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Mahaffey BJ, Fowler ZP, Lung Z, Dang V, Lee H, Johnson AM, Munoz MA, Goodin DA, Frieboes HB, Williams BJ, Chen J. The prognostic effect of mechanical, ultrastructural, and ECM signatures in glioblastoma core and rim. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:036101. [PMID: 38946776 PMCID: PMC11209891 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive, aggressive brain cancer that carries a median survival of 15 months and is resistant to standard therapeutics. Recent studies have demonstrated that intratumoral heterogeneity plays a critical role in promoting resistance by mediating tumor adaptation through microenvironmental cues. GBM can be separated into two distinct regions-a core and a rim, which are thought to drive specific aspects of tumor evolution. These differences in tumor progression are regulated by the diverse biomolecular and biophysical signals in these regions, but the acellular biophysical characteristics remain poorly described. This study investigates the mechanical and ultrastructural characteristics of the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) in patient-matched GBM core and rim tissues. Seven patient-matched tumor core and rim samples and one non-neoplastic control were analyzed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence imaging to quantify mechanical, ultrastructural, and ECM composition changes. The results reveal significant differences in biophysical parameters between GBM core, rim, and non-neoplastic tissues. The GBM core is stiffer, denser, and is rich in ECM proteins hyaluronic acid and tenascin-C when compared to tumor rim and non-neoplastic tissues. These alterations are intimately related and have prognostic effect with stiff, dense tissue correlating with longer progression-free survival. These findings reveal new insights into the spatial heterogeneity of biophysical parameters in the GBM tumor microenvironment and identify a set of characteristics that may correlate with patient prognosis. In the long term, these characteristics may aid in the development of strategies to combat therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Mahaffey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Zachary P. Fowler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Zoe Lung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Vivien Dang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Hyunchul Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | | | - Marco A. Munoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Dylan A. Goodin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Chen
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: (502) 852–3971
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2
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Škarková A, Pelantová M, Tolde O, Legátová A, Mateu R, Bušek P, Garcia-Borja E, Šedo A, Etienne-Manneville S, Rösel D, Brábek J. Microtubule-associated NAV3 regulates invasive phenotypes in glioblastoma cells. Brain Pathol 2024:e13294. [PMID: 39097525 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors for which effective therapy is still lacking, resulting in dismal survival rates. These tumors display significant phenotypic plasticity, harboring diverse cell populations ranging from tumor core cells to dispersed, highly invasive cells. Neuron navigator 3 (NAV3), a microtubule-associated protein affecting microtubule growth and dynamics, is downregulated in various cancers, including glioblastoma, and has thus been considered a tumor suppressor. In this study, we challenge this designation and unveil distinct expression patterns of NAV3 across different invasion phenotypes. Using glioblastoma cell lines and patient-derived glioma stem-like cell cultures, we disclose an upregulation of NAV3 in invading glioblastoma cells, contrasting with its lower expression in cells residing in tumor spheroid cores. Furthermore, we establish an association between low and high NAV3 expression and the amoeboid and mesenchymal invasive phenotype, respectively, and demonstrate that overexpression of NAV3 directly stimulates glioblastoma invasive behavior in both 2D and 3D environments. Consistently, we observed increased NAV3 expression in cells migrating along blood vessels in mouse xenografts. Overall, our results shed light on the role of NAV3 in glioblastoma invasion, providing insights into this lethal aspect of glioblastoma behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Škarková
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pelantová
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Tolde
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Legátová
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Rosana Mateu
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bušek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Garcia-Borja
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université Paris Cité, UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
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3
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Vela-Alcántara AM, Santiago-García J, Barragán-Palacios M, León-Chacón A, Domínguez-Pantoja M, Barceinas-Dávila I, Juárez-Aguilar E, Tamariz E. Differential modulation of cell morphology, migration, and Neuropilin-1 expression in cancer and non-cancer cell lines by substrate stiffness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1352233. [PMID: 38903533 PMCID: PMC11188430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1352233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical changes in the tumor microenvironment, such as increased stiffness, regulate cancer hallmarks and play an essential role in gene expression, cell morphology, migration, and malignancy. However, the response of cancer cells to stiffness is not homogeneous and varies depending on the cell type and its mechanosensitivity. In this study, we investigated the differential responses of cervical (HeLa) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines, as well as non-tumoral cell lines (HEK293 and HPrEC), to stiffness using polyacrylamide hydrogels mimicking normal and tumoral tissues. We analyzed cell morphology, migration, and the expression of neuropilin 1 (NRP1), a receptor involved in angiogenesis, cell migration, and extracellular matrix remodeling, known to be associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis. Our findings reveal that NRP1 expression increases on substrates mimicking the high stiffness characteristic of tumoral tissue in the non-tumoral cell lines HPrEC and HEK293. Conversely, in tumoral PC-3 cells, stiffness resembling normal prostate tissue induces an earlier and more sustained expression of NRP1. Furthermore, we observed that stiffness influences cell spreading, pseudopodia formation, and the mode of cell protrusion during migration. Soft substrates predominantly trigger bleb cell protrusion, while pseudopodia protrusions increase on substrates mimicking normal and tumor-like stiffnesses in HPrEC cells compared to PC-3 cells. Stiffer substrates also enhance the percentage of migratory cells, as well as their velocity and total displacement, in both non-tumoral and tumoral prostate cells. However, they only improve the persistence of migration in tumoral PC-3 cells. Moreover, we found that NRP1 co-localizes with actin, and its suppression impairs tumoral PC-3 spreading while decreasing pseudopodia protrusion mode. Our results suggest that the modulation of NRP1 expression by the stiffness can be a feedback loop to promote malignancy in non-tumoral and cancer cells, contingent upon the mechanosensitivity of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Monserrat Vela-Alcántara
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Juan Santiago-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Madeleine Barragán-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Aylin León-Chacón
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Irene Barceinas-Dávila
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Enrique Juárez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Elisa Tamariz
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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4
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Pillai EK, Franze K. Mechanics in the nervous system: From development to disease. Neuron 2024; 112:342-361. [PMID: 37967561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces are ubiquitous in biological processes across scales and diverse contexts. This review highlights the significance of mechanical forces in nervous system development, homeostasis, and disease. We provide an overview of mechanical signals present in the nervous system and delve into mechanotransduction mechanisms translating these mechanical cues into biochemical signals. During development, mechanical cues regulate a plethora of processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, network formation, and cortex folding. Forces then continue exerting their influence on physiological processes, such as neuronal activity, glial cell function, and the interplay between these different cell types. Notably, changes in tissue mechanics manifest in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors, potentially offering new diagnostic and therapeutic target opportunities. Understanding the role of cellular forces and tissue mechanics in nervous system physiology and pathology adds a new facet to neurobiology, shedding new light on many processes that remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Pillai
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Institute of Medical Physics and Microtissue Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Kussmaulallee 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Teer L, Yaddanapudi K, Chen J. Biophysical Control of the Glioblastoma Immunosuppressive Microenvironment: Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:93. [PMID: 38247970 PMCID: PMC10813491 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
GBM is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Current GBM treatments have not improved patient survival, due to the propensity for tumor cell adaptation and immune evasion, leading to a persistent progression of the disease. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of these pro-tumorigenic changes, providing a complex array of biomolecular and biophysical signals that facilitate evasion strategies by modulating tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune populations. Efforts to unravel these complex TME interactions are necessary to improve GBM therapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy that utilizes a patient's own immune system for tumor eradication and has exhibited exciting results in many cancer types; however, the highly immunosuppressive interactions between the immune cell populations and the GBM TME continue to present challenges. In order to elucidate these interactions, novel bioengineering models are being employed to decipher the mechanisms of immunologically "cold" GBMs. Additionally, these data are being leveraged to develop cell engineering strategies to bolster immunotherapy efficacy. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the biophysical interactions of the GBM TME and immune cell populations as well as the systems used to elucidate the underlying immunosuppressive mechanisms for improving current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Teer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
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6
