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Lawal U, Kumar N, Samyuktha R, Gopi A, Robert V, Pugazhenthi G, Loganathan S, Valapa RB. Poly (lactic acid)/ amine grafted mesoporous silica-based composite for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134567. [PMID: 39116970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the development of environmentally friendly bio-composite films using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a biopolymer matrix. This is achieved by incorporating amine functionalized green mesoporous silica (GMS) and employing a solution casting method for film fabrication. The motivation behind the work is to improve the compatibility between PLA and green mesoporous silica sourced from rice husk by functionalizing GMS with APTES (3-Aminopropyltriethoxy silane). The primary objective is to explore how the inclusion of GMS influences both the physicochemical attributes and the efficacy of active food packaging in PLA. The introduction of GMS to the PLA matrix not only improves the flexibility of PLA/GMS composite films but also enhances their overall performance. The reinforcement of GMS in the PLA matrix has also significantly contributed towards the reduction in oxygen transmittance rate and provided an anti-bacterial effect towards pathogen i.e. S. aureus and E. coli. The PLA/GMS composite films exhibit antioxidant activity acting as potential scavengers with around 78 % efficacy against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Consequently, the PLA/GMS composite formulation proposed in this study shows promising outcomes in terms of strength, flexibility, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial characteristics. Also, the PLA/GMS films extended the shelf life of cut apple samples for seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Lawal
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Nishanth Kumar
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Samyuktha
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akshai Gopi
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vijay Robert
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Pugazhenthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sravanthi Loganathan
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Ravi Babu Valapa
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Morozova O, Vasil’eva I, Shumakovich G, Khlupova M, Chertkov V, Shestakova A, Yaropolov A. Green Extraction of Reed Lignin: The Effect of the Deep Eutectic Solvent Composition on the UV-Shielding and Antioxidant Properties of Lignin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8277. [PMID: 39125847 PMCID: PMC11312954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, is a by-product of the biorefinery and pulp and paper industries. This study was undertaken to evaluate the properties and estimate the prospects of using lignin as a by-product of the pretreatment of common reed straw (Phragmites australis) with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of various compositions: choline chloride/oxalic acid (ChCl/OA), choline chloride/lactic acid (ChCl/LA), and choline chloride/monoethanol amine (ChCl/EA). The lignin samples, hereinafter referred to as Lig-OA, Lig-LA, and Lig-EA, were obtained as by-products after optimizing the conditions of reed straw pretreatment with DESs in order to improve the efficiency of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The lignin was studied using gel penetration chromatography, UV-vis, ATR-FTIR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy; its antioxidant activity was assessed, and the UV-shielding properties of lignin/polyvinyl alcohol composite films were estimated. The DES composition had a significant impact on the structure and properties of the extracted lignin. The lignin's ability to scavenge ABTS+• and DPPH• radicals, as well as the efficiency of UV radiation shielding, decreased as follows: Lig-OA > Lig-LA > Lig-EA. The PVA/Lig-OA and PVA/Lig-LA films with a lignin content of 4% of the weight of PVA block UV radiation in the UVA range by 96% and 87%, respectively, and completely block UV radiation in the UVB range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Morozova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (I.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Irina Vasil’eva
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (I.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Galina Shumakovich
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (I.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Khlupova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (I.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Vyacheslav Chertkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alla Shestakova
- State Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, Shosse Entuziastov 38, 111123 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Yaropolov
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (I.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.)
