1
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Fujita Y, Kosakamoto H, Obata F. Microbiota-derived acetylcholine can promote gut motility in Drosophila melanogaster. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230075. [PMID: 38497270 PMCID: PMC10945411 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is crucial for intestinal health, including gastrointestinal (GI) motility. How commensal bacterial species influence GI motility has not been fully elucidated. A major factor of GI motility is the gut contraction promoting the propulsive movement of orally ingested materials. Here, we developed a method to monitor and quantify gut contractions in living Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We found that the culture medium of an isolated strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lsi promoted gut contraction in vivo, which was not observed in Leuconostoc sp. Leui nor Acetobacter persici Ai culture medium. To identify bacteria-derived metabolites, we performed metabolome analysis of the culture media by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of the 66 metabolites detected, we found that some metabolites changed in a species-specific manner. Among them, acetylcholine was specifically produced by L. plantarum. Feeding exogenous acetylcholine increased the frequency of gut contractions, which was blocked by D-tubocurarine, an inhibitor of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In this study, we propose a mechanism by which the gut microbiota influences Drosophila gut motility. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Fujita
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hina Kosakamoto
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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2
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Maritan E, Quagliariello A, Frago E, Patarnello T, Martino ME. The role of animal hosts in shaping gut microbiome variation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230071. [PMID: 38497257 PMCID: PMC10945410 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Millions of years of co-evolution between animals and their associated microbial communities have shaped and diversified the nature of their relationship. Studies continue to reveal new layers of complexity in host-microbe interactions, the fate of which depends on a variety of different factors, ranging from neutral processes and environmental factors to local dynamics. Research is increasingly integrating ecosystem-based approaches, metagenomics and mathematical modelling to disentangle the individual contribution of ecological factors to microbiome evolution. Within this framework, host factors are known to be among the dominant drivers of microbiome composition in different animal species. However, the extent to which they shape microbiome assembly and evolution remains unclear. In this review, we summarize our understanding of how host factors drive microbial communities and how these dynamics are conserved and vary across taxa. We conclude by outlining key avenues for research and highlight the need for implementation of and key modifications to existing theory to fully capture the dynamics of host-associated microbiomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maritan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Quagliariello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Enric Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
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3
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Liu Z, Zhang H, Lemaitre B, Li X. Duox activation in Drosophila Malpighian tubules stimulates intestinal epithelial renewal through a countercurrent flow. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114109. [PMID: 38613782 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut must perform a dual role of protecting the host against toxins and pathogens while harboring mutualistic microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the NADPH oxidase Duox contributes to intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut that stimulate epithelial renewal. We find instead that the ROS generated by Duox in the Malpighian tubules leads to the production of Upd3, which enters the gut and stimulates stem cell proliferation. We describe in Drosophila the existence of a countercurrent flow system, which pushes tubule-derived Upd3 to the anterior part of the gut and stimulates epithelial renewal at a distance. Thus, our paper clarifies the role of Duox in gut homeostasis and describes the existence of retrograde fluid flow in the gut, collectively revealing a fascinating example of inter-organ communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonggeng Liu
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Berry C. Factors Related to Bacillus thuringiensis and Gut Physiology. Comment on Rajan, V. An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin. Life 2023, 13, 2195. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:205. [PMID: 38398714 PMCID: PMC10890433 DOI: 10.3390/life14020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent article has proposed that alkaline guts may lead to a general susceptibility to the biological control agent Bacillus thuringiensis and the pesticidal proteins derived from it. An analysis of the literature presented here clarifies our knowledge on the activity and safety of these agents, indicating that alkaline guts are not determinant of sensitivity and that the generalized conclusions proposed in the previous article cannot be substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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5
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Vieira Contreras F, Auger GM, Müller L, Richter V, Huetteroth W, Seufert F, Hildebrand PW, Scholz N, Thum AS, Ljaschenko D, Blanco-Redondo B, Langenhan T. The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor mayo/CG11318 controls midgut development in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113640. [PMID: 38180839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) form a large family of cell surface molecules with versatile tasks in organ development. Many aGPCRs still await their functional and pharmacological deorphanization. Here, we characterized the orphan aGPCR CG11318/mayo of Drosophila melanogaster and found it expressed in specific regions of the gastrointestinal canal and anal plates, epithelial specializations that control ion homeostasis. Genetic removal of mayo results in tachycardia, which is caused by hyperkalemia of the larval hemolymph. The hyperkalemic effect can be mimicked by a raise in ambient potassium concentration, while normal potassium levels in mayoKO mutants can be restored by pharmacological inhibition of potassium channels. Intriguingly, hyperkalemia and tachycardia are caused non-cell autonomously through mayo-dependent control of enterocyte proliferation in the larval midgut, which is the primary function of this aGPCR. These findings characterize the ancestral aGPCR Mayo as a homeostatic regulator of gut development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vieira Contreras
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Genevieve M Auger
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lena Müller
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Richter
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf Huetteroth
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Seufert
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Ljaschenko
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatriz Blanco-Redondo
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Germany.
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6
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Bing XL, Liang ZJ, Tian J, Gong X, Huang SQ, Chen J, Hong XY. The influence of Acetobacter pomorum bacteria on the developmental progression of Drosophila suzukii via gluconic acid secretion. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17202. [PMID: 37947376 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects are rich in various microorganisms, which play diverse roles in affecting host biology. Although most Drosophila species prefer rotten fruits, the agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii attacks ripening fruits before they are harvested. We have reported that the microbiota has positive and negative impacts on the agricultural pest D. suzukii on nutrient-poor and -rich diets, respectively. On nutrient-poor diets, microbes provide protein to facilitate larval development. But how they impede D. suzukii development on nutrient-rich diets is unknown. Here we report that Acetobacter pomorum (Apo), a commensal bacterium in many Drosophila species and rotting fruit, has several detrimental effects in D. suzukii. Feeding D. suzukii larvae nutrient-rich diets containing live Apo significantly delayed larval development and reduced the body weight of emerged adults. Apo induced larval immune responses and downregulated genes of digestion and juvenile hormone metabolism. Knockdown of these genes in germ-free larvae reproduced Apo-like weakened phenotypes. Apo was confirmed to secrete substantial amounts of gluconic acid. Adding gluconic acid to the D. suzukii larval diet hindered larval growth and decreased adult body weight. Moreover, the dose of gluconic acid that adversely affected D. suzukii did not negatively affect Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that D. suzukii is less tolerant to acid than D. melanogaster. Taken together, these findings indicate that D. suzukii is negatively affected by gluconic acid, which may explain why it prefers ripening fruit over Apo-rich rotting fruit. These results show an insect's tolerance to microbes can influence its ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Bing
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Jian Liang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shao-Qiu Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Jin G, Kim Y. Screening of insect immune suppressors using a recombinant phospholipase A2 of a lepidopteran insect. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22081. [PMID: 38288493 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) catalyzes phospholipids at the sn-2 position to release free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA) or its precursor. The free AA is then oxygenated into different eicosanoids, which mediate the diverse physiological processes in insects. Any inhibition of the PLA2 catalysis would give rise to serious malfunctioning in insect growth and development. An onion moth, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis, encodes four different PLA2 genes (As-PLA2 A-As-PLA2 D), in which As-PLA2 A is dominantly expressed at all developmental stages and in different larval tissues. RNA interference of the As-PLA2 A expression significantly reduced the PLA2 activity of A. sapporensis, which suffered from immunosuppression. A recombinant As-PLA2 A protein was purified from a bacterial expression system, which exhibited a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and hence susceptible to a specific inhibitor to sPLA2 and dithiothreitol. A total of 19 bacterial metabolites derived from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus were screened against the recombinant As-PLA2 A. Five potent metabolites were highly inhibitory and followed a competitive enzyme inhibition. These five inhibitors suppressed the immune responses of A. sapporensis by inhibiting hemocyte-spreading behavior and phenoloxidase activity. However, an addition of AA could significantly rescue the immunosuppression induced by the selected inhibitors. These studies suggest that the recombinant As-PLA2 A protein can be applied for high-throughput screening of insect immunosuppressive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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8
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Thottacherry JJ, Chen J, Johnston DS. Apical-basal polarity in the gut. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 150-151:15-22. [PMID: 36670034 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Apical-Basal polarity is a fundamental property of all epithelial cells that underlies both their form and function. The gut is made up of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells, with distinct apical, lateral and basal domains. Occluding junctions at the apical side of the lateral domains create a barrier between the gut lumen and the body, which is crucial for tissue homeostasis, protection against gastrointestinal pathogens and for the maintenance of the immune response. Apical-basal polarity in most epithelia is established by conserved polarity factors, but recent evidence suggests that the gut epithelium in at least some organisms polarises by novel mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in understanding polarity factors by focussing on work in C. elegans, Drosophila, Zebrafish and Mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jose Thottacherry
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Chen
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom.