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Strand Z, Schrickel F, Dobiasch S, Thomsen AR, Steiger K, Gempt J, Meyer B, Combs SE, Schilling D. Establishment of a 3D Model to Characterize the Radioresponse of Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4051. [PMID: 37627079 PMCID: PMC10452456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite modern, multimodal therapeutic options of surgery, chemotherapy, tumor-treating fields (TTF), and radiotherapy, the 5-year survival is below 10%. In order to develop new therapies, better preclinical models are needed that mimic the complexity of a tumor. In this work, we established a novel three-dimensional (3D) model for patient-derived GBM cell lines. To analyze the volume and growth pattern of primary GBM cells in 3D culture, a CoSeedisTM culture system was used, and radiation sensitivity in comparison to conventional 2D colony formation assay (CFA) was analyzed. Both culture systems revealed a dose-dependent reduction in survival, but the high variance in colony size and shape prevented reliable evaluation of the 2D cultures. In contrast, the size of 3D spheroids could be measured accurately. Immunostaining of spheroids grown in the 3D culture system showed an increase in the DNA double-strand-break marker γH2AX one hour after irradiation. After 24 h, a decrease in DNA damage was observed, indicating active repair mechanisms. In summary, this new translational 3D model may better reflect the tumor complexity and be useful for analyzing the growth, radiosensitivity, and DNA repair of patient-derived GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Strand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Finn Schrickel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Dobiasch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas R. Thomsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie E. Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Faisal SM, Comba A, Varela ML, Argento AE, Brumley E, Abel C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. The complex interactions between the cellular and non-cellular components of the brain tumor microenvironmental landscape and their therapeutic implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1005069. [PMID: 36276147 PMCID: PMC9583158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1005069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive high-grade glial tumor, is resistant to therapy and has a poor prognosis due to its universal recurrence rate. GBM cells interact with the non-cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), facilitating their rapid growth, evolution, and invasion into the normal brain. Herein we discuss the complexity of the interactions between the cellular and non-cellular components of the TME and advances in the field as a whole. While the stroma of non-central nervous system (CNS) tissues is abundant in fibrillary collagens, laminins, and fibronectin, the normal brain extracellular matrix (ECM) predominantly includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, with fibrillary components typically found only in association with the vasculature. However, recent studies have found that in GBMs, the microenvironment evolves into a more complex array of components, with upregulated collagen gene expression and aligned fibrillary ECM networks. The interactions of glioma cells with the ECM and the degradation of matrix barriers are crucial for both single-cell and collective invasion into neighboring brain tissue. ECM-regulated mechanisms also contribute to immune exclusion, resulting in a major challenge to immunotherapy delivery and efficacy. Glioma cells chemically and physically control the function of their environment, co-opting complex signaling networks for their own benefit, resulting in radio- and chemo-resistance, tumor recurrence, and cancer progression. Targeting these interactions is an attractive strategy for overcoming therapy resistance, and we will discuss recent advances in preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and potential future clinical applications. In this review, we also provide a comprehensive discussion of the complexities of the interconnected cellular and non-cellular components of the microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors to guide the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies against brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Faisal
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Comba
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria L. Varela
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna E. Argento
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily Brumley
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Clifford Abel
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Pedro R. Lowenstein,
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8
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Grundy TJ, Orcheston-Findlay L, de Silva E, Jegathees T, Prior V, Sarker FA, O'Neill GM. Mechanosensitive expression of the mesenchymal subtype marker connective tissue growth factor in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14982. [PMID: 36056123 PMCID: PMC9440209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces created by the extracellular environment regulate biochemical signals that modulate the inter-related cellular phenotypes of morphology, proliferation, and migration. A stiff microenvironment induces glioblastoma (GBM) cells to develop prominent actin stress fibres, take on a spread morphology and adopt trapezoid shapes, when cultured in 2D, which are phenotypes characteristic of a mesenchymal cell program. The mesenchymal subtype is the most aggressive among the molecular GBM subtypes. Recurrent GBM have been reported to transition to mesenchymal. We therefore sought to test the hypothesis that stiffer microenvironments-such as those found in different brain anatomical structures and induced following treatment-contribute to the expression of markers characterising the mesenchymal subtype. We cultured primary patient-derived cell lines that reflect the three common GBM subtypes (mesenchymal, proneural and classical) on polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogels with controlled stiffnesses spanning the healthy and pathological tissue range. We then assessed the canonical mesenchymal markers Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) and yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) expression, via immunofluorescence. Replating techniques and drug-mediated manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton were utilised to ascertain the response of the cells to differing mechanical environments. We demonstrate that CTGF is induced rapidly following adhesion to a rigid substrate and is independent of actin filament formation. Collectively, our data suggest that microenvironmental rigidity can stimulate expression of mesenchymal-associated molecules in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James Grundy
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Louise Orcheston-Findlay
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Eshana de Silva
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Thuvarahan Jegathees
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Victoria Prior
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Farhana Amy Sarker
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Geraldine Margaret O'Neill
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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9
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Basilico B, Palamà IE, D’Amone S, Lauro C, Rosito M, Grieco M, Ratano P, Cordella F, Sanchini C, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Cascione M, Gigli G, Cortese B. Substrate stiffness effect on molecular crosstalk of epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediators of human glioblastoma cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:983507. [PMID: 36091138 PMCID: PMC9454310 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.983507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the microenvironment effects on cell response, show accumulating evidence that glioblastoma (GBM) migration and invasiveness are influenced by the mechanical rigidity of their surroundings. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-recognized driving force of the invasive behavior of cancer. However, the primary mechanisms of EMT initiation and progression remain unclear. We have previously showed that certain substrate stiffness can selectively stimulate human GBM U251-MG and GL15 glioblastoma cell lines motility. The present study unifies several known EMT mediators to uncover the reason of the regulation and response to these stiffnesses. Our results revealed that changing the rigidity of the mechanical environment tuned the response of both cell lines through change in morphological features, epithelial-mesenchymal markers (E-, N-Cadherin), EGFR and ROS expressions in an interrelated manner. Specifically, a stiffer microenvironment induced a mesenchymal cell shape, a more fragmented morphology, higher intracellular cytosolic ROS expression and lower mitochondrial ROS. Finally, we observed that cells more motile showed a more depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. Unravelling the process that regulates GBM cells’ infiltrative behavior could provide new opportunities for identification of new targets and less invasive approaches for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Elena Palamà
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute (CNR Nanotec), Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania D’Amone
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute (CNR Nanotec), Lecce, Italy
| | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Grieco
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute (CNR Nanotec), Lecce, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ratano
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute (CNR Nanotec), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sanchini
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi” University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortese
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute (CNR Nanotec), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Cortese,
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10
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Sahan AZ, Baday M, Patel CB. Biomimetic Hydrogels in the Study of Cancer Mechanobiology: Overview, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080496. [PMID: 36005097 PMCID: PMC9407355 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are biocompatible polymers that are tunable to the system under study, allowing them to be widely used in medicine, bioprinting, tissue engineering, and biomechanics. Hydrogels are used to mimic the three-dimensional microenvironment of tissues, which is essential to understanding cell–cell interactions and intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, growth, and survival). Emerging evidence suggests that the malignant properties of cancer cells depend on mechanical cues that arise from changes in their microenvironment. These mechanobiological cues include stiffness, shear stress, and pressure, and have an impact on cancer proliferation and invasion. The hydrogels can be tuned to simulate these mechanobiological tissue properties. Although interest in and research on the biomedical applications of hydrogels has increased in the past 25 years, there is still much to learn about the development of biomimetic hydrogels and their potential applications in biomedical and clinical settings. This review highlights the application of hydrogels in developing pre-clinical cancer models and their potential for translation to human disease with a focus on reviewing the utility of such models in studying glioblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Z. Sahan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Murat Baday
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Precision Health and Integrated Diagnostics Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Chirag B. Patel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.B.P.)
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11
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Substrate viscosity impairs temozolomide-mediated inhibition of glioblastoma cells' growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166513. [PMID: 35932892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical state of the extracellular environment of the brain cells considerably affects their phenotype during the development of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, and when the cells respond to drugs. The reports on the evaluation of the viscoelastic properties of different brain tumors have shown that both tissue stiffness and viscosity can be altered during cancer development. Although a compelling number of reports established the role of substrate stiffness on the proliferation, motility, and drug sensitivity of brain cancer cells, there is a lack of parallel data in terms of alterations in substrate viscosity. METHODS Based on viscoelasticity measurements of rat brain samples using strain rheometry, polyacrylamide (PAA) hydrogels mimicking elastic and viscous parameters of the tissues were prepared. Optical microscopy and flow cytometry were employed to assess the differences in glioblastoma cells morphology, proliferation, and cytotoxicity of anticancer drug temozolomide (TZM) due to increased substrate viscosity. RESULTS Our results indicate that changes in substrate viscosity affect the proliferation of untreated glioma cells to a lesser extent, but have a significant impact on the apoptosis-associated depolarization of mitochondria and level of DNA fragmentation. This suggests that viscosity sensing and stiffness sensing machinery can activate different signaling pathways in glioma cells. CONCLUSION Collected data indicate that viscosity should be considered an important parameter in in vitro polymer-based cell culture systems used for drug screening.
