1
|
Fazel F, Doost JS, Raj S, Boodhoo N, Karimi K, Sharif S. The mRNA vaccine platform for veterinary species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 274:110803. [PMID: 39003921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination has proven to be an effective means of controlling pathogens in animals. Since the introduction of veterinary vaccines in the 19th century, several generations of vaccines have been introduced. These vaccines have had a positive impact on global animal health and production. Despite, the success of veterinary vaccines, there are still some pathogens for which there are no effective vaccines available, such as African swine fever. Further, animal health is under the constant threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, some of which are zoonotic and can pose a threat to human health. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has highlighted the need for new vaccine platforms that are safe and efficacious, but also importantly, are adaptable and can be modified rapidly to match the circulating pathogens. mRNA vaccines have been shown to be an effective vaccine platform against various viral and bacterial pathogens. This review will cover some of the recent advances in the field of mRNA vaccines for veterinary species. Moreover, various mRNA vaccines and their delivery methods, as well as their reported efficacy, will be discussed. Current limitations and future prospects of this vaccine platform in veterinary medicine will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fazel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Janan Shoja Doost
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khatua R, Bhar B, Dey S, Jaiswal C, J V, Mandal BB. Advances in engineered nanosystems: immunomodulatory interactions for therapeutic applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12820-12856. [PMID: 38888201 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have led to significant progress in the design and fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) with improved therapeutic properties. NPs have been explored for modulating the immune system, serving as carriers for drug delivery or vaccine adjuvants, or acting as therapeutics themselves against a wide range of deadly diseases. The combination of NPs with immune system-targeting moieties has facilitated the development of improved targeted immune therapies. Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents using NPs specifically to the disease-affected cells, distinguishing them from other host cells, offers the major advantage of concentrating the therapeutic effect and reducing systemic side effects. Furthermore, the properties of NPs, including size, shape, surface charge, and surface modifications, influence their interactions with the targeted biological components. This review aims to provide insights into these diverse emerging and innovative approaches that are being developed and utilized for modulating the immune system using NPs. We reviewed various types of NPs composed of different materials and their specific application for modulating the immune system. Furthermore, we focused on the mechanistic effects of these therapeutic NPs on primary immune components, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and complement systems. Additionally, a recent overview of clinically approved immunomodulatory nanomedicines and potential future perspectives, offering new paradigms of this field, is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Khatua
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Bibrita Bhar
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Souradeep Dey
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
| | - Chitra Jaiswal
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Victoria J
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahman NAA, Fuaad AAHA, Azami NAM, Amin MCIM, Azmi F. Next-generation Dengue Vaccines: Leveraging Peptide-Based Immunogens and Advanced Nanoparticles as Delivery Platforms. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00184-9. [PMID: 38761864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is a prevalent arthropod-borne disease in humans and poses a significant burden on public health. Severe cases of dengue can be life-threatening. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, its efficacy varies across different virus serotypes and may exacerbate the disease in some seronegative recipients. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against all DENV serotypes remains challenging and requires continued research. Conventional approaches in dengue vaccine development, using live or attenuated microorganisms or parts of them often contain unnecessary epitopes, risking allergenic or autoimmune reactions. To address these challenges, innovative strategies such as peptide vaccines have been explored. Peptide vaccines offer a safer alternative by inducing specific immune responses with minimal immunogenic fragments. Chemical modification strategies of peptides have revolutionized their design, allowing for the incorporation of multi-epitope presentation, self-adjuvanting features, and self-assembling properties. These modifications enhance the antigenicity of the peptides, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. This review outlines advancements in peptide-based dengue vaccine development, leveraging nanoparticles as antigen-displaying platforms. Additionally, key immunological considerations for enhancing efficacy and safety against DENV infection have been addressed, providing insight into the next-generation of dengue vaccine development leveraging on peptide-nanoparticle technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Adilah Abdul Rahman
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al-Hadi Ahmad Fuaad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azila Muhammad Azami
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazren Azmi
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu N, Zhang J, Shen Y, Zhang X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Li E, Meng X, Chuai X, Chiu S, Wang Y. A potential bivalent mRNA vaccine candidate protects against both RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1033-1047. [PMID: 38341613 PMCID: PMC11163217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As the world continues to confront severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is also causing severe respiratory illness in millions of infants, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised people globally. Exacerbating the situation is the fact that co-infection with multiple viruses is occurring, something which has greatly increased the clinical severity of the infections. Thus, our team developed a bivalent vaccine that delivered mRNAs encoding SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike (S) and RSV fusion (F) proteins simultaneously, SF-LNP, which induced S and F protein-specific binding antibodies and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice. Moreover, SF-LNP immunization effectively protected BALB/c mice from RSV infection and hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. Notably, our study pointed out the antigenic competition problem of bivalent vaccines and provided a solution. Overall, our results demonstrated the potential of preventing two infectious diseases with a single vaccine and provided a paradigm for the subsequent design of multivalent vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namei Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, P.R. China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Jinge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Entao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chuai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China.
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, P.R. China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China; RNAlfa Biotech, Hefei 230088, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diwan R, Bhatt HN, Beaven E, Nurunnabi M. Emerging delivery approaches for targeted pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115147. [PMID: 38065244 PMCID: PMC10787600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive, and life-threatening interstitial lung disease which causes scarring in the lung parenchyma and thereby affects architecture and functioning of lung. It is an irreversible damage to lung functioning which is related to epithelial cell injury, immense accumulation of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines, and irregular recruitment of extracellular matrix. The inflammatory cytokines trigger the differentiation of fibroblasts into activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, which further increase the production and deposition of collagen at the injury sites in the lung. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with PF, there is no available treatment that efficiently and effectively treats the disease by reversing their underlying pathologies. In recent years, many therapeutic regimens, for instance, rho kinase inhibitors, Smad signaling pathway inhibitors, p38, BCL-xL/ BCL-2 and JNK pathway inhibitors, have been found to be potent and effective in treating PF, in preclinical stages. However, due to non-selectivity and non-specificity, the therapeutic molecules also result in toxicity mediated severe side effects. Hence, this review demonstrates recent advances on PF pathology, mechanism and targets related to PF, development of various drug delivery systems based on small molecules, RNAs, oligonucleotides, peptides, antibodies, exosomes, and stem cells for the treatment of PF and the progress of various therapeutic treatments in clinical trials to advance PF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Elfa Beaven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jain S, Vimal N, Angmo N, Sengupta M, Thangaraj S. Dengue Vaccination: Towards a New Dawn of Curbing Dengue Infection. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:1096-1149. [PMID: 37962036 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2280698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) and is a serious global burden. Antibody-dependent enhancement and the ability of DENV to infect immune cells, along with other factors, lead to fatal Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome. This necessitates the development of a robust and efficient vaccine but vaccine development faces a number of hurdles. In this review, we look at the epidemiology, genome structure and cellular targets of DENV and elaborate upon the immune responses generated by human immune system against DENV infection. The review further sheds light on various challenges in development of a potent vaccine against DENV which is followed by presenting a current account of different vaccines which are being developed or have been licensed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Independent Researcher, Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rewari, India
| | - Neha Vimal
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nilza Angmo
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhumita Sengupta
- Janki Devi Bajaj Government Girls College, University of Kota, Kota, India
| | - Suraj Thangaraj
- Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Government Medical College, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Ambajogai, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie C, Yao R, Xia X. The advances of adjuvants in mRNA vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:162. [PMID: 37884526 PMCID: PMC10603121 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has propelled the rapid development of this vaccination technology in recent years. Over the last three decades, numerous studies have shown the considerable potential of mRNA vaccines that elicit protective immune responses against pathogens or cancers in preclinical studies or clinical trials. These effective mRNA vaccines usually contain specific adjuvants to obtain the desired immune effect. Vaccine adjuvants traditionally are immunopotentiators that bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immune cells to increase the magnitude or achieve qualitative alteration of immune responses, finally enhancing the efficacy of vaccines. Generally, adjuvants are necessary parts of competent vaccines. According to the existing literature, adjuvants in mRNA vaccines can be broadly classified into three categories: 1) RNA with self-adjuvant characteristics, 2) components of the delivery system, and 3) exogenous immunostimulants. This review summarizes the three types of adjuvants used in mRNA vaccines and provides a comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms by which adjuvants exert their functions in mRNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ruhui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li B, Jiang AY, Raji I, Atyeo C, Raimondo TM, Gordon AGR, Rhym LH, Samad T, MacIsaac C, Witten J, Mughal H, Chicz TM, Xu Y, McNamara RP, Bhatia S, Alter G, Langer R, Anderson DG. Enhancing the immunogenicity of lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines by adjuvanting the ionizable lipid and the mRNA. Nat Biomed Eng 2023:10.1038/s41551-023-01082-6. [PMID: 37679571 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
