1
|
Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mashaal D, Mahmoud SH, Müller C, Abo Shama NM, Kamer AA, Abdelaziz AA, Ali MA, Pleschka S, Mostafa A. Differential Impact of Specific Amino Acid Residues on the Characteristics of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Systems. Pathogens 2022; 11:1385. [PMID: 36422635 PMCID: PMC9698692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 was declared to be endemic in birds of the Middle East, in particular in Egypt, with multiple cases of human infections. Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2 AIV, due to the fact that its receptor specificity is similar to that of human influenza viruses, its morbidity and mortality rates in humans are so far negligible. However, the acquisition of specific adaptive amino acid (aa) mutations in the viral polymerase can enhance cross-species transmission of the virus itself or of reassortants, which gained these changes. The polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) is one of the key determinants for AIV adaptation towards mammals. Although mammalian pathogenicity-related mutations (MPMs) in PB2 genes were identified in different AIVs, the specific effect of single or multiple mutations on viral fitness has not been compared so far. Here, we studied the effect of the aa K at position 591, which was frequently reported in the PB2 of Egyptian H9N2 isolates, on the proliferation efficiency and polymerase activity of an H5N1 (clade 2.2.1.2) AIV already carrying the mammalian adaptive mutation 627K. Using reverse genetics, we generated a set of recombinant parental strains and H5N1 variants carrying the avian-like 591Q/627E or mammalian-like adaptive mutations 591K/627K (H5N1EGY, H9N2EGY, H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY, H5N1H9N2_PB2_K591Q, H5N1PB2_K627E, H5N1PB2_K627E/591K, H5N1PB2_627K/591K). Regardless of the avian-like 627E or the mammalian-adaptive 627K, both variants carrying the 591K (H5N1PB2_K627E/591K, H5N1PB2_627K/591K) and the reassortant H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY replicated to significantly higher levels in mammalian continuous MDCK and Calu-3 cell lines and primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells than the parental H5N1EGY virus (carrying solely the 627K adaptive mutation). Expectedly, the H5N1 variants carrying avian-like PB2 mutations (H5N1H9N2_PB2_K591Q, H5N1PB2_K627E) replicated to significantly lower levels than the parental H5N1EGY virus in the predefined primary and continuous mammalian cell line systems. Consistently, the activity of H5N1 subtype AIV polymerase complexes comprising PB2 segments with singular 591K or combined with 627K was significantly enhanced when compared to parental H5N1EGY and H9N2EGY. This study emphasizes the significant impact of 591K containing PB2 segments in the background of H5N1 polymerase on viral fitness in addition to the well-known MPM 627K in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayly Mashaal
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal Abo Kamer
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abdelaziz
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Praena B, Wan XF. Influenza Virus Infections in Polarized Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:1307. [PMID: 35746778 PMCID: PMC9231244 DOI: 10.3390/v14061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory tract is represented by a complex network of polarized epithelial cells, forming an apical surface facing the external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement layer. These cells are characterized by differential expression of proteins and glycans, which serve as receptors during influenza virus infection. Attachment between these host receptors and the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) initiates the influenza virus life cycle. However, the virus receptor binding specificities may not be static. Sialylated N-glycans are the most well-characterized receptors but are not essential for the entry of influenza viruses, and other molecules, such as O-glycans and non-sialylated glycans, may be involved in virus-cell attachment. Furthermore, correct cell polarity and directional trafficking of molecules are essential for the orderly development of the system and affect successful influenza infection; on the other hand, influenza infection can also change cell polarity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of humans and other mammals, particularly the attachment between the virus and the surface of the polar cells and the polarity variation of these cells due to virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Praena
