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Zhang L, Hu W, Guo H, Sun Q, Xu X, Li Z, Qiu Z, Bian J. Discovery of Highly Potent Solute Carrier 13 Member 5 (SLC13A5) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6687-6704. [PMID: 38574002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In the face of escalating metabolic disease prevalence, largely driven by modern lifestyle factors, this study addresses the critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. We have identified the sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT or SLC13A5) as a target for intervention. Utilizing rational drug design, we developed a new class of SLC13A5 inhibitors, anchored by the hydroxysuccinic acid scaffold, refining the structure of PF-06649298. Among these, LBA-3 emerged as a standout compound, exhibiting remarkable potency with an IC50 value of 67 nM, significantly improving upon PF-06649298. In vitro assays demonstrated LBA-3's efficacy in reducing triglyceride levels in OPA-induced HepG2 cells. Moreover, LBA-3 displayed superior pharmacokinetic properties and effectively lowered triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in diverse mouse models (PCN-stimulated and starvation-induced), without detectable toxicity. These findings not only spotlight LBA-3 as a promising candidate for hyperlipidemia treatment but also exemplify the potential of targeted molecular design in advancing metabolic disorder therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li'ao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qiushuang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Le J, Chen Y, Yang W, Chen L, Ye J. Metabolic basis of solute carrier transporters in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:437-454. [PMID: 38322335 PMCID: PMC10840401 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) constitute the largest superfamily of membrane transporter proteins. These transporters, present in various SLC families, play a vital role in energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of diverse substances, including glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and ions. They actively participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism at various steps, such as glucose uptake (e.g., SLC2A4/GLUT4), glucose reabsorption (e.g., SLC5A2/SGLT2), thermogenesis (e.g., SLC25A7/UCP-1), and ATP production (e.g., SLC25A4/ANT1 and SLC25A5/ANT2). The activities of these transporters contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Notably, SLC5A2 has emerged as a valid drug target for T2DM due to its role in renal glucose reabsorption, leading to groundbreaking advancements in diabetes drug discovery. Alongside SLC5A2, multiple families of SLC transporters involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis hold potential applications for T2DM therapy. SLCs also impact drug metabolism of diabetic medicines through gene polymorphisms, such as rosiglitazone (SLCO1B1/OATP1B1) and metformin (SLC22A1-3/OCT1-3 and SLC47A1, 2/MATE1, 2). By consolidating insights into the biological activities and clinical relevance of SLC transporters in T2DM, this review offers a comprehensive update on their roles in controlling glucose metabolism as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Le
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yilong Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Research Center for Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Beltran AS. Novel Approaches to Studying SLC13A5 Disease. Metabolites 2024; 14:84. [PMID: 38392976 PMCID: PMC10890222 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the sodium citrate transporter (NaCT) SLC13A5 is multifaceted and context-dependent. While aberrant dysfunction leads to neonatal epilepsy, its therapeutic inhibition protects against metabolic disease. Notably, insights regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena are limited due to the intricacy and complexity of the latent human physiology, which is poorly captured by existing animal models. This review explores innovative technologies aimed at bridging such a knowledge gap. First, I provide an overview of SLC13A5 variants in the context of human disease and the specific cell types where the expression of the transporter has been observed. Next, I discuss current technologies for generating patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their inherent advantages and limitations, followed by a summary of the methods for differentiating iPSCs into neurons, hepatocytes, and organoids. Finally, I explore the relevance of these cellular models as platforms for delving into the intricate molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying SLC13A5-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Beltran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Brown TL, Bainbridge MN, Zahn G, Nye KL, Porter BE. The growing research toolbox for SLC13A5 citrate transporter disorder: a rare disease with animal models, cell lines, an ongoing Natural History Study and an engaged patient advocacy organization. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2024; 5:26330040241263972. [PMID: 39091896 PMCID: PMC11292725 DOI: 10.1177/26330040241263972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
TESS Research Foundation (TESS) is a patient-led nonprofit organization seeking to understand the basic biology and clinical impact of pathogenic variants in the SLC13A5 gene. TESS aims to improve the fundamental understanding of citrate's role in the brain, and ultimately identify treatments and cures for the associated disease. TESS identifies, organizes, and develops collaboration between researchers, patients, clinicians, and the pharmaceutical industry to improve the lives of those suffering from SLC13A5 citrate transport disorder. TESS and its partners have developed multiple molecular tools, cellular and animal models, and taken the first steps toward drug discovery and development for this disease. However, much remains to be done to improve our understanding of the disorder associated with SLC13A5 variants and identify effective treatments for this devastating disease. Here, we describe the available SLC13A5 resources from the community of experts, to foundational tools, to in vivo and in vitro tools, and discuss unanswered research questions needed to move closer to a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kim L. Nye
- TESS Research Foundation, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Brenda E. Porter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Gill D, Zagkos L, Gill R, Benzing T, Jordan J, Birkenfeld AL, Burgess S, Zahn G. The citrate transporter SLC13A5 as a therapeutic target for kidney disease: evidence from Mendelian randomization to inform drug development. BMC Med 2023; 21:504. [PMID: 38110950 PMCID: PMC10729503 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5) is a Na+-coupled citrate co-transporter that mediates entry of extracellular citrate into the cytosol. SLC13A5 inhibition has been proposed as a target for reducing progression of kidney disease. The aim of this study was to leverage the Mendelian randomization paradigm to gain insight into the effects of SLC13A5 inhibition in humans, towards prioritizing and informing clinical development efforts. METHODS The primary Mendelian randomization analyses investigated the effect of SLC13A5 inhibition on measures of kidney function, including creatinine and cystatin C-based measures of estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine-eGFR and cystatin C-eGFR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR), and risk of chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria. Secondary analyses included a paired plasma and urine metabolome-wide association study, investigation of secondary traits related to SLC13A5 biology, a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS), and a proteome-wide association study. All analyses were compared to the effect of genetically predicted plasma citrate levels using variants selected from across the genome, and statistical sensitivity analyses robust to the inclusion of pleiotropic variants were also performed. Data were obtained from large-scale genetic consortia and biobanks, with sample sizes ranging from 5023 to 1,320,016 individuals. RESULTS We found evidence of associations between genetically proxied SLC13A5 inhibition and higher creatinine-eGFR (p = 0.002), cystatin C-eGFR (p = 0.005), and lower BUN (p = 3 × 10-4). Statistical sensitivity analyses robust to the inclusion of pleiotropic variants suggested that these effects may be a consequence of higher plasma citrate levels. There was no strong evidence of associations of genetically proxied SLC13A5 inhibition with uACR or risk of CKD or microalbuminuria. Secondary analyses identified evidence of associations with higher plasma calcium levels (p = 6 × 10-13) and lower fasting glucose (p = 0.02). PheWAS did not identify any safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS This Mendelian randomization analysis provides human-centric insight to guide clinical development of an SLC13A5 inhibitor. We identify plasma calcium and citrate as biologically plausible biomarkers of target engagement, and plasma citrate as a potential biomarker of mechanism of action. Our human genetic evidence corroborates evidence from various animal models to support effects of SLC13A5 inhibition on improving kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Primula Group Ltd, London, UK.
| | - Loukas Zagkos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster On Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Diabetology Endocrinology and Nephrology, Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Translational Diabetology, Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Zahn G, Baukmann HA, Wu J, Jordan J, Birkenfeld AL, Dirckx N, Schmidt MF. Targeting Longevity Gene SLC13A5: A Novel Approach to Prevent Age-Related Bone Fragility and Osteoporosis. Metabolites 2023; 13:1186. [PMID: 38132868 PMCID: PMC10744747 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of the plasma membrane citrate transporter SLC13A5, also known as INDY, has been linked to increased longevity and mitigated age-related cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Citrate, a vital component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, constitutes 1-5% of bone weight, binding to mineral apatite surfaces. Our previous research highlighted osteoblasts' specialized metabolic pathway facilitated by SLC13A5 regulating citrate uptake, production, and deposition within bones. Disrupting this pathway impairs bone mineralization in young mice. New Mendelian randomization analysis using UK Biobank data indicated that SNPs linked to reduced SLC13A5 function lowered osteoporosis risk. Comparative studies of young (10 weeks) and middle-aged (52 weeks) osteocalcin-cre-driven osteoblast-specific Slc13a5 knockout mice (Slc13a5cKO) showed a sexual dimorphism: while middle-aged females exhibited improved elasticity, middle-aged males demonstrated enhanced bone strength due to reduced SLC13A5 function. These findings suggest reduced SLC13A5 function could attenuate age-related bone fragility, advocating for SLC13A5 inhibition as a potential osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Zahn
- Eternygen GmbH, Westhafenstrasse 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jasmine Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jens Jordan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Diabetology Endocrinology and Nephrology, Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Diabetes, Life Sciences and Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Naomi Dirckx
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marco F. Schmidt
- biotx.ai GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (M.F.S.)