To elicit optimal immune responses, messenger RNA vaccines require intracellular delivery of the mRNA and the careful use of adjuvants. Here we report a multiply adjuvanted mRNA vaccine consisting of lipid nanoparticles encapsulating an mRNA-encoded antigen, optimized for efficient mRNA delivery and for the enhanced activation of innate and adaptive responses. We optimized the vaccine by screening a library of 480 biodegradable ionizable lipids with headgroups adjuvanted with cyclic amines and by adjuvanting the mRNA-encoded antigen by fusing it with a natural adjuvant derived from the C3 complement protein. In mice, intramuscular or intranasal administration of nanoparticles with the lead ionizable lipid and with mRNA encoding for the fusion protein (either the spike protein or the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) increased the titres of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 tenfold with respect to the vaccine encoding for the unadjuvanted antigen. Multiply adjuvanted mRNA vaccines may improve the efficacy, safety and ease of administration of mRNA-based immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allen Yujie Jiang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Idris Raji
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa M Raimondo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akiva G R Gordon
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke H Rhym
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tahoura Samad
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Corina MacIsaac
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Witten
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haseeb Mughal
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taras M Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bhatia
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zohra T, Saeed F, Ikram A, Khan T, Alam S, Adil M, Gul A, Almawash S, Ayaz M. Nanomedicine as a potential novel therapeutic approach against the dengue virus. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1567-1584. [PMID: 37753727 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an arbovirus infection which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Its prompt detection and effective treatment is a global health challenge. Various nanoparticle-based vaccines have been formulated to present immunogen (antigens) to instigate an immune response or prevent virus spread, but no specific treatment has been devised. This review explores the role of nanomedicine-based therapeutic agents against dengue virus, taking into consideration the applicable dengue virus assays that are sensitive, specific, have a short turnaround time and are inexpensive. Various kinds of metallic, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles with safe and effective profiles present an alternative strategy that could provide a better remedy for eradicating the dengue virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Zohra
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| | - Siyab Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Gul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T IJ4, Canada
| | - Saud Almawash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han X, Alameh MG, Butowska K, Knox JJ, Lundgreen K, Ghattas M, Gong N, Xue L, Xu Y, Lavertu M, Bates P, Xu J, Nie G, Zhong Y, Weissman D, Mitchell MJ. Adjuvant lipidoid-substituted lipid nanoparticles augment the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1105-1114. [PMID: 37365276 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccineare a promising platform to prevent infectious diseases as demonstrated by the recent success of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. To avoid immune recognition and uncontrolled inflammation, nucleoside-modified mRNA is used. However, such modification largely abrogates the innate immune responses that are critical to orchestrating robust adaptive immunity. Here we develop an LNP component-an adjuvant lipidoid-that can enhance the adjuvanticity of mRNA-LNP vaccines. Our results show that partial substitution of ionizable lipidoid with adjuvant lipidoid not only enhanced mRNA delivery, but also endowed LNPs with Toll-like receptor 7/8-agonistic activity, which significantly increased the innate immunity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccine with good tolerability in mice. Our optimized vaccine elicits potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus variants, strong Th1-biased cellular immunity, and robust B cell and long-lived plasma cell responses. Importantly, this adjuvant lipidoid substitution strategy works successfully in a clinically relevant mRNA-LNP vaccine, demonstrating its translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kamila Butowska
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk & Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - James J Knox
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kendall Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Majed Ghattas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ningqiang Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lulu Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junchao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou W, Jiang L, Liao S, Wu F, Yang G, Hou L, Liu L, Pan X, Jia W, Zhang Y. Vaccines' New Era-RNA Vaccine. Viruses 2023; 15:1760. [PMID: 37632102 PMCID: PMC10458896 DOI: 10.3390/v15081760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA vaccines, including conventional messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines, have ushered in a promising future and revolutionized vaccine development. The success of mRNA vaccines in combating the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that emerged in 2019 has highlighted the potential of RNA vaccines. These vaccines possess several advantages, such as high efficacy, adaptability, simplicity in antigen design, and the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. They also offer rapid and cost-effective manufacturing, flexibility to target emerging or mutant pathogens and a potential approach for clearing immunotolerant microbes by targeting bacterial or parasitic survival mechanisms. The self-adjuvant effect of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations or circular RNA further enhances the potential of RNA vaccines. However, some challenges need to be addressed. These include the technology's immaturity, high research expenses, limited duration of antibody response, mRNA instability, low efficiency of circRNA cyclization, and the production of double-stranded RNA as a side product. These factors hinder the widespread adoption and utilization of RNA vaccines, particularly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mRNA, circRNA, and saRNA vaccines for infectious diseases while also discussing their development, current applications, and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Zhou
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Linglei Jiang
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Shimiao Liao
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Feifei Wu
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Guohuan Yang
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Li Hou
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Lan Liu
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - Xinping Pan
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
| | - William Jia
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
- Shanghai-Virogin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China; (W.Z.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (F.W.); (G.Y.); (L.H.); (L.L.); (X.P.); (W.J.)
- Sinopharm Group China National Biotech Group (CNBG) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bernard MC, Bazin E, Petiot N, Lemdani K, Commandeur S, Verdelet C, Margot S, Perkov V, Ripoll M, Garinot M, Ruiz S, Boudet F, Rokbi B, Haensler J. The impact of nucleoside base modification in mRNA vaccine is influenced by the chemistry of its lipid nanoparticle delivery system. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:794-806. [PMID: 37346973 PMCID: PMC10280092 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of modified nucleosides is an important approach to mitigate the intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of exogenous mRNA and to increase its translation for mRNA therapeutic applications. However, for vaccine applications, the intrinsic immunostimulatory nature of unmodified mRNA could help induce productive immunity. Additionally, the ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) used to deliver mRNA vaccines can possess immunostimulatory properties that may influence the impact of nucleoside modification. Here we show that uridine replacement with N1-methylpseudouridine in an mRNA vaccine encoding influenza hemagglutinin had a significant impact on the induction of innate chemokines/cytokines and a positive impact on the induction of functional antibody titers in mice and macaques when MC3 or KC2 LNPs were used as delivery systems, while it impacted only minimally the titers obtained with L319 LNPs, indicating that the impact of nucleoside modification on mRNA vaccine efficacy varies with LNP composition. In line with previous observations, we noticed an inverse correlation between the induction of high innate IFN-α titers in the macaques and antigen-specific immune responses. Furthermore, and consistent with the species specificity of pathogen recognition receptors, we found that the effect of uridine replacement did not strictly translate from mice to non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Bazin
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Nadine Petiot
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Katia Lemdani
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Sylvie Commandeur
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Cécile Verdelet
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Sylvie Margot
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Vladimir Perkov
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Manon Ripoll
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Marie Garinot
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Sophie Ruiz
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Florence Boudet
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Bachra Rokbi
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Jean Haensler
- Sanofi R&D, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mantovani A, Rescigno M, Forni G, Tognon F, Putoto G, Ictho J, Lochoro P. COVID-19 vaccines and a perspective on Africa. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:172-187. [PMID: 36709083 PMCID: PMC9832054 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have dramatically changed the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 30 vaccines that were developed on four main platforms are currently being used globally, but a deep dissection of the immunological mechanisms by which they operate is limited to only a few of them. Here, we review the evidence describing specific aspects of the modes of action of COVID-19 vaccines; these include innate immunity, trained innate immunity, and mucosal responses. We also discuss the use of COVID-19 vaccines in the African continent which is ridden with inequality in its access to vaccines and vaccine-related immunological research. We argue that strengthening immunology research in Africa should inform on fundamental aspects of vaccination, including the relevance of genetics, trained innate immunity, and microbiome diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Maria Rescigno
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Putoto
- Head of Planning and Operational Research, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, Italy
| | - Jerry Ictho
- Clinical Epidemiology, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, Uganda
| | - Peter Lochoro
