineered to mimic disease-relevant genetic and epigenetic status of a patient. This has therefore enabled a rapid expansion of sophisticated in vitro disease models, offering a unique system for fundamental and biomedical research as well as the development of personalized medicine. Here we summarize some of the latest advances and future perspectives in engineering stem cell organoids for human disease modeling.
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Matsu-Ura T, Dovzhenok A, Aihara E, Rood J, Le H, Ren Y, Rosselot AE, Zhang T, Lee C, Obrietan K, Montrose MH, Lim S, Moore SR, Hong CI. Intercellular Coupling of the Cell Cycle and Circadian Clock in Adult Stem Cell Culture. Mol Cell 2016; 64:900-912. [PMID: 27867006 PMCID: PMC5423461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clock-gated cell division cycles are observed from cyanobacteria to mammals via intracellular molecular connections between these two oscillators. Here we demonstrate WNT-mediated intercellular coupling between the cell cycle and circadian clock in 3D murine intestinal organoids (enteroids). The circadian clock gates a population of cells with heterogeneous cell-cycle times that emerge as 12-hr synchronized cell division cycles. Remarkably, we observe reduced-amplitude oscillations of circadian rhythms in intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells, indicating an intercellular signal arising from differentiated cells governing circadian clock-dependent synchronized cell division cycles. Stochastic simulations and experimental validations reveal Paneth cell-secreted WNT as the key intercellular coupling component linking the circadian clock and cell cycle in enteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsu-Ura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Andrey Dovzhenok
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0025, USA
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Jill Rood
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Hung Le
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Yan Ren
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Andrew E Rosselot
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Tongli Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Choogon Lee
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marshall H Montrose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0025, USA
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Fatehullah A, Tan SH, Barker N. Organoids as an in vitro model of human development and disease. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:246-54. [PMID: 26911908 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro organoid model is a major technological breakthrough that has already been established as an essential tool in many basic biology and clinical applications. This near-physiological 3D model facilitates an accurate study of a range of in vivo biological processes including tissue renewal, stem cell/niche functions and tissue responses to drugs, mutation or damage. In this Review, we discuss the current achievements, challenges and potential applications of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Fatehullah
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Si Hui Tan
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore
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Marina S, Anna-Lila K, Benjamin M, Raquel L, Komisarczuk AZ, Alejo RS, Adrien J, Alicia L, Nicolas T, Shinji O, Keiko A, Becker TS, Marika K. Diversity in cell motility reveals the dynamic nature of the formation of zebrafish taste sensory organs. Development 2016; 143:2012-24. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.134817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Taste buds are sensory organs in jawed vertebrates, composed of distinct cell types that detect and transduce specific taste qualities. Taste bud cells differentiate from oropharyngeal epithelial progenitors localized mainly in proximity of the forming organs. Despite recent progress in elucidating the molecular interactions required for taste bud cell development and function, the cell behaviour underlying the organ assembly is poorly defined. Here, we used time-lapse imaging to observe the formation of taste buds in live zebrafish larvae. We found that tg(fgf8a.dr17) expressing cells form taste buds and get rearranged within the forming organs. In addition, differentiating cells move from the epithelium to the forming organs and can be displaced between developing organs. During organ formation, taste bud tg(fgf8a.dr17) and Type-II cells are displaced in random, directed or confined mode relative to the taste bud they join or are maintained. Finally, ascl1a activity in the 5-HT/Type-III cell is required to direct and maintain tg(fgf8a.dr17) expressing cells into the taste bud. We propose diversity in displacement modes of differentiating cells as a key mechanism for the highly dynamic process of taste bud assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulika Marina
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Kaushik Anna-Lila
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Benjamin
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Lourenço Raquel
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Anna Z. Komisarczuk
- Developmental Neurobiology and Genomics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jouary Adrien
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Lardennois Alicia
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Tissot Nicolas
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Okada Shinji
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abe Keiko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas S. Becker
- Developmental Neurobiology and Genomics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kapsimali Marika
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
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