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12
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Rix J, Uckermann O, Kirsche K, Schackert G, Koch E, Kirsch M, Galli R. Correlation of biomechanics and cancer cell phenotype by combined Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy of U87-MG glioblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220209. [PMID: 35857926 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of biomechanics furthers our understanding of brain tumour biology. Brillouin spectroscopy is a new optical method that addresses viscoelastic properties down to subcellular resolution in a contact-free manner. Moreover, it can be combined with Raman spectroscopy to obtain co-localized biochemical information. Here, we applied co-registered Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy to U87-MG human glioblastoma cells in vitro. Using two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures, we related biomechanical properties to local biochemical composition at the subcellular level, as well as the cell phenotype. Brillouin and Raman mapping of adherent cells showed that the nucleus and nucleoli are stiffer than the perinuclear region and the cytoplasm. The biomechanics of the cell cytoplasm is affected by culturing conditions, i.e. cells grown as spheroids are stiffer than adherent cells. Inside the spheroids, the presence of lipid droplets as assessed by Raman spectroscopy revealed higher Brillouin shifts that are not related to a local increase in stiffness, but are due to a higher refractive index combined with a lower mass density. This highlights the importance of locally defined biochemical reference data for a correct interpretation of the Brillouin shift of cells and tissues in future studies investigating the biomechanics of brain tumour models by Brillouin spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rix
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Kirsche
- Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Asklepios Kliniken Schildautal, Karl-Herold-Strasse 1, D-38723 Seesen, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberta Galli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Boccellato C, Rehm M. Glioblastoma, from disease understanding towards optimal cell-based in vitro models. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:527-541. [PMID: 35763242 PMCID: PMC9424171 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) patients are notoriously difficult to treat and ultimately all succumb to disease. This unfortunate scenario motivates research into better characterizing and understanding this disease, and into developing novel research tools by which potential novel therapeutics and treatment options initially can be evaluated pre-clinically. Here, we provide a concise overview of glioblastoma epidemiology, disease classification, the challenges faced in the treatment of glioblastoma and current novel treatment strategies. From this, we lead into a description and assessment of advanced cell-based models that aim to narrow the gap between pre-clinical and clinical studies. Such invitro models are required to deliver reliable and meaningful data for the development and pre-validation of novel therapeutics and treatments.
Conclusions
The toolbox for GBM cell-based models has expanded substantially, with the possibility of 3D printing tumour tissues and thereby replicating invivo tissue architectures now looming on the horizon. A comparison of experimental cell-based model systems and techniques highlights advantages and drawbacks of the various tools available, based on which cell-based models and experimental approaches best suited to address a diversity of research questions in the glioblastoma research field can be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Boccellato
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Bruns J, Egan T, Mercier P, Zustiak SP. Glioblastoma spheroid growth and chemotherapeutic responses in single and dual-stiffness hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2022; 163:400-414. [PMID: 35659918 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest brain tumor for which there is no cure. Bioengineered GBM models, such as hydrogel-encapsulated spheroids, that capture both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions could facilitate testing of much needed therapies. Elucidation of specific microenvironment properties on spheroid responsiveness to therapeutics would enhance the usefulness of GBM models as predictive drug screening platforms. Here, GBM spheroids consisting of U87 or patient-derived GBM cells were encapsulated in soft (∼1 kPa), stiff (∼7 kPa), and dual-stiffness polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels, with GBM spheroids seeded at the stiffness interface. Spheroids were cultured for 7 days and examined for viability, size, invasion, laminin expression, hypoxia, proliferation, and response to the chemotherapeutic temozolomide (TMZ). We noted excellent cell viability in all hydrogels, and higher infiltration in soft compared to stiff hydrogels for U87 spheroids. In dual gels spheroids mostly infiltrated away from the stiffness interface with minimal crossing over it and some individual cell migration along the interface. U87 spheroids were equally responsive to TMZ in the soft and stiff hydrogels, but cell viability in the spheroid periphery was higher than the core for stiff hydrogels whereas the opposite was true for soft hydrogels. HIF1A expression was higher in the core of spheroids in the stiff hydrogels, while there was no difference in cell proliferation between spheroids in the stiff vs soft hydrogels. Patient-derived GBM spheroids did not show stiffness-dependent drug responses. U87 cells showed similar laminin expression in soft and stiff hydrogels with higher expression in the spheroid periphery compared to the core. Our results indicate that microenvironment stiffness needs to be considered in bioengineered GBM models including those designed for use in drug screening applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recent work on tumor models engineered for use in drug screening has highlighted the potential of hydrogel-encapsulated spheroids as a simple, yet effective platform that show drug responses similar to native tumors. It has also been shown that substrate stiffness, in vivo and in vitro, affects cancer cell responses to drugs. This is particularly important for glioblastoma (GBM), the deadliest brain cancer, as GBM cells invade by following the stiffer brain structures such as white matter tracks and the perivascular niche. Invading cells have also been associated with higher resistance to chemotherapy. Here we developed GBM spheroid models using soft, stiff and dual-stiffness hydrogels to explore the connection between substrate stiffness, spheroid invasion and drug responsiveness in a controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bruns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terrance Egan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philippe Mercier
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Silviya P Zustiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Khoonkari M, Liang D, Kamperman M, Kruyt FAE, van Rijn P. Physics of Brain Cancer: Multiscale Alterations of Glioblastoma Cells under Extracellular Matrix Stiffening. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051031. [PMID: 35631616 PMCID: PMC9145282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and physics underlying glioblastoma is not yet completely understood, resulting in the limited efficacy of current clinical therapy. Recent studies have indicated the importance of mechanical stress on the development and malignancy of cancer. Various types of mechanical stress activate adaptive tumor cell responses that include alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) which have an impact on tumor malignancy. In this review, we describe and discuss the current knowledge of the effects of ECM alterations and mechanical stress on GBM aggressiveness. Gradual changes in the brain ECM have been connected to the biological and physical alterations of GBM cells. For example, increased expression of several ECM components such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hyaluronic acid (HA), proteoglycans and fibrous proteins result in stiffening of the brain ECM, which alters inter- and intracellular signaling activity. Several mechanosensing signaling pathways have been identified that orchestrate adaptive responses, such as Hippo/YAP, CD44, and actin skeleton signaling, which remodel the cytoskeleton and affect cellular properties such as cell–cell/ECM interactions, growth, and migration/invasion of GBM cells. In vitro, hydrogels are used as a model to mimic the stiffening of the brain ECM and reconstruct its mechanics, which we also discuss. Overall, we provide an overview of the tumor microenvironmental landscape of GBM with a focus on ECM stiffening and its associated adaptive cellular signaling pathways and their possible therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khoonkari
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (D.L.)
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Frank A. E. Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.E.K.); (P.v.R.)
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (F.A.E.K.); (P.v.R.)
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16
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Characterization and structure-property relationships of an injectable thiol-Michael addition hydrogel toward compatibility with glioblastoma therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:266-278. [PMID: 35296443 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer and although patients undergo surgery and chemoradiotherapy, residual cancer cells still migrate to healthy brain tissue and lead to tumor relapse after treatment. New therapeutic strategies are therefore urgently needed to better mitigate this tumor recurrence. To address this need, we envision after surgical removal of the tumor, implantable biomaterials in the resection cavity can treat or collect residual GBM cells for their subsequent eradication. To this end, we systematically characterized a poly(ethylene glycol)-based injectable hydrogel crosslinked via a thiol-Michael addition reaction by tuning its hydration level and aqueous NaHCO3 concentration. The physical and chemical properties of the different formulations were investigated by assessing the strength and stability of the polymer networks and their swelling behavior. The hydrogel biocompatibility was assessed by performing in vitro cytotoxicity assays, immunoassays, and immunocytochemistry to monitor the reactivity of astrocytes cultured on the hydrogel surface over time. These characterization studies revealed key structure-property relationships. Furthermore, the results indicated hydrogels synthesized with 0.175 M NaHCO3 and 50 wt% water content swelled the least, possessed a storage modulus that can withstand high intracranial pressures while avoiding a mechanical mismatch, had a sufficiently crosslinked polymer network, and did not degrade rapidly. This formulation was not cytotoxic to astrocytes and produced minimal immunogenic responses in vitro. These properties suggest this hydrogel formulation is the most optimal for implantation in the resection cavity and compatible toward GBM therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Survival times for glioblastoma patients have not improved significantly over the last several decades, as cancer cells remain after conventional therapies and form secondary tumors. We characterized a biodegradable, injectable hydrogel to reveal structure-property relationships that can be tuned to conform the hydrogel toward glioblastoma therapy. Nine formulations were systematically characterized to optimize the hydrogel based on physical, chemical, and biological compatibility with the glioblastoma microenvironment. This hydrogel can potentially be used for adjuvant therapy to glioblastoma treatment, such as by providing a source of molecular release for therapeutic agents, which will be investigated in future work. The optimized formulation will be developed further to capture and eradicate glioblastoma cells with chemical and physical stimuli in future research.