- Health Service Management, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, Uganda.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang YQ, Guo RR, Chen YH, Li TC, Du WZ, Xiang RW, Guan JB, Li YP, Huang YY, Yu ZQ, Cai Y, Zhang P, Ling GX. Ionizable drug delivery systems for efficient and selective gene therapy. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:9. [PMID: 36843103 PMCID: PMC9968649 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has shown great potential to treat various diseases by repairing the abnormal gene function. However, a great challenge in bringing the nucleic acid formulations to the market is the safe and effective delivery to the specific tissues and cells. To be excited, the development of ionizable drug delivery systems (IDDSs) has promoted a great breakthrough as evidenced by the approval of the BNT162b2 vaccine for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2021. Compared with conventional cationic gene vectors, IDDSs can decrease the toxicity of carriers to cell membranes, and increase cellular uptake and endosomal escape of nucleic acids by their unique pH-responsive structures. Despite the progress, there remain necessary requirements for designing more efficient IDDSs for precise gene therapy. Herein, we systematically classify the IDDSs and summarize the characteristics and advantages of IDDSs in order to explore the underlying design mechanisms. The delivery mechanisms and therapeutic applications of IDDSs are comprehensively reviewed for the delivery of pDNA and four kinds of RNA. In particular, organ selecting considerations and high-throughput screening are highlighted to explore efficiently multifunctional ionizable nanomaterials with superior gene delivery capacity. We anticipate providing references for researchers to rationally design more efficient and accurate targeted gene delivery systems in the future, and indicate ideas for developing next generation gene vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Ran-Ran Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yong-Hu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Du
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong-Wu Xiang
- Faculty of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Ji-Bin Guan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yu-Peng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yuan-Yu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science; School of Life Science; School of Medical Technology; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523018, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Gui-Xia Ling
- Faculty of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Connors J, Joyner D, Mege NJ, Cusimano GM, Bell MR, Marcy J, Taramangalam B, Kim KM, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Weissman D, Kutzler MA, Alameh MG, Haddad EK. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells in young and aged individuals. Commun Biol 2023; 6:188. [PMID: 36805684 PMCID: PMC9936473 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we studied the impact of empty LNP (eLNP), component of mRNA-based vaccine, on anti-viral pathways and immune function of cells from young and aged individuals. eLNP induced maturation of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). We further show that eLNP upregulated CD40 and induced cytokine production in multiple DC subsets and monocytes. This coincided with phosphorylation of TANK binding kinase 1 (pTBK1) and interferon response factor 7 (pIRF7). In response to eLNP, healthy older adults (>65 yrs) have decreased CD40 expression, and IFN-γ output compared to young adults (<65 yrs). Additionally, cells from older adults have a dysregulated anti-viral signaling response to eLNP stimulation, measured by the defect in type I IFN production, and phagocytosis. Overall, our data show function of eLNP in eliciting DC maturation and innate immune signaling pathways that is impaired in older adults resulting in lower immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Connors
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Joyner
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gina M Cusimano
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew R Bell
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Marcy
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bhavani Taramangalam
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Kim
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Drew Weissman
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele A Kutzler
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Austin LA, Smith JS, Nahas DD, Danzinger A, Secore S, O'Donnell G, Radcliffe S, Hu S, Perley J, Bett AJ, Gindy ME. Split-Dose Administration Enhances Immune Responses Elicited by a mRNA/Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Expressing Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:279-289. [PMID: 36251490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have recently received significant attention due to their role in combating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As a platform, mRNA vaccines have been shown to elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses with acceptable safety profiles for prophylactic use. Despite their potential, industrial challenges have limited realization of the vaccine platform on a global scale. Critical among these challenges are supply chain considerations, including mRNA production, cost of goods, and vaccine frozen-chain distribution. Here, we assess the delivery of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA/LNP) vaccines using a split-dose immunization regimen as an approach to develop mRNA dose-sparing vaccine regimens with potential to mitigate mRNA supply chain challenges. Our data demonstrate that immunization by a mRNA/LNP vaccine encoding respiratory syncytial virus pre-F (RSV pre-F) over a 9 day period elicits comparable or superior magnitude of antibodies when compared to traditional bolus immunization of the vaccine. The split-dose immunization regimens evaluated in our studies were designed to mimic reported drug or antigen release profiles from microneedle patches, highlighting the potential benefit of pairing mRNA vaccines with patch-based delivery technologies to enable sustained release and solid-state stabilization. Overall, our findings provide a proof of concept to support further investigations into the development of sustained delivery approaches for mRNA/LNP vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Austin
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | - Debbie D Nahas
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | | | - Susan Secore
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | | | - Scott Radcliffe
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | - Shuai Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | - Jeffrey Perley
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | - Andrew J Bett
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| | - Marian E Gindy
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07033-1310, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Matarazzo L, Bettencourt PJG. mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172691. [PMID: 37168860 PMCID: PMC10166207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the first licensed mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 has created a widespread interest on mRNA technology for vaccinology. As expected, the number of mRNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical development increased exponentially since 2020, including numerous improvements in mRNA formulation design, delivery methods and manufacturing processes. However, the technology faces challenges such as the cost of raw materials, the lack of standardization, and delivery optimization. MRNA technology may provide a solution to some of the emerging infectious diseases as well as the deadliest hard-to-treat infectious diseases malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), for which an effective vaccine, easily deployable to endemic areas is urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the functional structure, design, manufacturing processes and delivery methods of mRNA vaccines. We provide an up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases, and discuss the immunogenicity, efficacy and correlates of protection of mRNA vaccines, with particular focus on research and development of mRNA vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Bettencourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo J. G. Bettencourt,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Verbeke R, Hogan MJ, Loré K, Pardi N. Innate immune mechanisms of mRNA vaccines. Immunity 2022; 55:1993-2005. [PMID: 36351374 PMCID: PMC9641982 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA platform has been used to generate safe and effective vaccines in record time against COVID-19. Here, we review the current understanding of the manner whereby mRNA vaccines induce innate immune activation and how this contributes to protective immunity. We discuss innate immune sensing of mRNA vaccines at the cellular and intracellular levels and consider the contribution of both the mRNA and the LNP components to their immunogenicity. A key message that is emerging from recent observations is that the LNP carrier acts as a powerful adjuvant for this novel vaccine platform. In this context, we highlight important gaps in understanding and discuss how new insight into the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of mRNA-LNP vaccines may enable tailoring mRNA and carrier molecules to develop vaccines with greater effectiveness and milder adverse events in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Solna, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Connors J, Joyner D, Mege N, Cusimano G, Bell M, Marcy J, Taramangalam B, Lin P, Tam Y, Lin P, Weissman D, Kutzler M, Alameh MG, Haddad E. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells in young and aged individuals. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2199652. [PMID: 36380763 PMCID: PMC9665340 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2199652/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of mRNA-based vaccine in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and reducing disease severity and hospitalization, little is known about the role lipid nanoparticles (LNP) play in initiating immune response. In this report we studied the adjuvantive impact of empty LNP with no mRNA cargo (eLNP) on anti-viral pathways and immune function of cells from young and aged individuals. We found that eLNP induced maturation of monocyte derived dendritic cells by measuring the expression of CD40, CD80, HLA-DR and production of cytokines including IFN-α,IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-21. Flow cytometry analysis of specific dendritic cell subsets showed that eLNP can induce CD40 expression and cytokine production in cDC1, cDC2 and monocytes. Empty LNP (eLNP) effects on dendritic cells and monocytes coincided with induction pIRF7 and pTBK1, which are both important in mitigating innate immune signaling. Interestingly our data show that in response to eLNP stimulus at 6 and 24 hrs, aged individuals have decreased CD40 expression and reduced IFN- γ output compared to young adults. Furthermore, we show that cDC1, cDC2, and CD14 dim CD16 + monocytes from healthy aged individuals have dysregulated anti-viral signaling response to eLNP stimulation as measured by the defect in type I IFN production, phosphorylation of IRF7, TBK-1, and immune function like phagocytosis. These data showed a novel function of eLNP in eliciting DC maturation and innate immune signaling pathways and that some of these functions are impaired in older individuals providing some suggestion of why older individuals (> 65 yrs of age) respond display lower immune responses and adverse events to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
Collapse
|
20
|
Rodriguez-Salazar CA, Recalde-Reyes DP, Bedoya JP, Padilla-Sanabria L, Castaño-Osorio JC, Giraldo MI. In Vitro Inhibition of Replication of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1-4 by siRNAs Bound to Non-Toxic Liposomes. Viruses 2022; 14:339. [PMID: 35215929 PMCID: PMC8875542 DOI: 10.3390/v14020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is a ssRNA+ flavivirus, which produces the dengue disease in humans. Currently, no specific treatment exists. siRNAs regulate gene expression and have been used systematically to silence viral genomes; however, they require controlled release. Liposomes show favorable results encapsulating siRNA for gene silencing. The objective herein was to design and evaluate in vitro siRNAs bound to liposomes that inhibit DENV replication. siRNAs were designed against DENV1-4 from conserved regions using siDirect2.0 and Web-BLOCK-iT™ RNAiDesigner; the initial in vitro evaluation was carried out through transfection into HepG2 cells. siRNA with silencing capacity was encapsulated in liposomes composed of D-Lin-MC3-DMA, DSPC, Chol. Cytotoxicity, hemolysis, pro-inflammatory cytokine release and antiviral activity were evaluated using plaque assay and RT-qPCR. A working concentration of siRNA was established at 40 nM. siRNA1, siRNA2, siRNA3.1, and siRNA4 were encapsulated in liposomes, and their siRNA delivery through liposomes led to a statistically significant decrease in viral titers, yielded no cytotoxicity or hemolysis and did not stimulate release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, liposomes were designed with siRNA against DENV, which proved to be safe in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andrés Rodriguez-Salazar
- Center of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia 630003, Colombia; (D.P.R.-R.); (J.P.B.); (L.P.-S.); (J.C.C.-O.)