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Mallick R, Bhowmik P, Duttaroy AK. Targeting fatty acid uptake and metabolism in cancer cells: A promising strategy for cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115591. [PMID: 37774669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite scientific development, cancer is still a fatal disease. The development of cancer is thought to be significantly influenced by fatty acids. Several mechanisms that control fatty acid absorption and metabolism are reported to be altered in cancer cells to support their survival. Cancer cells can use de novo synthesis or uptake of extracellular fatty acid if one method is restricted. This factor makes it more difficult to target one pathway while failing to treat the disease properly. Side effects may also arise if several inhibitors simultaneously target many targets. If a viable inhibitor could work on several routes, the number of negative effects might be reduced. Comparative investigations against cell viability have found several potent natural and manmade substances. In this review, we discuss the complex roles that fatty acids play in the development of tumors and the progression of cancer, newly discovered and potentially effective natural and synthetic compounds that block the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids, the adverse side effects that can occur when multiple inhibitors are used to treat cancer, and emerging therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Dvorak V, Superti-Furga G. Structural and functional annotation of solute carrier transporters: implication for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1099-1115. [PMID: 37563933 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2244760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solute carriers (SLCs) represent the largest group of membrane transporters in the human genome. They play a central role in controlling the compartmentalization of metabolism and most of this superfamily is linked to human disease. Despite being in general considered druggable and attractive therapeutic targets, many SLCs remain poorly annotated, both functionally and structurally. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to provide an overview of functional and structural parameters of SLCs that play important roles in their druggability. To do this, the authors provide an overview of experimentally solved structures of human SLCs, with emphasis on structures solved in complex with chemical modulators. From the functional annotations, the authors focus on SLC localization and SLC substrate annotations. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in the structural and functional annotations allows to refine the SLC druggability index. Particularly the increasing number of experimentally solved structures of SLCs provides insights into mode-of-action of a significant number of chemical modulators of SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mapping the Metabolic Niche of Citrate Metabolism and SLC13A5. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030331. [PMID: 36984771 PMCID: PMC10054676 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The small molecule citrate is a key molecule that is synthesized de novo and involved in diverse biochemical pathways influencing cell metabolism and function. Citrate is highly abundant in the circulation, and cells take up extracellular citrate via the sodium-dependent plasma membrane transporter NaCT encoded by the SLC13A5 gene. Citrate is critical to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and impaired NaCT activity is implicated in metabolic disorders. Though citrate is one of the best known and most studied metabolites in humans, little is known about the consequences of altered citrate uptake and metabolism. Here, we review recent findings on SLC13A5, NaCT, and citrate metabolism and discuss the effects on metabolic homeostasis and SLC13A5-dependent phenotypes. We discuss the “multiple-hit theory” and how stress factors induce metabolic reprogramming that may synergize with impaired NaCT activity to alter cell fate and function. Furthermore, we underline how citrate metabolism and compartmentalization can be quantified by combining mass spectrometry and tracing approaches. We also discuss species-specific differences and potential therapeutic implications of SLC13A5 and NaCT. Understanding the synergistic impact of multiple stress factors on citrate metabolism may help to decipher the disease mechanisms associated with SLC13A5 citrate transport disorders.
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Zhang X, Li Q, Wang Z, Zhou W, Zhang L, Liu Y, Xu Z, Li Z, Zhu C, Zhang X. Bone regeneration materials and their application over 20 years: A bibliometric study and systematic review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:921092. [PMID: 36277397 PMCID: PMC9581237 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.921092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration materials (BRMs) bring us new sights into the clinical management bone defects. With advances in BRMs technologies, new strategies are emerging to promote bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the existing research and recent progress on BRMs, thus providing useful insights into contemporary research, as well as to explore potential future directions within the scope of bone regeneration therapy. A comprehensive literature review using formal data mining procedures was performed to explore the global trends of selected areas of research for the past 20 years. The study applied bibliometric methods and knowledge visualization techniques to identify and investigate publications based on the publication year (between 2002 and 2021), document type, language, country, institution, author, journal, keywords, and citation number. The most productive countries were China, United States, and Italy. The most prolific journal in the BRM field was Acta Biomaterialia, closely followed by Biomaterials. Moreover, recent investigations have been focused on extracellular matrices (ECMs) (370 publications), hydrogel materials (286 publications), and drug delivery systems (220 publications). Research hotspots related to BRMs and extracellular matrices from 2002 to 2011 were growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), whereas after 2012 were composite scaffolds. Between 2002 and 2011, studies related to BRMs and hydrogels were focused on BMP-2, in vivo, and in vitro investigations, whereas it turned to the exploration of MSCs, mechanical properties, and osteogenic differentiation after 2012. Research hotspots related to BRM and drug delivery were fibroblast growth factor, mesoporous materials, and controlled release during 2002–2011, and electrospinning, antibacterial activity, and in vitro bioactivity after 2012. Overall, composite scaffolds, 3D printing technology, and antibacterial activity were found to have an important intersection within BRM investigations, representing relevant research fields for the future. Taken together, this extensive analysis highlights the existing literature and findings that advance scientific insights into bone tissue engineering and its subsequent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qianming Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengxi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yingsheng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ze Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Xianzuo Zhang,
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A Novel and Cross-Species Active Mammalian INDY (NaCT) Inhibitor Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080732. [PMID: 36005604 PMCID: PMC9413491 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian INDY (mINDY, NaCT, gene symbol SLC13A5) is a potential target for the treatment of metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study evaluated the effects of a selective, cross-species active, non-competitive, non-substrate-like inhibitor of NaCT. First, the small molecule inhibitor ETG-5773 was evaluated for citrate and succinate uptake and fatty acid synthesis in cell lines expressing both human NaCT and mouse Nact. Once its suitability was established, the inhibitor was evaluated in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. DIO mice treated with 15 mg/kg compound ETG-5773 twice daily for 28 days had reduced body weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin, and improved glucose tolerance. Liver triglycerides were significantly reduced, and body composition was improved by reducing fat mass, supported by a significant reduction in the expression of genes for lipogenesis such as SREBF1 and SCD1. Most of these effects were also evident after a seven-day treatment with the same dose. Further mechanistic investigation in the seven-day study showed increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and activated hepatic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), reflecting findings from Indy (−/−) knockout mice. These results suggest that the inhibitor ETG-5773 blocked citrate uptake mediated by mouse and human NaCT to reduce liver steatosis and body fat and improve glucose regulation, proving the concept of NaCT inhibition as a future liver treatment for MAFLD.
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Mishra D, Kannan K, Meadows K, Macro J, Li M, Frankel S, Rogina B. INDY-From Flies to Worms, Mice, Rats, Non-Human Primates, and Humans. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:782162. [PMID: 35822025 PMCID: PMC9261455 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.782162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
I’m Not Dead Yet (Indy) is a fly homologue of the mammalian SLC13A5 (mSLC13A5) plasma membrane citrate transporter, a key metabolic regulator and energy sensor involved in health, longevity, and disease. Reduction of Indy gene activity in flies, and its homologs in worms, modulates metabolism and extends longevity. The metabolic changes are similar to what is obtained with caloric restriction (dietary restriction). Similar effects on metabolism have been observed in mice and rats. As a citrate transporter, INDY regulates cytoplasmic citrate levels. Indy flies heterozygous for a P-element insertion have increased spontaneous physical activity, increased fecundity, reduced insulin signaling, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, preserved intestinal stem cell homeostasis, lower lipid levels, and increased stress resistance. Mammalian Indy knockout (mIndy-KO) mice have higher sensitivity to insulin signaling, lower blood pressure and heart rate, preserved memory and are protected from the negative effects of a high-fat diet and some of the negative effects of aging. Reducing mIndy expression in human hepatocarcinoma cells has recently been shown to inhibit cell proliferation. Reduced Indy expression in the fly intestine affects intestinal stem cell proliferation, and has recently been shown to also inhibit germ cell proliferation in males with delayed sperm maturation and decreased spermatocyte numbers. These results highlight a new connection between energy metabolism and cell proliferation. The overrall picture in a variety of species points to a conserved role of INDY for metabolism and health. This is illustrated by an association of high mIndy gene expression with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese humans. mIndy (mSLC13A5) coding region mutations (e.g., loss-of-function) are also associated with adverse effects in humans, such as autosomal recessive early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and Kohlschütter−Tönz syndrome. The recent findings illustrate the importance of mIndy gene for human health and disease. Furthermore, recent work on small-molecule regulators of INDY highlights the promise of INDY-based treatments for ameliorating disease and promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kavitha Kannan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kali Meadows
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Jacob Macro
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Michael Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stewart Frankel
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Blanka Rogina
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
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13
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Sauer DB, Marden JJ, Sudar JC, Song J, Mulligan C, Wang DN. Structural basis of ion - substrate coupling in the Na +-dependent dicarboxylate transporter VcINDY. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2644. [PMID: 35551191 PMCID: PMC9098524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Vibrio cholerae (VcINDY) is a prototype for the divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family. While the utilization of an electrochemical Na+ gradient to power substrate transport is well established for VcINDY, the structural basis of this coupling between sodium and substrate binding is not currently understood. Here, using a combination of cryo-EM structure determination, succinate binding and site-directed cysteine alkylation assays, we demonstrate that the VcINDY protein couples sodium- and substrate-binding via a previously unseen cooperative mechanism by conformational selection. In the absence of sodium, substrate binding is abolished, with the succinate binding regions exhibiting increased flexibility, including HPinb, TM10b and the substrate clamshell motifs. Upon sodium binding, these regions become structurally ordered and create a proper binding site for the substrate. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that VcINDY's conformational selection mechanism is a result of the sodium-dependent formation of the substrate binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sauer
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer J Marden
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C Sudar
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jinmei Song
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Da-Neng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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14
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Citrate transporter inhibitors: possible new anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:665-679. [PMID: 35357238 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of 80+ years of cancer research implicates the aberrant metabolism in tumor cells as a root cause of pathogenesis. Citrate is an essential molecule in intermediary metabolism, and its amplified availability to critical pathways in cancer cells via citrate transporters confers a high rate of cancer cell growth and proliferation. Inhibiting the plasma membrane and mitochondrial citrate transporters - whether individually, in combination, or partnered with complementary metabolic targets - in order to combat cancer may prove to be a consequential chemotherapeutic strategy. This review aims to summarize the use of different classes of citrate transporter inhibitors for anticancer activity, either individually or as part of a cocktail.