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu WJ, Xiao H, Dai L, Liu D, Chen J, Qi X, Bi Y, Shi Y, Gao GF, Liu Y. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic. Front Med 2021; 15:507-527. [PMID: 33860875 PMCID: PMC8190734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038620. [PMID: 31964651 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to date possess viral genes originating from avian influenza viruses (AIVs). During the past decades, a wide range of AIVs have overcome the species barrier and infected humans with different clinical manifestations ranging from mild illness to severe disease and even death. Understanding the mechanisms of infection in the context of clinical outcomes, the mechanism of interspecies transmission, and the molecular determinants that confer interspecies transmission is important for pandemic preparedness. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenicity of human infections with AIVs to further our understanding of interspecies transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bui CHT, Yeung HW, Ho JCW, Leung CYH, Hui KPY, Perera RAPM, Webby RJ, Schultz-Cherry SL, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and influenza virus in canine tissue explants. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:821-830. [PMID: 33395484 PMCID: PMC7799041 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human spillovers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to dogs and the emergence of a highly contagious avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus have raised concerns on the role of dogs in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and their susceptibility to existing human and avian influenza viruses, which might result in further reassortment. Methods We systematically studied the replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, influenza A viruses of H1, H3, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes, and influenza B viruses of Yamagata-like and Victoria-like lineages in ex vivo canine nasal cavity, soft palate, trachea, and lung tissue explant cultures and examined ACE2 and sialic acid (SA) receptor distribution in these tissues. Results There was limited productive replication of SARS-CoV-2 in canine nasal cavity and SARS-CoV in canine nasal cavity, soft palate, and lung, with unexpectedly high ACE2 levels in canine nasal cavity and soft palate. Canine tissues were susceptible to a wide range of human and avian influenza viruses, which matched with the abundance of both human and avian SA receptors. Conclusions Existence of suitable receptors and tropism for the same tissue foster virus adaptation and reassortment. Continuous surveillance in dog populations should be conducted given the many chances for spillover during outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H T Bui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H W Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John C W Ho
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Connie Y H Leung
- Centre for Comparative Medicine Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey L Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Teodoro G, Valleriani F, Puglia I, Monaco F, Di Pancrazio C, Luciani M, Krasteva I, Petrini A, Marcacci M, D'Alterio N, Curini V, Iorio M, Migliorati G, Di Domenico M, Morelli D, Calistri P, Savini G, Decaro N, Holmes EC, Lorusso A. SARS-CoV-2 replicates in respiratory ex vivo organ cultures of domestic ruminant species. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108933. [PMID: 33278734 PMCID: PMC7685048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Replication and tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in cattle, sheep, and pigs using EVOCs, were investigated. Respiratory tissues of cattle and sheep, but not those of pigs, are able to sustain viral replication. A SARS-CoV-2 isolate harbouring mutation D614 G in the S protein has greater replication capabilities. SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2-expressing cells of the respiratory tract of cattle and sheep.
There is strong evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, originated from an animal reservoir. However, the exact mechanisms of emergence, the host species involved, and the risk to domestic and agricultural animals are largely unknown. Some domestic animal species, including cats, ferrets, and minks, have been demonstrated to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while others, such as pigs and chickens, are not. Importantly, the susceptibility of ruminants to SARS-CoV-2 is unknown, even though they often live in close proximity to humans. We investigated the replication and tissue tropism of two different SARS-CoV-2 isolates in the respiratory tract of three farm animal species - cattle, sheep, and pigs - using respiratory ex vivo organ cultures (EVOCs). We demonstrate that the respiratory tissues of cattle and sheep, but not of pigs, sustain viral replication in vitro of both isolates and that SARS-CoV-2 is associated to ACE2-expressing cells of the respiratory tract of both ruminant species. Intriguingly, a SARS-CoV-2 isolate containing an amino acid substitution at site 614 of the spike protein (mutation D614G) replicated at higher magnitude in ex vivo tissues of both ruminant species, supporting previous results obtained using human cells. These results suggest that additional in vivo experiments involving several ruminant species are warranted to determine their potential role in the epidemiology of this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ivanka Krasteva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chan LLY, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Lau YL, Chan MCW, Chan RWY. Host DNA released by NETosis in neutrophils exposed to seasonal H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. Respir Res 2020; 21:160. [PMID: 32576265 PMCID: PMC7310290 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil is of the most abundant number in human immune