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9
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Van Lommel J, Holtof M, Tilleman L, Cools D, Vansteenkiste S, Polgun D, Verdonck R, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Vanden Broeck J. Post-feeding transcriptomics reveals essential genes expressed in the midgut of the desert locust. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1232545. [PMID: 37692997 PMCID: PMC10484617 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1232545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract constitutes an important interface between an animal's internal and external environment. In insects, available gut transcriptome studies are mostly exploratory or look at changes upon infection or upon exposure to xenobiotics, mainly performed in species belonging to holometabolan orders, such as Diptera, Lepidoptera or Coleoptera. By contrast, studies focusing on gene expression changes after food uptake and during digestion are underrepresented. We have therefore compared the gene expression profiles in the midgut of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, between three different time points after feeding, i.e., 24 h (no active digestion), 10 min (the initial stage of feeding), and 2 h (active food digestion). The observed gene expression profiles were consistent with the polyphagous herbivorous lifestyle of this hemimetabolan (orthopteran) species. Our study reveals the upregulation of 576 genes 2 h post-feeding. These are mostly predicted to be associated with digestive physiology, such as genes encoding putative digestive enzymes or nutrient transporters, as well as genes putatively involved in immunity or in xenobiotic metabolism. The 10 min time point represented an intermediate condition, suggesting that the S. gregaria midgut can react rapidly at the transcriptional level to the presence of food. Additionally, our study demonstrated the critical importance of two transcripts that exhibited a significant upregulation 2 h post-feeding: the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase and the sterol transporter Niemann-Pick 1b protein, which upon RNAi-induced knockdown resulted in a marked increase in mortality. Their vital role and accessibility via the midgut lumen may make the encoded proteins promising insecticidal target candidates, considering that the desert locust is infamous for its huge migrating swarms that can devastate the agricultural production in large areas of Northern Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. In conclusion, the transcriptome datasets presented here will provide a useful and promising resource for studying the midgut physiology of S. gregaria, a socio-economically important pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Van Lommel
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Holtof
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dorien Cools
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Vansteenkiste
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daria Polgun
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Verdonck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Lab, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Rhimi M, Da Lage JL, Haser R, Feller G, Aghajari N. Structural and Functional Characterization of Drosophila melanogaster α-Amylase. Molecules 2023; 28:5327. [PMID: 37513201 PMCID: PMC10384113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects rely on carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen as an energy supply for growth of larvae and for longevity. In this sense α-amylases have essential roles under extreme conditions, e.g., during nutritional or temperature stress, thereby contributing to survival of the insect. This makes them interesting targets for combating insect pests. Drosophila melanogaster α-amylase, DMA, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 13, sub family 15, has been studied from an evolutionary, biochemical, and structural point of view. Our studies revealed that the DMA enzyme is active over a broad temperature and pH range, which is in agreement with the fluctuating environmental changes with which the insect is confronted. Crystal structures disclosed a new nearly fully solvated metal ion, only coordinated to the protein via Gln263. This residue is only conserved in the subgroup of D. melanogaster and may thus contribute to the enzyme adaptive response to large temperature variations. Studies of the effect of plant inhibitors and the pseudo-tetrasaccharide inhibitor acarbose on DMA activity, allowed us to underline the important role of the so-called flexible loop on activity/inhibition, but also to suggest that the inhibition modes of the wheat inhibitors WI-1 and WI-3 on DMA, are likely different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Rhimi
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086, CNRS, University of Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France
| | - Jean-Luc Da Lage
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, UMR 9191 University Paris-Saclay-CNRS-IRD, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Richard Haser
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086, CNRS, University of Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France
| | - Georges Feller
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Engineering-InBioS, Institute of Chemistry B6a, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nushin Aghajari
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086, CNRS, University of Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France
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11
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Shu Q, Wang Y, Gu H, Zhu Q, Liu W, Dai Y, Li F, Li B. Effects of artificial diet breeding on intestinal microbial populations at the young stage of silkworm (Bombyx mori). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023:e22019. [PMID: 37096338 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an economically important insect and serves as a model organism for Lepidoptera. To investigate the effects of the intestinal microbial population on the growth and development of larvae fed an artificial diet (AD) during the young stages, we analyzed the characteristics of the intestinal microbial population using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Our results revealed that the intestinal flora of the AD group tended to be simple by the 3rd-instar, which Lactobacillus accounting for 14.85% and leading to a decreased pH in the intestinal fluid. In contrast, the intestinal flora of silkworms in the mulberry leaf (ML) group showed continuous growth of diversity, with Proteobacteria accounting for 37.10%, Firmicutes accounting for 21.44%, and Actinobacteria accounting for 17.36%. Additionally, we detected the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes at different instars and found that the activity of digestive enzymes in the AD group increased by larval instar. Protease activity in the AD group was lower during the 1st- to 3rd-instars compared to the ML group, while α-amylase and lipase activities were significantly higher in the AD group during the 2nd- and 3rd-instar compared to the ML group. Furthermore, our experimental results indicated that changes in the intestinal population decreased the pH and affected the activity of proteases, which might contribute to the slower growth and development of larvae in the AD group. In summary, this study provides a reference for investigating the relationship between artificial diet and intestinal flora balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoyi Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Suzhou Taihu Snow Silk Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Suzhou Taihu Snow Silk Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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12
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Asgari D, Saski CA, Meisel RP, Nayduch D. Constitutively-expressed and induced immune effectors in the house fly (Musca domestica) and the transcription factors that may regulate them. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:782-797. [PMID: 35875866 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects possess both infection-induced and constitutively expressed innate immune defences. Some effectors, such as lysozymes and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are constitutively expressed in flies, but expression patterns vary across tissues and species. The house fly (Musca domestica L.) has an impressive immune repertoire, with more effector genes than any other flies. We used RNA-seq to explore both constitutive and induced expression of immune effectors in flies. House flies were fed either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli, or sterile control broth, and gene expression in the gut and carcass was analysed 4 h post-feeding. Flies fed either bacterium did not induce AMP expression, but some lysozyme and AMP genes were constitutively expressed. Prior transcriptome data from flies injected with bacteria also were analysed, and these constitutively expressed genes differed from those induced by bacterial injection. Binding sites for the transcription factor Myc were enriched upstream of constitutively expressed AMP genes, while upstream regions of induced AMPs were enriched for NF-κB binding sites resembling those of the Imd-responsive transcription factor Relish. Therefore, we identified at least two expression repertoires for AMPs in the house fly: constitutively expressed genes that may be regulated by Myc, and induced AMPs likely regulated by Relish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Asgari
