1
|
Sun J, Du B, Chen M, Jia J, Wang X, Hong J. FBXO28 reduces high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice by alleviating abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:2757-2774. [PMID: 38696123 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. Abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation are two significant characteristics of hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of F-box only protein 28 (FBXO28) in hyperlipidemia. METHODS Mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) to elicit obesity, and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated with MDI cocktail (IBMX, DEX and insulin) to evoke differentiation. In vivo and in vitro role of FBXO28 in hyperlipidemia was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin and oil Red O staining, the lipid biochemistry measurement, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays. The mechanism of FBXO28 explored by co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, ubiquitination and cycloheximide assays. RESULTS Low expression of FBXO28 was found in hyperlipidemia in silico, in vivo and in vitro. Upregulation of FBXO28 declined the body weight, fat accumulation, and serum lipid content in HFD-fed mice. Abnormal lipid accumulation, and the level of liposynthetic genes and beta-oxidation related genes were improved by overexpression of FBXO28 both in HFD-elicited mice and MDI-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Besides, overexpression of FBXO28 declined HFD-induced the level of proinflammatory factors and F4/80. Mechanically, FBXO28 directly bound RAB27A and promoted its ubiquitinated degradation. Thus, upregulation of RAB27A inverted the improved role of FBXO28 in abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION FBXO28 ameliorated abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation through the ubiquitinated degradation of RAB27A, thereby attenuating HFD-induced hyperlipidemia. The results could promote the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and the relevant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Cadre's Ward, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - B Du
- Department of Neurology, Urumqi Midong District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - M Chen
- Cadre's Ward, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.116, Huanghe Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - J Jia
- Cadre's Ward, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.116, Huanghe Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - X Wang
- Cadre's Ward, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.116, Huanghe Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - J Hong
- Cadre's Ward, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.116, Huanghe Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Jiang Y, Yang Z, Xu H, Khalid AK, Iftakhar T, Peng Y, Lu L, Zhang L, Bermudez L, Guo A, Chen Y. Host factor RBMX2 promotes epithelial cell apoptosis by downregulating APAF-1's Retention Intron after Mycobacterium bovis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1431207. [PMID: 39308873 PMCID: PMC11412827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1431207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis (M. bovis) is a highly pathogenic environmental microorganism that causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a significant zoonotic disease. Currently, "test and culling" is the primary measure for controlling bTB, but it has been proven to be inadequate in animals due to their high susceptibility to the pathogen. Selective breeding for increased host resistance to bTB to reduce its prevalence is feasible. In this study, we found a vital host-dependent factor, RBMX2, that can potentially promote M. bovis infection. By knocking RBMX2 out, we investigated its function during M. bovis infection. Through transcriptome sequencing and alternative splicing transcriptome sequencing, we concluded that after M. bovis infection, embryo bovine lung (EBL) cells were significantly enriched in RNA splicing associated with apoptosis compared with wild-type EBL cells. Through protein/molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and real-time quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that RBMX2 promotes the apoptosis of epithelial cells by upregulating and binding to apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF-1), resulting in the alternative splicing of APAF-1 as a retention intron. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. bovis affecting host epithelial cell apoptosis by hijacking RBMX2 to promote the intron splicing of downstream APAF-1. These findings may represent a significant contribution to the development of novel TB prevention and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanzhu Jiang
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haojun Xu
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Abdul Karim Khalid
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tahira Iftakhar
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongchong Peng
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luiz Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun X, Li W, Zhao L, Fan K, Qin F, Shi L, Gao F, Zheng C. Current landscape of exosomes in tuberculosis development, diagnosis, and treatment applications. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401867. [PMID: 38846947 PMCID: PMC11153741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases worldwide. Currently, there are complex interactions between host cells and pathogens in TB. The onset, progression, and regression of TB are correlated not only with the virulence of MTB but also with the immunity of TB patients. Exosomes are cell-secreted membrane-bound nanovesicles with lipid bilayers that contain a variety of biomolecules, such as metabolites, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication and interactions with the microenvironment represent crucial mechanisms through which exosomes exert their functional effects. Exosomes harbor a wide range of regulatory roles in physiological and pathological conditions, including MTB infection. Exosomes can regulate the immune response, metabolism, and cellular death to remodel the progression of MTB infection. During MTB infection, exosomes display distinctive profiles and quantities that may act as diagnostic biomarkers, suggesting that exosomes provide a revealing glimpse into the evolving landscape of MTB infections. Furthermore, exosomes derived from MTB and mesenchymal stem cells can be harnessed as vaccine platforms and drug delivery vehicles for the precise targeting and treatment of TB. In this review, we highlight the functions and mechanisms through which exosomes influence the progression of TB. Additionally, we unravel the critical significance of exosomal constituents in the diagnosis and therapeutic applications of TB, aiming to offer novel perspectives and strategies for combating TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenfen Qin
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liwen Shi
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alipoor SD, Elieh-Ali-Komi D. Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1398077. [PMID: 38836056 PMCID: PMC11148335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang L, Chi J, Wu H, Xia X, Xu C, Hao H, Liu Z. Extracellular vesicles and endothelial dysfunction in infectious diseases. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e148. [PMID: 38938849 PMCID: PMC11080793 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Studies have shown that infections especially bacteraemia and sepsis are associated with increased risks for endothelial dysfunction and related CVDs including atherosclerosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, sealed membrane-derived structures that are released into body fluids and blood from cells and/or microbes and are critically involved in a variety of important cell functions and disease development, including intercellular communications, immune responses and inflammation. It is known that EVs-mediated mechanism(s) is important in the development of endothelial dysfunction in infections with a diverse spectrum of microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, SARS-CoV-2 (the virus for COVID-19) and Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori infection is one of the most common infections globally. During H. pylori infection, EVs can carry H. pylori components, such as lipopolysaccharide, cytotoxin-associated gene A, or vacuolating cytotoxin A, and transfer these substances into endothelial cells, triggering inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction. This review is to illustrate the important role of EVs in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, and the development of endothelial dysfunction in infectious diseases especially H. pylori infection, and to discuss the potential mechanisms and clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jingshu Chi
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Gastroenterologythe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Xiujuan Xia
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Canxia Xu
- Department of Gastroenterologythe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moazezi Ghavihelm A, Nabian S, Jamshidi S, Taheri M, Soltani M, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Akbari Pazoki A. Designing a Multiple-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum for Monocyte-Derived Exosome Preparation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2024; 19:153-161. [PMID: 39011533 PMCID: PMC11246201 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v19i2.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Leishmania is a vector-borne protozoon, which causes visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis in human and animals. Monocyte-derived exosome vaccines can be used as prophylaxis and immunotherapy strategies. The aim of this study was to design a multiple-epitope candidate vaccine using leishmaniolysin (GP63) and rK39 proteins against Leishmania major and L. infantum for monocyte-derived exosome preparation. Methods This study was carried out in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 2023-2024. Effective immunodominant epitopes were selected from two antigenic proteins of GP63 and rK39 using various immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches. Vibrio cholerae β-subunit was used as an adjuvant to stimulate immune responses. Then, appropriate linkers were selected for the fusion of epitopes. The 3D model of candidate vaccine was predicted and validated. Results This designed candidate vaccine could effectively be used as a prophylaxis strategy against leishmaniosis. Conclusion A candidate vaccine was designed using bioinformatic and immunoinformatic studies with virtual acceptable quality; however, effectiveness of this vaccine should be verified through further in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moazezi Ghavihelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Nabian
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Jamshidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Soltani
- Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbari Pazoki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li T, Chen X, Qi Q, Feng X. Bovine Milk Derived Exosomes Affect Gut Microbiota of DSS-Induced Colitis Mice. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:100-109. [PMID: 38468747 PMCID: PMC10924850 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bovine milk derived exosomes (MDEs) on the gut microbiota of Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Total of 42 specific pathogen free (SPF) male BALB/c mice (3 weeks old) were randomly assigned to three groups including control group, DSS group (DSS) and bovine milk derived exosome group (Exo), with 7 replicates/cages per treatment and two mice in one cage. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of cecal digesta samples was conducted. DSS significantly decreased the average daily feed intake of mice in DSS and Exo groups (P = 0.03). Shannon index of the DSS group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05) whereas no difference between the control group and Exo group was observed. Administration of MDEs tended to increase the relative abundance of Campylobaterota. Compared to the control group, the relative abundance of Roseburia was significantly decreased in the DSS group (P < 0.05) whereas no difference between the Exo group and control group was observed. MDEs also tended to increase the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006. In conclusion, oral administration of 10 µL MDEs (1 mg/mL) positively affected gut microbiota of DSS-induced colitis mice. The results of this study provided valuable reference for MDEs application in the prevention and treatment of colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonghao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 Guangyun Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 Guangyun Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong China