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17
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Rocha DN, Carvalho ED, Relvas JB, Oliveira MJ, Pêgo AP. Mechanotransduction: Exploring New Therapeutic Avenues in Central Nervous System Pathology. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:861613. [PMID: 35573316 PMCID: PMC9096357 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.861613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to physical forces and the central nervous system (CNS) is no exception. Cells dynamically adapt their behavior and remodel the surrounding environment in response to forces. The importance of mechanotransduction in the CNS is illustrated by exploring its role in CNS pathology development and progression. The crosstalk between the biochemical and biophysical components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are here described, considering the recent explosion of literature demonstrating the powerful influence of biophysical stimuli like density, rigidity and geometry of the ECM on cell behavior. This review aims at integrating mechanical properties into our understanding of the molecular basis of CNS disease. The mechanisms that mediate mechanotransduction events, like integrin, Rho/ROCK and matrix metalloproteinases signaling pathways are revised. Analysis of CNS pathologies in this context has revealed that a wide range of neurological diseases share as hallmarks alterations of the tissue mechanical properties. Therefore, it is our belief that the understanding of CNS mechanotransduction pathways may lead to the development of improved medical devices and diagnostic methods as well as new therapeutic targets and strategies for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nogueira Rocha
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Daniela Carvalho
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Heffernan JM, McNamara JB, Vernon BL, Mehta S, Sirianni RW. PNJ scaffolds promote microenvironmental regulation of glioblastoma stem-like cell enrichment and radioresistance. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:819-833. [PMID: 34994746 PMCID: PMC8939461 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors contain a subpopulation of self-renewing multipotent Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) that are believed to drive the near inevitable recurrence of GBM. We previously engineered temperature responsive scaffolds based on the polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-Jeffamine M-1000 acrylamide) (PNJ) for the purpose of enriching GSCs in vitro from patient-derived samples. Here, we used PNJ scaffolds to study microenvironmental regulation of self-renewal and radiation response in patient-derived GSCs representing classical and proneural subtypes. GSC self-renewal was regulated by the composition of PNJ scaffolds and varied with cell type. PNJ scaffolds protected against radiation-induced cell death, particularly in conditions that also promoted GSC self-renewal. Additionally, cells cultured in PNJ scaffolds exhibited increased expression of the transcription factor HIF2α, which was not observed in neurosphere culture, providing a potential mechanistic basis for differences in radio-resistance. Differences in PNJ regulation of HIF2α in irradiated and untreated conditions also offered evidence of stem plasticity. These data show PNJ scaffolds provide a unique biomaterial for evaluating dynamic microenvironmental regulation of GSC self-renewal, radioresistance, and stem plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Heffernan
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, PO Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, Sonoran Biosciences, 1048 E Knight Ln, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - James B. McNamara
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Brent L. Vernon
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, PO Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shwetal Mehta
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Rachael W. Sirianni
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, PO Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Abou-Mrad Z, Bou Gharios J, Moubarak MM, Chalhoub A, Moussalem C, Bahmad HF, Abou-Kheir W. Central nervous system tumors and three-dimensional cell biology: Current and future perspectives in modeling. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1112-1126. [PMID: 34567429 PMCID: PMC8422930 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a variety of distinct neoplasms that present multiple challenges in terms of treatment and prognosis. Glioblastoma, the most common primary tumor in adults, is associated with poor survival and remains one of the least treatable neoplasms. These tumors are highly heterogenous and complex in their nature. Due to this complexity, traditional cell culturing techniques and methods do not provide an ideal recapitulating model for the study of these tumors’ behavior in vivo. Two-dimensional models lack the spatial arrangement, the heterogeneity in cell types, and the microenvironment that play a large role in tumor cell behavior and response to treatment. Recently, scientists have turned towards three-dimensional culturing methods, namely spheroids and organoids, as they have been shown to recapitulate tumors in a more faithful manner to their in vivo counterparts. Moreover, tumor-on-a-chip systems have lately been employed in CNS tumor modeling and have shown great potential in both studying the pathophysiology and therapeutic testing. In this review, we will discuss the current available literature on in vitro three-dimensional culturing models in CNS tumors, in addition to presenting their advantages and current limitations. We will also elaborate on the future implications of these models and their benefit in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Abou-Mrad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Jolie Bou Gharios
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Maya M Moubarak
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Chalhoub
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Moussalem
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, United States
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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20
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Rey JA, Ewing JR, Sarntinoranont M. A computational model of glioma reveals opposing, stiffness-sensitive effects of leaky vasculature and tumor growth on tissue mechanical stress and porosity. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1981-2000. [PMID: 34363553 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biphasic computational model of a growing, vascularized glioma within brain tissue was developed to account for unique features of gliomas, including soft surrounding brain tissue, their low stiffness relative to brain tissue, and a lack of draining lymphatics. This model is the first to couple nonlinear tissue deformation with porosity and tissue hydraulic conductivity to study the mechanical interaction of leaky vasculature and solid growth in an embedded glioma. The present model showed that leaky vasculature and elevated interstitial fluid pressure produce tensile stress within the tumor in opposition to the compressive stress produced by tumor growth. This tensile effect was more pronounced in softer tissue and resulted in a compressive stress concentration at the tumor rim that increased when tumor was softer than host. Aside from generating solid stress, fluid pressure-driven tissue deformation decreased the effective stiffness of the tumor while growth increased it, potentially leading to elevated stiffness in the tumor rim. A novel prediction of reduced porosity at the tumor rim was corroborated by direct comparison with estimates from our in vivo imaging studies. Antiangiogenic and radiation therapy were simulated by varying vascular leakiness and tissue hydraulic conductivity. These led to greater solid compression and interstitial pressure in the tumor, respectively, the former of which may promote tumor infiltration of the host. Our findings suggest that vascular leakiness has an important influence on in vivo solid stress, stiffness, and porosity fields in gliomas given their unique mechanical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Rey
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO BOX 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - James R Ewing
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Malisa Sarntinoranont
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO BOX 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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21
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Nagaraja TN, Elmghirbi R, Brown SL, Rey JA, Schultz L, Mukherjee A, Cabral G, Panda S, Lee IY, Sarntinoranont M, Keenan KA, Knight RA, Ewing JR. Imaging acute effects of bevacizumab on tumor vascular kinetics in a preclinical orthotopic model of U251 glioma. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4516. [PMID: 33817893 PMCID: PMC8978145 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a human vascular endothelial growth factor antibody on the vasculature of human tumor grown in rat brain was studied. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, the effects of intravenous bevacizumab (Avastin; 10 mg/kg) were examined before and at postadministration times of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h (N = 26; 4-5 per time point) in a rat model of orthotopic, U251 glioblastoma (GBM). The commonly estimated vascular parameters for an MR contrast agent were: (i) plasma distribution volume (vp ), (ii) forward volumetric transfer constant (Ktrans ) and (iii) reverse transfer constant (kep ). In addition, extracellular distribution volume (VD ) was estimated in the tumor (VD-tumor ), tumor edge (VD-edge ) and the mostly normal tumor periphery (VD-peri ), along with tumor blood flow (TBF), peri-tumoral hydraulic conductivity (K) and interstitial flow (Flux) and tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP). Studied as % changes from baseline, the 2-h post-treatment time point began showing significant decreases in vp , VD-tumor, VD-edge and VD-peri , as well as K, with these changes persisting at 4 and 8 h in vp , K, VD-tumor, -edge and -peri (t-tests; p < 0.05-0.01). Decreases in Ktrans were observed at the 2- and 4-h time points (p < 0.05), while interstitial volume fraction (ve ; = Ktrans /kep ) showed a significant decrease only at the 2-h time point (p < 0.05). Sustained decreases in Flux were observed from 2 to 24 h (p < 0.01) while TBF and TIFP showed delayed responses, increases in the former at 12 and 24 h and a decrease in the latter only at 12 h. These imaging biomarkers of tumor vascular kinetics describe the short-term temporal changes in physical spaces and fluid flows in a model of GBM after Avastin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasha Elmghirbi
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephen L. Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Julian A. Rey
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lonni Schultz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abir Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Glauber Cabral
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Swayamprava Panda
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Y. Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Malisa Sarntinoranont
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelly A. Keenan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert A. Knight
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - James R. Ewing
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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22
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Mushtaq U, Bashir M, Nabi S, Khanday FA. Epidermal growth factor receptor and integrins meet redox signaling through P66shc and Rac1. Cytokine 2021; 146:155625. [PMID: 34157521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the concerted role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and integrins in regulating Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through different signaling pathways. ROS as such are not always deleterious to the cells but they also act as signaling molecules, that regulates numerous indespensible physiological fuctions of life. Many adaptor proteins, particularly Shc and Grb2, are involved in mediating the downstream signaling pathways stimulated by EGFR and integrins. Integrin-induced activation of EGFR and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of a class of acceptor sites on EGFR leads to alignment and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, PLCγ, the p85 subunit of PI-3 K, and Cbl, followed by activation of the downstream targets Erk and Akt/PKB. Functional interactions between these receptors result in the activation of Rac1 via these adaptor proteins, thereby leading to Reactive Oxygen Species. Both GF and integrin activation can produce oxidants independently, however synergistically there is increased ROS generation, suggesting a mutual cooperation between integrins and GFRs for redox signalling. The ROS produced further promotes feed-forward stimulation of redox signaling events such as MAPK activation and gene expression. This relationship has not been reviewed previously. The literature presented here can have multiple implications, ranging from looking at synergistic effects of integrin and EGFR mediated signaling mechanisms of different proteins to possible therapeutic interventions operated by these two receptors. Furthermore, such mutual redox regulation of crosstalk between EGFR and integrins not only add to the established models of pathological oxidative stress, but also can impart new avenues and opportunities for targeted antioxidant based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, JK 191201, India
| | - Muneesa Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India; Department of Higher Education, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, 190001, India
| | - Sumaiya Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India
| | - Firdous A Khanday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India.