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3
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Hararak B, Wijaranakul P, Wanmolee W, Kraithong W, Keeratipinit K, Kaewket S, Winotapun C, Rungseesantivanon W. Self-Formation of Lignin Particles Through Melt-Extrusion for Active Biodegradable Food Packaging. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24346-24355. [PMID: 38882124 PMCID: PMC11171092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a method for the self-formation of lignin particles within a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix during melt-extrusion, eliminating the need for separation and drying steps typically associated with submicro-size lignin particles. This method effectively mitigates the problem of agglomeration often associated with the drying step. Softwood kraft lignin, guaiacyl lignin (GL-lignin), was dissolved in low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and was introduced into a twin-screw extruder using a liquid feeder. Lignin particles within a particle size range of 200-500 nm were observed in the extrudate of the PLA/PEG/GL-lignin composites. PLA/PEG/GL-lignin composite films were produced through blown film extrusion. These composite films demonstrated superior ultraviolet (UV)-barrier and antioxidant properties compared to neat PLA films, with optical and mechanical characteristics comparable to those of neat PLA. Moreover, migration values of the composite films in various food simulants were below regulatory limits, suggesting their potential for food packaging applications. This self-formation process offers a promising approach for utilizing lignin for PLA applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkot Hararak
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pawarisa Wijaranakul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanwitoo Wanmolee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wasawat Kraithong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kawin Keeratipinit
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanya Kaewket
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Charinee Winotapun
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wuttipong Rungseesantivanon
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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4
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Ju Z, Brosse N, Hoppe S, Wang Z, Ziegler-Devin I, Zhang H, Shu B. Thermal and mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lignin/polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129997. [PMID: 38340934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a method was proposed to prepare biocomposites from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lignin using twin-screw extrusion process. The structure of PEG-modified lignin was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis. The effects of different contents of soda lignin and PEG-modified lignin on PLA composites were studied by tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and degradation analysis. The experimental results showed that the addition of PEG-modified lignin enhanced the heat resistance of PLA composite. PLA could be combined with up to 30 % PEG-modified lignin, with no significant reduction in tensile strength properties. Compared with PLA-L30, the tensile stress and elongation at break of PLA-PL30 were increased by 26.4 % and 78.9 %, respectively. This approach provided a new way to produce high-performance lignin based-PLA composites and had certain industrial application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Ju
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Université de Lorraine - INRAE - LERMAB - GP4W, F 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Université de Lorraine - INRAE - LERMAB - GP4W, F 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sandrine Hoppe
- Université de Lorraine - CNRS - LRGP, F 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | | | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Biqing Shu
- College of Civil Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
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5
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Esakkimuthu ES, Ponnuchamy V, Sipponen MH, DeVallance D. Elucidating intermolecular forces to improve compatibility of kraft lignin in poly(lactic acid). Front Chem 2024; 12:1347147. [PMID: 38389728 PMCID: PMC10882097 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1347147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to its abundant supply from renewable resources, lignin has emerged as a promising functional filler for the development of sustainable composite materials. However, achieving good interfacial compatibility between lignin and synthetic polymers, particularly poly (lactic acid) (PLA), remains a fundamental challenge. To advance the development of high-performance bio-based composites incorporating lignin and PLA, our study has scrutinized to unravel the nuances of interfacial binding interactions with the lignin and PLA composite system. Molecular level and experimental examinations were employed to decipher fundamental mechanisms governing and demonstrating the interfacial adhesion. We synthesized casted films of lignin/PLA and acetylated lignin/PLA at varying weight percentages of lignin (5%, 10%, and 20%) and comprehensively investigated their physicochemical and mechanical properties. The inclusion of acetylated lignin in the composites resulted in improved mechanical strength and Young's modulus, while the glass transition temperature and melting point were reduced compared to neat PLA. Systematic variations in these properties revealed distinct compatibility behaviors between unmodified lignin and acetylated lignin when incorporated into PLA. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results elucidated that the observed changes in material properties were primarily attributed to the acetylation of lignin. Acetylated lignin exhibited lower Coulombic interaction energy and higher van der Waals forces, indicating a stronger affinity to PLA and a reduced propensity for intermolecular aggregation compared to unmodified lignin. Our findings highlight the critical role of controlling intermolecular interactions and lignin aggregation to develop PLA composites with predictable performance for new applications, such as functional packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esakkiammal Sudha Esakkimuthu