| | - Qien Qi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 Guangyun Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong China
| | - Xin Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 Guangyun Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghoshal A, Verma A, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. The uncharted territory of host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339467. [PMID: 38312835 PMCID: PMC10834760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) effectively manipulates the host processes to establish the deadly respiratory disease, Tuberculosis (TB). M.tb has developed key mechanisms to disrupt the host cell health to combat immune responses and replicate efficaciously. M.tb antigens such as ESAT-6, 19kDa lipoprotein, Hip1, and Hsp70 destroy the integrity of cell organelles (Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, Phagosomes) or delay innate/adaptive cell responses. This is followed by the induction of cellular stress responses in the host. Such cells can either undergo various cell death processes such as apoptosis or necrosis, or mount effective immune responses to clear the invading pathogen. Further, to combat the infection progression, the host secretes extracellular vesicles such as exosomes to initiate immune signaling. The exosomes can contain M.tb as well as host cell-derived peptides that can act as a double-edged sword in the immune signaling event. The host-symbiont microbiota produces various metabolites that are beneficial for maintaining healthy tissue microenvironment. In juxtaposition to the above-mentioned mechanisms, M.tb dysregulates the gut and respiratory microbiome to support its replication and dissemination process. The above-mentioned interconnected host cellular processes of Immunometabolism, Cellular stress, Host Microbiome, and Extracellular vesicles are less explored in the realm of exploration of novel Host-directed therapies for TB. Therefore, this review highlights the intertwined host cellular processes to control M.tb survival and showcases the important factors that can be targeted for designing efficacious therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alfandari D, Cadury S, Morandi MI, Regev-Rudzki N. Transforming parasites into their own foes: parasitic extracellular vesicles as a vaccine platform. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:913-928. [PMID: 37758631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases continue to afflict millions of people globally. However, traditional vaccine development strategies are often difficult to apply to parasites, leaving an immense unmet need for new effective vaccines for the prevention and control of parasitic infections. As parasites commonly use extracellular vesicles (EVs) to interact with, interfere with, or modulate the host immune response from a distance, parasite-derived EVs may provide promising vaccine agents that induce immunity against parasitic infections. We here present achievements to date and the challenges and limitations associated with using parasitic EVs in a clinical context. Despite the many difficulties that need to be overcome, we believe this direction could offer a new and reliable source of therapeutics for various neglected parasitic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alfandari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Cadury
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mattia I Morandi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guthrie CM, Tan X, Meeker AC, Self AE, Liu L, Cheng Y. Engineering a dual vaccine against COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1273019. [PMID: 37965265 PMCID: PMC10641007 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been one of the top public health threats across the world over the past three years. Mycobacterium bovis BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world, that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the past decades, recombinant M.bovis BCG has been studied as a novel vaccine vector for other infectious diseases in humans besides tuberculosis, such as viral infections. In the current study, we generated a recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD that expresses a fusion protein consisting of M. tb Ag85A protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using synthetic biology technique. Our results show that the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain successfully expressed this fusion protein. Interestingly, the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD significantly induced SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell activation and IgG production in mice when compared to the parental M.bovis BCG strain, and was more potent than the recombinant M.bovis BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. As expected, the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD activated an increased number of M. tb Ag85A-specific IFNγ-releasing T cells and enhanced IgG production in mice when compared to the parental M.bovis BCG strain or the BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. Taken together, our results indicate a potential application of the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD as a novel dual vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and M. tb in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlyn Monèt Guthrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Xuejuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Amber Cherry Meeker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ashton Elisabeth Self
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Butler LR, Gonzalez J, Pedra JHF, Oliva Chavez AS. Tick extracellular vesicles in host skin immunity and pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:873-885. [PMID: 37591719 PMCID: PMC10528898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit a variety of human pathogens, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites. Historically, their saliva has been of immense interest due to its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anesthetic properties. Only recently, it was discovered that tick saliva contains extracellular vesicles (EVs). Briefly, it has been observed that proteins associated with EVs are important for multiple tick-borne intracellular microbial lifestyles. The impact of tick EVs on viral and intracellular bacterial pathogen transmission from the tick to the mammalian host has been shown experimentally. Additionally, tick EVs interact with the mammalian skin immune system at the bite site. The interplay between tick EVs, the transmission of pathogens, and the host skin immune system affords opportunities for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Rainer Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Gonzalez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Azambakhtiar A, Nabian S, Mohebali M, Taheri M, Fard RMN. Gelatin Zymography of Major Proteases in Exosomes of Leishmania major Promastigotes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023; 18:546-553. [PMID: 38169597 PMCID: PMC10758077 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i4.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Enzymatic digestion of extra cellular matrix proteins by proteinases of Leishmania promastigotes is a complex process. Hence, studies on functional proteomics of these enzymes can help select these enzymes as possible vaccine candidates or selecting candidates for chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Several proteolytic enzymes are involved in virulence of Leishmania spp. These enzymes are mostly serine, cysteine and metalloproteases. We aimed to detect proteases in Leishmania promastigote exosomes. Methods Serine, cysteine and metalloproteases were investigated in exosomes and lysate of L. major promastigote using gelatin zymography. The study was carried out in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, in 2021. Results Zymography findings of metalloproteinases showed transparent bands, including a 63-kDa glycoprotein (GP63). This glycoprotein is a major surface metalloproteinase. In addition, transparent bands belonged to serin proteases and cathepsin were demonstrated in gels associated to Leishmania promastigote lysate and exosomes. Conclusion Several metalloproteases, serin proteases and cathepsins were shown in promastigote lysate and exosomes of L. major, which could purified and used as fractions for immunodiagnostic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Azambakhtiar
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Nabian
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun Z, Pang X, Wang X, Zeng H. Differential expression analysis of miRNAs in macrophage-derived exosomes in the tuberculosis-infected bone microenvironment. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236012. [PMID: 37601387 PMCID: PMC10435735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages play an important role in regulating the course of spinal tuberculosis within the bone microenvironment. This study aimed to investigate the differential expression of miRNA in macrophage-derived exosomes within the tuberculosis-infected bone microenvironment, to identify miRNAs that hold potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Methods We established study cohorts for spinal tuberculosis, collected bone marrow blood samples, isolated macrophage exosomes, and performed exosome miRNA sequencing. A miRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed using WGCNA analysis. Gene GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed using KOBAS software. Target miRNAs were selected based on fold change, P-value, and false discovery rate, and their validation was carried out using qRT-PCR and ROC curve studies. Subsequently, we constructed a target gene network for these miRNAs and performed KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to explore the potential signaling mechanisms involved in regulating the disease course of spinal tuberculosis. Results Our findings revealed that macrophages from the tuberculosis-infected bone microenvironment exhibited an M1 phenotype. The successful extraction of exosomes from macrophage supernatants was confirmed through electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and protein blot analysis. Exosome miRNA-seq demonstrated that 28 miRNAs were up-regulated, while 34 miRNAs were down-regulated in individuals with spinal tuberculosis. GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in various biological processes, cell components, molecular functions, and signaling pathways, which collectively contribute to the regulation of the disease course of spinal tuberculosis. Notably, miRNA-125b-5p was successfully selected based on fold change, p-value, and false discovery rate. qRT-PCR validation further confirmed the significant up-regulation of miRNA-125b-5p in spinal tuberculosis. The ROC curve revealed that miR-125b-5p is a potential diagnostic biomarker for spinal tuberculosis. Moreover, construction of the miRNA-125b-5p target gene network and subsequent KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted the importance of MAPK, TNF, Ras, Rap1, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in the regulation of the disease course of spinal tuberculosis. Conclusion Our study demonstrates differential expression of miRNAs in macrophage-derived exosomes in the tuberculosis-infected bone microenvironment. Specifically, MiRNA-125b-5p is significantly up-regulated in spinal tuberculosis and shows potential as a diagnostic biomarker for spinal tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park JS, Perl A. Endosome Traffic Modulates Pro-Inflammatory Signal Transduction in CD4 + T Cells-Implications for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10749. [PMID: 37445926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic recycling regulates the cell surface receptor composition of the plasma membrane. The surface expression levels of the T cell receptor (TCR), in concert with signal transducing co-receptors, regulate T cell responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. Altered TCR expression contributes to pro-inflammatory skewing, which is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), defined by a reduced function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the expansion of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells. The ensuing secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23, trigger autoantibody production and tissue infiltration by cells of the adaptive and innate immune system that induce organ damage. Endocytic recycling influences immunological synapse formation by CD4+ T lymphocytes, signal transduction from crosslinked surface receptors through recruitment of adaptor molecules, intracellular traffic of organelles, and the generation of metabolites to support growth, cytokine production, and epigenetic control of DNA replication and gene expression in the cell nucleus. This review will delineate checkpoints of endosome traffic that can be targeted for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune and other disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy S Park