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Nayduch
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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13
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Alaraby M, Abass D, Villacorta A, Hernández A, Marcos R. Antagonistic in vivo interaction of polystyrene nanoplastics and silver compounds. A study using Drosophila. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156923. [PMID: 35753490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since heavy metals and micro-/nanoplastics (MNPLs) can share common environmental niches, their potential interactions could modulate their hazard impacts. The current study was planned to evaluate the potential interactions between silver compounds (silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate) and two different sizes of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPLs) (PS-50 and PS-500 nm), administered via ingestion to Drosophila larvae. While egg-to-adult survival was not affected by the exposure to silver compounds, PSNPLs, or their coexposures, the combined treatments succeeded to restore the delay of fly emergence induced by silver compounds. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the ability of PSNPLs to transport silver compounds (regardless of their form) across the intestinal barrier, delivering them into the hemolymph of Drosophila larvae in a concentration exceeding that mediated by the exposure to silver compounds alone. The molecular response (gene expression) of Drosophila larvae greatly fluctuated, accordingly if exposures were administered alone or in combination. Although PSNPLs produced some oxidative stress in the hemocytes of Drosophila, especially at the highest dose (1 mM), higher levels were observed after silver exposure, regardless of its form. Interestingly, the oxidative stress of silver, especially that produced by nano‑silver, drastically decreased when coexposed with PSNPLs. Similar effects were observed regarding the DNA damage induced in Drosophila hemocytes, where cotreatment decreased the genotoxicity induced by silver compounds. This antagonistic interaction could be attributed to the ability of tiny plastic specks to confine silver, avoiding its bioavailability, and diminishing their potential impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaraby
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Abass
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Aliro Villacorta
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Chen J, St Johnston D. Epithelial Cell Polarity During Drosophila Midgut Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886773. [PMID: 35846367 PMCID: PMC9281564 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Drosophila midgut epithelium is derived from a group of stem cells called adult midgut precursors (AMPs) that are specified during the migration of the endoderm in early embryogenesis. AMPs are maintained and expanded in AMP nests that lie on the basal side of the larval midgut throughout the larval development. During metamorphosis, the larval midgut undergoes histolysis and programmed cell death, while the central cells in the AMP nests form the future adult midgut and the peripheral cells form the transient pupal midgut. Here we review what is known about how cells polarise in the embryonic, larval, pupal and adult midgut, and discuss the open questions about the mechanisms that control the changes in cell arrangements, cell shape and cell polarity during midgut development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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VhaAC39-1 regulates gut homeostasis and affects the health span in Drosophila. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Wu S, Yin S, Zhou B. Molecular physiology of iron trafficking in Drosophila melanogaster. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100888. [PMID: 35158107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis in insects is less-well understood comparatively to mammals. The classic model organism Drosophila melanogaster has been recently employed to explore how iron is trafficked between and within cells. An outline for iron absorption, systemic delivery, and efflux is thus beginning to emerge. The proteins Malvolio, ZIP13, mitoferrin, ferritin, transferrin, and IRP-1A are key players in these processes. While many features are shared with those in mammals, some physiological differences may also exist. Notable remaining questions include the existence and identification of functional transferrin and ferritin receptors, and of an iron exporter like ferroportin, how systemic iron homeostasis is controlled, and the roles of different tissues in regulating iron physiology. By focusing on aspects of iron trafficking, this review updates on presently known complexities of iron homeostasis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sai Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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17
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Macdonald SJ, Cloud-Richardson KM, Sims-West DJ, Long AD. Powerful, efficient QTL mapping in Drosophila melanogaster using bulked phenotyping and pooled sequencing. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab238. [PMID: 35100395 PMCID: PMC8893256 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the value of recombinant inbred lines for the dissection of complex traits, large panels can be difficult to maintain, distribute, and phenotype. An attractive alternative to recombinant inbred lines for many traits leverages selecting phenotypically extreme individuals from a segregating population, and subjecting pools of selected and control individuals to sequencing. Under a bulked or extreme segregant analysis paradigm, genomic regions contributing to trait variation are revealed as frequency differences between pools. Here, we describe such an extreme quantitative trait locus, or extreme quantitative trait loci, mapping strategy that builds on an existing multiparental population, the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource, and involves phenotyping and genotyping a population derived by mixing hundreds of Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource recombinant inbred lines. Simulations demonstrate that challenging, yet experimentally tractable extreme quantitative trait loci designs (≥4 replicates, ≥5,000 individuals/replicate, and selecting the 5-10% most extreme animals) yield at least the same power as traditional recombinant inbred line-based quantitative trait loci mapping and can localize variants with sub-centimorgan resolution. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach using a 4-fold replicated extreme quantitative trait loci experiment that identifies 7 quantitative trait loci for caffeine resistance. Two mapped extreme quantitative trait loci factors replicate loci previously identified in recombinant inbred lines, 6/7 are associated with excellent candidate genes, and RNAi knock-downs support the involvement of 4 genes in the genetic control of trait variation. For many traits of interest to drosophilists, a bulked phenotyping/genotyping extreme quantitative trait loci design has considerable advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | | | - Dylan J Sims-West
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Anthony D Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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18
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Nutrient Sensing via Gut in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052694. [PMID: 35269834 PMCID: PMC8910450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms in animals' sense available nutrients to generate a physiological regulatory response involving absorption, digestion, and regulation of food intake and to maintain glucose and energy homeostasis. During nutrient sensing via the gastrointestinal tract, nutrients interact with receptors on the enteroendocrine cells in the gut, which in return respond by secreting various hormones. Sensing of nutrients by the gut plays a critical role in transmitting food-related signals to the brain and other tissues informing the composition of ingested food to digestive processes. These signals modulate feeding behaviors, food intake, metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy balance. The increasing significance of fly genetics with the availability of a vast toolbox for studying physiological function, expression of chemosensory receptors, and monitoring the gene expression in specific cells of the intestine makes the fly gut the most useful tissue for studying the nutrient-sensing mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize on the role of Drosophila gut in nutrient-sensing to maintain metabolic homeostasis and gut-brain cross talk using endocrine and neuronal signaling pathways stimulated by internal state or the consumption of various dietary nutrients. Overall, this review will be useful in understanding the post-ingestive nutrient-sensing mechanisms having a physiological and pathological impact on health and diseases.