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15
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Pesta D, Jordan J. INDY as a Therapeutic Target for Cardio-Metabolic Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030244. [PMID: 35323687 PMCID: PMC8949283 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of the plasma membrane citrate transporter INDY (acronym I’m Not Dead, Yet) promotes longevity and protects from high-fat diet- and aging-induced metabolic derangements. Preventing citrate import into hepatocytes by different strategies can reduce hepatic triglyceride accumulation and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity, even in the absence of effects on body composition. These beneficial effects likely derive from decreased hepatic de novo fatty acid biosynthesis as a result of reduced cytoplasmic citrate levels. While in vivo and in vitro studies show that inhibition of INDY prevents intracellular lipid accumulation, body weight is not affected by organ-specific INDY inhibition. Besides these beneficial metabolic effects, INDY inhibition may also improve blood pressure control through sympathetic nervous system inhibition, partly via reduced peripheral catecholamine synthesis. These effects make INDY a promising candidate with bidirectional benefits for improving both metabolic disease and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pesta
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, D-51147 Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Jens Jordan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, D-51147 Cologne, Germany;
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16
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Sauer DB, Wang B, Sudar JC, Song J, Marden J, Rice WJ, Wang DN. The ups and downs of elevator-type di-/tricarboxylate membrane transporters. FEBS J 2022; 289:1515-1523. [PMID: 34403567 PMCID: PMC9832446 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family contains both sodium-driven anion cotransporters and anion/anion exchangers. The family belongs to a broader ion transporter superfamily (ITS), which comprises 24 families of transporters, including those of AbgT antibiotic efflux transporters. The human proteins in the DASS family play major physiological roles and are drug targets. We recently determined multiple structures of the human sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) and the succinate/dicarboxylate transporter from Lactobacillus acidophilus (LaINDY). Structures of both proteins show high degrees of structural similarity to the previously determined VcINDY fold. Conservation between these DASS protein structures and those from the AbgT family indicates that the VcINDY fold represents the overall protein structure for the entire ITS. The new structures of NaCT and LaINDY are captured in the inward- or outward-facing conformations, respectively. The domain arrangements in these structures agree with a rigid body elevator-type transport mechanism for substrate translocation across the membrane. Two separate NaCT structures in complex with a substrate or an inhibitor allowed us to explain the inhibition mechanism and propose a detailed classification scheme for grouping disease-causing mutations in the human protein. Structural understanding of multiple kinetic states of DASS proteins is a first step toward the detailed characterization of their entire transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Sauer
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Sudar
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jinmei Song
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Marden
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William J. Rice
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Da-Neng Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Brown TL, Nye KL, Porter BE. Growth and Overall Health of Patients with SLC13A5 Citrate Transporter Disorder. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110746. [PMID: 34822404 PMCID: PMC8625967 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We were interested in elucidating the non-neurologic health of patients with autosomal recessive SLC13A5 Citrate Transporter (NaCT) Disorder. Multiple variants have been reported that cause a loss of transporter activity, resulting in significant neurologic impairment, including seizures, as well as motor and cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, most patients lack tooth enamel (amelogenesis imperfecta). However, patients have not had their overall health and growth described in detail. Here we characterized the non-neurologic health of 15 patients with medical records uploaded to Ciitizen, a cloud-based patient medical records portal. Ciitizen used a query method for data extraction. Overall, the patients’ records suggested a moderate number of gastrointestinal issues related to feeding, reflux, vomiting and weight gain and a diverse number of respiratory complaints. Other organ systems had single or no abnormal diagnoses, including liver, renal and cardiac. Growth parameters were mostly in the normal range during early life, with a trend toward slower growth in the few adolescent patients with data available. The gastrointestinal and pulmonary issues may at least partially be explained by the severity of the neurologic disorder. More data are needed to clarify if growth is impacted during adolescence and if adult patients develop or are protected from non-neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L. Brown
- Treatments for Epilepsy and Symptoms of SLC13A5 Foundation, TESS Research Foundation, Menlo Park, CA 94026, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kimberly L. Nye
- Treatments for Epilepsy and Symptoms of SLC13A5 Foundation, TESS Research Foundation, Menlo Park, CA 94026, USA;
| | - Brenda E. Porter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94070, USA;
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18
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Molecular Mechanisms of the SLC13A5 Gene Transcription. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100706. [PMID: 34677420 PMCID: PMC8537064 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate is a crucial energy sensor that plays a central role in cellular metabolic homeostasis. The solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5), a sodium-coupled citrate transporter highly expressed in the mammalian liver with relatively low levels in the testis and brain, imports citrate from extracellular spaces into the cells. The perturbation of SLC13A5 expression and/or activity is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, insulin resistance, cell proliferation, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. SLC13A5 has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of these metabolic disorders. In the liver, the inductive expression of SLC13A5 has been linked to several xenobiotic receptors such as the pregnane X receptor and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as well as certain hormonal and nutritional stimuli. Nevertheless, in comparison to the heightened interest in understanding the biological function and clinical relevance of SLC13A5, studies focusing on the regulatory mechanisms of SLC13A5 expression are relatively limited. In this review, we discuss the current advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the expression of SLC13A5 is regulated. We expect this review will provide greater insights into the regulation of the SLC13A5 gene transcription and the signaling pathways involved therein.