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23
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Zhu D, Trinh P, Li J, Grant GA, Yang F. Gradient hydrogels for screening stiffness effects on patient-derived glioblastoma xenograft cellfates in 3D. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1027-1035. [PMID: 32862485 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancer is a devastating disease given its extreme invasiveness and intricate location. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common forms of brain cancer, and cancer progression is often correlated with significantly altered tissue stiffness. To elucidate the effect of matrix stiffness on GBM cell fates, previous research is largely limited to 2D studies using immortalized cell lines, which has limited physiological relevance. The objective of the study is to develop gradient hydrogels with brain-mimicking stiffness range as a 3Din vitro GBM model for screening of the effects of matrix stiffness on GBM. To increase the physiological relevance, patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) GBM cells were used. Our gradient platform allows formation of cell-containing hydrogels with stiffness ranging from 40 Pa to 1,300 Pa within a few minutes. By focusing on a brain-mimicking stiffness range, this gradient hydrogel platform is designed for investigating brain cancer. Increasing stiffness led to decreased GBM proliferation and less spreading, which is accompanied by downregulation of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs). Using temozolomide (TMZ) as a model drug, we demonstrate that increasing stiffness led to higher drug resistance by PDTX GBM cells in 3D, suggesting matrix stiffness can directly modulate how GBM cells respond to drug treatment. While the current study focuses on stiffness gradient, the setup may also be adapted for screening other cancer niche cues such as how biochemical ligand gradient modulates brain cancer progression and drug responses using reduced materials and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pavin Trinh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerry A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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24
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Lenin S, Ponthier E, Scheer KG, Yeo ECF, Tea MN, Ebert LM, Oksdath Mansilla M, Poonnoose S, Baumgartner U, Day BW, Ormsby RJ, Pitson SM, Gomez GA. A Drug Screening Pipeline Using 2D and 3D Patient-Derived In Vitro Models for Pre-Clinical Analysis of Therapy Response in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4322. [PMID: 33919246 PMCID: PMC8122466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common and lethal types of primary brain tumor. Despite aggressive treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, tumor recurrence within 6-9 months is common. To overcome this, more effective therapies targeting cancer cell stemness, invasion, metabolism, cell death resistance and the interactions of tumor cells with their surrounding microenvironment are required. In this study, we performed a systematic review of the molecular mechanisms that drive glioblastoma progression, which led to the identification of 65 drugs/inhibitors that we screened for their efficacy to kill patient-derived glioma stem cells in two dimensional (2D) cultures and patient-derived three dimensional (3D) glioblastoma explant organoids (GBOs). From the screening, we found a group of drugs that presented different selectivity on different patient-derived in vitro models. Moreover, we found that Costunolide, a TERT inhibitor, was effective in reducing the cell viability in vitro of both primary tumor models as well as tumor models pre-treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These results present a novel workflow for screening a relatively large groups of drugs, whose results could lead to the identification of more personalized and effective treatment for recurrent glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Lenin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Elise Ponthier
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Kaitlin G. Scheer
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Erica C. F. Yeo
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Melinda N. Tea
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Mariana Oksdath Mansilla
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Santosh Poonnoose
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (S.P.); (R.J.O.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Ulrich Baumgartner
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Sid Faithfull Brain Cancer Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (U.B.); (B.W.D.)
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan W. Day
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Sid Faithfull Brain Cancer Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (U.B.); (B.W.D.)
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Ormsby
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (S.P.); (R.J.O.)
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South of Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.L.); (E.P.); (K.G.S.); (E.C.F.Y.); (M.N.T.); (L.M.E.); (M.O.M.); (S.M.P.)
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25
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Wang C, Sinha S, Jiang X, Murphy L, Fitch S, Wilson C, Grant G, Yang F. Matrix Stiffness Modulates Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cell Fates in Three-Dimensional Hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:390-401. [PMID: 32731804 PMCID: PMC7984937 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is known to be accompanied by changes in tissue stiffness. Previous studies have primarily employed immortalized cell lines and 2D hydrogel substrates, which do not recapitulate the 3D tumor niche. How matrix stiffness affects patient-derived cancer cell fate in 3D remains unclear. In this study, we report a matrix metalloproteinase-degradable poly(ethylene-glycol)-based hydrogel platform with brain-mimicking biochemical cues and tunable stiffness (40-26,600 Pa) for 3D culture of patient-derived glioblastoma xenograft (PDTX GBM) cells. Our results demonstrate that decreasing hydrogel stiffness enhanced PDTX GBM cell proliferation, and hydrogels with stiffness 240 Pa and below supported robust PDTX GBM cell spreading in 3D. PDTX GBM cells encapsulated in hydrogels demonstrated higher drug resistance than 2D control, and increasing hydrogel stiffness further enhanced drug resistance. Such 3D hydrogel platforms may provide a valuable tool for mechanistic studies of the role of niche cues in modulating cancer progression for different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sauradeep Sinha
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Luke Murphy
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sergio Fitch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christy Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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26
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Tang M, Rich JN, Chen S. Biomaterials and 3D Bioprinting Strategies to Model Glioblastoma and the Blood-Brain Barrier. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004776. [PMID: 33326131 PMCID: PMC7854518 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and lethal adult primary central nervous system cancer. An immunosuppresive and highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, restricted delivery of chemotherapy or immunotherapy through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), together with the brain's unique biochemical and anatomical features result in its universal recurrence and poor prognosis. As conventional models fail to predict therapeutic efficacy in GBM, in vitro 3D models of GBM and BBB leveraging patient- or healthy-individual-derived cells and biomaterials through 3D bioprinting technologies potentially mimic essential physiological and pathological features of GBM and BBB. 3D-bioprinted constructs enable investigation of cellular and cell-extracellular matrix interactions in a species-matched, high-throughput, and reproducible manner, serving as screening or drug delivery platforms. Here, an overview of current 3D-bioprinted GBM and BBB models is provided, elaborating on the microenvironmental compositions of GBM and BBB, relevant biomaterials to mimic the native tissues, and bioprinting strategies to implement the model fabrication. Collectively, 3D-bioprinted GBM and BBB models are promising systems and biomimetic alternatives to traditional models for more reliable mechanistic studies and preclinical drug screenings that may eventually accelerate the drug development process for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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27
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Abstract
The study aims to investigate the role of viscoelastic interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) in avascular tumor growth. Computer simulations of glioma multicellular tumor spheroid (MTS) growth are being carried out for various conditions. The calculations are based on a continuous model, which simulates oxygen transport into MTS; transitions between three cell phenotypes, cell transport, conditioned by hydrostatic forces in cell–ECM composite system, cell motility and cell adhesion. Visco-elastic cell aggregation and elastic ECM scaffold represent two compressible constituents of the composite. Cell–ECM interactions form a Transition Layer on the spheroid surface, where mechanical characteristics of tumor undergo rapid transition. This layer facilitates tumor progression to a great extent. The study demonstrates strong effects of ECM stiffness, mechanical deformations of the matrix and cell–cell adhesion on tumor progression. The simulations show in particular that at certain, rather high degrees of matrix stiffness a formation of distant multicellular clusters takes place, while at further increase of ECM stiffness subtumors do not form. The model also illustrates to what extent mere mechanical properties of cell–ECM system may contribute into variations of glioma invasion scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kalinin
- R&D Sector, Techno-Modeling Arts Ireland, Unit 8, Cul na Raithe, A91K8KR, Louth, Ireland
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28
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Sarker FA, Prior VG, Bax S, O'Neill GM. Forcing a growth factor response - tissue-stiffness modulation of integrin signaling and crosstalk with growth factor receptors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/23/jcs242461. [PMID: 33310867 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research throughout the 90s established that integrin crosstalk with growth factor receptors stimulates robust growth factor signaling. These insights were derived chiefly from comparing adherent versus suspension cell cultures. Considering the new understanding that mechanosensory inputs tune adhesion signaling, it is now timely to revisit this crosstalk in different mechanical environments. Here, we present a brief historical perspective on integrin signaling against the backdrop of the mechanically diverse extracellular microenvironment, then review the evidence supporting the mechanical regulation of integrin crosstalk with growth factor signaling. We discuss early studies revealing distinct signaling consequences for integrin occupancy (binding to matrix) and aggregation (binding to immobile ligand). We consider how the mechanical environments encountered in vivo intersect with this diverse signaling, focusing on receptor endocytosis. We discuss the implications of mechanically tuned integrin signaling for growth factor signaling, using the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as an illustrative example. We discuss how the use of rigid tissue culture plastic for cancer drug screening may select agents that lack efficacy in the soft in vivo tissue environment. Tuning of integrin signaling via external mechanical forces in vivo and subsequent effects on growth factor signaling thus has implications for normal cellular physiology and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana A Sarker