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19
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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20
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Frank HER, Amato K, Trautwein M, Maia P, Liman ER, Nichols LM, Schwenk K, Breslin PAS, Dunn RR. The evolution of sour taste. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211918. [PMID: 35135352 PMCID: PMC8826303 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of sour taste has been little studied. Through a combination of literature review and trait mapping on the vertebrate phylogenetic tree, we consider the origin of sour taste, potential cases of the loss of sour taste, and those factors that might have favoured changes in the valence of sour taste-from aversive to appealing. We reconstruct sour taste as having evolved in ancient fish. By contrast to other tastes, sour taste does not appear to have been lost in any major vertebrate taxa. For most species, sour taste is aversive. Animals, including humans, that enjoy the sour taste triggered by acidic foods are exceptional. We conclude by considering why sour taste evolved, why it might have persisted as vertebrates made the transition to land and what factors might have favoured the preference for sour-tasting, acidic foods, particularly in hominins, such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. R. Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Katie Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Trautwein
- Entomology Department, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA
| | - Paula Maia
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Emily R. Liman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren M. Nichols
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Kurt Schwenk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul A. S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA,Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Liu XJ, Liang XY, Guo J, Shi XK, Merzendorfer H, Zhu KY, Zhang JZ. V-ATPase subunit a is required for survival and midgut development of Locusta migratoria. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:60-72. [PMID: 34528734 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar-type H+ -ATPase (V-ATPase) is an ATP-dependent proton pump, which regulates various cellular processes. To date, most functional studies on V-ATPases of insects have focused on subunits of the V1 complex, and there is little information on the VO genes. In this study, two cDNA sequences of LmV-ATPase a were identified in Locusta migratoria. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that LmV-ATPase a1 and LmV-ATPase a2 are differentially expressed in various tissues and developmental stages. Injection of dsRNA for the common region of LmV-ATPase a1 and LmV-ATPase a2 into third-instar nymphs resulted in a significant suppression of LmV-ATPase a. The injected nymphs ceased feeding, lost body weight and finally died at a mortality of 98.6%. Furthermore, aberrations of midgut epithelial cells, the accumulation of electron-lucent vesicles in the cytoplasm, and a partially damaged brush border were observed in dsLmV-ATPase a-injected nymphs using transmission electron microscopy. Especially, the mRNA level of wingles, and notch genes were dramatically down-regulated in the dsLmV-ATPase a-injected nymphs. Taken together, our results suggest that LmV-ATPase a is required for survival and midgut development of L. migratoria. Hence, this gene could be a good target for RNAi-based control against locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-J Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - X-Y Liang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - J Guo
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - X-K Shi
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - H Merzendorfer
- Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - K Y Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J-Z Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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22
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Ioannidis P, Buer B, Ilias A, Kaforou S, Aivaliotis M, Orfanoudaki G, Douris V, Geibel S, Vontas J, Denecke S. A spatiotemporal atlas of the lepidopteran pest Helicoverpa armigera midgut provides insights into nutrient processing and pH regulation. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:75. [PMID: 35073840 PMCID: PMC8785469 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caterpillars from the insect order Lepidoptera are some of the most widespread and destructive agricultural pests. Most of their impact is at the larval stage, where the midgut epithelium mediates the digestion and absorption of an astonishing amount of food. Although this tissue has been the subject of frequent investigation in Lepidoptera, a comprehensive expression atlas has yet to be generated. Results Here, we perform RNA-sequencing and proteomics on the gut of the polyphagous pest Helicoverpa armigera across, life stages, diet types, and compartments of the anterior-posterior axis. A striking relationship between the structural homology and expression pattern of a group of sugar transporters was observed in the early larval stages. Further comparisons were made among the spatial compartments of the midgut, which suggested a putative role for vATPases and SLC9 transporters in the generation of alkaline conditions in the H. armigera midgut. Conclusions This comprehensive resource will aid the scientific community in understanding lepidopteran gut physiology in unprecedented resolution. It is hoped that this study advances the understanding of the lepidopteran midgut and also facilitates functional work in this field. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08274-x.
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23
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Krause SA, Overend G, Dow JAT, Leader DP. FlyAtlas 2 in 2022: enhancements to the Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D1010-D1015. [PMID: 34718735 PMCID: PMC8728208 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
FlyAtlas 2 (flyatlas2.org) is a database and web application for studying the expression of the genes of Drosophila melanogaster in different tissues of adults and larvae. It is based on RNA-Seq data, and incorporates both genes encoding proteins and microRNAs. We have now completed the population of the database with 13 tissues from both male and female adults, five sex-specific tissues, and eight larval tissues. Larval garland cell nephrocytes have also been included. Major enhancements have been made to the application. First, a facility has been added for a 'Profile' search for genes with a similar pattern of tissue expression as a query gene. This may help establish the function of genes for which this is currently unknown. Second, a facility has been added dedicated to the larval midgut, where the difference in gene expression in the five regions of different pH can be explored. A variety of further improvements to the interface are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue A Krause
- Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gayle Overend
- Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David P Leader
- Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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24
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Mazzucco R, Schlötterer C. Long-term gut microbiome dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster reveal environment-specific associations between bacterial taxa at the family level. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212193. [PMID: 34905708 PMCID: PMC8670958 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the microbiome on its host is well-documented, but the interplay of its members is not yet well-understood. Even for simple microbiomes, the interaction among members of the microbiome is difficult to study. Longitudinal studies provide a promising approach to studying such interactions through the temporal covariation of different taxonomic units. By contrast to most longitudinal studies, which span only a single host generation, we here present a post hoc analysis of a whole-genome dataset of 81 samples that follows microbiome composition for up to 180 host generations, which cover nearly 10 years. The microbiome diversity remained rather stable in replicated Drosophila melanogaster populations exposed to two different temperature regimes. The composition changed, however, systematically across replicates of the two temperature regimes. Significant associations between families, mostly specific to one temperature regime, indicate functional interdependence of different microbiome components. These associations also involve moderately abundant families, which emphasizes their functional importance, and highlights the importance of looking beyond the common constituents of the Drosophila microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Mazzucco
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, Wien 1210, Austria
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, Wien 1210, Austria