system. During acute influenza virus infection, neutrophils are already active in the early phase of inflammation - a time in which clinical biopsy or autopsy material is not readily available. However, the role of neutrophil in virus infection is not well understood. Here, we studied the role of neutrophil in host defense during influenza A virus infection, specifically assessing if it contributes to the differential pathogenesis in H5N1 disease. METHODS Neutrophils were freshly isolated from healthy volunteers and subjected to direct influenza H1N1 and H5N1 virus infection in vitro. The ability of the naïve neutrophils to infiltrate from the basolateral to the apical phase of the influenza virus infected alveolar epithelium was assessed. The viral replication, innate immune responses and Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation of neutrophils upon influenza virus infection were evaluated. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that influenza virus infected alveolar epithelium allowed neutrophil transmigration. Significantly more neutrophils migrated across the H5N1 influenza virus infected the epithelium than the counterpart infected by the seasonal influenza H1N1 virus infected. Neutrophils were equally susceptible to H5N1 and H1N1 virus infection with similar viral gene transcription. Productive replication was observed in H5N1 infected neutrophils. H5N1 induced higher cytokine and chemokine gene transcription than H1N1 infected neutrophils, including TNF-α, IFN-β, CXCL10, MIP-1α and IL-8. This inferred a more intense inflammatory response posed by H5N1 than H1N1 virus. Strikingly, NADPH oxidase-independent NET formation was only observed in H1N1 infected neutrophils at 6 hpi while no NET formation was observed upon H5N1 infection. CONCLUSION Our data is the first to demonstrate that NET formation is abrogated in H5N1 influenza virus infection and might contribute to the severity of H5N1 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa L Y Chan
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Public Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renee W Y Chan
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Langeder J, Grienke U, Chen Y, Kirchmair J, Schmidtke M, Rollinger JM. Natural products against acute respiratory infections: Strategies and lessons learned. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112298. [PMID: 31610260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A wide variety of traditional herbal remedies have been used throughout history for the treatment of symptoms related to acute respiratory infections (ARIs). AIM OF THE REVIEW The present work provides a timely overview of natural products affecting the most common pathogens involved in ARIs, in particular influenza viruses and rhinoviruses as well as bacteria involved in co-infections, their molecular targets, their role in drug discovery, and the current portfolio of available naturally derived anti-ARI drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature of the last ten years was evaluated for natural products active against influenza viruses and rhinoviruses. The collected bioactive agents were further investigated for reported activities against ARI-relevant bacteria, and analysed for the chemical space they cover in relation to currently known natural products and approved drugs. RESULTS An overview of (i) natural compounds active in target-based and/or phenotypic assays relevant to ARIs, (ii) extracts, and (iii) in vivo data are provided, offering not only a starting point for further in-depth phytochemical and antimicrobial studies, but also revealing insights into the most relevant anti-ARI scaffolds and compound classes. Investigations of the chemical space of bioactive natural products based on principal component analysis show that many of these compounds are drug-like. However, some bioactive natural products are substantially larger and have more polar groups than most approved drugs. A workflow with various strategies for the discovery of novel antiviral agents is suggested, thereby evaluating the merit of in silico techniques, the use of complementary assays, and the relevance of ethnopharmacological knowledge on the exploration of the therapeutic potential of natural products. CONCLUSIONS The longstanding ethnopharmacological tradition of natural remedies against ARIs highlights their therapeutic impact and remains a highly valuable selection criterion for natural materials to be investigated in the search for novel anti-ARI acting concepts. We observe a tendency towards assaying for broad-spectrum antivirals and antibacterials mainly discovered in interdisciplinary academic settings, and ascertain a clear demand for more translational studies to strengthen efforts for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents for patients suffering from ARIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Langeder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ya Chen