- Department of Medicine, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gupta S, Bhagavathula M, Sharma V, Sharma N, Sharma N, Biswas A, Palacios A, Salgueiro V, Lavín JL, Dogra N, Salgame P, Prados‐Rosales R, Rodríguez GM. Dynamin-like proteins mediate extracellular vesicle secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55593. [PMID: 37079766 PMCID: PMC10240201 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a variety of proteins, lipoproteins, and lipoglycans. While emerging evidence suggests that EVs contribute to tuberculosis pathogenesis, the factors and molecular mechanisms involved in mycobacterial EV production have not been identified. In this study, we use a genetic approach to identify Mtb proteins that mediate vesicle release in response to iron limitation and antibiotic exposure. We uncover a critical role for the isoniazid-induced, dynamin-like proteins, IniA and IniC, in mycobacterial EV biogenesis. Further characterization of a Mtb iniA mutant shows that the production of EVs enables intracellular Mtb to export bacterial components into the extracellular environment to communicate with host cells and potentially modulate the immune response. The findings advance our understanding of the biogenesis and functions of mycobacterial EVs and provide an avenue for targeting vesicle production in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamba Gupta
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Madhuri Bhagavathula
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Nevadita Sharma
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Ashis Biswas
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Ainhoa Palacios
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LabCIC bioGUNEDerioSpain
| | - Vivian Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and MicrobiologyAutonoma University of MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Navneet Dogra
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Rafael Prados‐Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and MicrobiologyAutonoma University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - G Marcela Rodríguez
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Greening DW, Xu R, Ale A, Hagemeyer CE, Chen W. Extracellular vesicles as next generation immunotherapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:73-100. [PMID: 36773820 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer to elicit diverse biological/functional response. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that EVs from immune, tumour, stromal cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication of various immune cell types to dynamically regulate host immune response. EVs have an innate capacity to evade recognition, transport and transfer functional components to target cells, with subsequent removal by the immune system, where the immunological activities of EVs impact immunoregulation including modulation of antigen presentation and cross-dressing, immune activation, immune suppression, and immune surveillance, impacting the tumour immune microenvironment. In this review, we outline the recent progress of EVs in immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention in cancer, including vaccine and targeted drug delivery and summarise their utility towards clinical translation. We highlight the strategies where EVs (natural and engineered) are being employed as a therapeutic approach for immunogenicity, tumoricidal function, and vaccine development, termed immuno-EVs. With seminal studies providing significant progress in the sequential development of engineered EVs as therapeutic anti-tumour platforms, we now require direct assessment to tune and improve the efficacy of resulting immune responses - essential in their translation into the clinic. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in EV immunobiology and facilitate advances in engineering EVs for the development of novel EV-based immunotherapeutics as a platform for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rong Xu
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anukreity Ale
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Palacio PL, Pleet ML, Reátegui E, Magaña SM. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: From cellular surrogates to pathogenic mediators and beyond. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 377:578064. [PMID: 36934525 PMCID: PMC10124134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) driven by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While the therapeutic arsenal has expanded significantly for management of relapsing forms of MS, treatment of individuals with progressive MS is suboptimal. This treatment inequality is in part due to an incomplete understanding of pathomechanisms at different stages of the disease-underscoring the critical need for new biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their bioactive cargo have emerged as endogenous nanoparticles with great theranostic potential-as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and ultimately as therapeutic candidates for precision nanotherapeutics. The goals of this review are to: 1) summarize the current data investigating the role of EVs and their bioactive cargo in MS pathogenesis, 2) provide a high level overview of advances and challenges in EV isolation and characterization for translational studies, and 3) conclude with future perspectives on this evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Loreto Palacio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michelle L Pleet
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Setty M Magaña
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pishavar E, Yazdian-Robati R, Abnous K, Hashemi M, Ebrahimian M, Feizpour R, Salmasi Z, Taghdisi SM. Aptamer-functionalized mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for targeted delivery of SN38 to colon cancer cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:388-394. [PMID: 37009014 PMCID: PMC10008394 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.68039.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Known as natural nanovesicles, exosomes have attracted increased attention as biocompatible carriers throughout recent years, which can provide appropriate sources for incorporating and transferring drugs to desired cells in order to improve their effectiveness and safety. Materials and Methods This study implicates the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from adipocyte tissue (ADSCs) to acquire a proper amount of exosomes for drug delivery. As the exosomes were separated by ultracentrifugation, SN38 was entrapped into ADSCs-derived exosomes through the combination method of incubation, freeze-thaw, and surfactant treatment (SN38/Exo). Then, SN38/Exo was conjugated with anti-MUC1 aptamer (SN38/Exo-Apt), and its targeting ability and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells were investigated. Results Encapsulation efficiency of SN38 into exosomes (58%) was significantly increased using our novel combination method. Furthermore, the in vitro results were indicative of the great cellular uptake of SN38/Exo-Apt and its significant cytotoxicity on Mucin 1 overexpressing cells (C26 cancer cells) without noticeable cytotoxicity on normal cells (CHO cells). Conclusion The results propose that our approach developed an efficient method for loading SN38 as a hydrophobic drug into exosomes and decorating them with MUC1 aptamer against Mucin 1 overexpressing cells. So, SN38/Exo-Apt could be considered a great platform in the future for the therapy of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pishavar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Ebrahimian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rozita Feizpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Corresponding authors: Zahra Salmasi. Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-31801340; ; Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-31801203;
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Corresponding authors: Zahra Salmasi. Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-31801340; ; Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-31801203;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang J, Li Y, Wang N, Wu J, Ye X, Jiang Y, Tang L. Functions of exosomal non-coding RNAs to the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127214. [PMID: 37033928 PMCID: PMC10073540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) which causes the world's dominant fatal bacterial contagious disease. Increasing studies have indicated that exosomes may be a novel option for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Exosomes are nanovesicles (30-150 nm) containing lipids, proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) released from various cells, and can transfer their cargos and communicate between cells. Furthermore, exosomal ncRNAs exhibit diagnosis potential in bacterial infections, including TB. Additionally, differential exosomal ncRNAs regulate the physiological and pathological functions of M. tb-infected cells and act as diagnostic markers for TB. This current review explored the potential biological roles and the diagnostic application prospects of exosomal ncRNAs, and included recent information on their pathogenic and therapeutic functions in TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Tang, ; Jianjun Wang,