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25
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Berdan EL, Mérot C, Pavia H, Johannesson K, Wellenreuther M, Butlin RK. A large chromosomal inversion shapes gene expression in seaweed flies ( Coelopa frigida). Evol Lett 2021; 5:607-624. [PMID: 34917400 PMCID: PMC8645196 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversions often underlie complex adaptive traits, but the genic targets inside them are largely unknown. Gene expression profiling provides a powerful way to link inversions with their phenotypic consequences. We examined the effects of the Cf-Inv(1) inversion in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida on gene expression variation across sexes and life stages. Our analyses revealed that Cf-Inv(1) shapes global expression patterns, most likely via linked variation, but the extent of this effect is variable, with much stronger effects in adults than larvae. Furthermore, within adults, both common as well as sex-specific patterns were found. The vast majority of these differentially expressed genes mapped to Cf-Inv(1). However, genes that were differentially expressed in a single context (i.e., in males, females, or larvae) were more likely to be located outside of Cf-Inv(1). By combining our findings with genomic scans for environmentally associated SNPs, we were able to pinpoint candidate variants in the inversion that may underlie mechanistic pathways that determine phenotypes. Together the results of this study, combined with previous findings, support the notion that the polymorphic Cf-Inv(1) inversion in this species is a major factor shaping both coding and regulatory variation resulting in highly complex adaptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Berdan
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSE‐40530Sweden
| | - Claire Mérot
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQCG1V 0A6Canada
| | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSE‐40530Sweden
| | - Kerstin Johannesson
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSE‐40530Sweden
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.Nelson7010New Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAuckland1010New Zealand
| | - Roger K. Butlin
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSE‐40530Sweden
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUnited Kingdom
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26
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Majane AC, Cridland JM, Begun DJ. Single-nucleus transcriptomes reveal evolutionary and functional properties of cell types in the Drosophila accessory gland. Genetics 2021; 220:6440054. [PMID: 34849871 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traits responsible for male reproduction evolve quickly, including gene expression phenotypes in germline and somatic male reproductive tissues. Rapid male evolution in polyandrous species is thought to be driven by competition among males for fertilizations and conflicts between male and female fitness interests that manifest in post-copulatory phenotypes. In Drosophila, seminal fluid proteins secreted by three major cell types of the male accessory gland and ejaculatory duct are required for female sperm storage and use, and influence female post-copulatory traits. Recent work has shown that these cell types have overlapping but distinct effects on female post-copulatory biology, yet relatively little is known about their evolutionary properties. Here we use single-nucleus RNA-Seq of the accessory gland and ejaculatory duct from Drosophila melanogaster and two closely related species to comprehensively describe the cell diversity of these tissues and their transcriptome evolution for the first time. We find that seminal fluid transcripts are strongly partitioned across the major cell types, and expression of many other genes additionally define each cell type. We also report previously undocumented diversity in main cells. Transcriptome divergence was found to be heterogeneous across cell types and lineages, revealing a complex evolutionary process. Furthermore, protein adaptation varied across cell types, with potential consequences for our understanding of selection on male post-copulatory traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Majane
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Julie M Cridland
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David J Begun
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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A nutrient-responsive hormonal circuit mediates an inter-tissue program regulating metabolic homeostasis in adult Drosophila. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5178. [PMID: 34462441 PMCID: PMC8405823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals maintain metabolic homeostasis by modulating the activity of specialized organs that adjust internal metabolism to external conditions. However, the hormonal signals coordinating these functions are incompletely characterized. Here we show that six neurosecretory cells in the Drosophila central nervous system respond to circulating nutrient levels by releasing Capa hormones, homologs of mammalian neuromedin U, which activate the Capa receptor (CapaR) in peripheral tissues to control energy homeostasis. Loss of Capa/CapaR signaling causes intestinal hypomotility and impaired nutrient absorption, which gradually deplete internal nutrient stores and reduce organismal lifespan. Conversely, increased Capa/CapaR activity increases fluid and waste excretion. Furthermore, Capa/CapaR inhibits the release of glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone from the corpora cardiaca, which restricts energy mobilization from adipose tissue to avoid harmful hyperglycemia. Our results suggest that the Capa/CapaR circuit occupies a central node in a homeostatic program that facilitates the digestion and absorption of nutrients and regulates systemic energy balance.
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Gakii C, Bwana BK, Mugambi GG, Mukoya E, Mireji PO, Rimiru R. In silico-driven analysis of the Glossina morsitans morsitans antennae transcriptome in response to repellent or attractant compounds. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11691. [PMID: 34249514 PMCID: PMC8255069 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput sequencing generates large volumes of biological data that must be interpreted to make meaningful inference on the biological function. Problems arise due to the large number of characteristics p (dimensions) that describe each record [n] in the database. Feature selection using a subset of variables extracted from the large datasets is one of the approaches towards solving this problem. METHODOLOGY In this study we analyzed the transcriptome of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Tsetsefly) antennae after exposure to either a repellant (δ-nonalactone) or an attractant (ε-nonalactone). We identified 308 genes that were upregulated or downregulated due to exposure to a repellant (δ-nonalactone) or an attractant (ε-nonalactone) respectively. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to cluster the genes into 12 modules and filter unconnected genes. Discretized and association rule mining was used to find association between genes thereby predicting the putative function of unannotated genes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the significantly expressed chemosensory genes (FDR < 0.05) in response to Ɛ-nonalactone were gustatory receptors (GrIA and Gr28b), ionotrophic receptors (Ir41a and Ir75a), odorant binding proteins (Obp99b, Obp99d, Obp59a and Obp28a) and the odorant receptor (Or67d). Several non-chemosensory genes with no assigned function in the NCBI database were co-expressed with the chemosensory genes. Exposure to a repellent (δ-nonalactone) did not show any significant change between the treatment and control samples. We generated a coexpression network with 276 edges and 130 nodes. Genes CAH3, Ahcy, Ir64a, Or67c, Ir8a and Or67a had node degree values above 11 and therefore could be regarded as the top hub genes in the network. Association rule mining showed a relation between various genes based on their appearance in the same itemsets as consequent and antecedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolata Gakii
- Department of Mathematics, Computing and Information Technology, University of Embu, Embu, Eastern, Kenya
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Grace Gathoni Mugambi
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Esther Mukoya
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Center, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Rimiru