- University of Hamburg, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Bundesstraße 43, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway; Computational Biology Unit (CBU), University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu X, Xiao L, Li L. Research progress on human infection with avian influenza H7N9. Front Med 2020; 14:8-20. [PMID: 31989396 PMCID: PMC7101792 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the first case of novel H7N9 infection was reported, China has experienced five epidemics of H7N9. During the fifth wave, a highly pathogenic H7N9 strain emerged. Meanwhile, the H7N9 virus continues to accumulate mutations, and its affinity for the human respiratory epithelial sialic acid 2–6 receptor has increased. Therefore, a pandemic is still possible. In the past 6 years, we have accumulated rich experience in dealing with H7N9, especially in terms of virus tracing, epidemiological research, key site mutation monitoring, critical disease mechanisms, clinical treatment, and vaccine development. In the research fields above, significant progress has been made to effectively control the spread of the epidemic and reduce the fatality rate. To fully document the research progress concerning H7N9, we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of H7N9, the key gene mutations of the virus, and H7N9 vaccine, thus providing a scientific basis for further monitoring and prevention of H7N9 influenza epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanlan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bui CHT, Chan RWY, Ng MMT, Cheung MC, Ng KC, Chan MPK, Chan LLY, Fong JHM, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism of influenza B viruses in human respiratory tract explants and airway organoids. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00008-2019. [PMID: 31097520 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00008-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite causing regular seasonal epidemics with substantial morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic burden, there is still a lack of research into influenza B viruses (IBVs). In this study, we provide for the first time a systematic investigation on the tropism, replication kinetics and pathogenesis of IBVs in the human respiratory tract.Physiologically relevant ex vivo explant cultures of human bronchus and lung, human airway organoids, and in vitro cultures of differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells and type-I-like alveolar epithelial cells were used to study the cellular and tissue tropism, replication competence and induced innate immune response of 16 IBV strains isolated from 1940 to 2012 in comparison with human seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs), H1N1 and H3N2. IBVs from the diverged Yamagata- and Victoria-like lineages and the earlier undiverged period were included.The majority of IBVs replicated productively in human bronchus and lung with similar competence to seasonal IAVs. IBVs infected a variety of cell types, including ciliated cells, club cells, goblet cells and basal cells, in human airway organoids. Like seasonal IAVs, IBVs are low inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Most results suggested a higher preference for the conducting airway than the lower lung and strain-specific rather than lineage-specific pathogenicity of IBVs.Our results highlighted the non-negligible virulence of IBVs which require more attention and further investigation to alleviate the disease burden, especially when treatment options are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H T Bui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint first authors
| | - Renee W Y Chan
- Dept of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint first authors
| | - Mandy M T Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M-C Cheung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Chun Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Megan P K Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louisa L Y Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Dept of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joanne H M Fong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J M Nicholls
- Dept of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Replication kinetics and cellular tropism of emerging reoviruses in sheep and swine respiratory ex vivo organ cultures. Vet Microbiol 2019; 234:119-127. [PMID: 31213267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo organ cultures (EVOCs) are extensively used to study the cellular tropism and infectivity of different pathogens. In this study, we used ovine and porcine respiratory EVOCs to investigate the replication kinetics and cellular tropism of selected emerging reoviruses namely Pteropine orthoreovirus, an emerging bat-borne zoonotic respiratory virus, and atypical Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes which, unlike classical serotypes, do not cause Bluetongue, a major OIE-listed disease of ruminants. BTV failed to replicate in ovine EVOCs. Instead, PRV showed slight replication in porcine lower respiratory EVOCs and a more sustained replication in all ovine respiratory tissues. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, PRV was demonstrated to infect bronchiolar and type I pneumocytes of ovine tissues. Overall, respiratory EVOCs from different animal species, eventually obtained at slaughterhouse, are a useful tool for testing and preliminarily characterize novel and emerging viruses addressing the essential in vivo animal work. Further experiments are, indeed, warranted in order to characterize the pathogenesis and transmission of these emerging reoviruses.