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander Von Humboldt, Armenia 630003, Colombia
| | - Delia Piedad Recalde-Reyes
- Center of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia 630003, Colombia; (D.P.R.-R.); (J.P.B.); (L.P.-S.); (J.C.C.-O.)
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander Von Humboldt, Armenia 630003, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Bedoya
- Center of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia 630003, Colombia; (D.P.R.-R.); (J.P.B.); (L.P.-S.); (J.C.C.-O.)
| | - Leonardo Padilla-Sanabria
- Center of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia 630003, Colombia; (D.P.R.-R.); (J.P.B.); (L.P.-S.); (J.C.C.-O.)
| | - Jhon Carlos Castaño-Osorio
- Center of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia 630003, Colombia; (D.P.R.-R.); (J.P.B.); (L.P.-S.); (J.C.C.-O.)
| | - Maria Isabel Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kheirolomoom A, Kare AJ, Ingham ES, Paulmurugan R, Robinson ER, Baikoghli M, Inayathullah M, Seo JW, Wang J, Fite BZ, Wu B, Tumbale SK, Raie MN, Cheng RH, Nichols L, Borowsky AD, Ferrara KW. In situ T-cell transfection by anti-CD3-conjugated lipid nanoparticles leads to T-cell activation, migration, and phenotypic shift. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121339. [PMID: 35078042 PMCID: PMC8892572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo programming of T cells can be efficacious but is complex and expensive; therefore, the development of methods to transfect T cells in situ is important. We developed and optimized anti-CD3-targeted lipid nanoparticles (aCD3-LNPs) to deliver tightly packed, reporter gene mRNA specifically to T cells. In vitro, targeted LNPs efficiently delivered mCherry mRNA to Jurkat T cells, and T-cell activation and depletion were associated with aCD3 antibody coating on the surface of LNPs. aCD3-LNPs, but not non-targeted LNPs, accumulated within the spleen following systemic injection, with mCherry and Fluc signals visible within 30 min after injection. At 24 h after aCD3-LNP injection, 2-4% of all splenic T cells and 2-7% of all circulating T cells expressed mCherry, and this was dependent on aCD3 coating density. Targeting and transfection were accompanied by systemic CD25+, OX40+, and CD69+ T-cell activation with temporary CD3e ligand loss and depletion of splenic and circulating subsets. Migration of splenic CD8a+ T cells from the white-pulp to red-pulp, and differentiation from naïve to memory and effector phenotypes, followed upon aCD3-LNP delivery. Additionally, aCD3-LNP injection stimulated the secretion of myeloid-derived chemokines and T-helper cytokines into plasma. Lastly, we administered aCD3-LNPs to tumor bearing mice and found that transfected T cells localized within tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes following immunotherapy treatment. In summary, we show that CD3-targeted transfection is feasible, yet associated with complex immunological consequences that must be further studied for potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aris J. Kare
- Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering,
Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Ingham
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Mo Baikoghli
- University of California, Davis, Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jai W. Seo
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - James Wang
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - Brett Z. Fite
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - Bo Wu
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | | | - Marina N. Raie
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - R. Holland Cheng
- University of California, Davis, Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Nichols
- Stanford Shared FACS Facility, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine W. Ferrara
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto,
CA, USA,Corresponding author: Katherine W. Ferrara, PhD,
Professor and Division Chief, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department
of Radiology, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
Phone: (650)723-8906,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. This extraordinary situation prompted entities in government, industry, and academia to work together at unprecedented speed to develop safe and effective vaccines. Indeed, vaccines of multiple types have been generated in record time, and many have been evaluated in clinical trials. Of these, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as lead candidates due to their speed of development and high degree of safety and efficacy. To date, two mRNA vaccines have received approval for human use, providing proof of the feasibility of this next-generation vaccine modality. This review gives a detailed overview about the types of mRNA vaccines developed for SARS-CoV-2, discusses and compares preclinical and clinical data, gives a mechanistic overview about immune responses generated by mRNA vaccination, and speculates on the challenges and promising future of this emergent vaccine platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan RA, Ahmed F, Afroz S, Khan N. Tetravalent formulation of Polymeric nanoparticle-based vaccine induces a potent immune response against Dengue virus. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2917-2928. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV 1-4). It is growing at an alarming rate globally, which could be partly attributed to the...