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19
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Kumar A, Cordes T, Thalacker-Mercer AE, Pajor AM, Murphy AN, Metallo CM. NaCT/SLC13A5 facilitates citrate import and metabolism under nutrient-limited conditions. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109701. [PMID: 34525352 PMCID: PMC8500708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrate lies at a critical node of metabolism, linking tricarboxylic acid metabolism and lipogenesis via acetyl-coenzyme A. Recent studies have observed that deficiency of the sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT), encoded by SLC13A5, dysregulates hepatic metabolism and drives pediatric epilepsy. To examine how NaCT contributes to citrate metabolism in cells relevant to the pathophysiology of these diseases, we apply 13C isotope tracing to SLC13A5-deficient hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and primary rat cortical neurons. Exogenous citrate appreciably contributes to intermediary metabolism only under hypoxic conditions. In the absence of glutamine, citrate supplementation increases de novo lipogenesis and growth of HCC cells. Knockout of SLC13A5 in Huh7 cells compromises citrate uptake and catabolism. Citrate supplementation rescues Huh7 cell viability in response to glutamine deprivation or Zn2+ treatment, and NaCT deficiency mitigates these effects. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NaCT-mediated citrate uptake is metabolically important under nutrient-limited conditions and may facilitate resistance to metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna E Thalacker-Mercer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ana M Pajor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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20
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Dvorak V, Wiedmer T, Ingles-Prieto A, Altermatt P, Batoulis H, Bärenz F, Bender E, Digles D, Dürrenberger F, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Kell DB, Kickinger S, Körzö D, Leippe P, Licher T, Manolova V, Rizzetto R, Sassone F, Scarabottolo L, Schlessinger A, Schneider V, Sijben HJ, Steck AL, Sundström H, Tremolada S, Wilhelm M, Wright Muelas M, Zindel D, Steppan CM, Superti-Furga G. An Overview of Cell-Based Assay Platforms for the Solute Carrier Family of Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722889. [PMID: 34447313 PMCID: PMC8383457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily represents the biggest family of transporters with important roles in health and disease. Despite being attractive and druggable targets, the majority of SLCs remains understudied. One major hurdle in research on SLCs is the lack of tools, such as cell-based assays to investigate their biological role and for drug discovery. Another challenge is the disperse and anecdotal information on assay strategies that are suitable for SLCs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art cellular assay technologies for SLC research and discusses relevant SLC characteristics enabling the choice of an optimal assay technology. The Innovative Medicines Initiative consortium RESOLUTE intends to accelerate research on SLCs by providing the scientific community with high-quality reagents, assay technologies and data sets, and to ultimately unlock SLCs for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helena Batoulis
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniela Digles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kickinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Körzö
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanessa Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert J. Sijben
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Wright Muelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Zindel
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, MA, United States
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Consequences of NaCT/SLC13A5/mINDY deficiency: good versus evil, separated only by the blood-brain barrier. Biochem J 2021; 478:463-486. [PMID: 33544126 PMCID: PMC7868109 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NaCT/SLC13A5 is a Na+-coupled transporter for citrate in hepatocytes, neurons, and testes. It is also called mINDY (mammalian ortholog of ‘I'm Not Dead Yet’ in Drosophila). Deletion of Slc13a5 in mice leads to an advantageous phenotype, protecting against diet-induced obesity, and diabetes. In contrast, loss-of-function mutations in SLC13A5 in humans cause a severe disease, EIEE25/DEE25 (early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-25/developmental epileptic encephalopathy-25). The difference between mice and humans in the consequences of the transporter deficiency is intriguing but probably explainable by the species-specific differences in the functional features of the transporter. Mouse Slc13a5 is a low-capacity transporter, whereas human SLC13A5 is a high-capacity transporter, thus leading to quantitative differences in citrate entry into cells via the transporter. These findings raise doubts as to the utility of mouse models to evaluate NaCT biology in humans. NaCT-mediated citrate entry in the liver impacts fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis; in neurons, this process is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine. Thus, SLC13A5 deficiency protects against obesity and diabetes based on what the transporter does in hepatocytes, but leads to severe brain deficits based on what the transporter does in neurons. These beneficial versus detrimental effects of SLC13A5 deficiency are separable only by the blood-brain barrier. Can we harness the beneficial effects of SLC13A5 deficiency without the detrimental effects? In theory, this should be feasible with selective inhibitors of NaCT, which work only in the liver and do not get across the blood-brain barrier.
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22
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A home run for human NaCT/SLC13A5/INDY: cryo-EM structure and homology model to predict transport mechanisms, inhibitor interactions and mutational defects. Biochem J 2021; 478:2051-2057. [PMID: 34101804 PMCID: PMC8203205 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NaCT (SLC13A5) is a Na+-coupled transporter for citrate, which is expressed in the liver, brain, testes, and bone. It is the mammalian homolog of Drosophila INDY, a cation-independent transporter for citrate, whose partial loss extends lifespan in the organism. In humans, loss-of-function mutations in NaCT cause a disease with severe neurological dysfunction, characterized by neonatal epilepsy and delayed brain development. In contrast with humans, deletion of NaCT in mice results in a beneficial metabolic phenotype with protection against diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome; the brain dysfunction is not readily noticeable. The disease-causing mutations are located in different regions of human NaCT protein, suggesting that different mutations might have different mechanisms for the loss of function. The beneficial effects of NaCT loss in the liver versus the detrimental effects of NaCT loss in the brain provide an opportunity to design high-affinity inhibitors for the transporter that do not cross the blood-brain barrier so that only the beneficial effects could be harnessed. To realize these goals, we need a detailed knowledge of the 3D structure of human NaCT. The recent report by Sauer et al. in Nature describing the cryo-EM structure of human NaCT represents such a milestone, paving the way for a better understanding of the structure-function relationship for this interesting and clinically important transporter.
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23
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Coleman PS, Parlo RA. Warburg's Ghost-Cancer's Self-Sustaining Phenotype: The Aberrant Carbon Flux in Cholesterol-Enriched Tumor Mitochondria via Deregulated Cholesterogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626316. [PMID: 33777935 PMCID: PMC7994618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpreting connections between the multiple networks of cell metabolism is indispensable for understanding how cells maintain homeostasis or transform into the decontrolled proliferation phenotype of cancer. Situated at a critical metabolic intersection, citrate, derived via glycolysis, serves as either a combustible fuel for aerobic mitochondrial bioenergetics or as a continuously replenished cytosolic carbon source for lipid biosynthesis, an essentially anaerobic process. Therein lies the paradox: under what conditions do cells control the metabolic route by which they process citrate? The Warburg effect exposes essentially the same dilemma—why do cancer cells, despite an abundance of oxygen needed for energy-generating mitochondrial respiration with citrate as fuel, avoid catabolizing mitochondrial citrate and instead rely upon accelerated glycolysis to support their energy requirements? This review details the genesis and consequences of the metabolic paradigm of a “truncated” Krebs/TCA cycle. Abundant data are presented for substrate utilization and membrane cholesterol enrichment in tumors that are consistent with criteria of the Warburg effect. From healthy cellular homeostasis to the uncontrolled proliferation of tumors, metabolic alterations center upon the loss of regulation of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Deregulated tumor cholesterogenesis at the HMGR locus, generating enhanced carbon flux through the cholesterol synthesis pathway, is an absolute prerequisite for DNA synthesis and cell division. Therefore, expedited citrate efflux from cholesterol-enriched tumor mitochondria via the CTP/SLC25A1 citrate transporter is fundamental for sustaining the constant demand for cytosolic citrate that fuels the elevated flow of carbons from acetyl-CoA through the deregulated pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Risa A Parlo
- Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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24
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Functional analysis of a species-specific inhibitor selective for human Na+-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT/SLC13A5/mINDY). Biochem J 2021; 477:4149-4165. [PMID: 33079129 PMCID: PMC7657661 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Na+-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT/SLC13A5/mINDY) in the liver delivers citrate from the blood into hepatocytes. As citrate is a key metabolite and regulator of multiple biochemical pathways, deletion of Slc13a5 in mice protects against diet-induced obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Silencing the transporter suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, selective blockers of NaCT hold the potential to treat various diseases. Here we report on the characteristics of one such inhibitor, BI01383298. It is known that BI01383298 is a high-affinity inhibitor selective for human NaCT with no effect on mouse NaCT. Here we show that this compound is an irreversible and non-competitive inhibitor of human NaCT, thus describing the first irreversible inhibitor for this transporter. The mouse NaCT is not affected by this compound. The inhibition of human NaCT by BI01383298 is evident for the constitutively expressed transporter in HepG2 cells and for the ectopically expressed human NaCT in HEK293 cells. The IC50 is ∼100 nM, representing the highest potency among the NaCT inhibitors known to date. Exposure of HepG2 cells to this inhibitor results in decreased cell proliferation. We performed molecular modeling of the 3D-structures of human and mouse NaCTs using the crystal structure of a humanized variant of VcINDY as the template, and docking studies to identify the amino acid residues involved in the binding of citrate and BI01383298. These studies provide insight into the probable bases for the differential effects of the inhibitor on human NaCT versus mouse NaCT as well as for the marked species-specific difference in citrate affinity.