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibiao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Tang, ; Jianjun Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Emerson LE, Barker H, Tran T, Barker S, Enslow S, Ou M, Hoffman C, Jones M, Pascual DW, Edelmann MJ. Extracellular vesicles elicit protective immune responses against Salmonella infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12267. [PMID: 36134734 PMCID: PMC9494607 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) produced by antigen-presenting cells represent a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. The sEVs have been shown to drive Th1-type adaptive immune responses against intracellular infections such as Salmonella. In this study, we have demonstrated that an administration of sEVs produced by Salmonella-infected macrophages to BALB/c mice that were then challenged with Salmonella infection decreased bacterial load in infected animals and led to protection against a lethal dose of Salmonella. Second, the same sEVs induced a robust production of IgA anti-Salmonella antibodies (Abs) in BALB/c mice, including IgA anti-OmpD Abs. These results show that the nanoscale sEVs stimulate adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens and that these sEVs can be used to provide animals with complete protection against lethal infection, such as the systemic bacterial infection in immunodeficient BALB/c mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Emerson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hailey Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terri Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha Enslow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David W Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiao Y, Ding Y, Zhuang J, Sun R, Sun H, Bai L. Osteoimmunomodulation role of exosomes derived from immune cells on osseointegration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:989537. [PMID: 36061437 PMCID: PMC9437288 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.989537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high success rate of biomedical implants adopted clinically, implant failures caused by aseptic loosening still raise the risk of secondary surgery and a substantial economic burden to patients. Improving the stable combination between the implant and the host bone tissue, achieving fast and high-quality osseointegration can effectively reduce the probability of aseptic loosening. Accumulating studies have shown that the osteoimmunomodulation mediated by immune cells mainly dominated by macrophages plays a pivotal role in osseointegration by releasing active factors to improve the inflammatory microenvironment. However, the mechanism by which osteoimmunomodulation mediates osseointegration remains unclear. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes released by macrophages play a central role in mediating osteoimmunomodulation. The exosomes can be internalized by various cells participating in de novo bone formation, such as endothelial cells and osteoblasts, to intervene in the osseointegration robustly. Therefore, macrophage-derived exosomes with multifunctionality are expected to significantly improve the osseointegration microenvironment, which is promising in reducing the occurrence of aseptic loosening. Based on this, this review summarizes recent studies on the effects of exosomes derived from the immune cells on osseointegration, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for improving the clinical success rate of biomedical implants and achieving high-quality and high-efficiency osseointegration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Xiao
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yanshu Ding
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyue Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ozkocak DC, Phan TK, Poon IKH. Translating extracellular vesicle packaging into therapeutic applications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946422. [PMID: 36045692 PMCID: PMC9420853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells in various (patho)physiological conditions. EVs can transfer effector molecules and elicit potent responses in recipient cells, making them attractive therapeutic agents and drug delivery platforms. In contrast to their tremendous potential, only a few EV-based therapies and drug delivery have been approved for clinical use, which is largely attributed to limited therapeutic loading technologies and efficiency. As EV cargo has major influence on their functionality, understanding and translating the biology underlying the packaging and transferring of biomolecule cargos (e.g. miRNAs, pathogen antigens, small molecule drugs) into EVs is key in harnessing their therapeutic potential. In this review, through recent insights into EVs’ content packaging, we discuss different mechanisms utilized by EVs during cargo packaging, and how one might therapeutically exploit this process. Apart from the well-characterized EVs like exosomes and microvesicles, we also cover the less-studied and other EV subtypes like apoptotic bodies, large oncosomes, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, and migrasomes to highlight therapeutically-diverse opportunities of EV armoury.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mehaffy C, Ryan JM, Kruh-Garcia NA, Dobos KM. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:912831. [PMID: 35719351 PMCID: PMC9204639 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.912831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health issue causing millions of infections every year. Of these, about 15% ultimately result in death. Efforts to control TB include development of new and more effective vaccines, novel and more effective drug treatments, and new diagnostics that test for both latent TB Infection and TB disease. All of these areas of research benefit from a good understanding of the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of TB. Mtb secreted protein antigens have been the focus of vaccine and diagnosis research for the past century. Recently, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an important source of secreted antigens in Mtb has gained attention. Similarly, the discovery that host EVs can carry Mtb products during in vitro and in vivo infection has spiked interest because of its potential use in blood-based diagnostics. Despite advances in understanding the content of Mtb and Mtb-infected host extracellular vesicles, our understanding on the biogenesis and role of Mtb and host extracellular vesicles during Mtb infection is still nascent. Here, we explore the current literature on extracellular vesicles regarding Mtb, discuss the host and Mtb extracellular vesicles as distinct entities, and discuss current gaps in the field.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hazrati A, Soudi S, Malekpour K, Mahmoudi M, Rahimi A, Hashemi SM, Varma RS. Immune cells-derived exosomes function as a double-edged sword: role in disease progression and their therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35550636 PMCID: PMC9102350 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm as identified initially via electron microscopy in 1946, are one of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and have been the subject of many studies; initially, they were considered as cell wastes with the belief that cells produced exosomes to maintain homeostasis. Nowadays, it has been found that EVs secreted by different cells play a vital role in cellular communication and are usually secreted in both physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the presence of different markers and ligands on the surface of exosomes, they have paracrine, endocrine and autocrine effects in some cases. Immune cells, like other cells, can secrete exosomes that interact with surrounding cells via these vesicles. Immune system cells-derived exosomes (IEXs) induce different responses, such as increasing and decreasing the transcription of various genes and regulating cytokine production. This review deliberate the function of innate and acquired immune cells derived exosomes, their role in the pathogenesis of immune diseases, and their therapeutic appliances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Petroušková P, Hudáková N, Maloveská M, Humeník F, Cizkova D. Non-Exosomal and Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Promising Biomarkers in Canine Mammary Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040524. [PMID: 35455015 PMCID: PMC9032658 DOI: 10.3390/life12040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary cancer (CMC), similar to human breast cancer (HBC) in many aspects, is the most common neoplasm associated with significant mortality in female dogs. Due to the limited therapy options, biomarkers are highly desirable for early clinical diagnosis or cancer progression monitoring. Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) as post-transcriptional gene regulators, they have become attractive biomarkers in oncological research. Except for intracellular miRNAs and cell-free miRNAs, exosome-derived miRNAs (exomiRs) have drawn much attention in recent years as biomarkers for cancer detection. Analysis of exosomes represents a non-invasive, pain-free, time- and money-saving alternative to conventional tissue biopsy. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of miRNAs that come from non-exosomal sources (canine mammary tumor, mammary tumor cell lines or canine blood serum) and from exosomes as promising biomarkers of CMC based on the current literature. As is discussed, some of the miRNAs postulated as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in CMC were also altered in HBC (such as miR-21, miR-29b, miR-141, miR-429, miR-200c, miR-497, miR-210, miR-96, miR-18a, miR19b, miR-20b, miR-93, miR-101, miR-105a, miR-130a, miR-200c, miR-340, miR-486), which may be considered as potential disease-specific biomarkers in both CMC and HBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Petroušková
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Nikola Hudáková
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Marcela Maloveská
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Filip Humeník
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-918-752-157
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Affects Protein and Lipid Content of Circulating Exosomes in Infected Patients Depending on Tuberculosis Disease State. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040783. [PMID: 35453532 PMCID: PMC9025801 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is still one of the deadliest infectious diseases. Understanding how the host and pathogen interact in active TB will have a significant impact on global TB control efforts. Exosomes are increasingly recognized as a means of cell-to-cell contact and exchange of soluble mediators. In the case of TB, exosomes are released from the bacillus and infected cells. In the present study, a comprehensive lipidomics and proteomics analysis of size exclusion chromatography-isolated plasma-derived exosomes from patients with TB lymphadenitis (TBL) and treated as well as untreated pulmonary TB (PTB) was performed to elucidate the possibility to utilize exosomes in diagnostics and knowledge building. According to our findings, exosome-derived lipids and proteins originate from both the host and Mtb in the plasma of active TB patients. Exosomes from all patients are mostly composed of sphingomyelins (SM), phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols, free fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAG), and cholesterylesters. Relative proportions of, e.g., SMs and TAGs, vary depending on the disease or treatment state and could be linked to Mtb pathogenesis and dormancy. We identified three proteins of Mtb origin: DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta (RpoC), Diacyglycerol O-acyltransferase (Rv2285), and Formate hydrogenase (HycE), the latter of which was discovered to be differently expressed in TBL patients. Furthermore, we discovered that Mtb infection alters the host protein composition of circulating exosomes, significantly affecting a total of 37 proteins. All TB patients had low levels of apolipoproteins, as well as the antibacterial proteins cathelicidin, Scavenger Receptor Cysteine Rich Family Member (SSC5D), and Ficolin 3 (FCN3). When compared to healthy controls, the protein profiles of PTB and TBL were substantially linked, with 14 proteins being co-regulated. However, adhesion proteins (integrins, Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2), CD151, Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4)) were shown to be more prevalent in PTB patients, while immunoglobulins, Complement component 1r (C1R), and Glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) were found to be more abundant in TBL patients, respectively. This study could confirm findings from previous reports and uncover novel molecular profiles not previously in focus of TB research. However, we applied a minimally invasive sampling and analysis of circulating exosomes in TB patients. Based on the findings given here, future studies into host–pathogen interactions could pave the way for the development of new vaccines and therapies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Carpenter SM, Lu LL. Leveraging Antibody, B Cell and Fc Receptor Interactions to Understand Heterogeneous Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830482. [PMID: 35371092 PMCID: PMC8968866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over a century of research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Though less than 10% of infected individuals develop active disease, the specific host immune responses that lead to Mtb transmission and death, as well as those that are protective, are not yet fully defined. Recent immune correlative studies demonstrate that the spectrum of infection and disease is more heterogenous than has been classically