Collapse
|
13
|
Taniguchi K, Ando Y, Nobori H, Toba S, Noshi T, Kobayashi M, Kawai M, Yoshida R, Sato A, Shishido T, Naito A, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Inhibition of avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus by the novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3466. [PMID: 30837531 PMCID: PMC6401108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus represent a serious threat to global health; however, treatment options are limited. Here, we show the inhibitory effects of baloxavir acid (BXA) and its prodrug baloxavir marboxil (BXM), a first-in-class cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor, against A(H7N9), in vitro and in vivo. In cell culture, BXA at four nanomolar concentration achieved a 1.5-2.8 log reduction in virus titers of A(H7N9), including the NA-R292K mutant virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, whereas NA inhibitors or favipiravir required approximately 20-fold or higher concentrations to achieve the same levels of reduction. A(H7N9)-specific amino acid polymorphism at position 37, implicated in BXA binding to the PA endonuclease domain, did not impact on BXA susceptibility. In mice, oral administration of BXM at 5 and 50 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days completely protected from a lethal A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) challenge, and reduced virus titers more than 2-3 log in the lungs. Furthermore, the potent therapeutic effects of BXM in mice were still observed when a higher virus dose was administered or treatment was delayed up to 48 hours post infection. These findings support further investigation of BXM for A(H7N9) treatment in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Taniguchi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Haruaki Nobori
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Toba
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Organization for Research and Community Development, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | - Akihiko Sato
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Keita Matsuno
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang S, Zhang L, Zhang R, Chi X, Yang Z, Xie Y, Shu S, Liao Y, Chen JL. Identification of two residues within the NS1 of H7N9 influenza A virus that critically affect the protein stability and function. Vet Res 2018; 49:98. [PMID: 30285871 PMCID: PMC6389221 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus, which causes mild to lethal human respiratory disease, continues to circulate in China, posing a great threat to public health. Influenza NS1 protein plays a key role in counteracting host innate immune responses, allowing the virus to efficiently replicate in the host. In this study, we compared NS1 amino acid sequences of H7N9 influenza A virus with those of other strains, and determined NS1 protein variability within the H7N9 virus and then evaluated the impact of amino acid substitutions on ability of the NS1 proteins to inhibit host innate immunity. Interestingly, the amino acid residue S212 was identified to have a profound effect on the primary function of NS1, since S212P substitution disabled H7N9 NS1 in suppressing the host RIG-I-dependent interferon response, as well as the ability to promote the virus replication. In addition, we identified another amino acid residue, I178, serving as a key site to keep NS1 protein high steady-state levels. When the isoleucine was replaced by valine at 178 site (I178V mutation), NS1 of H7N9 underwent rapid degradation through proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we observed that P212S and V178I mutation in NS1 of PR8 virus enhanced virulence and promoted the virus replication in vivo. Together, these results indicate that residues I178 and S212 within H7N9 NS1 protein are critical for stability and functioning of the NS1 protein respectively, and may contribute to the enhanced pathogenicity of H7N9 influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sicheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gun L, Haixian P, Yumiao R, Han T, Jingqi L, Liguang Z. Codon usage characteristics of PB2 gene in influenza A H7N9 virus from different host species. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:430-435. [PMID: 30179716 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influenza A H7N9 virus is a highly contagious virus which can only infect poultry before early 2013. But after that time, it widely caused human infections in China and brought Southeast Asia great threaten in the public health area. The coding gene for polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) in influenza A H7N9 virus encodes the PB2 protein, which is a part of the RNA polymerase. The enzyme lacks a correction function during its own replication process, so the mutation frequency of the influenza A H7N9 virus gene is high and the PB2 gene is also included. To investigate the codon usages characteristics of PB2 gene, gene sequences of 12 kinds of poultry are downloaded form the gene bank (NCBI) and their codon usage characteristics such as the effective number of codons (ENC), the evolutionary relationship of the sequences, the codon adaptation index (CAI), the correspondence analysis (COA), the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and their PR2-bias are compared and studied. The value of these reults showed that there is a low codon usage bias in the PB2 gene. Then, the differences between the codon usages of PB2 gene from 12 kinds of poultry are compared and their potential