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25
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Sauer DB, Song J, Wang B, Hilton JK, Karpowich NK, Mindell JA, Rice WJ, Wang DN. Structure and inhibition mechanism of the human citrate transporter NaCT. Nature 2021; 591:157-161. [PMID: 33597751 PMCID: PMC7933130 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrate is most well-known as an intermediate in the TCA cycle of the cell. In addition to this essential role in energy metabolism, the tricarboxylate anion also acts as both a precursor and a regulator of fatty acid synthesis 1–3. Thus, the rate of fatty acid synthesis correlates directly with the cytosolic citrate concentration 4,5. Liver cells import citrate via the sodium-dependent citrate transporter NaCT (SLC13A5), and as a consequence this protein is a potential target for anti-obesity drugs. To understand the structural basis of its inhibition mechanism, we have determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of human NaCT in complex with citrate and with a small molecule inhibitor. These structures reveal how the inhibitor, bound at the same site as citrate, arrests the protein’s transport cycle. The NaCT-inhibitor structure also explains why the compound selectively inhibits NaCT over two homologous human dicarboxylate transporters, and suggests ways to further improve the affinity and selectivity. Finally, the NaCT structures provide a framework for understanding how various mutations abolish NaCT’s transport activity in the brain and thereby cause SLC13A5-Epilepsy in newborns 6–8.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sauer
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinmei Song
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob K Hilton
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathan K Karpowich
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Mindell
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - William J Rice
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Da-Neng Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Willmes DM, Daniels M, Kurzbach A, Lieske S, Bechmann N, Schumann T, Henke C, El-Agroudy NN, Da Costa Goncalves AC, Peitzsch M, Hofmann A, Kanczkowski W, Kräker K, Müller DN, Morawietz H, Deussen A, Wagner M, El-Armouche A, Helfand SL, Bornstein SR, de Cabo R, Bernier M, Eisenhofer G, Tank J, Jordan J, Birkenfeld AL. The longevity gene mIndy (I'm Not Dead, Yet) affects blood pressure through sympathoadrenal mechanisms. JCI Insight 2021; 6:136083. [PMID: 33491666 PMCID: PMC7934862 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of the plasma membrane citrate transporter INDY (acronym I’m Not Dead, Yet) extends life span in lower organisms. Deletion of the mammalian Indy (mIndy) gene in rodents improves metabolism via mechanisms akin to caloric restriction, known to lower blood pressure (BP) by sympathoadrenal inhibition. We hypothesized that mIndy deletion attenuates sympathoadrenal support of BP. Continuous arterial BP and heart rate (HR) were reduced in mINDY-KO mice. Concomitantly, urinary catecholamine content was lower, and the decreases in BP and HR by mIndy deletion were attenuated after autonomic ganglionic blockade. Catecholamine biosynthesis pathways were reduced in mINDY-KO adrenals using unbiased microarray analysis. Citrate, the main mINDY substrate, increased catecholamine content in pheochromocytoma cells, while pharmacological inhibition of citrate uptake blunted the effect. Our data suggest that deletion of mIndy reduces sympathoadrenal support of BP and HR by attenuating catecholamine biosynthesis. Deletion of mIndy recapitulates beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic responses to caloric restriction, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Deletion of mIndy reduces blood pressure and heart rate by attenuating catecholamine biosynthesis and recapitulates beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic responses to caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Willmes
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Daniels
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anica Kurzbach
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tina Schumann
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Henke
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nermeen N El-Agroudy
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Kräker
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Deussen
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, and
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephen L Helfand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Stephan R Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Fan SZ, Sung CW, Tsai YH, Yeh SR, Lin WS, Wang PY. Nervous System Deletion of Mammalian INDY in Mice Mimics Dietary Restriction-Induced Memory Enhancement. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:50-56. [PMID: 32808644 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of the Indy (I'm Not Dead Yet) gene extends life span in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster and improves the metabolic heath of Mus musculus through inducing a physiological status akin to dietary restriction (DR). Although the function of Indy in aging and hepatic metabolism has been extensively studied, its role in the mouse nervous system remains unclear. Here, we explore the effect of mammalian Indy (mIndy, SLC13A5) gene deletion on murine cognitive function. Similar to what is seen in DR animals, systemic deletion of the mIndy gene (mIndy knockout [KO]) significantly improves memory performance and motor coordination of mice. Both DR and mIndy KO mice act normally in other behavioral tasks, including emotional, social, and food-seeking behaviors. Moreover, we find that tissue-specific deletion of mIndy in the nervous system is sufficient to improve memory performance, while liver-specific deletion has no effect on memory, and results in tests of motor coordination show no changes in either mutant. Mice with systemic or nervous system deletion of mIndy also exhibit increased hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic spine formation in dentate granule cells; these changes are well-documented contributors to enhanced memory performance. Together, our studies demonstrate a critical role for brain-derived mIndy expression in the regulation of memory function in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Zen Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Chih-Wei Sung
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Sheng-Rong Yeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Wei-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei.,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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28
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Schumann T, König J, Henke C, Willmes DM, Bornstein SR, Jordan J, Fromm MF, Birkenfeld AL. Solute Carrier Transporters as Potential Targets for the Treatment of Metabolic Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:343-379. [PMID: 31882442 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily comprises more than 400 transport proteins mediating the influx and efflux of substances such as ions, nucleotides, and sugars across biological membranes. Over 80 SLC transporters have been linked to human diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This observation highlights the importance of SLCs for human (patho)physiology. Yet, only a small number of SLC proteins are validated drug targets. The most recent drug class approved for the treatment of T2D targets sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, product of the SLC5A2 gene. There is great interest in identifying other SLC transporters as potential targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Finding better treatments will prove essential in future years, given the enormous personal and socioeconomic burden posed by more than 500 million patients with T2D by 2040 worldwide. In this review, we summarize the evidence for SLC transporters as target structures in metabolic disease. To this end, we identified SLC13A5/sodium-coupled citrate transporter, and recent proof-of-concept studies confirm its therapeutic potential in T2D and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further SLC transporters were linked in multiple genome-wide association studies to T2D or related metabolic disorders. In addition to presenting better-characterized potential therapeutic targets, we discuss the likely unnoticed link between other SLC transporters and metabolic disease. Recognition of their potential may promote research on these proteins for future medical management of human metabolic diseases such as obesity, fatty liver disease, and T2D. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Given the fact that the prevalence of human metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes has dramatically risen, pharmacological intervention will be a key future approach to managing their burden and reducing mortality. In this review, we present the evidence for solute carrier (SLC) genes associated with human metabolic diseases and discuss the potential of SLC transporters as therapeutic target structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schumann
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Jörg König
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Christine Henke
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Diana M Willmes
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Jens Jordan
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
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Hu T, Huang W, Li Z, Kane MA, Zhang L, Huang SM, Wang H. Comparative proteomic analysis of SLC13A5 knockdown reveals elevated ketogenesis and enhanced cellular toxic response to chemotherapeutic agents in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115117. [PMID: 32634519 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5) is an uptake transporter mainly expressed in the liver and transports citrate from blood circulation into hepatocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that SLC13A5 is involved in hepatic lipogenesis, cell proliferation, epilepsy, and bone development in mammals. However, the molecular mechanisms behind SLC13A5-mediated physiological/pathophysiological changes are largely unknown. In this regard, we conducted a differential proteome analysis in HepG2 and SLC13A5-knockdown (KD) HepG2 cells. A total of 3826 proteins were quantified and 330 proteins showed significant alterations (fold change ≥1.5; p < .05) in the knockdown cells. Gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals that 38 biological processes were significantly changed, with ketone body biosynthetic process showing the most significant upregulation following SLC13A5-KD. Catalytic activity and binding activity were the top two molecular functions associated with differentially expressed proteins, while HMG-CoA lyase activity showed the highest fold enrichment. Further ingenuity pathway analysis predicted 40 canonical pathways and 28 upstream regulators (p < .01), of which most were associated with metabolism, cell proliferation, and stress response. In line with these findings, functional validation demonstrated increased levels of two key ketone bodies, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, in the SLC13A5-KD cells. Additional experiments showed that SLC13A5-KD sensitizes HepG2 cells to cellular stress caused by a number of chemotherapeutic agents. Together, our findings demonstrate that knockdown of SLC13A5 promotes hepatic ketogenesis and enhances cellular stress response in HepG2 cells, suggesting a potential role of this transporter in metabolic disorders and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Shiew-Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
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30
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Sauer DB, Trebesch N, Marden JJ, Cocco N, Song J, Koide A, Koide S, Tajkhorshid E, Wang DN. Structural basis for the reaction cycle of DASS dicarboxylate transporters. eLife 2020; 9:e61350. [PMID: 32869741 PMCID: PMC7553777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrate, α-ketoglutarate and succinate are TCA cycle intermediates that also play essential roles in metabolic signaling and cellular regulation. These di- and tricarboxylates are imported into the cell by the divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family of plasma membrane transporters, which contains both cotransporters and exchangers. While DASS proteins transport substrates via an elevator mechanism, to date structures are only available for a single DASS cotransporter protein in a substrate-bound, inward-facing state. We report multiple cryo-EM and X-ray structures in four different states, including three hitherto unseen states, along with molecular dynamics simulations, of both a cotransporter and an exchanger. Comparison of these outward- and inward-facing structures reveal how the transport domain translates and rotates within the framework of the scaffold domain through the transport cycle. Additionally, we propose that DASS transporters ensure substrate coupling by a charge-compensation mechanism, and by structural changes upon substrate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sauer
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Noah Trebesch
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Jennifer J Marden
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nicolette Cocco
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jinmei Song
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Akiko Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Da-Neng Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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Metabolic Biomarkers in Aging and Anti-Aging Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1178:247-264. [PMID: 31493231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although human life expectancy has increased significantly over the last two centuries, this has not been paralleled by a similar rise in healthy life expectancy. Thus, an important goal of anti-aging research has been to reduce the impact of age-associated diseases as a way of extending the human healthspan. This review will explore some of the potential avenues which have emerged from this research as the most promising strategies and drug targets for therapeutic interventions to promote healthy aging.