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Victoria G Prior
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel Bax
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Geraldine M O'Neill
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia .,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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29
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Bartlett RD, Eleftheriadou D, Evans R, Choi D, Phillips JB. Mechanical properties of the spinal cord and brain: Comparison with clinical-grade biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Tang M, Xie Q, Gimple RC, Zhong Z, Tam T, Tian J, Kidwell RL, Wu Q, Prager BC, Qiu Z, Yu A, Zhu Z, Mesci P, Jing H, Schimelman J, Wang P, Lee D, Lorenzini MH, Dixit D, Zhao L, Bhargava S, Miller TE, Wan X, Tang J, Sun B, Cravatt BF, Muotri AR, Chen S, Rich JN. Three-dimensional bioprinted glioblastoma microenvironments model cellular dependencies and immune interactions. Cell Res 2020; 30:833-853. [PMID: 32499560 PMCID: PMC7608409 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are dynamic complex ecosystems with multiple cell types. To model the brain tumor microenvironment in a reproducible and scalable system, we developed a rapid three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting method to construct clinically relevant biomimetic tissue models. In recurrent glioblastoma, macrophages/microglia prominently contribute to the tumor mass. To parse the function of macrophages in 3D, we compared the growth of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) alone or with astrocytes and neural precursor cells in a hyaluronic acid-rich hydrogel, with or without macrophage. Bioprinted constructs integrating macrophage recapitulate patient-derived transcriptional profiles predictive of patient survival, maintenance of stemness, invasion, and drug resistance. Whole-genome CRISPR screening with bioprinted complex systems identified unique molecular dependencies in GSCs, relative to sphere culture. Multicellular bioprinted models serve as a scalable and physiologic platform to interrogate drug sensitivity, cellular crosstalk, invasion, context-specific functional dependencies, as well as immunologic interactions in a species-matched neural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Qi Xie
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Trevor Tam
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Reilly L Kidwell
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Briana C Prager
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Yu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Pinar Mesci
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hui Jing
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Derrick Lee
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael H Lorenzini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Deobrat Dixit
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Linjie Zhao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xueyi Wan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Bingjie Sun
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Rezk R, Jia BZ, Wendler A, Dimov I, Watts C, Markaki AE, Franze K, Kabla AJ. Spatial heterogeneity of cell-matrix adhesive forces predicts human glioblastoma migration. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa081. [PMID: 32793884 PMCID: PMC7415261 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive incurable brain tumor. The main cause of mortality in GBM patients is the invasive rim of cells migrating away from the main tumor mass and invading healthy parts of the brain. Although the motion is driven by forces, our current understanding of the physical factors involved in glioma infiltration remains limited. This study aims to investigate the adhesion properties within and between patients' tumors on a cellular level and test whether these properties correlate with cell migration. Methods Six tissue samples were taken from spatially separated sections during 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence-guided surgery. Navigated biopsy samples were collected from strongly fluorescent tumor cores, a weak fluorescent tumor rim, and nonfluorescent tumor margins. A microfluidics device was built to induce controlled shear forces to detach cells from monolayer cultures. Cells were cultured on low modulus polydimethylsiloxane representative of the stiffness of brain tissue. Cell migration and morphology were then obtained using time-lapse microscopy. Results GBM cell populations from different tumor fractions of the same patient exhibited different migratory and adhesive behaviors. These differences were associated with sampling location and amount of 5-ALA fluorescence. Cells derived from weak- and nonfluorescent tumor tissue were smaller, adhered less well, and migrated quicker than cells derived from strongly fluorescent tumor mass. Conclusions GBM tumors are biomechanically heterogeneous. Selecting multiple populations and broad location sampling are therefore important to consider for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Rezk
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bill Zong Jia
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Astrid Wendler
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivan Dimov
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Watts
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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A Simple Three-Dimensional In Vitro Culture Mimicking the In Vivo-Like Cell Behavior of Bladder Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051304. [PMID: 32455634 PMCID: PMC7281103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models allow for personalized drug selection and the identification of drug resistance mechanisms in cancer cells. However, PDX models present technical disadvantages, such as long engraftment time, low success rate, and high maintenance cost. On the other hand, tumor spheroids are emerging as an in vitro alternative model that can maintain the phenotype of cancer cells long enough to perform all assays and predict a patient’s outcome. The present work aimed to describe a simple, reproducible, and low-cost 3D in vitro culture method to generate bladder tumor spheroids using human cells from PDX mice. Cancer cells from PDX BL0293 and BL0808 models, previously established from advanced bladder cancer, were cultured in 96-well round-bottom ultra-low attachment (ULA) plates with 5% Matrigel and generated regular and round-shaped spheroids (roundness > 0.8) with a diameter larger than 400 μm and a hypoxic core (a feature related to drug resistance in solid tumors). The responses of the tumor spheroids to the antineoplastic drugs cisplatin, gemcitabine, and their combination were similar to tumor responses in in vivo studies with PDX BL0293 and BL0808 mice. Therefore, the in vitro 3D model using PDX tumor spheroids appears as a valuable tool that may predict the outcome of in vivo drug-screening assays and represents a low-cost strategy for such purpose.
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33
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Dundar B, Markwell SM, Sharma NV, Olson CL, Mukherjee S, Brat DJ. Methods for in vitro modeling of glioma invasion: Choosing tools to meet the need. Glia 2020; 68:2173-2191. [PMID: 32134155 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Widespread tumor cell invasion is a fundamental property of diffuse gliomas and is ultimately responsible for their poor prognosis. A greater understanding of basic mechanisms underlying glioma invasion is needed to provide insights into therapies that could potentially counteract them. While none of the currently available in vitro models can fully recapitulate the complex interactions of glioma cells within the brain tumor microenvironment, if chosen and developed appropriately, these models can provide controlled experimental settings to study molecular and cellular phenomena that are challenging or impossible to model in vivo. Therefore, selecting the most appropriate in vitro model, together with its inherent advantages and limitations, for specific hypotheses and experimental questions achieves primary significance. In this review, we describe and discuss commonly used methods for modeling and studying glioma invasion in vitro, including platforms, matrices, cell culture, and visualization techniques, so that choices for experimental approach are informed and optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Dundar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steven M Markwell
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nitya V Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cheryl L Olson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Subhas Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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34
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Brill-Karniely Y, Dror D, Duanis-Assaf T, Goldstein Y, Schwob O, Millo T, Orehov N, Stern T, Jaber M, Loyfer N, Vosk-Artzi M, Benyamini H, Bielenberg D, Kaplan T, Buganim Y, Reches M, Benny O. Triangular correlation (TrC) between cancer aggressiveness, cell uptake capability, and cell deformability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax2861. [PMID: 31998832 PMCID: PMC6962040 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The malignancy potential is correlated with the mechanical deformability of the cancer cells. However, mechanical tests for clinical applications are limited. We present here a Triangular Correlation (TrC) between cell deformability, phagocytic capacity, and cancer aggressiveness, suggesting that phagocytic measurements can be a mechanical surrogate marker of malignancy. The TrC was proved in human prostate cancer cells with different malignancy potential, and in human bladder cancer and melanoma cells that were sorted into subpopulations based solely on their phagocytic capacity. The more phagocytic subpopulations showed elevated aggressiveness ex vivo and in vivo. The uptake potential was preserved, and differences in gene expression and in epigenetic signature were detected. In all cases, enhanced phagocytic and aggressiveness phenotypes were correlated with greater cell deformability and predicted by a computational model. Our multidisciplinary study provides the proof of concept that phagocytic measurements can be applied for cancer diagnostics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Brill-Karniely
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
- Corresponding author. (O.B.); (Y.B.-K.)
| | - Dvir Dror
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Tal Duanis-Assaf
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yoel Goldstein
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Ouri Schwob
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Talya Millo
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Natalie Orehov
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Tal Stern
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Mohammad Jaber
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Netanel Loyfer
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Margarita Vosk-Artzi
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Hadar Benyamini
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Diane Bielenberg
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tommy Kaplan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
- Corresponding author. (O.B.); (Y.B.-K.)