defined. Moreover, emerging translational and animal model data attribute a diverse immune repertoire to TB outcomes. Thus, protective and detrimental immune responses to Mtb likely encompass a framework that is broader than T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Antibodies, Fc receptor interactions and B cells are underexplored host responses to Mtb. Poised at the interface of initial bacterial host interactions and in granulomatous lesions, antibodies and Fc receptors expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B cells have the potential to influence local and systemic adaptive immune responses. Broadening the paradigm of protective immunity will offer new paths to improve diagnostics and vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Crowther RR, Schmidt SM, Lange SM, McKell MC, Robillard MC, Zhao J, Haffey WD, Wyder MA, Greis KD, Setchell KDR, Qualls JE. Cutting Edge: l-Arginine Transfer from Antigen-Presenting Cells Sustains CD4 + T Cell Viability and Proliferation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:793-798. [PMID: 35101895 PMCID: PMC8820592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics analyses suggest changes in amino acid abundance, particularly l-arginine (L-ARG), occur in patients with tuberculosis. Immune cells require L-ARG to fuel effector functions following infection. We have previously described an L-ARG synthesis pathway in immune cells; however, its role in APCs has yet to be uncovered. Using a coculture system with mycobacterial-specific CD4+ T cells, we show APC L-ARG synthesis supported T cell viability and proliferation, and activated T cells contained APC-derived L-ARG. We hypothesize that APCs supply L-ARG to support T cell activation under nutrient-limiting conditions. This work expands the current model of APC-T cell interactions and provides insight into the effects of nutrient availability in immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shannon M Lange
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Melanie C McKell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michelle C Robillard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Junfang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Wendy D Haffey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; and
- Proteomics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael A Wyder
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; and
- Proteomics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kenneth D Greis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; and
- Proteomics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guan YH, Wang N, Deng ZW, Chen XG, Liu Y. Exploiting autophagy-regulative nanomaterials for activation of dendritic cells enables reinforced cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
31
|
Reid LV, Spalluto CM, Watson A, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as a Shared Disease Mechanism Contributing to Multimorbidity in Patients With COPD. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754004. [PMID: 34925327 PMCID: PMC8675939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Individuals with COPD typically experience a progressive, debilitating decline in lung function as well as systemic manifestations of the disease. Multimorbidity, is common in COPD patients and increases the risk of hospitalisation and mortality. Central to the genesis of multimorbidity in COPD patients is a self-perpetuating, abnormal immune and inflammatory response driven by factors including ageing, pollutant inhalation (including smoking) and infection. As many patients with COPD have multiple concurrent chronic conditions, which require an integrative management approach, there is a need to greater understand the shared disease mechanisms contributing to multimorbidity. The intercellular transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has recently been proposed as an important method of local and distal cell-to-cell communication mediating both homeostatic and pathological conditions. EVs have been identified in many biological fluids and provide a stable capsule for the transfer of cargo including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Of these cargo, microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short 17-24 nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, have been amongst the most extensively studied. There is evidence to support that miRNA are selectively packaged into EVs and can regulate recipient cell gene expression including major pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis. Furthermore changes in EV cargo including miRNA have been reported in many chronic diseases and in response to risk factors including respiratory infections, noxious stimuli and ageing. In this review, we discuss the potential of EVs and EV-associated miRNA to modulate shared pathological processes in chronic diseases. Further delineating these may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with COPD and multimorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Reid
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Mirella Spalluto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carranza C, Herrera MT, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Salgado-Cantú MG, Salido-Guadarrama I, Santiago E, Chávez-Galán L, Gutiérrez-González LH, González Y. A Dual Marker for Monitoring MDR-TB Treatment: Host-Derived miRNAs and M. tuberculosis-Derived RNA Sequences in Serum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760468. [PMID: 34804048 PMCID: PMC8600136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of a late marker of treatment failure or relapse in MDR-TB patients, biomarkers based on host-miRNAs coupled with M. tuberculosis-RNAs evaluated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an alternative follow-up for MDR-TB disease. Characterization of EVs cargo to identify differentially expressed miRNAs before and after treatment, and to identify M. tuberculosis-derived RNA in serum EVs from resistant TB patients. Methods EVs were isolated from serum of 26 drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) patients and 16 healthy subjects. Differential expression of miRNAs in pooled exosomes from both untreated and treated patients was assessed and individually validated at different time points during treatment. In addition, M. tuberculosis RNA was amplified in the same samples by qPCR. Results A multivariate analysis using miR-let-7e-5p, -197-3p and -223-3p were found to be a more sensitive discriminator between healthy individuals and those with TB for both DR-TB (AUC= 0.96, 95%, CI=0.907-1) and MDR-TB groups (AUC= 0.95, 95%, CI= 0.89-1). Upregulation of miR-let-7e-5p were observed at the time of M. tuberculosis negative culture T(3-5) for MDR-TB group or for long-term T(9-15) for MDR-TB group without diabetes (T2DM). A second pathogen-based marker based on 30kDa and 5KST sequences was detected in 33% of the MDR-TB patients after the intensive phase of treatment. The miR-let7e-5p is a candidate biomarker for long-term monitoring of treatment for the group of MDR-TB without T2DM. A dual marker of host-derived miR-let7e-5p and M. tuberculosis-derived RNA for monitoring-TB treatment based in serum EVs. Conclusion A dual marker consisting of host-derived miR-let7e-5p and M. tuberculosis-derived RNA, could be an indicator of treatment failure or relapse time after treatment was completed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carranza
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de la Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Herrera
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Ivan Salido-Guadarrama
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Santiago
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Yolanda González
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Biadglegne F, Rademacher P, De Sulbaran YGJ, König B, Rodloff AC, Zedler U, Dorhoi A, Sack U. Exosomes in serum‑free cultures of THP‑1 macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:815. [PMID: 34558650 PMCID: PMC8477185 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown from the isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum that both their quality and purity are affected. The high abundance of serum proteins, including bovine cell derived exosomes, is also a potential source of contaminants, which may result in appreciable yields of impure exosomes, thereby leading to artifacts. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cells maintained under serum-free conditions should therefore ensure the high quality necessary for medical applications. To meet this end, the present study aimed to characterize exosomes released from THP-1 macrophages cultured in serum-free, ultra-centrifuged medium upon infection with the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Macrophages differentiated from the human cell line THP-1 were infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. Macrophages were cultivated in CellGenix® GMP DC serum-free ultra-centrifuged medium for 4, 24 and 48 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. Total exosome isolation reagent was used to extract the exosomes from the cell culture supernatants of naïve and Mtb-infected THP-1 macrophages. The size and purity of the exosomes isolated were subsequently assessed by various methods, including nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, MACSPlex exosome analysis, and western blotting. The serum-free, ultra-centrifuged medium was found to support the proliferation of the THP-1 cells successfully. The nanoparticle tracking analysis data revealed that the majority of the isolated particles were within the size range of exosomes (i.e., 30–150 nM). The MACSPlex exosome analysis confirmed the expression of the exosomal markers, CD9, CD63 and CD81. Furthermore, western blot analysis of the isolated exosomes indicated the presence of CD9, CD63, CD81 and lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1), and also confirmed the absence of Mtb proteins. Taken together, these data provide evidence that serum-free, ultra-centrifuged CellGenix® GMP DC medium is suitable for application in exosome research, and may significantly advance such studies. Therefore, the use of serum-free medium for exosome isolation purposes could offer considerable advantages, and constitute a significant improvement in the growing field of extracellular vesicle research. The use of more sensitive methods represents an advance that will enable researchers to rule out the presence of Mtb pathogenic proteins in exosomes isolated from infected serum-free cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fantahun Biadglegne
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Phil Rademacher
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arne C Rodloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, D‑17493 Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, D‑17493 Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yan Z, Wang H, Mu L, Hu ZD, Zheng WQ. Regulatory roles of extracellular vesicles in immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7311-7318. [PMID: 34616797 PMCID: PMC8464473 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cystic vesicles naturally released by most mammalian cells and bacteria. EV contents include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can act as messengers to transmit a variety of molecules to recipient cells and thus play important regulatory roles in intercellular signal transduction. EVs, released by either a host cell or a pathogen, can carry pathogen-associated antigens and thus act as modulators of immune responses. EVs derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells can regulate the innate immune response through various pathways, such as regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, EVs can mediate antigen presentation and regulate the adaptive immune response by transmitting immunoregulatory molecules to T helper cells. In this review, we summarize the regulatory roles of EVs in the immune response against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lan Mu