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Zhu W, Liu Y, Lan Y, Li X, Luo L, Duan X, Lei M, Liu G, Yang Z, Mai X, Sun Y, Wang L, Lu S, Ou L, Wu W, Mai Z, Zhong D, Cai C, Zhao Z, Zhong W, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zeng G. Dietary vinegar prevents kidney stone recurrence via epigenetic regulations. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:231-250. [PMID: 31202812 PMCID: PMC6642359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence of over 9000 people suggests that daily intake of vinegar whose principal bioactive component is acetic acid is associated with a reduced risk of nephrolithiasis. The underlying mechanism, however, remains largely unknown. METHODS We examined the in vitro and in vivo anti-nephrolithiasis effects of vinegar and acetate. A randomized study was performed to confirm the effects of vinegar in humans. FINDINGS We found individuals with daily consumption of vinegar compared to those without have a higher citrate and a lower calcium excretion in urine, two critical molecules for calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stone in humans. We observed that oral administration of vinegar or 5% acetate increased citrate and reduced calcium in urinary excretion, and finally suppressed renal CaOx crystal formation in a rat model. Mechanism dissection suggested that acetate enhanced acetylation of Histone H3 in renal tubular cells and promoted expression of microRNAs-130a-3p, -148b-3p and -374b-5p by increasing H3K9, H3K27 acetylation at their promoter regions. These miRNAs can suppress the expression of Nadc1 and Cldn14, thus enhancing urinary citrate excretion and reducing urinary calcium excretion. Significantly these mechanistic findings were confirmed in human kidney tissues, suggesting similar mechanistic relationships exist in humans. Results from a pilot clinical study indicated that daily intake of vinegar reduced stone recurrence, increased citrate and reduced calcium in urinary excretion in CaOx stone formers without adverse side effects. INTERPRETATION Vinegar prevents renal CaOx crystal formation through influencing urinary citrate and calcium excretion via epigenetic regulations. Vinegar consumption is a promising strategy to prevent CaOx nephrolithiasis occurrence and recurrence. FUND: National Natural Science Foundations of China and National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohang Li
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianmin Luo
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanzhao Liu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Mai
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Suilin Lu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Ou
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Zanlin Mai
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongliang Zhong
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongda Liu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester 14646, NY, USA.
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China.
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Citrate-based materials fuel human stem cells by metabonegenic regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11741-E11750. [PMID: 30478052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the key microenvironmental signals regulating bone regeneration is pivotal for the effective design of bioinspired orthopedic materials. Here, we identified citrate as an osteopromotive factor and revealed its metabonegenic role in mediating citrate metabolism and its downstream effects on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our studies show that extracellular citrate uptake through solute carrier family 13, member 5 (SLC13a5) supports osteogenic differentiation via regulation of energy-producing metabolic pathways, leading to elevated cell energy status that fuels the high metabolic demands of hMSC osteodifferentiation. We next identified citrate and phosphoserine (PSer) as a synergistic pair in polymeric design, exhibiting concerted action not only in metabonegenic potential for orthopedic regeneration but also in facile reactivity in a fluorescent system for materials tracking and imaging. We designed a citrate/phosphoserine-based photoluminescent biodegradable polymer (BPLP-PSer), which was fabricated into BPLP-PSer/hydroxyapatite composite microparticulate scaffolds that demonstrated significant improvements in bone regeneration and tissue response in rat femoral-condyle and cranial-defect models. We believe that the present study may inspire the development of new generations of biomimetic biomaterials that better recapitulate the metabolic microenvironments of stem cells to meet the dynamic needs of cellular growth, differentiation, and maturation for use in tissue engineering.
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Ma C, Gerhard E, Lu D, Yang J. Citrate chemistry and biology for biomaterials design. Biomaterials 2018; 178:383-400. [PMID: 29759730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging the multifunctional nature of citrate in chemistry and inspired by its important role in biological tissues, a class of highly versatile and functional citrate-based materials (CBBs) has been developed via facile and cost-effective polycondensation. CBBs exhibiting tunable mechanical properties and degradation rates, together with excellent biocompatibility and processability, have been successfully applied in vitro and in vivo for applications ranging from soft to hard tissue regeneration, as well as for nanomedicine designs. We summarize in the review, chemistry considerations for CBBs design to tune polymer properties and to introduce functionality with a focus on the most recent advances, biological functions of citrate in native tissues with the new notion of degradation products as cell modulator highlighted, and the applications of CBBs in wound healing, nanomedicine, orthopedic, cardiovascular, nerve and bladder tissue engineering. Given the expansive evidence for citrate's potential in biology and biomaterial science outlined in this review, it is expected that citrate based materials will continue to play an important role in regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16801, PA, USA
| | - Ethan Gerhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16801, PA, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Laboratory, Biomedicine Engineering Research Centre Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16801, PA, USA.
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35
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Willmes DM, Kurzbach A, Henke C, Schumann T, Zahn G, Heifetz A, Jordan J, Helfand SL, Birkenfeld AL. The longevity gene INDY ( I 'm N ot D ead Y et) in metabolic control: Potential as pharmacological target. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Combination of Mitochondrial and Plasma Membrane Citrate Transporter Inhibitors Inhibits De Novo Lipogenesis Pathway and Triggers Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3683026. [PMID: 29546056 PMCID: PMC5818947 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3683026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression levels of both mitochondrial citrate transporter (CTP) and plasma membrane citrate transporter (PMCT) proteins have been found in various cancers. The transported citrates by these two transporter proteins provide acetyl-CoA precursors for the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway to support a high rate of cancer cell viability and development. Inhibition of the DNL pathway promotes cancer cell apoptosis without apparent cytotoxic to normal cells, leading to the representation of selective and powerful targets for cancer therapy. The present study demonstrates that treatments with CTP inhibitor (CTPi), PMCT inhibitor (PMCTi), and the combination of CTPi and PMCTi resulted in decreased cell viability in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and HuH-7). Treatment with citrate transporter inhibitors caused a greater cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells than in HuH-7 cells. A lower concentration of combined CTPi and PMCTi promotes cytotoxic effect compared with either of a single compound. An increased cell apoptosis and an induced cell cycle arrest in both cell lines were reported after administration of the combined inhibitors. A combination treatment exhibits an enhanced apoptosis through decreased intracellular citrate levels, which consequently cause inhibition of fatty acid production in HepG2 cells. Apoptosis induction through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway was found as a consequence of suppressed carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) activity and enhanced ROS generation by combined CTPi and PMCTi treatment. We showed that accumulation of malonyl-CoA did not correlate with decreasing CPT-1 activity. The present study showed that elevated ROS levels served as an inhibition on Bcl-2 activity that is at least in part responsible for apoptosis. Moreover, inhibition of the citrate transporter is selectively cytotoxic to HepG2 cells but not in primary human hepatocytes, supporting citrate-mediating fatty acid synthesis as a promising cancer therapy.
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von Loeffelholz C, Birkenfeld AL. Reply. Hepatology 2018; 67:452-453. [PMID: 29024037 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Loeffelholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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38
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von Loeffelholz C, Lieske S, Neuschäfer-Rube F, Willmes DM, Raschzok N, Sauer IM, König J, Fromm M, Horn P, Chatzigeorgiou A, Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube A, Jordan J, Pfeiffer AFH, Mingrone G, Bornstein SR, Stroehle P, Harms C, Wunderlich FT, Helfand SL, Bernier M, de Cabo R, Shulman GI, Chavakis T, Püschel GP, Birkenfeld AL. The human longevity gene homolog INDY and interleukin-6 interact in hepatic lipid metabolism. Hepatology 2017; 66:616-630. [PMID: 28133767 PMCID: PMC5519435 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reduced expression of the Indy ("I am Not Dead, Yet") gene in lower organisms promotes longevity in a manner akin to caloric restriction. Deletion of the mammalian homolog of Indy (mIndy, Slc13a5) encoding for a plasma membrane-associated citrate transporter expressed highly in the liver, protects mice from high-fat diet-induced and aging-induced obesity and hepatic fat accumulation through a mechanism resembling caloric restriction. We studied a possible role of mIndy in human hepatic fat metabolism. In obese, insulin-resistant patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic mIndy expression was increased and mIndy expression was also independently associated with hepatic steatosis. In nonhuman primates, a 2-year high-fat, high-sucrose diet increased hepatic mIndy expression. Liver microarray analysis showed that high mIndy expression was associated with pathways involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and immunological processes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was identified as a regulator of mIndy by binding to its cognate receptor. Studies in human primary hepatocytes confirmed that IL-6 markedly induced mIndy transcription through the IL-6 receptor and activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and a putative start site of the human mIndy promoter was determined. Activation of the IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway stimulated mIndy expression, enhanced cytoplasmic citrate influx, and augmented hepatic lipogenesis in vivo. In contrast, deletion of mIndy completely prevented the stimulating effect of IL-6 on citrate uptake and reduced hepatic lipogenesis. These data show that mIndy is increased in liver of obese humans and nonhuman primates with NALFD. Moreover, our data identify mIndy as a target gene of IL-6 and determine novel functions of IL-6 through mINDY. CONCLUSION Targeting human mINDY may have therapeutic potential in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00005450. (Hepatology 2017;66:616-630).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Loeffelholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 01774, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany,Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Ernährung, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, 14558, Germany
| | | | - Diana M. Willmes
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité – University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité – University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Germany
| | - Martin Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Germany
| | - Paul Horn
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 01774, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Dresden, TUD, Germany
| | | | - Jens Jordan
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK,Catholic University of Rome, Department of Internal Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Stroehle
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Excellence cluster on cellular stress responses in aging associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 5093, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Thomas Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Excellence cluster on cellular stress responses in aging associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 5093, Germany
| | - Stephen. L. Helfand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Dresden, TUD, Germany
| | - Gerhard. P. Püschel
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Ernährung, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, 14558, Germany
| | - Andreas. L. Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany,Competence Center for Metabolic Vascular Medicine, GWT-TU Dresden, Germany,Contact Information: Andreas L. Birkenfeld, M.D., Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Dresden University School of Medicine Germany, TU Dresden, Tel: +49 15119188884.