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35
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Wolf KJ, Chen J, Coombes J, Aghi MK, Kumar S. Dissecting and rebuilding the glioblastoma microenvironment with engineered materials. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:651-668. [PMID: 32647587 PMCID: PMC7347297 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer. Several decades of research have provided great insight into GBM progression; however, the prognosis remains poor with a median patient survival time of ~ 15 months. The tumour microenvironment (TME) of GBM plays a crucial role in mediating tumour progression and thus is being explored as a therapeutic target. Progress in the development of treatments targeting the TME is currently limited by a lack of model systems that can accurately recreate the distinct extracellular matrix composition and anatomic features of the brain, such as the blood-brain barrier and axonal tracts. Biomaterials can be applied to develop synthetic models of the GBM TME to mimic physiological and pathophysiological features of the brain, including cellular and ECM composition, mechanical properties, and topography. In this Review, we summarize key features of the GBM microenvironment and discuss different strategies for the engineering of GBM TME models, including 2D and 3D models featuring chemical and mechanical gradients, interfaces and fluid flow. Finally, we highlight the potential of engineered TME models as platforms for mechanistic discovery and drug screening as well as preclinical testing and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Wolf
- University of California, Berkeley – University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jason Coombes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- University of California, Berkeley – University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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36
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Lu YC, Chu T, Hall MS, Fu DJ, Shi Q, Chiu A, An D, Wang LH, Pardo Y, Southard T, Danko CG, Liphardt J, Nikitin AY, Wu M, Fischbach C, Coonrod S, Ma M. Physical confinement induces malignant transformation in mammary epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119307. [PMID: 31271857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The physical microenvironment of tumor cells plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Here, we present evidence that confinement - a new physical parameter that is apart from matrix stiffness - can also induce malignant transformation in mammary epithelial cells. We discovered that MCF10A cells, a benign mammary cell line that forms growth-arrested polarized acini in Matrigel, transforms into cancer-like cells within the same Matrigel material following confinement in alginate shell hydrogel microcapsules. The confined cells exhibited a range of tumor-like behaviors, including uncontrolled cellular proliferation and invasion. Additionally, 4-6 weeks after transplantation into the mammary fad pads of immunocompromised mice, the confined cells formed large palpable masses that exhibited histological features similar to that of carcinomas. Taken together, our findings suggest that physical confinement represents a previously unrecognized mechanism for malignancy induction in mammary epithelial cells and also provide a new, microcapsule-based, high throughput model system for testing new breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Lu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tinyi Chu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew S Hall
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dah-Jiun Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega Shriram Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; BioX Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alan Chiu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Duo An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Long-Hai Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yehudah Pardo
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Teresa Southard
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jan Liphardt
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega Shriram Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; BioX Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Scott Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Hughes JH, Ewy JM, Chen J, Wong SY, Tharp KM, Stahl A, Kumar S. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that BMP4 sensitizes glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells to mechanical cues. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:112-127. [PMID: 31189077 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with a highly invasive stem-like subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells (TICs), which drive recurrence and contribute to intra-tumoral heterogeneity through differentiation. These TICs are better able to escape extracellular matrix-imposed mechanical restrictions on invasion than their more differentiated progeny, and sensitization of TICs to extracellular matrix mechanics extends survival in preclinical models of GBM. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the relationship between TIC differentiation and mechanotransduction. Here we explore this relationship through a combination of transcriptomic analysis and studies with defined-stiffness matrices. We show that TIC differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) suppresses expression of proteins relevant to extracellular matrix signaling and sensitizes TIC spreading to matrix stiffness. Moreover, our findings point towards a previously unappreciated connection between BMP4-induced differentiation, mechanotransduction, and metabolism. Notably, stiffness and differentiation modulate oxygen consumption, and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation influences cell spreading in a stiffness- and differentiation-dependent manner. Our work integrates bioinformatic analysis with targeted molecular measurements and perturbations to yield new insight into how morphogen-induced differentiation influences how GBM TICs process mechanical inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H Hughes
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeanette M Ewy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sophie Y Wong
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin M Tharp
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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38
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Palamà IE, D'Amone S, Ratano P, Donatelli A, Liscio A, Antonacci G, Testini M, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Cortese B. Mechanical Durotactic Environment Enhances Specific Glioblastoma Cell Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E643. [PMID: 31075964 PMCID: PMC6562761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A hallmark of glioblastoma is represented by their ability to widely disperse throughout the brain parenchyma. The importance of developing new anti-migratory targets is critical to reduce recurrence and improve therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Polydimethylsiloxane substrates, either mechanically uniform or presenting durotactic cues, were fabricated to assess GBM cell morphological and dynamical response with and without pharmacological inhibition of NNMII contractility, of its upstream regulator ROCK and actin polymerization. Results: Glioma cells mechanotactic efficiency varied depending on the rigidity compliance of substrates. Morphologically, glioma cells on highly rigid and soft bulk substrates displayed bigger and elongated aggregates whereas on durotactic substrates the same cells were homogeneously dispersed with a less elongated morphology. The durotactic cues also induced a motility change, cell phenotype dependent, and with cells being more invasive on stiffer substrates. Pharmacological inhibition of myosin or ROCK revealed a rigidity-insensitivity, unlike inhibition of microfilament contraction and polymerization of F-actin, suggesting that alternative signalling is used to respond to durotactic cues. Conclusions: The presence of a distinct mechanical cue is an important factor in cell migration. Together, our results provide support for a durotactic role of glioma cells that acts through actomyosin contractility to regulate the aggressive properties of GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania D'Amone
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Ratano
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Amato Donatelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Liscio
- National Research Council-Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Antonacci
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Cortese
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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39
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Stringer BW, Day BW, D'Souza RCJ, Jamieson PR, Ensbey KS, Bruce ZC, Lim YC, Goasdoué K, Offenhäuser C, Akgül S, Allan S, Robertson T, Lucas P, Tollesson G, Campbell S, Winter C, Do H, Dobrovic A, Inglis PL, Jeffree RL, Johns TG, Boyd AW. A reference collection of patient-derived cell line and xenograft models of proneural, classical and mesenchymal glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4902. [PMID: 30894629 PMCID: PMC6427001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-passage, serum-free cell lines cultured from patient tumour tissue are the gold-standard for preclinical studies and cellular investigations of glioblastoma (GBM) biology, yet entrenched, poorly-representative cell line models are still widely used, compromising the significance of much GBM research. We submit that greater adoption of these critical resources will be promoted by the provision of a suitably-sized, meaningfully-described reference collection along with appropriate tools for working with them. Consequently, we present a curated panel of 12 readily-usable, genetically-diverse, tumourigenic, patient-derived, low-passage, serum-free cell lines representing the spectrum of molecular subtypes of IDH-wildtype GBM along with their detailed phenotypic characterisation plus a bespoke set of lentiviral plasmids for bioluminescent/fluorescent labelling, gene expression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation. The cell lines and all accompanying data are readily-accessible via a single website, Q-Cell (qimrberghofer.edu.au/q-cell/) and all plasmids are available from Addgene. These resources should prove valuable to investigators seeking readily-usable, well-characterised, clinically-relevant, gold-standard models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Jamieson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Zara C Bruce
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Goasdoué
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Seçkin Akgül
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne Allan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Peter Lucas
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gert Tollesson
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott Campbell
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Craig Winter
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Po-Ling Inglis
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rosalind L Jeffree
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Glioblastoma's Next Top Model: Novel Culture Systems for Brain Cancer Radiotherapy Research. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010044. [PMID: 30621226 PMCID: PMC6356812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, remains one of the least treatable cancers. Current standard of care—combining surgical resection, radiation, and alkylating chemotherapy—results in a median survival of only 15 months. Despite decades of investment and research into the development of new therapies, most candidate anti-glioma compounds fail to translate into effective treatments in clinical trials. One key issue underlying this failure of therapies that work in pre-clinical models to generate meaningful improvement in human patients is the profound mismatch between drug discovery systems—cell cultures and mouse models—and the actual tumors they are supposed to imitate. Indeed, current strategies that evaluate the effects of novel treatments on GBM cells in vitro fail to account for a wide range of factors known to influence tumor growth. These include secreted factors, the brain’s unique extracellular matrix, circulatory structures, the presence of non-tumor brain cells, and nutrient sources available for tumor metabolism. While mouse models provide a more realistic testing ground for potential therapies, they still fail to account for the full complexity of tumor-microenvironment interactions, as well as the role of the immune system. Based on the limitations of current models, researchers have begun to develop and implement novel culture systems that better recapitulate the complex reality of brain tumors growing in situ. A rise in the use of patient derived cells, creative combinations of added growth factors and supplements, may provide a more effective proving ground for the development of novel therapies. This review will summarize and analyze these exciting developments in 3D culturing systems. Special attention will be paid to how they enhance the design and identification of compounds that increase the efficacy of radiotherapy, a bedrock of GBM treatment.
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Tropomyosin Tpm 2.1 loss induces glioblastoma spreading in soft brain-like environments. J Neurooncol 2018; 141:303-313. [PMID: 30535593 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-03049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain is a very soft tissue. Glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours are highly infiltrative into the surrounding healthy brain tissue and invasion mechanisms that have been defined using rigid substrates therefore may not apply to GBM dissemination. GBMs characteristically lose expression of the high molecular weight tropomyosins, a class of actin-associating proteins and essential regulators of the actin stress fibres and focal adhesions that underpin cell migration on rigid substrates. METHODS Here, we investigated how loss of the high molecular weight tropomyosins affects GBM on soft matrices that recapitulate the biomechanical architecture of the brain. RESULTS We find that Tpm 2.1 is down-regulated in GBM grown on soft substrates. We demonstrate that Tpm 2.1 depletion by siRNA induces cell spreading and elongation in soft 3D hydrogels, irrespective of matrix composition. Tpm 1.7, a second high molecular weight tropomyosin is also down-regulated when cells are cultured on soft brain-like surfaces and we show that effects of this isoform are matrix dependent, with Tpm 1.7 inducing cell rounding in 3D collagen gels. Finally, we show that the absence of Tpm 2.1 from primary patient-derived GBMs correlates with elongated, mesenchymal invasion. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Tpm 2.1 down-regulation facilitates GBM colonisation of the soft brain environment. This specialisation of the GBM actin cytoskeleton organisation that is highly suited to the soft brain-like environment may provide novel therapeutic targets for arresting GBM invasion.