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-De Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu C, Huang XL, Liang JP, Zhong X, Wei ZF, Dai LX, Wang J. Serum‑derived exosomes from house dust mite‑sensitized guinea pigs contribute to inflammation in BEAS‑2B cells via the TLR4‑NF‑κB pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:747. [PMID: 34458929 PMCID: PMC8436231 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells, which are the first physical defense barrier against allergens, play a pivotal role in immunity, airway inflammation and airway remodeling. The damage and dysfunction of these cells trigger the development of airway inflammatory diseases. Exosomes, which exist in various bodily fluids, mediate cell-cell communication and participate in the immune response process. The present study aimed to investigate whether serum exosomes play a pro-inflammatory role in bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) and, if so, explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. A guinea pig model of House dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma was established by sensitizing the rodents with HDM and PBS, and serum-derived exosomes were harvested. It was found that serum-derived exosomes from HDM-sensitized guinea pigs displayed higher levels of exosomal markers than those from controls. Additionally, western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR indicated that serum-derived exosomes from HDM-sensitized guinea pigs carried heat shock protein 70 and triggered an inflammatory response in BEAS-2B cells via the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-κB pathway. However, TAK-242, an inhibitor of the expression of TLR4, blocked the activation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. These findings provided a novel mechanism for exosome-mediated inflammatory responses and a new perspective for the intervention of inflammatory airway disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lin Huang
- Dental Implant and Restoration Centre, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Liang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhong
- The Second Department of Respiratory Disease, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Wei
- The Second Department of Respiratory Disease, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xue Dai
- The Second Department of Respiratory Disease, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Second Department of Respiratory Disease, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gong Y, Wei X, Sun W, Ren X, Chen J, Aweya JJ, Ma H, Chan KG, Zhang Y, Li S. Exosomal miR-224 contributes to hemolymph microbiota homeostasis during bacterial infection in crustacean. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009837. [PMID: 34379706 PMCID: PMC8382196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that exosomes could serve as anti-microbial immune factors in animals. However, despite growing evidences have shown that the homeostasis of the hemolymph microbiota was vital for immune regulation in crustaceans, the relationship between exosomes and hemolymph microbiota homeostasis during pathogenic bacteria infection has not been addressed. Here, we reported that exosomes released from Vibrio parahaemolyticus-infected mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain) could help to maintain the homeostasis of hemolymph microbiota and have a protective effect on the mortality of the host during the infection process. We further confirmed that miR-224 was densely packaged in these exosomes, resulting in the suppression of HSP70 and disruption of the HSP70-TRAF6 complex, then the released TRAF6 further interacted with Ecsit to regulate the production of mitochondrial ROS (mROS) and the expression of Anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) in recipient hemocytes, which eventually affected hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in response to the pathogenic bacteria infection in mud crab. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first document that reports the role of exosome in the hemolymph microbiota homeostasis modulation during pathogen infection, which reveals the crosstalk between exosomal miRNAs and innate immune response in crustaceans. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin which are widely involved in the regulation of a variety of pathological processes in mammals. Yet, although the antibacterial function of exosomes has been discovered for many years, the relationship between exosomes and hemolymph microbiota homeostasis remains unknown. In the present study, we identified the miRNAs packaged by exosomes that were possibly involved in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection by modulating hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in crustacean mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Moreover, it was found that miR-224 was densely packaged in exosomes after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, resulting in the suppression of HSP70 and disruption of the HSP70-TRAF6 complex in recipient hemocytes, then the released TRAF6 was further interacted with Ecsit to regulate ROS and ALFs levels, which eventually affected hemolymph microbiota homeostasis to cope with pathogenic bacteria infection. Our finding is the first to reveal the relationship between exosomes and hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in animals, which shows a novel molecular mechanism of invertebrate resistance to pathogenic microbial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Wanwei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (SL)
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (SL)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huda MN, Nafiujjaman M, Deaguero IG, Okonkwo J, Hill ML, Kim T, Nurunnabi M. Potential Use of Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers and in Targeted Drug Delivery: Progress in Clinical and Preclinical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2106-2149. [PMID: 33988964 PMCID: PMC8147457 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles containing heterogeneous active biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, receptors, immune regulatory molecules, and nucleic acids. They typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. An exosome's surfaces can be bioengineered with antibodies, fluorescent dye, peptides, and tailored for small molecule and large active biologics. Exosomes have enormous potential as a drug delivery vehicle due to enhanced biocompatibility, excellent payload capability, and reduced immunogenicity compared to alternative polymeric-based carriers. Because of active targeting and specificity, exosomes are capable of delivering their cargo to exosome-recipient cells. Additionally, exosomes can potentially act as early stage disease diagnostic tools as the exosome carries various protein biomarkers associated with a specific disease. In this review, we summarize recent progress on exosome composition, biological characterization, and isolation techniques. Finally, we outline the exosome's clinical applications and preclinical advancement to provide an outlook on the importance of exosomes for use in targeted drug delivery, biomarker study, and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Isaac G Deaguero
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jude Okonkwo
- John A Paulson School of Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Meghan L. Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schorey JS, Cheng Y, McManus WR. Bacteria- and host-derived extracellular vesicles - two sides of the same coin? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268991. [PMID: 34081134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens spend portions of their life cycle both inside and outside host cells. While in these two distinct environments, they release or shed bacterial components, including virulence factors that promote their survival and replication. Some of these components are released through extracellular vesicles, which are either derived from the bacteria themselves or from the host cells. Bacteria- and host-derived vesicles have been studied almost exclusively in isolation from each other, with little discussion of the other type of secreted vesicles, despite the fact that both are generated during an in vivo infection and both are likely play a role in bacterial pathogenesis and host immunity. In this Review, we aim to bridge this gap and discuss what we know of bacterial membrane vesicles in their generation and composition. We will compare and contrast this with the composition of host-derived vesicles with regard to bacterial components. We will also compare host cell responses to the different vesicles, with a focus on how these vesicles modulate the immune response, using Mycobacterium, Listeria and Salmonella as specific examples for these comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - William R McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mitchell MI, Ben‐Dov IZ, Liu C, Ye K, Chow K, Kramer Y, Gangadharan A, Park S, Fitzgerald S, Ramnauth A, Perlin DS, Donato M, Bhoy E, Manouchehri Doulabi E, Poulos M, Kamali‐Moghaddam M, Loudig O. Extracellular Vesicle Capture by AnTibody of CHoice and Enzymatic Release (EV-CATCHER): A customizable purification assay designed for small-RNA biomarker identification and evaluation of circulating small-EVs. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12110. [PMID: 34122779 PMCID: PMC8173589 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating nucleic acids, encapsulated within small extracellular vesicles (EVs), provide a remote cellular snapshot of biomarkers derived from diseased tissues, however selective isolation is critical. Current laboratory-based purification techniques rely on the physical properties of small-EVs rather than their inherited cellular fingerprints. We established a highly-selective purification assay, termed EV-CATCHER, initially designed for high-throughput analysis of low-abundance small-RNA cargos by next-generation sequencing. We demonstrated its selectivity by specifically isolating and sequencing small-RNAs from mouse small-EVs spiked into human plasma. Western blotting, nanoparticle tracking, and transmission electron microscopy were used to validate and quantify the capture and release of intact small-EVs. As proof-of-principle for sensitive detection of circulating miRNAs, we compared small-RNA sequencing data from a subset of small-EVs serum-purified with EV-CATCHER to data from whole serum, using samples from a small cohort of recently hospitalized Covid-19 patients. We identified and validated, only in small-EVs, hsa-miR-146a and hsa-miR-126-3p to be significantly downregulated with disease severity. Separately, using convalescent sera from recovered Covid-19 patients with high anti-spike IgG titers, we confirmed the neutralizing properties, against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, of a subset of small-EVs serum-purified by EV-CATCHER, as initially observed with ultracentrifuged small-EVs. Altogether our data highlight the sensitivity and versatility of EV-CATCHER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan I. Mitchell
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Iddo Z. Ben‐Dov
- Laboratory of Medical TranscriptomicsHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Christina Liu
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Kar Chow
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yael Kramer
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Anju Gangadharan
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Andrew Ramnauth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Michele Donato
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Emily Bhoy
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Michael Poulos