Collapse
|
24
|
Ndeupen S, Qin Z, Jacobsen S, Bouteau A, Estanbouli H, Igyártó BZ. The mRNA-LNP platform's lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory. iScience 2021; 24:103479. [PMID: 34841223 PMCID: PMC8604799 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a promising new platform used by two leading vaccines against COVID-19. Clinical trials and ongoing vaccinations present with varying degrees of protection levels and side effects. However, the drivers of the reported side effects remain poorly defined. Here we present evidence that Acuitas' LNPs used in preclinical nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine studies are highly inflammatory in mice. Intradermal and intramuscular injection of these LNPs led to rapid and robust inflammatory responses, characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration, activation of diverse inflammatory pathways, and production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The same dose of LNP delivered intranasally led to similar inflammatory responses in the lung and resulted in a high mortality rate, with mechanism unresolved. Thus, the mRNA-LNP platforms' potency in supporting the induction of adaptive immune responses and the observed side effects may stem from the LNPs' highly inflammatory nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ndeupen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Sonya Jacobsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Henri Estanbouli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107 PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li H, Monslow MA, Freed DC, Chang D, Li F, Gindy M, Wang D, Vora K, Espeseth AS, Petrovsky N, Fu TM. Novel adjuvants enhance immune responses elicited by a replication-defective human cytomegalovirus vaccine in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2021; 39:7446-7456. [PMID: 34852943 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants have long been explored to enhance vaccine efficacy. Current adjuvants approved for human vaccines are mostly studied for their ability to improve antibody responses. There remains a need for development of novel adjuvants, especially those able to enhance cell-mediated immunity (CMI). In this preclinical study we assessed the effect of two novel adjuvants, a delta inulin microparticle Advax formulated with or without a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG oligonucleotide, and a Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA proprietary lipid nanoparticle (LNP), on immune responses elicited by V160, an experimental replication-defective human cytomegalovirus vaccine. Adult rhesus macaques were immunized with a low dose of V160 (10 units) either alone or in combination with the adjuvants as compared to those immunized with a high dose of V160 alone (100 units). While neither adjuvant conferred a significant benefit to vaccine-elicited humoral immune responses at the dose tested, both enhanced cellular immune responses to V160, where Advax promoted both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and LNP predominantly impacted the CD4+ T cell response. Transcriptome analyses of peripheral blood samples demonstrated different modes of action for these adjuvants. One day post vaccination, LNP induced upregulation of a large number of genes involved in the innate immune response similar to those triggered by viral infection. In contrast, Advax did not activate any known inflammatory pathways and did not significantly impact gene expression pattern until day 7 post administration, suggesting a unique, non-inflammatory mechanism. These data warrant further exploration of Advax and LNP as adjuvants in clinical trials for vaccines desiring to elicit both humoral and T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | - Dan Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders University, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alameh MG, Tombácz I, Bettini E, Lederer K, Sittplangkoon C, Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT, Soliman OY, Pine M, Hicks P, Manzoni TB, Knox JJ, Johnson JL, Laczkó D, Muramatsu H, Davis B, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Strohmeier S, Lin PJC, Mui BL, Tam YK, Karikó K, Jacquet A, Krammer F, Bates P, Cancro MP, Weissman D, Luning Prak ET, Allman D, Locci M, Pardi N. Lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines by inducing robust T follicular helper cell and humoral responses. Immunity 2021; 54:2877-2892.e7. [PMID: 34852217 PMCID: PMC8566475 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are critical for improving the quality and magnitude of adaptive immune responses to vaccination. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines have shown great efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the mechanism of action of this vaccine platform is not well-characterized. Using influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and protein subunit vaccines, we demonstrated that our LNP formulation has intrinsic adjuvant activity that promotes induction of strong T follicular helper cell, germinal center B cell, long-lived plasma cell, and memory B cell responses that are associated with durable and protective antibodies in mice. Comparative experiments demonstrated that this LNP formulation outperformed a widely used MF59-like adjuvant, AddaVax. The adjuvant activity of the LNP relies on the ionizable lipid component and on IL-6 cytokine induction but not on MyD88- or MAVS-dependent sensing of LNPs. Our study identified LNPs as a versatile adjuvant that enhances the efficacy of traditional and next-generation vaccine platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - István Tombácz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Bettini
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katlyn Lederer
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chutamath Sittplangkoon
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ousamah Y Soliman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Pine
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomaz B Manzoni
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James J Knox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katalin Karikó
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michela Locci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Turley JL, Lavelle EC. Fatballs foster fabulous follicles. Immunity 2021; 54:2695-2697. [PMID: 34910938 PMCID: PMC8669910 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants can be incorporated into vaccines to enhance the magnitude and functionality of adaptive immune responses. In this issue of Immunity, Alameh et al. (2021) reveal that lipid nanoparticles, which are key components of effective SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, have broad adjuvant function, enhancing B cell responses and protective efficacy of protein-based subunit in addition to mRNA antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Turley
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02R590, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02R590, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ndeupen S, Qin Z, Jacobsen S, Estanbouli H, Bouteau A, Igyártó BZ. The mRNA-LNP platform's lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.04.430128. [PMID: 33688649 PMCID: PMC7941620 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.04.430128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a promising new platform used by two leading vaccines against coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Clinical trials and ongoing vaccinations present with very high protection levels and varying degrees of side effects. However, the nature of the reported side effects remains poorly defined. Here we present evidence that LNPs used in many preclinical studies are highly inflammatory in mice. Intradermal injection of these LNPs led to rapid and robust inflammatory responses, characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration, activation of diverse inflammatory pathways, and production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The same dose of LNP delivered intranasally led to similar inflammatory responses in the lung and resulted in a high mortality rate. In summary, here we show that the LNPs used for many preclinical studies are highly inflammatory. Thus, their potent adjuvant activity and reported superiority comparing to other adjuvants in supporting the induction of adaptive immune responses likely stem from their inflammatory nature. Furthermore, the preclinical LNPs are similar to the ones used for human vaccines, which could also explain the observed side effects in humans using this platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ndeupen
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhen Qin
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sonya Jacobsen
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Henri Estanbouli
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
- Address correspondence to: Botond Z. Igyártó,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Igyártó BZ, Jacobsen S, Ndeupen S. Future considerations for the mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine platform. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:65-72. [PMID: 33906124 PMCID: PMC8065267 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines based on mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) pioneered by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman at the University of Pennsylvania are a promising new vaccine platform used by two of the leading vaccines against coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). However, there are many questions regarding their mechanism of action in humans that remain unanswered. Here we consider the immunological features of LNP components and off-target effects of the mRNA, both of which could increase the risk of side effects. We suggest ways to mitigate these potential risks by harnessing dendritic cell (DC) biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z Igyártó
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Sonya Jacobsen
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Sonia Ndeupen
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Niranjan R, Kishor S, Kumar A. Matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of dengue viral disease: Involvement of immune system and newer therapeutic strategies. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4629-4637. [PMID: 33634515 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the burden due to dengue infection is increasing with a recent estimate of 96 million progressing to the disease every year. Dengue pathogenesis and the factors influencing it are not completely known. It is now widely speculated that there is an important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the initiation and progression of dengue pathogenesis; however, their exact roles are not fully understood. Overactivation of matrix metalloproteinases may contribute to the severity of dengue pathogenesis. Cytokines and various other mediators of inflammation interact with the vascular endothelium and matrix metalloproteinases may be one of the components among them. Extensive plasma leakage into tissue spaces may result in a shock. It is evident in the literature that MMP2 and MMP9 increase in dengue patients is correlated with the severity of the disease; however, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Activation of innate cells and adaptive immune cells which include, B and T cells, macrophages or monocytes and dendritic cells also contribute to the dengue pathology. Newer therapeutic strategies include microRNAs, such as miR-134 (targets MMP3 and MMP1) and MicroRNA-320d, (targets MMP/TIMP proteolytic system). The use of antibodies-based therapeutics like (Andecaliximab; anti-matrix metalloproteinase-9 antibody) is also suggested against MMPs in dengue. In this review, we summarize some recent developments associated with the involvement of immune cells and their mediators associated with the matrix metalloproteinases mediated dengue pathogenesis. We highlight that, there is still very little knowledge about the MMPs in dengue pathogenesis which needs attention and extensive investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Niranjan
- Immunology Laboratory, ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry, India
| | - Sumitha Kishor