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Oraiopoulou ME, Tzamali E, Tzedakis G, Liapis E, Zacharakis G, Vakis A, Papamatheakis J, Sakkalis V. Integrating in vitro experiments with in silico approaches for Glioblastoma invasion: the role of cell-to-cell adhesion heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16200. [PMID: 30385804 PMCID: PMC6212459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma cells adopt migration strategies to invade into the brain parenchyma ranging from individual to collective mechanisms, whose role and dynamics are not yet fully understood. In this work, we explore Glioblastoma heterogeneity and recapitulate its invasive patterns both in vitro, by utilizing primary cells along with the U87MG cell line, and in silico, by adopting discrete, individual cell-based mathematics. Glioblastoma cells are cultured three-dimensionally in an ECM-like substrate. The primary Glioblastoma spheroids adopt a novel cohesive pattern, mimicking perivascular invasion in the brain, while the U87MG adopt a typical, starburst invasive pattern under the same experimental setup. Mathematically, we focus on the role of the intrinsic heterogeneity with respect to cell-to-cell adhesion. Our proposed mathematical approach mimics the invasive morphologies observed in vitro and predicts the dynamics of tumour expansion. The role of the proliferation and migration is also explored showing that their effect on tumour morphology is different per cell type. The proposed model suggests that allowing cell-to-cell adhesive heterogeneity within the tumour population is sufficient for variable invasive morphologies to emerge which remain originally undetectable by conventional imaging, indicating that exploration in pathological samples is needed to improve our understanding and reveal potential patient-specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-E Oraiopoulou
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - E Tzamali
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - G Tzedakis
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - E Liapis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Zacharakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Vakis
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Neurosurgery Clinic, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - J Papamatheakis
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - V Sakkalis
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Mair DB, Ames HM, Li R. Mechanisms of invasion and motility of high-grade gliomas in the brain. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2509-2515. [PMID: 30325290 PMCID: PMC6254577 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are especially difficult tumors to treat due to their invasive behavior. This has led to extensive research focusing on arresting glioma cell migration. Cell migration involves the sensing of a migratory cue, followed by polarization in the direction of the cue, and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to allow for a protrusive leading edge and a contractile trailing edge. Transmission of these forces to produce motility also requires adhesive interactions of the cell with the extracellular microenvironment. In glioma cells, transmembrane receptors such as CD44 and integrins bind the cell to the surrounding extracellular matrix that provides a substrate on which the cell can exert the requisite forces for cell motility. These various essential parts of the migratory machinery are potential targets to halt glioma cell invasion. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of glioma cell migration and how they may be targeted in anti-invasion therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B. Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Heather M. Ames
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Drug screening of biopsy-derived spheroids using a self-generated microfluidic concentration gradient. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14672. [PMID: 30279484 PMCID: PMC6168499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing drug screening of tissue derived from cancer patient biopsies using physiologically relevant 3D tumour models presents challenges due to the limited amount of available cell material. Here, we present a microfluidic platform that enables drug screening of cancer cell-enriched multicellular spheroids derived from tumour biopsies, allowing extensive anticancer compound screening prior to treatment. This technology was validated using cell lines and then used to screen primary human prostate cancer cells, grown in 3D as a heterogeneous culture from biopsy-derived tissue. The technology enabled the formation of repeatable drug concentration gradients across an array of spheroids without external fluid actuation, delivering simultaneously a range of drug concentrations to multiple sized spheroids, as well as replicates for each concentration. As proof-of-concept screening, spheroids were generated from two patient biopsies and a panel of standard-of-care compounds for prostate cancer were tested. Brightfield and fluorescence images were analysed to provide readouts of spheroid growth and health, as well as drug efficacy over time. Overall, this technology could prove a useful tool for personalised medicine and future drug development, with the potential to provide cost- and time-reduction in the healthcare delivery.
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Palamà IE, D'Amone S, Cortese B. Microenvironmental Rigidity of 3D Scaffolds and Influence on Glioblastoma Cells: A Biomaterial Design Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:131. [PMID: 30320080 PMCID: PMC6166390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania D'Amone
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-Nanotechnology Institute, Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortese
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-Nanotechnology Institute, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Lim EJ, Suh Y, Kim S, Kang SG, Lee SJ. Force-mediated proinvasive matrix remodeling driven by tumor-associated mesenchymal stem-like cells in glioblastoma. BMB Rep 2018; 51:182-187. [PMID: 29301607 PMCID: PMC5933213 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.4.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In carcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts participate in force-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, consequently leading to invasion of cancer cells. Likewise, the ECM remodeling actively occurs in glioblastoma (GBM) and the consequent microenvironmental stiffness is strongly linked to migration behavior of GBM cells. However, in GBM the stromal cells responsible for force-mediated ECM remodeling remain unidentified. We show that tumor-associated mesenchymal stem-like cells (tMSLCs) provide a proinvasive matrix condition in GBM by force-mediated ECM remodeling. Importantly, CCL2-mediated Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) activation increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 in tMSLCs and led to collagen assembly and actomyosin contractility. Collectively, our findings implicate tMSLCs as stromal cells providing force-mediated proinvasive ECM remodeling in the GBM microenvironment, and reminiscent of fibroblasts in carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Lim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yongjoon Suh
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seungmo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Krol I, Castro-Giner F, Maurer M, Gkountela S, Szczerba BM, Scherrer R, Coleman N, Carreira S, Bachmann F, Anderson S, Engelhardt M, Lane H, Evans TRJ, Plummer R, Kristeleit R, Lopez J, Aceto N. Detection of circulating tumour cell clusters in human glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:487-491. [PMID: 30065256 PMCID: PMC6134152 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive, invasive and hypervascularised malignant brain cancer. Individual circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are sporadically found in GBM patients, yet it is unclear whether multicellular CTC clusters are generated in this disease and whether they can bypass the physical hurdle of the blood-brain barrier. Here, we assessed CTC presence and composition at multiple time points in 13 patients with progressing GBM during an open-label phase 1/2a study with the microtubule inhibitor BAL101553. We observe CTC clusters ranging from 2 to 23 cells and present at multiple sampling time points in a GBM patient with pleomorphism and extensive necrosis, throughout disease progression. Exome sequencing of GBM CTC clusters highlights variants in 58 cancer-associated genes including ATM, PMS2, POLE, APC, XPO1, TFRC, JAK2, ERBB4 and ALK. Together, our findings represent the first evidence of the presence of CTC clusters in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Krol
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Maurer
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Maria Szczerba
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Scherrer
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niamh Coleman
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Carreira
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Felix Bachmann
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Engelhardt
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Lane
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruth Plummer
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Juanita Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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A three-dimensional (3D) organotypic microfluidic model for glioma stem cells - Vascular interactions. Biomaterials 2018; 198:63-77. [PMID: 30098794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Despite many treatment options, prognosis of GBM remains dismal with a 5-year survival rate of 4.7%. Even then, tumors often recur after treatment. Tumor recurrence is hypothesized to be driven by glioma stem cell (GSC) populations which are highly tumorigenic, invasive, and resistant to several forms of therapy. GSCs are often concentrated around the tumor vasculature, referred to as the vascular niche, which are known to provide microenvironmental cues to maintain GSC stemness, promote invasion, and resistance to therapies. In this work, we developed a 3D organotypic microfluidic platform, integrated with hydrogel-based biomaterials, to mimic the GSC vascular niche and study the influence of endothelial cells (ECs) on patient-derived GSC behavior and identify signaling cues that mediate their invasion and phenotype. The established microvascular network enhanced GSC migration within a 3D hydrogel, promoted invasive morphology as well as maintained GSC proliferation rates and phenotype (Nestin, SOX2, CD44). Notably, we compared migration behavior to in vivo mice model and found similar invasive morphology suggesting that our microfluidic system could represent a physiologically relevant in vivo microenvironment. Moreover, we confirmed that CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling is involved in promoting GSC invasion in a 3D vascular microenvironment by utilizing a CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100), while also demonstrating the effectiveness of the microfluidic as a drug screening assay. Our model presents a potential ex vivo platform for studying the interplay of GSCs with its surrounding microenvironment as well as development of future therapeutic strategies tailored toward disrupting key molecular pathways involved in GSC regulatory mechanisms.
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50
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Northcott JM, Dean IS, Mouw JK, Weaver VM. Feeling Stress: The Mechanics of Cancer Progression and Aggression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018. [PMID: 29541636 PMCID: PMC5835517 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic landscape in which the physical and mechanical properties evolve dramatically throughout cancer progression. These changes are driven by enhanced tumor cell contractility and expansion of the growing tumor mass, as well as through alterations to the material properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Consequently, tumor cells are exposed to a number of different mechanical inputs including cell–cell and cell-ECM tension, compression stress, interstitial fluid pressure and shear stress. Oncogenes engage signaling pathways that are activated in response to mechanical stress, thereby reworking the cell's intrinsic response to exogenous mechanical stimuli, enhancing intracellular tension via elevated actomyosin contraction, and influencing ECM stiffness and tissue morphology. In addition to altering their intracellular tension and remodeling the microenvironment, cells actively respond to these mechanical perturbations phenotypically through modification of gene expression. Herein, we present a description of the physical changes that promote tumor progression and aggression, discuss their interrelationship and highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to alleviate the mechanical stresses driving cancer to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette M Northcott
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ivory S Dean
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Janna K Mouw
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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