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Masood Kamali‐Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hui WW, Emerson LE, Clapp B, Sheppe AE, Sharma J, del Castillo J, Ou M, Maegawa GHB, Hoffman C, Larkin, III J, Pascual DW, Ferraro MJ. Antigen-encapsulating host extracellular vesicles derived from Salmonella-infected cells stimulate pathogen-specific Th1-type responses in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009465. [PMID: 33956909 PMCID: PMC8101724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a causative agent of nontyphoidal salmonellosis, for which there is a lack of a clinically approved vaccine in humans. As an intracellular pathogen, Salmonella impacts many cellular pathways. However, the intercellular communication mechanism facilitated by host-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, is an overlooked aspect of the host responses to this infection. We used a comprehensive proteome-based network analysis of exosomes derived from Salmonella-infected macrophages to identify host molecules that are trafficked via these EVs. This analysis predicted that the host-derived small EVs generated during macrophage infection stimulate macrophages and promote activation of T helper 1 (Th1) cells. We identified that exosomes generated during infection contain Salmonella proteins, including unique antigens previously shown to stimulate protective immune responses against Salmonella in murine studies. Furthermore, we showed that host EVs formed upon infection stimulate a mucosal immune response against Salmonella infection when delivered intranasally to BALB/c mice, a route of antigen administration known to initiate mucosal immunity. Specifically, the administration of these vesicles to animals stimulated the production of anti-Salmonella IgG antibodies, such as anti-OmpA antibodies. Exosomes also stimulated antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity. In particular, splenic mononuclear cells isolated from mice administered with exosomes derived from Salmonella-infected antigen-presenting cells increased CD4+ T cells secreting Th1-type cytokines in response to Salmonella antigens. These results demonstrate that small EVs, formed during infection, contribute to Th1 cell bias in the anti-Salmonella responses. Collectively, this study helps to unravel the role of host-derived small EVs as vehicles transmitting antigens to induce Th1-type immunity against Gram-negative bacteria. Understanding the EV-mediated defense mechanisms will allow the development of future approaches to combat bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie W. Hui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Emerson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Beata Clapp
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Austin E. Sheppe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jatin Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Johanna del Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gustavo H. B. Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph Larkin, III
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David W. Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mariola J. Ferraro
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gioseffi A, Edelmann MJ, Kima PE. Intravacuolar Pathogens Hijack Host Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis to Secrete Virulence Factors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662944. [PMID: 33959131 PMCID: PMC8093443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their contributions to cell-to-cell communication and disease processes. EVs are composed of a complex profile of bioactive molecules, which include lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins. Although the biogenesis of EVs released by cells under various normal and abnormal conditions has been well-studied, there is incomplete knowledge about how infection influences EV biogenesis. EVs from infected cells contain specific molecules of both host and pathogen origin that may contribute to pathogenesis and the elicitation of the host immune response. Intracellular pathogens exhibit diverse lifestyles that undoubtedly dictate the mechanisms by which their molecules enter the cell’s exosome biogenesis schemes. We will discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms used during infection to traffic molecules from their vacuolar niche to host EVs by selected intravacuolar pathogens. We initially review general exosome biogenesis schemes and then discuss what is known about EV biogenesis in Mycobacterium, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania infections, which are pathogens that reside within membrane delimited compartments in phagocytes at some time in their life cycle within mammalian hosts. The review includes discussion of the need for further studies into the biogenesis of EVs to better understand the contributions of these vesicles to host-pathogen interactions, and to uncover potential therapeutic targets to control these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gioseffi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sun YF, Pi J, Xu JF. Emerging Role of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: From Immunity Regulations to Vaccine and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628973. [PMID: 33868247 PMCID: PMC8047325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles carrying protein, lipid, and nucleic acid for secreting cells, and act as significant signal transport vectors for cell-cell communication and immune modulation. Immune-cell-derived exosomes have been found to contain molecules involved in immunological pathways, such as MHCII, cytokines, and pathogenic antigens. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains one of the most fatal infectious diseases. The pathogen for tuberculosis escapes the immune defense and continues to replicate despite rigorous and complicate host cell mechanisms. The infected-cell-derived exosomes under this circumstance are found to trigger different immune responses, such as inflammation, antigen presentation, and activate subsequent pathways, highlighting the critical role of exosomes in anti-MTB immune response. Additionally, as a novel kind of delivery system, exosomes show potential in developing new vaccination and treatment of tuberculosis. We here summarize recent research progress regarding exosomes in the immune environment during MTB infection, and further discuss the potential of exosomes as delivery system for novel anti-MTB vaccines and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Fu Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Benet S, Gálvez C, Drobniewski F, Kontsevaya I, Arias L, Monguió-Tortajada M, Erkizia I, Urrea V, Ong RY, Luquin M, Dupont M, Chojnacki J, Dalmau J, Cardona P, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Julián E, Furrer H, Günthard HF, Crocker PR, Tapia G, Borràs FE, Fellay J, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, Cardona PJ, Clotet B, Vilaplana C, Martinez-Picado J, Izquierdo-Useros N. Dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated to a SIGLEC1 null variant that limits antigen exchange via trafficking extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12046. [PMID: 33489013 PMCID: PMC7807485 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of individuals with null alleles enables studying how the loss of gene function affects infection. We previously described a non-functional variant in SIGLEC1, which encodes the myeloid-cell receptor Siglec-1/CD169 implicated in HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission. Here we report a significant association between the SIGLEC1 null variant and extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in two clinical cohorts comprising 6,256 individuals. Local spread of bacteria within the lung is apparent in Mtb-infected Siglec-1 knockout mice which, despite having similar bacterial load, developed more extensive lesions compared to wild type mice. We find that Siglec-1 is necessary to induce antigen presentation through extracellular vesicle uptake. We postulate that lack of Siglec-1 delays the onset of protective immunity against Mtb by limiting antigen exchange via extracellular vesicles, allowing for an early local spread of mycobacteria that increases the risk for extrapulmonary dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Benet
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Department of Retrovirology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Cristina Gálvez
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Department of Retrovirology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | | | - Irina Kontsevaya
- Department of Retrovirology Imperial College London UK.,Department of Retrovirology Research Center Borstel, Borstel Germany.,Department of Retrovirology N.V. Postnikov Samara Region Clinical Tuberculosis Dispensary Samara Russia
| | - Lilibeth Arias
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- REMAR-IVECAT Group Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,ICREC Research Program Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Itziar Erkizia
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Ruo-Yan Ong
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Jakub Chojnacki
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Judith Dalmau
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Paula Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases Bern University Hospital University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Department of Retrovirology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Pathology Department Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- REMAR-IVECAT Group Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Nephrology Department Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital Badalona Spain
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland.,Precision Medicine Unit Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Paul J McLaren
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg Manitoba Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,AIDS and Related Illnesses Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS) Faculty of Medicine University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC) Vic Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,AIDS and Related Illnesses Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS) Faculty of Medicine University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC) Vic Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Barcelona Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Biadglegne F, König B, Rodloff AC, Dorhoi A, Sack U. Composition and Clinical Significance of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E145. [PMID: 33406750 PMCID: PMC7795701 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health issue worldwide. In order to contain TB infections, improved vaccines as well as accurate and reliable diagnostic tools are desirable. Exosomes are employed for the diagnosis of various diseases. At present, research on exosomes in TB is still at the preliminary stage. Recent studies have described isolation and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) derived exosomes in vivo and in vitro. Mtb-derived exosomes (Mtbexo) may be critical for TB pathogenesis by delivering mycobacterial-derived components to the recipient cells. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of Mtbexo have revealed a variety of proteins and miRNA, which are utilized by the TB bacteria for pathogenesis. Exosomes has been isolated in body fluids, are amenable for fast detection, and could contribute as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker to disease control. Extraction of exosomes from biological fluids is essential for the exosome research and requires careful standardization for TB. In this review, we summarized the different studies on Mtbexo molecules, including protein and miRNA and the method used to detect exosomes in biological fluids and cell culture supernatants. Thus, the detection of Mtbexo molecules in biological fluids may have a potential to expedite the diagnosis of TB infection. Moreover, the analysis of Mtbexo may generate new aspects in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fantahun Biadglegne
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Arne C. Rodloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hwang B, Bryers J, Mulligan MS. Potential role of exosome-based allorecognition pathways involved in lung transplant rejection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 161:e129-e134. [PMID: 33258452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity both contribute to allorecognition mechanisms that drive rejection after lung transplantation. Classic allorecognition pathways have been extensively described, but there continues to be several unanswered questions. Exosome research appears to be a novel and potentially significant area of allorecognition research and could be the missing link that answers some existing questions. This article reviews literature that is associated with allorecognition pathways and the role of exosomes in alloreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Billanna Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; West Coast Exosortium (WestCo Exosortium), Seattle, Wash.