applications are discussed. These results could lay a foundation for other further study on the evolution of H7N9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Pan Haixian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ren Yumiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tian Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Jingqi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhang Liguang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Adaptation of influenza A (H7N9) virus in primary human airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11300. [PMID: 28900138 PMCID: PMC5595892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A (H7N9) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential. To understand its adaptation capability, we examined the genetic changes and cellular responses following serial infections of A (H7N9) in primary human airway epithelial cells (hAECs). After 35 serial passages, six amino acid mutations were found, i.e. HA (R54G, T160A, Q226L, H3 numbering), NA (K289R, or K292R for N2 numbering), NP (V363V/I) and PB2 (L/R332R). The mutations in HA enabled A(H7N9) virus to bind with higher affinity (from 39.2% to 53.4%) to sialic acid α2,6-galactose (SAα2,6-Gal) linked receptors. A greater production of proinflammatory cytokines in hAECs was elicited at later passages together with earlier peaking at 24 hours post infection of IL-6, MIP-1α, and MCP-1 levels. Viral replication capacity in hAECs maintained at similar levels throughout the 35 passages. In conclusion, during the serial infections of hAECs by influenza A(H7N9) virus, enhanced binding of virion to cell receptors with subsequent stronger innate cell response were noted, but no enhancement of viral replication could be observed. This indicates the existence of possible evolutional hurdle for influenza A(H7N9) virus to transmit efficiently from human to human.
Collapse
|
17
|
The PB2 mutation with lysine at 627 enhances the pathogenicity of avian influenza (H7N9) virus which belongs to a non-zoonotic lineage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2352. [PMID: 28539661 PMCID: PMC5443809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China in 2013 and has caused zoonotic disease in over 1123 persons with an overall mortality around 30%. Amino acid changes at the residues 591, 627 and 701 of polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) have been found frequently in the human H7N9 isolates but not in viruses isolated from avian species. We have recently identified a cluster of H7N9 viruses in ducks which circulated in China prior to the first recognition of zoonotic disease in 2013. These duck viruses have genetic background distinct from the zoonotic H7N9 lineage. We found that the introduction of PB2 mutation with K at 627 but not K at 591 or N at 701 to the duck H7N9 virus led to increased pathogenicity in mice. We also found that the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1α were associated with increased severity of infection. We conclude that introduction of the mammalian adaptation mutations into the PB2 gene of duck H7N9 viruses, which are genetically unrelated to the zoonotic H7N9 lineage, can also enhance pathogenicity in mice.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hui KPY, Chan LLY, Kuok DIT, Mok CKP, Yang ZF, Li RF, Luk GSM, Lee EF, Lai JCC, Yen HL, Zhu H, Guan Y, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism and innate host responses of influenza A/H5N6 virus: an analysis of ex vivo and in vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/3/1601710. [PMID: 28275173 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01710-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since their first isolation in 2013, influenza A/H5N6 viruses have spread amongst poultry across multiple provinces in China and to Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar. So far, there have been 14 human H5N6 infections with 10 fatalities.We investigated the tropism, replication competence and cytokine induction of one human and two avian H5N6 isolates in ex vivo and in vitro cultures derived from the human respiratory tract. Virus tropism and replication were studied in ex vivo cultures of human nasopharynx, bronchus and lung. Induction of cytokines and chemokines was measured in vitro in virus-infected primary human alveolar epithelial cells.Human H5N6 virus replicated more efficiently than highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus and as efficiently as H1N1pdm in ex vivo human bronchus and lung and was also able to replicate in ex vivo cultures of human nasopharynx. Avian H5N6 viruses replicated less efficiently than H1N1pdm in human bronchial tissues and to similar titres as HPAI H5N1 in the lung. While the human H5N6 virus had affinity for avian-like receptors, the two avian isolates had binding affinity for both avian- and human-like receptors. All three H5N6 viruses were less potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with H5N1 virus.Human H5N6 virus appears better adapted to infect the human airways than H5N1 virus and may pose a significant public health threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Louisa L Y Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Denise I T Kuok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K P Mok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geraldine S M Luk
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine F Lee
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy C C Lai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|