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Jugder BE, Kamareddine L, Watnick PI. Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex. Immunity 2021; 54:1683-1697.e3. [PMID: 34107298 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-derived acetate activates the Drosophila immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway in a subset of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the anterior midgut. In these cells, the IMD pathway co-regulates expression of antimicrobial and enteroendocrine peptides including tachykinin, a repressor of intestinal lipid synthesis. To determine whether acetate acts on a cell surface pattern recognition receptor or an intracellular target, we asked whether acetate import was essential for IMD signaling. Mutagenesis and RNA interference revealed that the putative monocarboxylic acid transporter Tarag was essential for enhancement of IMD signaling by dietary acetate. Interference with histone deacetylation in EECs augmented transcription of genes regulated by the steroid hormone ecdysone including IMD targets. Reduced expression of the histone acetyltransferase Tip60 decreased IMD signaling and blocked rescue by dietary acetate and other sources of intracellular acetyl-CoA. Thus, microbe-derived acetate induces chromatin remodeling within enteroendocrine cells, co-regulating host metabolism and intestinal innate immunity via a Tip60-steroid hormone axis that is conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Erdene Jugder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paula I Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Do S, Koutsos EA, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, de Godoy MRC, Swanson KS. Amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid score-like values of black soldier fly larvae fed different forms and concentrations of calcium using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab124. [PMID: 33880561 PMCID: PMC8188813 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are an alternative protein source for animals, including dogs and cats. Dietary calcium source is an essential nutrient for BSFL development in the pupal stage. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are common calcium sources but differ in solubility, acid-binding capacity, and calcium concentration. A high calcium concentration in BSFL may affect how well nitrogen and amino acids (AA) are digested by animals consuming them, thereby affecting feed conversion efficiency. Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary calcium form and concentration on nutrient composition, AA digestibility, and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values of BSFL intended for use in animal feeds using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All BSFL tested in this study were harvested at 18 d after hatch. Industry standard rearing conditions were maintained and a commercial layer ration was fed to all BSFL until 11 d post-hatch. From day 11 to 18, BSFL were fed a combination of distiller's dried grains with solubles from a distillery, bakery byproduct meal, and varied calcium sources. All BSFL diets contained 0.2% calcium in the basal diet plus additional calcium in the following amounts and forms: BSFLA: 1.2% CaCl2, BSFLB: 1.2% CaCO3, BSFLC: 0.75% CaCO3, and BSFLD: 0.6% CaCO3 + 0.6% CaCl2. On day 18, BSFL were washed and frozen. Prior to the rooster assay, BSFL were lyophilized and ground. In total, 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters per substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20 g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta were collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using five additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Nutrient and AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. DIAAS-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to the Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and National Research Council recommended allowances for dogs and cats. Although AA digestibilities did not differ, those containing CaCO3 generally had higher DIAAS-like reference values than the diet containing CaCl2 alone (BSFLA). Aromatic AA (Phe + Tyr) and sulfur AA (Met + Cys) were often first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that calcium sources fed to BSFL did not affect AA digestibility and protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Do
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Pamela L Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carl M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801, USA
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Physical and Chemical Barriers in the Larval Midgut Confer Developmental Resistance to Virus Infection in Drosophila. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050894. [PMID: 34065985 PMCID: PMC8151258 DOI: 10.3390/v13050894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects can become lethally infected by the oral intake of a number of insect-specific viruses. Virus infection commonly occurs in larvae, given their active feeding behaviour; however, older larvae often become resistant to oral viral infections. To investigate mechanisms that contribute to resistance throughout the larval development, we orally challenged Drosophila larvae at different stages of their development with Drosophila C virus (DCV, Dicistroviridae). Here, we showed that DCV-induced mortality is highest when infection initiates early in larval development and decreases the later in development the infection occurs. We then evaluated the peritrophic matrix as an antiviral barrier within the gut using a Crystallin-deficient fly line (Crys-/-), whose PM is weakened and becomes more permeable to DCV-sized particles as the larva ages. This phenotype correlated with increasing mortality the later in development oral challenge occurred. Lastly, we tested in vitro the infectivity of DCV after incubation at pH conditions that may occur in the midgut. DCV virions were stable in a pH range between 3.0 and 10.5, but their infectivity decreased at least 100-fold below (1.0) and above (12.0) this range. We did not observe such acidic conditions in recently hatched larvae. We hypothesise that, in Drosophila larvae, the PM is essential for containing ingested virions separated from the gut epithelium, while highly acidic conditions inactivate the majority of the virions as they transit.
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Alaraby M, Hernández A, Marcos R. Novel insights into biodegradation, interaction, internalization and impacts of high-aspect-ratio TiO 2 nanomaterials: A systematic in vivo study using Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124474. [PMID: 33187802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elongated nature of the high-aspect-ratio nanomaterials (NMs) can help us to obtain valuable information on its biodegradation, physical interaction with target-cells, and internalization. Three different length nano-titanium have been studied using Drosophila, TEM, and different biological markers. Nano-titanium, regardless of its shape, was eroded and degraded just entering the gut lumen of the larvae. Results showed that the distinguished shape of nanowires helps to understand the interactions of NMs with the intestinal barrier. The peritrophic membrane, as the first defense line of the intestinal barrier, succeeded in the reservation of NMs, though the perpendicular particles of nanowires stabbing it, making pores, and permitting their translocation into intestinal cells. On the other side, the exposure to TiO2NPs did not decrease egg-to-adult viability, but all its different shapes, especially nanowires, mediated a wide molecular response including changes of expression in genes involved in stress, antioxidant, repair, and physical interaction responses. All these changes concerning their ability to elevate ROS levels ultimately led to potential genotoxicity. So, the high aspect ratio NMs are efficient in understanding the outstanding issues of NMs exposure, but at the same time could induce genotoxic impact rather than the low aspect ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaraby
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Bai S, Yao Z, Raza MF, Cai Z, Zhang H. Regulatory mechanisms of microbial homeostasis in insect gut. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:286-301. [PMID: 32888254 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects live in incredibly complex environments. The intestinal epithelium of insects is in constant contact with microorganisms, some of which are beneficial and some harmful to the host. Insect gut health and function are maintained through multidimensional mechanisms that can proficiently remove foreign pathogenic microorganisms while effectively maintaining local symbiotic microbial homeostasis. The basic immune mechanisms of the insect gut, such as the dual oxidase-reactive oxygen species (Duox-ROS) system and the immune deficiency (Imd)-signaling pathway, are involved in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. This paper reviews the role of physical defenses, the Duox-ROS and Imd signaling pathways, the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway, and intestinal symbiotic flora in the homeostatic maintenance of the insect gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhichao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Fahim Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108992. [PMID: 33882310 PMCID: PMC8116483 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite.