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Rogina B. INDY-A New Link to Metabolic Regulation in Animals and Humans. Front Genet 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28596784 PMCID: PMC5442177 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indy (I’m Not Dead Yet) gene encodes the fly homolog of the mammalian SLC13A5 citrate transporter. Reduced expression of the Indy gene in flies and worms extends their longevity. INDY is expressed in the plasma membrane of metabolically active tissues. Decreased expression of Indy in worms, flies, mice, and rats alters metabolism in a manner similar to calorie restriction. Reducing INDY activity prevents weight gain in flies, worms, and mice, and counteracts the negative effects of age or a high fat diet on metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The metabolic effects of reducing INDY activity are the result of reduced cytoplasmic citrate. Citrate is a key metabolite and has a central role in energy status of the cell by effecting lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. Thereby newly described drugs that reduce INDY transporting activity increase insulin sensitivity and reduce hepatic lipid levels via its effect on hepatic citrate uptake. A recent report presented the first direct link between increased hepatic levels of human INDY, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese humans. Similarly increased hepatic mIndy levels were observed in non-human primates fed on a high fat diet for 2 years. This effect is mediated via the stimulatory effect of the interleukin-6/Stat3 pathway on mINDY hepatic expression. These findings make INDY a potential and very promising target for the treatment of metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Rogina
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, FarmingtonCT, United States
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40
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Irizarry AR, Yan G, Zeng Q, Lucchesi J, Hamang MJ, Ma YL, Rong JX. Defective enamel and bone development in sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) Slc13a5 deficient mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175465. [PMID: 28406943 PMCID: PMC5391028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing recognition of the essential roles of citrate in biomechanical properties of mineralized tissues, including teeth and bone. However, the sources of citrate in these tissues have not been well defined, and the contribution of citrate to the regulation of odontogenesis and osteogenesis has not been examined. Here, tooth and bone phenotypes were examined in sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) Slc13a5 deficient C57BL/6 mice at 13 and 32 weeks of age. Slc13a5 deficiency led to defective tooth development, characterized by absence of mature enamel, formation of aberrant enamel matrix, and dysplasia and hyperplasia of the enamel organ epithelium that progressed with age. These abnormalities were associated with fragile teeth with a possible predisposition to tooth abscesses. The lack of mature enamel was consistent with amelogenesis imperfecta. Furthermore, Slc13a5 deficiency led to decreased bone mineral density and impaired bone formation in 13-week-old mice but not in older mice. The findings revealed the potentially important role of citrate and Slc13a5 in the development and function of teeth and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando R. Irizarry
- Department of Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JXR); (ARI)
| | - Guirui Yan
- Lilly China R&D Center, Eli Lilly & Company, Building 8, No. 338, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqiang Zeng
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lucchesi
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Hamang
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yanfei L. Ma
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - James Xiaojun Rong
- Lilly China R&D Center, Eli Lilly & Company, Building 8, No. 338, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JXR); (ARI)
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41
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Plasma Membrane Na⁺-Coupled Citrate Transporter (SLC13A5) and Neonatal Epileptic Encephalopathy. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030378. [PMID: 28264506 PMCID: PMC6155422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC13A5 is a Na+-coupled transporter for citrate that is expressed in the plasma membrane of specific cell types in the liver, testis, and brain. It is an electrogenic transporter with a Na+:citrate3− stoichiometry of 4:1. In humans, the Michaelis constant for SLC13A5 to transport citrate is ~600 μM, which is physiologically relevant given that the normal concentration of citrate in plasma is in the range of 150–200 μM. Li+ stimulates the transport function of human SLC13A5 at concentrations that are in the therapeutic range in patients on lithium therapy. Human SLC13A5 differs from rodent Slc13a5 in two important aspects: the affinity of the human transporter for citrate is ~30-fold less than that of the rodent transporter, thus making human SLC13A5 a low-affinity/high-capacity transporter and the rodent Slc13a5 a high-affinity/low-capacity transporter. In the liver, SLC13A5 is expressed exclusively in the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes, where it plays a role in the uptake of circulating citrate from the sinusoidal blood for metabolic use. In the testis, the transporter is expressed only in spermatozoa, which is also only in the mid piece where mitochondria are located; the likely function of the transporter in spermatozoa is to mediate the uptake of citrate present at high levels in the seminal fluid for subsequent metabolism in the sperm mitochondria to generate biological energy, thereby supporting sperm motility. In the brain, the transporter is expressed mostly in neurons. As astrocytes secrete citrate into extracellular medium, the potential function of SLC13A5 in neurons is to mediate the uptake of circulating citrate and astrocyte-released citrate for subsequent metabolism. Slc13a5-knockout mice have been generated; these mice do not have any overt phenotype but are resistant to experimentally induced metabolic syndrome. Recently however, loss-of-function mutations in human SLC13A5 have been found to cause severe epilepsy and encephalopathy early in life. Interestingly, there is no evidence of epilepsy or encephalopathy in Slc13a5-knockout mice, underlining the significant differences in clinical consequences of the loss of function of this transporter between humans and mice. The markedly different biochemical features of human SLC13A5 and mouse Slc13a5 likely contribute to these differences between humans and mice with regard to the metabolic consequences of the transporter deficiency. The exact molecular mechanisms by which the functional deficiency of the citrate transporter causes epilepsy and impairs neuronal development and function remain to be elucidated, but available literature implicate both dysfunction of GABA (γ-aminobutyrate) signaling and hyperfunction of NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor signaling. Plausible synaptic mechanisms linking loss-of-function mutations in SLC13A5 to epilepsy are discussed.