- Immunology Laboratory, ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Immunology Laboratory, ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Duarte JL, Filippo LDD, Araujo VHS, Oliveira AEMDFM, de Araújo JTC, Silva FBDR, Pinto MC, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology as a tool for detection and treatment of arbovirus infections. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105848. [PMID: 33524384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses are medically important viruses that cause high rates of infection all over the world. In addition, the severity of the symptoms and the inadequate diagnostic methods represent a challenge far beyond eradicating the vector. The lack of specific treatments for arbovirus infections reflects the imminent need for new research for safe and efficient medicines to treat these infections. Nanotechnology is an innovative approach currently used as a platform for developing new treatments, thus improving the biopharmaceutical properties of drugs. It can also be applied to the development of diagnostic devices, improving their detection capacity. The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the use of nanotechnology for developing new treatments and detection devices for arbovirus infections. Interestingly, it was found that only a few studies report on the use of nanotechnology to treat arbovirus infections and that most of these reports focus on the fabrication of diagnostic tools. Also, some papers report on the use of nanotechnology for the development of vaccines, which in association with mosquito eradication programs could effectively reduce the high rates of infections by these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araujo
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira
- Federal University of Amapá - UNIFAP, Department of Health and biological sciences, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá-AP, 68903-361, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Thayanne Cavalcante de Araújo
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia Benini da Rocha Silva
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville - Araraquara/SP -, 14800-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Minakshi P, Ghosh M, Kumar R, Brar B, Lambe UP, Banerjee S, Ranjan K, Kumar B, Goel P, Malik YS, Prasad G. An Insight into Nanomedicinal Approaches to Combat Viral Zoonoses. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:915-962. [PMID: 32209041 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200325114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging viral zoonotic diseases are one of the major obstacles to secure the "One Health" concept under the current scenario. Current prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches often associated with certain limitations and thus proved to be insufficient for customizing rapid and efficient combating strategy against the highly transmissible pathogenic infectious agents leading to the disastrous socio-economic outcome. Moreover, most of the viral zoonoses originate from the wildlife and poor knowledge about the global virome database renders it difficult to predict future outbreaks. Thus, alternative management strategy in terms of improved prophylactic vaccines and their delivery systems; rapid and efficient diagnostics and effective targeted therapeutics are the need of the hour. METHODS Structured literature search has been performed with specific keywords in bibliographic databases for the accumulation of information regarding current nanomedicine interventions along with standard books for basic virology inputs. RESULTS Multi-arrayed applications of nanomedicine have proved to be an effective alternative in all the aspects regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and control of zoonotic viral diseases. The current review is focused to outline the applications of nanomaterials as anti-viral vaccines or vaccine/drug delivery systems, diagnostics and directly acting therapeutic agents in combating the important zoonotic viral diseases in the recent scenario along with their potential benefits, challenges and prospects to design successful control strategies. CONCLUSION This review provides significant introspection towards the multi-arrayed applications of nanomedicine to combat several important zoonotic viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Minakshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur (UP) - 231001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Upendra P Lambe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Somesh Banerjee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology Section, LUVAS, Hisar-125004, India
| | - Koushlesh Ranjan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, India
| | | | - Parveen Goel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar - Bareilly (UP) - 243122, India
| | - Gaya Prasad
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, UP, 250110, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buschmann MD, Carrasco MJ, Alishetty S, Paige M, Alameh MG, Weissman D. Nanomaterial Delivery Systems for mRNA Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:65. [PMID: 33478109 PMCID: PMC7836001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent success of mRNA vaccines in SARS-CoV-2 clinical trials is in part due to the development of lipid nanoparticle delivery systems that not only efficiently express the mRNA-encoded immunogen after intramuscular injection, but also play roles as adjuvants and in vaccine reactogenicity. We present an overview of mRNA delivery systems and then focus on the lipid nanoparticles used in the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials. The review concludes with an analysis of the determinants of the performance of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Buschmann
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 1J7, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (M.J.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Manuel J. Carrasco
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 1J7, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (M.J.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Suman Alishetty
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 1J7, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (M.J.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Mikell Paige
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Mohamad Gabriel Alameh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 130 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 410B Hill Pavilion, 380 S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dengue Vaccines: The Promise and Pitfalls of Antibody-Mediated Protection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:13-22. [PMID: 33444553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than 390 million human dengue virus (DENV) infections occur each year, worldwide. Dengvaxia, a live-virus tetravalent vaccine from Sanofi Pasteur, was recently approved for human clinical use, although vaccine performance against the four DENV serotypes is highly variable. Other dengue vaccines in advanced clinical testing also demonstrate variability in efficacy. In this review, we outline the benefits and challenges of developing a safe, effective, and balanced DENV vaccine that can provide uniform protection against all four serotypes. Even though T cell biology plays an important role in establishing protective immunity, this review focuses on B cell responses. We discuss the leading dengue vaccine candidates and review the specificity of antibody responses and the known immune correlates of protection against DENV infection. A better understanding of immune correlates of protection against DENV infection will inform the development of a vaccine that can provide long-term, uniform protection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Nanoparticles as Vaccines to Prevent Arbovirus Infection: A Long Road Ahead. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010036. [PMID: 33466440 PMCID: PMC7824877 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a significant public health problem worldwide. Vaccination is considered one of the most effective ways to control arbovirus diseases in the human population. Nanoparticles have been widely explored as new vaccine platforms. Although nanoparticles' potential to act as new vaccines against infectious diseases has been identified, nanotechnology's impact on developing new vaccines to prevent arboviruses is unclear. Thus, we used a comprehensive bibliographic survey to integrate data concerning the use of diverse nanoparticles as vaccines against medically important arboviruses. Our analysis showed that considerable research had been conducted to develop and evaluate nanovaccines against Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. The main findings indicate that nanoparticles have great potential for use as a new vaccine system against arboviruses. Most of the studies showed an increase in neutralizing antibody production after mouse immunization. Nevertheless, even with significant advances in this field, further efforts are necessary to address the nanoparticles' potential to act as a vaccine against these arboviruses. To promote advances in the field, we proposed a roadmap to help researchers better characterize and evaluate nanovaccines against medically important arboviruses.
Collapse
|
36
|
Dimerization of Dengue Virus E Subunits Impacts Antibody Function and Domain Focus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00745-20. [PMID: 32611757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00745-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is responsible for the most prevalent and significant arthropod-borne viral infection of humans. The leading DENV vaccines are based on tetravalent live-attenuated virus platforms. In practice, it has been challenging to induce balanced and effective responses to each of the four DENV serotypes because of differences in the replication efficiency and immunogenicity of individual vaccine components. Unlike live vaccines, tetravalent DENV envelope (E) protein subunit vaccines are likely to stimulate balanced immune responses, because immunogenicity is replication independent. However, E protein subunit vaccines have historically performed poorly, in part because the antigens utilized were mainly monomers that did not display quaternary-structure epitopes found on E dimers and higher-order structures that form the viral envelope. In this study, we compared the immunogenicity of DENV2 E homodimers and DENV2 E monomers. The stabilized DENV2 homodimers, but not monomers, were efficiently recognized by virus-specific and flavivirus cross-reactive potently neutralizing antibodies that have been mapped to quaternary-structure epitopes displayed on the viral surface. In mice, the dimers stimulated 3-fold-higher levels of virus-specific neutralizing IgG that recognized epitopes different from those recognized by lower-level neutralizing antibodies induced by monomers. The dimer induced a stronger E domain I (EDI)- and EDII-targeted response, while the monomer antigens stimulated an EDIII epitope response and induced fusion loop epitope antibodies that are known to facilitate antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). This study shows that DENV E subunit antigens that have been designed to mimic the structural organization of the viral surface are better vaccine antigens than E protein monomers.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus vaccine development is particularly challenging because vaccines have to provide protection against four different dengue virus stereotypes. The leading dengue virus vaccine candidates in clinical testing are all based on live-virus vaccine platforms and struggle to induce balanced immunity. Envelope subunit antigens have the potential to overcome these limitations but have historically performed poorly as vaccine antigens, because the versions tested previously were presented as monomers and not in their natural dimer configuration. This study shows that the authentic presentation of DENV2 E-based subunits has a strong impact on antibody responses, underscoring the importance of mimicking the complex protein structures that are found on DENV particle surfaces when designing subunit vaccines.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lipid Nanoparticle Acts as a Potential Adjuvant for Influenza Split Vaccine without Inducing Inflammatory Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030433. [PMID: 32756368 PMCID: PMC7565178 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a critical and reliable strategy for controlling the spread of influenza viruses in populations. Conventional seasonal split vaccines (SVs) for influenza evoke weaker immune responses than other types of vaccines, such as inactivated whole-virion vaccines, although SVs are highly safe compared to other types. Here, we assessed the potential of the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) we developed as an adjuvant for conventional influenza SV as an antigen in mice. The LNP did not induce the production of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 p40 by dendritic cells or the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on these cells in vitro. In contrast, an SV adjuvanted with LNP improved SV-specific IgG1 and IgG2 responses and the Th1 response compared to the SV alone in mice. In addition, SV adjuvanted with an LNP gave superior protection against the influenza virus challenge over the SV alone and was as effective as SV adjuvanted with aluminum salts in mice. The LNP did not provoke inflammatory responses such as inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory immune cell infiltration in mice, whereas aluminum salts induced inflammatory responses. These results suggest the potential of the LNP as an adjuvant without inflammatory responses for influenza SVs. Our strategy should be useful for developing influenza vaccines with enhanced efficacy and safety.