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Tragust S, Herrmann C, Häfner J, Braasch R, Tilgen C, Hoock M, Milidakis MA, Gross R, Feldhaar H. Formicine ants swallow their highly acidic poison for gut microbial selection and control. eLife 2020; 9:e60287. [PMID: 33138912 PMCID: PMC7609056 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals continuously encounter microorganisms that are essential for health or cause disease. They are thus challenged to control harmful microbes while allowing the acquisition of beneficial microbes. This challenge is likely especially important for social insects with respect to microbes in food, as they often store food and exchange food among colony members. Here we show that formicine ants actively swallow their antimicrobial, highly acidic poison gland secretion. The ensuing acidic environment in the stomach, the crop, can limit the establishment of pathogenic and opportunistic microbes ingested with food and improve the survival of ants when faced with pathogen contaminated food. At the same time, crop acidity selectively allows acquisition and colonization by Acetobacteraceae, known bacterial gut associates of formicine ants. This suggests that swallowing of the poison in formicine ants acts as a microbial filter and that antimicrobials have a potentially widespread but so far underappreciated dual role in host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tragust
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Claudia Herrmann
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Jane Häfner
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Ronja Braasch
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Christina Tilgen
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Maria Hoock
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Margarita Artemis Milidakis
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
| | - Roy Gross
- Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am HublandWürzburgGermany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, UniversitätsstraßeBayreuthGermany
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Xie E, Guo H, Jiang L, Xia Q. Identification of the Vo domain of V-ATPase in Bombyx mori silkworm. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:386-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mo D, Chen Y, Jiang N, Shen J, Zhang J. Investigation of Isoform Specific Functions of the V-ATPase a Subunit During Drosophila Wing Development. Front Genet 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32754202 PMCID: PMC7365883 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-dependent proton pumps that play vital roles in eukaryotic cells. Insect V-ATPases are required in nearly all epithelial tissues to regulate a multiplicity of processes including receptor-mediated endocytosis, protein degradation, fluid secretion, and neurotransmission. Composed of fourteen different subunits, several V-ATPase subunits exist in distinct isoforms to perform cell type specific functions. The 100 kD a subunit (Vha100) of V-ATPases are encoded by a family of five genes in Drosophila, but their assignments are not fully understood. Here we report an experimental survey of the Vha100 gene family during Drosophila wing development. A combination of CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, somatic clonal analysis and in vivo RNAi assays is used to characterize the requirement of Vha100 isoforms, and mutants of Vha100-2, Vha100-3, Vha100-4, and Vha100-5 genes were generated. We show that Vha100-3 and Vha100-5 are dispensable for fly development, while Vha100-1 is not critically required in the wing. As for the other two isoforms, we find that Vha100-2 regulates wing cuticle maturation, while Vha100-4 is the single isoform involved in developmental patterning. More specifically, Vha100-4 is required for proper activation of the Wingless signaling pathway during fly wing development. Interestingly, we also find a specific genetic interaction between Vha100-1 and Vha100-4 during wing development. Our results revealed the distinct roles of Vha100 isoforms during insect wing development, providing a rationale for understanding the diverse roles of V-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Mo
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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38
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Methionine Availability in the Arthropod Intestine Is Elucidated through Identification of Vibrio cholerae Methionine Acquisition Systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00371-20. [PMID: 32220836 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00371-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While only a subset of Vibrio cholerae strains are human diarrheal pathogens, all are aquatic organisms. In this environment, they often persist in close association with arthropods. In the intestinal lumen of the model arthropod Drosophila melanogaster, methionine and methionine sulfoxide decrease susceptibility to V. cholerae infection. In addition to its structural role in proteins, methionine participates in the methionine cycle, which carries out synthetic and regulatory methylation reactions. It is, therefore, essential for the growth of both animals and bacteria. Methionine is scarce in some environments, and the facile conversion of free methionine to methionine sulfoxide in oxidizing environments interferes with its utilization. To ensure an adequate supply of methionine, the genomes of most organisms encode multiple high-affinity uptake pathways for methionine as well as multiple methionine sulfoxide reductases, which reduce free and protein-associated methionine sulfoxide to methionine. To explore the role of methionine uptake and reduction in V. cholerae colonization of the arthropod intestine, we mutagenized the two high-affinity methionine transporters and five methionine sulfoxide reductases encoded in the V. cholerae genome. We show that MsrC is the sole methionine sulfoxide reductase active on free methionine sulfoxide. Furthermore, in the absence of methionine synthesis, high-affinity methionine uptake but not reduction is essential for V. cholerae colonization of the Drosophila intestine. These findings allow us to place a lower limit of 0.05 mM and an upper limit of 0.5 mM on the methionine concentration in the Drosophila intestine.IMPORTANCE Methionine is an essential amino acid involved in both biosynthetic and regulatory processes in the bacterial cell. To ensure an adequate supply of methionine, bacteria have evolved multiple systems to synthesize, import, and recover this amino acid. To explore the importance of methionine synthesis, transport, and recovery in any environment, all of these systems must be identified and mutagenized. Here, we have mutagenized every high-affinity methionine uptake system and methionine sulfoxide reductase encoded in the genome of the diarrheal pathogen V. cholerae We use this information to determine that high-affinity methionine uptake systems are sufficient to acquire methionine in the intestine of the model arthropod Drosophila melanogaster but are not involved in virulence and that the intestinal concentration of methionine must be between 0.05 mM and 0.5 mM.
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Allen AM, Neville MC, Birtles S, Croset V, Treiber CD, Waddell S, Goodwin SF. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult Drosophila ventral nerve cord. eLife 2020; 9:e54074. [PMID: 32314735 PMCID: PMC7173974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) receives and processes descending signals from the brain to produce a variety of coordinated locomotor outputs. It also integrates sensory information from the periphery and sends ascending signals to the brain. We used single-cell transcriptomics to generate an unbiased classification of cellular diversity in the VNC of five-day old adult flies. We produced an atlas of 26,000 high-quality cells, representing more than 100 transcriptionally distinct cell types. The predominant gene signatures defining neuronal cell types reflect shared developmental histories based on the neuroblast from which cells were derived, as well as their birth order. The relative position of cells along the anterior-posterior axis could also be assigned using adult Hox gene expression. This single-cell transcriptional atlas of the adult fly VNC will be a valuable resource for future studies of neurodevelopment and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Allen
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Megan C Neville
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Birtles
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincent Croset
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen F Goodwin
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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40
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An intestinal zinc sensor regulates food intake and developmental growth. Nature 2020; 580:263-268. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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New insights on Drosophila antimicrobial peptide function in host defense and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Hung RJ, Hu Y, Kirchner R, Liu Y, Xu C, Comjean A, Tattikota SG, Li F, Song W, Ho Sui S, Perrimon N. A cell atlas of the adult Drosophila midgut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1514-1523. [PMID: 31915294 PMCID: PMC6983450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916820117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the adult Drosophila midgut have led to many insights in our understanding of cell-type diversity, stem cell regeneration, tissue homeostasis, and cell fate decision. Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing provide opportunities to identify new cell types and molecular features. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptome of midgut epithelial cells and identified 22 distinct clusters representing intestinal stem cells, enteroblasts, enteroendocrine cells (EEs), and enterocytes. This unbiased approach recovered most of the known intestinal stem cells/enteroblast and EE markers, highlighting the high quality of the dataset, and led to insights on intestinal stem cell biology, cell type-specific organelle features, the roles of new transcription factors in progenitors and regional variation along the gut, 5 additional EE gut hormones, EE hormonal expression diversity, and paracrine function of EEs. To facilitate mining of this rich dataset, we provide a web-based resource for visualization of gene expression in single cells. Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive resource for addressing functions of genes in the midgut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rory Kirchner
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chiwei Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aram Comjean
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Fangge Li
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shannan Ho Sui
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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43
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High-Resolution Infection Kinetics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Entering Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010060. [PMID: 31963655 PMCID: PMC7023307 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been a useful model for studying wound healing in insects due to their natural mechanism of entering an insect host either through the cuticle or an orifice. While many experiments have shed light on nematode and host behavior, as well as the host immune response, details regarding early nematode entry and proliferative events have been limited. Using high-resolution microscopy, we provide data on the early infection kinetics of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens. EPNs appendage themselves to the host and enter through the host cuticle with a drill-like mechanism while leaving their outer sheath behind. EPNs immediately release their symbiotic bacteria in the host which leads to changes in host behavior and septicemia within 6 h while EPNs travel through the host in a predictable manner, congregating in the anterior end of the host. This paper sheds light on the entry and proliferative events of EPN infection, which will further aid in our understanding of wound healing and host immune activation at a high spatiotemporal resolution.