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Willmes DM, Helfand SL, Birkenfeld AL. The longevity transporter mIndy (Slc13a5) as a target for treating hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:208-9. [PMID: 26928109 PMCID: PMC4789574 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Willmes
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephen L Helfand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
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43
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Pesta DH, Perry RJ, Guebre-Egziabher F, Zhang D, Jurczak M, Fischer-Rosinsky A, Daniels MA, Willmes DM, Bhanot S, Bornstein SR, Knauf F, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Birkenfeld AL. Prevention of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance by second generation antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the longevity gene mIndy (Slc13a5). Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:1086-93. [PMID: 26647160 PMCID: PMC4712334 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the expression of the Indy (I'm Not Dead Yet) gene in lower organisms extends life span by mechanisms resembling caloric restriction. Similarly, deletion of the mammalian homolog, mIndy (Slc13a5), encoding for a plasma membrane tricarboxylate transporter, protects from aging- and diet-induced adiposity and insulin resistance in mice. The organ specific contribution to this phenotype is unknown. We examined the impact of selective inducible hepatic knockdown of mIndy on whole body lipid and glucose metabolism using 2′-O-methoxyethyl chimeric anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in high-fat fed rats. 4-week treatment with 2′-O-methoxyethyl chimeric ASO reduced mIndy mRNA expression by 91% (P<0.001) compared to control ASO. Besides similar body weights between both groups, mIndy-ASO treatment lead to a 74% reduction in fasting plasma insulin concentrations as well as a 35% reduction in plasma triglycerides. Moreover, hepatic triglyceride content was significantly reduced by the knockdown of mIndy, likely mediating a trend to decreased basal rates of endogenous glucose production as well as an increased suppression of hepatic glucose production by 25% during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Together, these data suggest that inducible liver-selective reduction of mIndy in rats is able to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, conditions occurring with high calorie diets and during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik H Pesta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery, D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Dongyan Zhang
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antje Fischer-Rosinsky
- Charité - University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin A Daniels
- Charité - University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany.,Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana M Willmes
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany.,Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Knauf
- University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany.,Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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44
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Sato S, Huang XP, Kroeze WK, Roth BL. Discovery and Characterization of Novel GPR39 Agonists Allosterically Modulated by Zinc. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:726-737. [PMID: 27754899 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified two previously described kinase inhibitors-3-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)-2-methyl-N-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-8-(morpholinomethyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-6-amine (LY2784544) and 1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxylic acid, 2-methyl-1-[[2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-6-(4-morpholinyl)- (GSK2636771)-as novel GPR39 agonists by unbiased small-molecule-based screening using a β-arrestin recruitment screening approach (PRESTO-Tango). We characterized the signaling of LY2784544 and GSK2636771 and compared their signaling patterns with a previously described "GPR39-selective" agonist N-[3-chloro-4-[[[2-(methylamino)-6-(2-pyridinyl)-4- pyrimidinyl]amino]methyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide (GPR39-C3) at both canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Unexpectedly, all three compounds displayed probe-dependent and pathway-dependent allosteric modulation by concentrations of zinc reported to be physiologic. LY2784544 and GS2636771 at GPR39 in the presence of zinc were generally as potent or more potent than their reported activities against kinases in whole-cell assays. These findings reveal an unexpected role of zinc as an allosteric potentiator of small-molecule-induced activation of GPR39 and expand the list of potential kinase off-targets to include understudied G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Sato
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wesley K Kroeze
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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45
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Rives ML, Shaw M, Zhu B, Hinke SA, Wickenden AD. State-Dependent Allosteric Inhibition of the Human SLC13A5 Citrate Transporter by Hydroxysuccinic Acids, PF-06649298 and PF-06761281. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:766-774. [PMID: 27754898 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the liver, citrate is a key metabolic intermediate involved in the regulation of glycolysis and lipid synthesis and reduced expression of the hepatic citrate SLC13A5 transporter has been shown to improve metabolic outcomes in various animal models. Although inhibition of hepatic extracellular citrate uptake through SLC13A5 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for Type-2 diabetes and/or fatty liver disease, so far, only a few SLC13A5 inhibitors have been identified. Moreover, their mechanism of action still remains unclear, potentially limiting their utility for in vivo proof-of-concept studies. In this study, we characterized the pharmacology of the recently identified hydroxysuccinic acid SLC13A5 inhibitors, PF-06649298 and PF-06761281, using a combination of 14C-citrate uptake, a membrane potential assay and electrophysiology. In contrast to their previously proposed mechanism of action, our data suggest that both PF-06649298 and PF-06761281 are allosteric, state-dependent SLC13A5 inhibitors, with low-affinity substrate activity in the absence of citrate. As allosteric state-dependent modulators, the inhibitory potency of both compounds is highly dependent on the ambient citrate concentration and our detailed mechanism of action studies therefore, may be of value in interpreting the in vivo effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Rives
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC., San Diego, California (M.-L.R., M.S., A.D.W.) and Cardiovascular and Metabolism Discovery, Janssen R&D, LLC., Springhouse, Pennsylvania, (B.Z., S.A.H.)
| | - Morena Shaw
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC., San Diego, California (M.-L.R., M.S., A.D.W.) and Cardiovascular and Metabolism Discovery, Janssen R&D, LLC., Springhouse, Pennsylvania, (B.Z., S.A.H.)
| | - Bin Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC., San Diego, California (M.-L.R., M.S., A.D.W.) and Cardiovascular and Metabolism Discovery, Janssen R&D, LLC., Springhouse, Pennsylvania, (B.Z., S.A.H.)
| | - Simon A Hinke
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC., San Diego, California (M.-L.R., M.S., A.D.W.) and Cardiovascular and Metabolism Discovery, Janssen R&D, LLC., Springhouse, Pennsylvania, (B.Z., S.A.H.)
| | - Alan D Wickenden
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC., San Diego, California (M.-L.R., M.S., A.D.W.) and Cardiovascular and Metabolism Discovery, Janssen R&D, LLC., Springhouse, Pennsylvania, (B.Z., S.A.H.)
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46
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Pajor AM, de Oliveira CA, Song K, Huard K, Shanmugasundaram V, Erion DM. Molecular Basis for Inhibition of the Na+/Citrate Transporter NaCT (SLC13A5) by Dicarboxylate Inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:755-765. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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47
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Riccardi K, Li Z, Brown JA, Gorgoglione MF, Niosi M, Gosset J, Huard K, Erion DM, Di L. Determination of Unbound Partition Coefficient and in Vitro-in Vivo Extrapolation for SLC13A Transporter-Mediated Uptake. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1633-42. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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48
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Colas C, Ung PMU, Schlessinger A. SLC Transporters: Structure, Function, and Drug Discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1069-1081. [PMID: 27672436 PMCID: PMC5034948 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters are important targets for drug development. Structure-based drug discovery for SLC transporters requires the description of their structure, dynamics, and mechanism of interaction with small molecule ligands and ions. The recent determination of atomic structures of human SLC transporters and their homologs, combined with improved computational power and prediction methods have led to an increased applicability of structure-based drug design methods for human SLC members. In this review, we provide an overview of the SLC transporters' structures and transport mechanisms. We then describe computational techniques, such as homology modeling and virtual screening that are emerging as key tools to discover chemical probes for human SLC members. We illustrate the utility of these methods by presenting case studies in which rational integration of computation and experiment was used to characterize SLC members that transport key nutrients and metabolites, including the amino acid transporters LAT-1 and ASCT2, the SLC13 family of citric acid cycle intermediate transporters, and the glucose transporter GLUT1. We conclude with a brief discussion about future directions in structure-based drug discovery for the human SLC superfamily, one of the most structurally and functionally diverse protein families in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Peter Man-Un Ung
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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49
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Klotz J, Porter BE, Colas C, Schlessinger A, Pajor AM. Mutations in the Na(+)/citrate cotransporter NaCT (SLC13A5) in pediatric patients with epilepsy and developmental delay. Mol Med 2016; 22:molmed.2016.00077. [PMID: 27261973 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the SLC13A5 gene that codes for the Na(+)/citrate cotransporter, NaCT, are associated with early onset epilepsy, developmental delay and tooth dysplasia in children. In the present study we identify additional SLC13A5 mutations in nine epilepsy patients from six families. To better characterize the syndrome, families with affected children answered questions about the scope of illness and treatment strategies. There are currently no effective treatments, but some anti-epileptic drugs targeting the GABA system reduce seizure frequency. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and atypical anti-seizure medication decreases seizures in 4 patients. In contrast to previous reports, the ketogenic diet and fasting produce worsening of symptoms. The effects of the mutations on NaCT transport function and protein expression were examined by transient transfections of COS-7 cells. There was no transport activity from any of the mutant transporters, although some of the mutant transporter proteins were present on the plasma membrane. The structural model of NaCT suggests that these mutations can affect helix packing or substrate binding. We tested various treatments, including chemical chaperones and low temperatures, but none improve transport function in the NaCT mutants. Interestingly, coexpression of NaCT and the mutants results in decreased protein expression and activity of the wild-type transporter, indicating functional interaction. In conclusion, our study has identified additional SLC13A5 mutations in patients with chronic epilepsy starting in the neonatal period, with the mutations producing inactive Na(+)/citrate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Klotz
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Brenda E Porter
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ana M Pajor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92130-0718
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50
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Huard K, Gosset JR, Montgomery JI, Gilbert A, Hayward MM, Magee TV, Cabral S, Uccello DP, Bahnck K, Brown J, Purkal J, Gorgoglione M, Lanba A, Futatsugi K, Herr M, Genung NE, Aspnes G, Polivkova J, Garcia-Irizarry CN, Li Q, Canterbury D, Niosi M, Vera NB, Li Z, Khunte B, Siderewicz J, Rolph T, Erion DM. Optimization of a Dicarboxylic Series for in Vivo Inhibition of Citrate Transport by the Solute Carrier 13 (SLC13) Family. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1165-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Huard
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James R. Gosset
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Justin I. Montgomery
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Adam Gilbert
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew M. Hayward
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas V. Magee
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P. Uccello
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin Bahnck
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice Brown
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Julie Purkal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew Gorgoglione
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kentaro Futatsugi
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Herr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathan E. Genung
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary Aspnes
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jana Polivkova
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carmen N. Garcia-Irizarry
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qifang Li
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel Canterbury
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Niosi
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicholas B. Vera
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhenhong Li
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bhagyashree Khunte
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jaclyn Siderewicz
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy Rolph
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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