| | - James Bryers
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; West Coast Exosortium (WestCo Exosortium), Seattle, Wash; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Michael S Mulligan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; West Coast Exosortium (WestCo Exosortium), Seattle, Wash; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bedaquiline reprograms central metabolism to reveal glycolytic vulnerability in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6092. [PMID: 33257709 PMCID: PMC7705017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The approval of bedaquiline (BDQ) for the treatment of tuberculosis has generated substantial interest in inhibiting energy metabolism as a therapeutic paradigm. However, it is not known precisely how BDQ triggers cell death in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Using 13C isotopomer analysis, we show that BDQ-treated Mtb redirects central carbon metabolism to induce a metabolically vulnerable state susceptible to genetic disruption of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Metabolic flux profiles indicate that BDQ-treated Mtb is dependent on glycolysis for ATP production, operates a bifurcated TCA cycle by increasing flux through the glyoxylate shunt, and requires enzymes of the anaplerotic node and methylcitrate cycle. Targeting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) with BDQ and simultaneously inhibiting substrate level phosphorylation via genetic disruption of glycolysis leads to rapid sterilization. Our findings provide insight into the metabolic mechanism of BDQ-induced cell death and establish a paradigm for the development of combination therapies that target OXPHOS and glycolysis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Luo Y, Yu MH, Yan YR, Zhou Y, Qin SL, Huang YZ, Qin J, Zhong M. Rab27A promotes cellular apoptosis and ROS production by regulating the miRNA-124-3p/STAT3/RelA signalling pathway in ulcerative colitis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11330-11342. [PMID: 32815642 PMCID: PMC7576264 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that the mechanism of UC pathogenesis is associated with excessive cellular apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, their function and molecular mechanisms related to UC remain unknown. In this study, Rab27A mRNA and protein were proven to be overexpressed in intestinal epithelial cells of UC patients and DSS‐induced colitis mice, compared with control (P < 0.05). And Rab27A silencing inhibits inflammatory process in DSS‐induced colitis mice (P < 0.05). Then, it was shown that knockdown of Rab27A suppressed apoptosis and ROS production through modulation of miR‐124‐3p, whereas overexpression of Rab27A promoted apoptosis and ROS production in LPS‑induced colonic cells. In addition, enhanced expression of miR‐124‐3p attenuated apoptosis and ROS production by targeting regulation of STAT3 in LPS‑induced colonic cells. Mechanistically, we found Rab27A reduced the expression and activity of miR‐124‐3p to activate STAT3/RelA signalling pathway and promote apoptosis and ROS production in LPS‑induced colonic cells, whereas overexpression of miR‐124‐3p abrogated these effects of Rab27A. More importantly, animal experiments illustrated that ectopic expression of Rab27A promoted the inflammatory process, whereas overexpression of miR‐124‐3p might interfere with the inflammatory effect in DSS‐induced colitis mice. In summary, Rab27A might modulate the miR‐124‐3p/STAT3/RelA axis to promote apoptosis and ROS production in inflammatory colonic cells, suggesting that Rab27A as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of UC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Min-Hao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiading Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Lan Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Zhou Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kawata R, Oda S, Koya Y, Kajiyama H, Yokoi T. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles regulate concanavalin A-induced hepatitis by suppressing macrophage cytokine production. Toxicology 2020; 443:152544. [PMID: 32739513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure is a clinical syndrome of severe hepatic dysfunction. Immune cells play an important role in acute liver failure. In recent years, the immunoregulatory function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been reported; therefore, it is inferred that EVs play a role in immune-mediated hepatitis. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory function of EVs in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. The mouse model was prepared by a single intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg Con A, in which there was a significant increase in the serum EVs number. In an in vitro study, the number of secreted EVs was also significantly increased in Con A-treated RAW264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line, but not in Hepa1-6 cells, a mouse hepatoma cell line. In an in vitro EVs treatment study, EVs from Con A-treated mouse serum and Con A-treated RAW264.7 cells suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in Con A-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. miRNA sequencing analysis showed that the expression of mmu-miR-122-5p and mmu-miR-148a-3p was commonly increased in these EVs and EVs-treated cells. The pathways enriched in the predicted miRNA target genes included inflammatory response pathways. The mRNA levels of the target genes in these pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase pathways) were decreased in the EVs-treated cells. In an in vivo RNA interference study, the knockdown of liver RAB27A, an EVs secretion regulator, significantly exacerbated Con A-induced hepatitis. These data suggest that macrophage-derived EVs play an important role in Con A-induced hepatitis through immunoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reo Kawata
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Investigative Toxicology, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Koya
- Bell Research Center Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Research & Industrial-Academia Collaboration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lindenbergh MFS, Wubbolts R, Borg EGF, van ’T Veld EM, Boes M, Stoorvogel W. Dendritic cells release exosomes together with phagocytosed pathogen; potential implications for the role of exosomes in antigen presentation. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1798606. [PMID: 32944186 PMCID: PMC7480536 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1798606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have the unique capacity to activate naïve T cells by presenting T cell receptor specific peptides from exogenously acquired antigens bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. MHC molecules are displayed on the DC plasma membrane as well as on extracellular vesicles (EV) that are released by DC, and both have antigen-presenting capacities. However, the physiological role of antigen presentation by EV is still unclear. We here demonstrate that the release of small EV by activated DC is strongly stimulated by phagocytic events. We show that, concomitant with the enhanced release of EV, a significant proportion of phagocytosed bacteria was expulsed back into the medium. High-resolution fluorescence microscopic images revealed that bacteria in phagosomes were surrounded by EV marker-proteins. Moreover, expulsed bacteria were often found associated with clustered HLA II and CD63. Together, these observations suggest that exosomes may be formed by the inward budding into phagosomes, whereupon they are secreted together with the phagosomal content. These findings may have important implications for selective loading of peptides derived from phagocytosed pathogens onto exosome associated HLA molecules, and have important implications for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe F. S. Lindenbergh
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wubbolts
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen G. F. Borg
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther M. van ’T Veld
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Stoorvogel
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Layre E. Trafficking of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Envelope Components and Release Within Extracellular Vesicles: Host-Pathogen Interactions Beyond the Wall. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1230. [PMID: 32765485 PMCID: PMC7378356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) envelope such as lipoproteins, lypoglycans, lipids, and glycolipids act as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns and/or antigens, hence contributing in different ways to the bacillus recognition, phagocytosis, and to immune responses modulation. However, Mtb envelope components are not only encountered at the bacillus-host direct contact but can act remotely from the bacillus envelope. Indeed, they are also released from the bacillus envelope and are detected in different compartments such as the infected cells endosomal compartments or in extracellular vesicles produced by the bacillus itself or by infected cells. Characterizing their trafficking is of main importance for our understanding of their role in host-pathogen interactions and consequently for their potential use as vaccine components. This review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge of the nature of Mtb envelope components shuttled within extracellular vesicles, the interaction of these vesicles with host immune cells and the remaining black holes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Layre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|