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44
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Vásquez-Procopio J, Osorio B, Cortés-Martínez L, Hernández-Hernández F, Medina-Contreras O, Ríos-Castro E, Comjean A, Li F, Hu Y, Mohr S, Perrimon N, Missirlis F. Intestinal response to dietary manganese depletion inDrosophila. Metallomics 2020; 12:218-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations to manganese deficiency.
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45
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Sapre N, Chakraborty R, Purohit P, Bhat S, Das G, Bajpe SR. Enteric pH responsive cargo release from PDA and PEG coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a comparative study in Drosophila melanogaster. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11716-11726. [PMID: 35496595 PMCID: PMC9050832 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological stimulus-specific cargo release from nanoparticle carriers is a holy grail of drug delivery research. While the majority of such work is carried out in vitro with cell lines, widespread use of common mammalian model systems – mice and rats – is difficult due to the associated cost and regulatory restrictions. Here we use the inexpensive, easily reared, excellent genetic model system Drosophila melanogaster to test pH responsive cargo release from widely used mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) coated with pH sensitive polydopamine (PDA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. We synthesized 650 ± 75 nm diameter PDA or PEG coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with a fluorescent dye and fed to individual adult flies. Subsequently, the passage of the particles were monitored through the fly gut. As in mammals, the fly intestine has multiple pH specific zones that are easily accessible for imaging and also genetic, biochemical or physiological manipulations. We observed that both the species of MSNs ruptured around the acidic (pH < 4.0) middle midgut of the flies. PEG coated particles showed sharper specificity of release in the acidic middle midgut of flies than the PDA coated ones and had less tendency to clump together. Our results clearly show that the Drosophila gut can be used as a model to test pH responsive biocompatible materials in vivo. Our work paves the way for greater use of Drosophila as an in vivo complete systemic model in drug delivery and smart materials research. It also suggests that such specific delivery of chemical/biological cargo can be exploited to study basic biology of the gut cells and their communication with other organs. Targeted delivery in Drosophila middle mid-gut at pH < 4.0.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sapre
- Symbiosis Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU)
- Pune
- India
| | | | | | | | - Gaurav Das
- National Centre for Cell Science
- Pune
- India
| | - Sneha R. Bajpe
- Symbiosis Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU)
- Pune
- India
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46
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Microbial Control of Intestinal Homeostasis via Enteroendocrine Cell Innate Immune Signaling. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:141-149. [PMID: 31699645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A community of commensal microbes, known as the intestinal microbiota, resides within the gastrointestinal tract of animals and plays a role in maintenance of host metabolic homeostasis and resistance to pathogen invasion. Enteroendocrine cells, which are relatively rare in the intestinal epithelium, have evolved to sense and respond to these commensal microbes. Specifically, they express G-protein-coupled receptors and functional innate immune signaling pathways that recognize products of microbial metabolism and microbe-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Here we review recent evidence from Drosophila melanogaster that microbial cues recruit antimicrobial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the enteroendocrine innate immune system and argue that this response may play a role not only in maintaining host metabolic homeostasis but also in intestinal resistance to invasion by bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens.
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47
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Molecular mechanisms associated with acidification and alkalization along the larval midgut of Musca domestica. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 237:110535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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48
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Host determinants of among-species variation in microbiome composition in drosophilid flies. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 14:217-229. [PMID: 31624341 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic composition of microbial communities in animals varies among animal species, but the contribution of interspecific differences in filtering of the microbial pool by the animal host to this variation is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate significant interspecific variation in microbial community composition among laboratory-reared Drosophila species that was not related to host phylogeny. Complementary reciprocal transfer experiments yielded different microbial communities for a single microbiota administered to homologous and heterologous hosts (i.e., the same and different Drosophila species from which the microbiota was derived), indicative of among-host species differences in traits that shape microbiota composition. The difference in microbiota composition between homologous and heterologous hosts was not greater for distantly related than for closely related host species pairs. Furthermore, Drosophila survival to adulthood was significantly reduced in heterologous associations relative to homologous associations and microbiologically sterile flies, suggesting that microbial taxa that are advantageous for their homologous host species can be deleterious for other host species. We conclude that drosophilid flies display robust among-host species variation in host controls over microbiota composition that has diversified in response to selection pressures which are not tracked by host phylogeny.
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49
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Capo F, Wilson A, Di Cara F. The Intestine of Drosophila melanogaster: An Emerging Versatile Model System to Study Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis and Host-Microbial Interactions in Humans. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090336. [PMID: 31505811 PMCID: PMC6780840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In all metazoans, the intestinal tract is an essential organ to integrate nutritional signaling, hormonal cues and immunometabolic networks. The dysregulation of intestinal epithelium functions can impact organism physiology and, in humans, leads to devastating and complex diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal cancers, and obesity. Two decades ago, the discovery of an immune response in the intestine of the genetic model system, Drosophila melanogaster, sparked interest in using this model organism to dissect the mechanisms that govern gut (patho) physiology in humans. In 2007, the finding of the intestinal stem cell lineage, followed by the development of tools available for its manipulation in vivo, helped to elucidate the structural organization and functions of the fly intestine and its similarity with mammalian gastrointestinal systems. To date, studies of the Drosophila gut have already helped to shed light on a broad range of biological questions regarding stem cells and their niches, interorgan communication, immunity and immunometabolism, making the Drosophila a promising model organism for human enteric studies. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure and functions of the Drosophila melanogaster intestine, asserting its validity as an emerging model system to study gut physiology, regeneration, immune defenses and host-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Capo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Alexa Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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50
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Xiao R, Wang X, Xie E, Ji T, Li X, Muhammad A, Yin X, Hou Y, Shi Z. An IMD-like pathway mediates the intestinal immunity to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 97:20-27. [PMID: 30914318 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most animals have established the mutualistic interactions with their intestinal microbes which provide multiple benefits to their host physiology. However, the mechanisms behind hosts determine the load and composition of gut microbiota are still poorly understood outside dipteran insects. Here, the gene, encoding the NF-κB-like transcription factor Relish, being designated as RfRelish, was identified and analyzed in red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. We revealed that the abundance of RfRelish transcripts in the fat body, hemolymph and gut are significantly higher than that in non-immunity-related tissues, and its expression level can be markedly induced by bacterial challenges. When RfRelish was silenced, the ability of individuals to clear the pathogenic bacteria in body cavity and gut was significantly compromised, suggesting that both the systemic and gut local immunity were impaired dramatically by RfRelish knockdown. Additionally, the silenced insects exhibited increased gut bacterial load, and the relative abundance of some gut bacteria was changed as compared to controls. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the IMD-like pathway restricts the proliferation of gut bacteria and shapes the commensal community structure in the intestine of R. ferrugineus by mediating the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. We provide a striking example on how an insect pest maintains the homeostasis of gut microbiota via a conserved immune pathway without compromising the advantages of the mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Erming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xianyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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