Collapse
|
38
|
Pilatti L, Mancini Astray R, Rocca MP, Barbosa FF, Jorge SAC, Butler M, de Fátima Pires Augusto E. Purification of rabies virus glycoprotein produced in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells: An efficient immunoaffinity method. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3046. [PMID: 32628317 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most rabies vaccines are based on inactivated virus, which production process demands a high level of biosafety structures. In the past decades, recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) produced in several expression systems has been extensively studied to be used as an alternative vaccine. The immunogenic characteristics of this protein depend on its correct conformation, which is present only after the correct post-translational modifications, typically performed by animal cells. The main challenge of using this protein as a vaccine candidate is to keep its trimeric conformation after the purification process. We describe here a new immunoaffinity chromatography method using a monoclonal antibody for RVGP Site II for purification of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein expressed on the membrane of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. RVGP recovery achieved at least 93%, and characterization analysis showed that the main antigenic proprieties were preserved after purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pilatti
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Viral Immunology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Biotechnology Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Efficient Delivery of Dengue Virus Subunit Vaccines to the Skin by Microprojection Arrays. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040189. [PMID: 31756967 PMCID: PMC6963636 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is the most important arbovirus impacting global human health, with an estimated 390 million infections annually, and over half the world’s population at risk of infection. While significant efforts have been made to develop effective vaccines to mitigate this threat, the task has proven extremely challenging, with new approaches continually being sought. The majority of protective, neutralizing antibodies induced during infection are targeted by the envelope (E) protein, making it an ideal candidate for a subunit vaccine approach. Using truncated, recombinant, secreted E proteins (sE) of all 4 dengue virus serotypes, we have assessed their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice, with or without Quil-A as an adjuvant, and delivered via micropatch array (MPA) to the skin in comparison with more traditional routes of immunization. The micropatch contains an ultra-high density array (21,000/cm2) of 110 μm microprojections. Mice received 3 doses of 1 μg (nanopatch, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intra muscular injection) or 10 μg (intradermal, subcutaneous, or intra muscular injection) of tetravalent sE spaced 4 weeks apart. When adjuvanted with Quil-A, tetravalent sE vaccination delivered via MPA resulted in earlier induction of virus-neutralizing IgG antibodies for all four serotypes when compared with all of the other vaccination routes. Using the infectious dengue virus AG129 mouse infectious dengue model, these neutralizing antibodies protected all mice from lethal dengue virus type 2 D220 challenge, with protected animals showing no signs of disease or circulating virus. If these results can be translated to humans, MPA-delivered sE represents a promising approach to dengue virus vaccination.
Collapse
|
40
|
Li L, Meng W, Horton M, DiStefano DR, Thoryk EA, Pfaff JM, Wang Q, Salazar GT, Barnes T, Doranz BJ, Bett AJ, Casimiro DR, Vora KA, An Z, Zhang N. Potent neutralizing antibodies elicited by dengue vaccine in rhesus macaque target diverse epitopes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007716. [PMID: 31170257 PMCID: PMC6553876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still no safe and effective vaccine against dengue virus infection. Epidemics of dengue virus infection are increasingly a threat to human health around the world. Antibodies generated in response to dengue infection have been shown to impact disease development and effectiveness of dengue vaccine. In this study, we investigated monoclonal antibody responses to an experimental dengue vaccine in rhesus macaques. Variable regions of both heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) were cloned from single antibody-secreting B cells. A total of 780 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) composed of paired VH and VL were characterized. Results show that the vaccination induces mAbs with diverse germline sequences and a wide range of binding affinities. Six potent neutralizing mAbs were identified among 130 dengue envelope protein binders. Critical amino acids for each neutralizing antibody binding to the dengue envelope protein were identified by alanine scanning of mutant libraries. Diverse epitopes were identified, including epitopes on the lateral ridge of DIII, the I-III hinge, the bc loop adjacent to the fusion loop of DII, and the β-strands and loops of DI. Significantly, one of the neutralizing mAbs has a previously unknown epitope in DII at the interface of the envelope and membrane protein and is capable of neutralizing all four dengue serotypes. Taken together, the results of this study not only provide preclinical validation for the tested experimental vaccine, but also shed light on a potential application of the rhesus macaque model for better dengue vaccine evaluation and design of vaccines and immunization strategies. Dengue virus (DENV) is a leading cause of human illness in the tropics and subtropics, with about 40% of the world’s population living in areas at risk for infection. There are four DENV serotypes. Patients who have previously been infected by one dengue serotype may develop more severe symptoms such as bleeding and endothelial leakage upon secondary infection with another dengue serotype. This study reports the extensive cloning and analysis of 780 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from single B cells of rhesus macaques after immunization with an experimental dengue vaccine. We identified a panel of potent neutralizing mAbs with diverse epitopes on the DENV envelope protein. Antibodies in this panel were found to bind to the lateral ridge of DIII, the I-III hinge, the bc loop adjacent to the fusion loop of DII, and the β-strands and the loops of DI. We also isolated one mAb (d448) that can neutralize all four dengue serotypes and binds to a novel epitope at the interface of the DENV envelope and membrane proteins. Further investigation of these neutralizing monoclonal antibodies is warranted for better vaccine efficacy evaluation and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weixu Meng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melanie Horton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. DiStefano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Thoryk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Pfaff
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qihui Wang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Georgina T. Salazar
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Bett
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Danilo R. Casimiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kalpit A. Vora
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KV); (ZA); (NZ)
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KV); (ZA); (NZ)
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KV); (ZA); (NZ)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Antibody responses to crucial functional epitopes as a novel approach to assess immunogenicity of vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2019; 37:3770-3778. [PMID: 31153687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in developing a vaccine that prevents genital herpes. Adjuvants have a major impact on vaccine immunogenicity. We compared two adjuvants, an experimental Merck Sharp & Dohme lipid nanoparticle (LNP) adjuvant, LNP-2, with CpG oligonucleotide combined with alum for immunogenicity in mice when administered with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoproteins C, D and E (gC2, gD2, gE2). The immunogens are intended to produce neutralizing antibodies to gC2 and gD2, antibodies to gD2 and gE2 that block cell-to-cell spread, and antibodies to gE2 and gC2 that block immune evasion from antibody and complement, respectively. Overall, CpG/alum was better at producing serum and vaginal IgG binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, antibodies that block virus spread from cell-to-cell, and antibodies that block immune evasion domains on gC2. We used a novel high throughput biosensor assay to further assess differences in immunogenicity by mapping antibody responses to seven crucial epitopes on gD2 involved in virus entry or cell-to-cell spread. We found striking differences between CpG/alum and LNP-2. Mice immunized with gD2 CpG/alum produced higher titers of antibodies than LNP-2 to six of seven crucial epitopes and produced antibodies to more crucial epitopes than LNP-2. Measuring epitope-specific antibodies helped to define mechanisms by which CpG/alum outperformed LNP-2 and is a valuable technique to compare adjuvants.
Collapse
|
42
|
Japanese encephalitis virus prM-E antigen immunization conferred protection against challenge by four different serotypes of Dengue viruses in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4977-4986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
43
|
Metz SW, Thomas A, Brackbill A, Xianwen Y, Stone M, Horvath K, Miley MJ, Luft C, DeSimone JM, Tian S, de Silva AM. Nanoparticle delivery of a tetravalent E protein subunit vaccine induces balanced, type-specific neutralizing antibodies to each dengue virus serotype. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006793. [PMID: 30248097 PMCID: PMC6171938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome. Dengue vaccine development is challenging because of the need to induce protection against four antigenically distinct DENV serotypes. Recent studies indicate that tetravalent DENV vaccines must induce balanced, serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies to achieve durable protective immunity against all 4 serotypes. With the leading live attenuated tetravalent DENV vaccines, it has been difficult to achieve balanced and type-specific responses to each serotype, most likely because of unbalanced replication of vaccine viral strains. Here we evaluate a tetravalent DENV protein subunit vaccine, based on recombinant envelope protein (rE) adsorbed to the surface of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for immunogenicity in mice. In monovalent and tetravalent formulations, we show that particulate rE induced higher neutralizing antibody titers compared to the soluble rE antigen alone. Importantly, we show the trend that tetravalent rE adsorbed to nanoparticles stimulated a more balanced serotype specific antibody response to each DENV serotype compared to soluble antigens. Our results demonstrate that tetravalent DENV subunit vaccines displayed on nanoparticles have the potential to overcome unbalanced immunity observed for leading live-attenuated vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Metz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Ashlie Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Alex Brackbill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Yi Xianwen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Michele Stone
- Liquidia Technologies, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Katie Horvath
- Liquidia Technologies, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Miley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Chris Luft
- Liquidia Technologies, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Liquidia Technologies, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Shaomin Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ST); (AMdS)
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ST); (AMdS)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A. Recent Developments in Recombinant Protein-Based Dengue Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1919. [PMID: 30190720 PMCID: PMC6115509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are gaining enormous importance these days due to their wide application as biopharmaceutical products and proven safety record. Various recombinant proteins of therapeutic and prophylactic importance have been successfully produced in microbial and higher expression host systems. Since there is no specific antiviral therapy available against dengue, the prevention by vaccination is the mainstay in reducing the disease burden. Therefore, efficacious vaccines are needed to control the spread of dengue worldwide. Dengue is an emerging viral disease caused by any of dengue virus 1-4 serotypes that affects the human population around the globe. Dengue virus is a single stranded RNA virus encoding three structural proteins (capsid protein, pre-membrane protein, and envelope protein) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5). As the only licensed dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia) is unable to confer balanced protection against all the serotypes, therefore various approaches for development of dengue vaccines including tetravalent live attenuated, inactivated, plasmid DNA, virus-vectored, virus-like particles, and recombinant subunit vaccines are being explored. These candidates are at different stages of vaccine development and have their own merits and demerits. The promising subunit vaccines are mainly based on envelope or its domain and non-structural proteins of dengue virus. These proteins have been produced in different hosts and are being investigated for development of a successful dengue vaccine. Novel immunogens have been designed employing various strategies like protein engineering and fusion of antigen with various immunostimulatory motif to work as self-adjuvant. Moreover, recombinant proteins can be formulated with novel adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity and thus conferring better protection to the vaccinees. With the advent of newer and safer host systems, these recombinant proteins can be produced in a cost effective manner at large scale for vaccine studies. In this review, we summarize recent developments in recombinant protein based dengue vaccines that could lead to a good number of efficacious vaccine candidates for future human use and ultimately alternative dengue vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh K. Tripathi
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kim MY, Copland A, Nayak K, Chandele A, Ahmed MS, Zhang Q, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Hofmann S, Yang M, Jang Y, Ma JK, Reljic R. Plant-expressed Fc-fusion protein tetravalent dengue vaccine with inherent adjuvant properties. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1283-1294. [PMID: 29223138 PMCID: PMC5999314 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a major global disease requiring improved treatment and prevention strategies. The recently licensed Sanofi Pasteur Dengvaxia vaccine does not protect children under the age of nine, and additional vaccine strategies are thus needed to halt this expanding global epidemic. Here, we employed a molecular engineering approach and plant expression to produce a humanized and highly immunogenic poly-immunoglobulin G scaffold (PIGS) fused to the consensus dengue envelope protein III domain (cEDIII). The immunogenicity of this IgG Fc receptor-targeted vaccine candidate was demonstrated in transgenic mice expressing human FcγRI/CD64, by induction of neutralizing antibodies and evidence of cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, these molecules were able to prime immune cells from human adenoid/tonsillar tissue ex vivo as evidenced by antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ and antibody production. The purified polymeric fraction of dengue PIGS (D-PIGS) induced stronger immune activation than the monomeric form, suggesting a more efficient interaction with the low-affinity Fcγ receptors on antigen-presenting cells. These results show that the plant-expressed D-PIGS have the potential for translation towards a safe and easily scalable single antigen-based tetravalent dengue vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB‐Emory Vaccine CenterInternational Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB‐Emory Vaccine CenterInternational Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Muhammad S. Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Gil R. Diogo
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sven Hofmann
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Moon‐Sik Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Yong‐Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Coffman JE, Metz SW, Brackbill A, Paul M, Miley MJ, DeSimone J, Luft JC, de Silva A, Tian S. Optimization of Surface Display of DENV2 E Protein on a Nanoparticle to Induce Virus Specific Neutralizing Antibody Responses. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1544-1552. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Coffman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph DeSimone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reginald K, Chan Y, Plebanski M, Poh CL. Development of Peptide Vaccines in Dengue. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1157-1173. [PMID: 28914200 PMCID: PMC6040172 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170913163904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most important arboviral infections worldwide, infecting up to 390 million people and causing 25,000 deaths annually. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, it is not efficacious against dengue serotypes that infect people living in South East Asia, where dengue is an endemic disease. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient dengue vaccine for this region. Data from different clinical trials indicate that a successful dengue vaccine must elicit both neutralizing antibodies and cell mediated immunity. This can be achieved by designing a multi-epitope peptide vaccine comprising B, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes. As recognition of T cell epitopes are restricted by human leukocyte antigens (HLA), T cell epitopes which are able to recognize several major HLAs will be preferentially included in the vaccine design. While peptide vaccines are safe, biocompatible and cost-effective, it is poorly immunogenic. Strategies to improve its immunogenicity by the use of long peptides, adjuvants and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Address correspondence to this author at the Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5 Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Tel: +60-3-7491 8622 ext. 7338; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Elaboration of tetravalent antibody responses against dengue viruses using a subunit vaccine comprised of a single consensus dengue envelope sequence. Vaccine 2017; 35:6308-6320. [PMID: 28987441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are re-emerging pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Each year, they are estimated to infect 390 million people globally. The major challenge confronting dengue vaccine development is the need to induce balanced, long lasting tetravalent immune responses against four co-circulating virus serotypes (DENV-I, -II, -III, -IV), because primary infection by any one of which may predispose infected individuals to more severe diseases during a heterotypic secondary infection. Another difficulty is to select representative strains in vaccine design to provide cross-protection against most circulating virus strains. In this study, aimed at developing a tetravalent subunit vaccine with a representative single protein, we designed two vaccines (named cE80(D4) and cE80(max)) based on the consensus sequences of the ectodomain of envelope protein of 3127 DENV strains, and then expressed them in the baculovirus expression system. Both vaccines were capable of eliciting specific antibodies against all four DENV serotypes, and the predominant IgG subtype elicited by the two vaccines was IgG1. Moreover, these vaccines activated both type I and type II antigen-specific helper T cells that secreted IFN-γ and IL-4, respectively. This proof-of-concept study has set foundation for further optimization of a single protein-based tetravalent DENV vaccine.
Collapse
|
49
|
Fernandez EA. Moving to a Dengue Preventive Treatment Through New Vaccines. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-017-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
50
|
Co-Administration of Lipid Nanoparticles and Sub-Unit Vaccine Antigens Is Required for Increase in Antigen-Specific Immune Responses in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040047. [PMID: 27929422 PMCID: PMC5192367 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast body of evidence suggests that nanoparticles function as potent immune-modulatory agents. We have previously shown that Merck proprietary Lipid NanoParticles (LNPs) markedly boost B-cell and T-cell responses to sub-unit vaccine antigens in mice. To further evaluate the specifics of vaccine delivery and dosing regimens in vivo, we performed immunogenicity studies in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using two model antigens, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. To assess the requirement for co-administration of antigen and LNP for the elicitation of immune responses, we evaluated immune responses after administering antigen and LNP to separate limbs, or administering antigen and LNP to the same limb but separated by 24 h. We also evaluated formulations combining antigen, LNP, and aluminum-based adjuvant amorphous aluminum hydroxylphosphate sulfate (MAA) to look for synergistic adjuvant effects. Analyses of antigen-specific B-cell and T-cell responses from immunized mice revealed that the LNPs and antigens must be co-administered—both at the same time and in the same location—in order to boost antigen-specific immune responses. Mixing of antigen with MAA prior to formulation with LNP did not impact the generation of antigen-specific B-cell responses, but drastically reduced the ability of LNPs to boost antigen-specific T-cell responses. Overall, our data demonstrate that the administration of LNPs and vaccine antigen together enables their immune-stimulatory properties.
Collapse
|