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veerapandian Ponnuchamy
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David DeVallance
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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6
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Zhu J, Sun H, Yang B, Weng Y. Modified Biomass-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:336. [PMID: 38255504 PMCID: PMC10817700 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), as a renewable and biodegradable green polymer material, is hailed as one of the most promising biopolymers capable of replacing petroleum-derived polymers for industrial applications. Nevertheless, its limited toughness, thermal stability, and barrier properties have restricted its extensive application. To address these drawbacks in PLA, research efforts have primarily focused on enhancing its properties through copolymerization, blending, and plasticization. Notably, the blending of modified biomass with PLA is expected not only to effectively improve its deficiencies but also to maintain its biodegradability, creating a fully green composite with substantial developmental prospects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of modified biomass-reinforced PLA, with an emphasis on the improvements in PLA's mechanical properties, thermal stability, and barrier properties achieved through modified cellulose, lignin, and starch. At the end of the article, a brief exploration of plasma modification of biomass is presented and provides a promising outlook for the application of reinforced PLA composite materials in the future. This review provides valuable insights regarding the path towards enhancing PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhu
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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7
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Ma Q, Yu C, Zhou Y, Hu D, Chen J, Zhang X. A review on the calculation and application of lignin Hansen solubility parameters. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128506. [PMID: 38040143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) play a critical role in the majority of processes involving lignin depolymerization, separation, fractionation, and polymer blending, which are directly related to dissolution properties. However, the calculation of lignin HSPs is highly complicated due to the diversity of sources and the complexity of lignin structures. Despite their important role, lignin HSPs have been undervalued, attracting insufficient attention. This review summarizes the calculation methods for lignin HSPs and proposes a straightforward method based on lignin subunits. Furthermore, it highlights the crucial applications of lignin HSPs, such as identifying ideal solvents for lignin dissolution, selecting suitable solvents for lignin depolymerization and extraction, designing green solvents for lignin fractionation, and guiding the preparation of lignin-based composites. For instance, leveraging HSPs to design a series of solvents could potentially achieve sequential controllable lignin fractionation, addressing issues of low value-added applications of lignin resulting from poor homogeneity. Notably, HSPs serve as valuable tools for understanding the dissolution behavior of lignin. Consequently, we expect this review to be of great interest to researchers specializing in lignin and other macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Changqing Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of New Polyolefin Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Yuran Zhou
- Winbon Schoeller New Materials Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Dinggen Hu
- Winbon Schoeller New Materials Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Winbon Schoeller New Materials Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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8
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Park S, Kim J, Choi JH, Kim JC, Kim J, Cho Y, Jung S, Kwak HW, Choi IG. Biodegradation behavior of acetylated lignin added polylactic acid under thermophilic composting conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127472. [PMID: 37858649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated lignin (AL) can improve compatibility with commercial plastic polymers compared to existing lignin and can be used as an effective additive for eco-friendly biocomposites. For this reason, AL can be effectively incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA)-based biocomposites, but its biodegradation properties have not been investigated. In this study, biodegradation experiments were performed under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions to determine the effect of AL addition on the biodegradation characteristics of PLA-based biocomposites. As a result, the PLA-based biocomposite showed a faster biodegradation rate in a thermophilic composting environment, which is higher than the glass transition temperature of PLA, compared to a mesophilic environment. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that differences in microbial communities depending on mesophilic and thermophilic environments strongly affected the biodegradation rate of lignin/PLA biocomposites. Importantly, the addition of AL can effectively delay the thermophilic biodegradation of PLA biocomposites. As a result of tracking the changes in physicochemical properties according to the biodegradation period in a thermophilic composting environment, the main biodegradation mechanism of AL/PLA biocomposite hydrolysis. It proceeded with cleavage of the PLA molecular chain, preferential biodegradation of the amorphous region, and additional biodegradation of the crystalline region. Above all, adding AL can be proposed as an effective additive because it can minimize the decline in the mechanical properties of PLA and delay the biodegradation rate more effectively compared to existing kraft lignin (KL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Ho Choi
- Advanced Convergent Chemical Division, Center for Biobased Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungoh Jung
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Ren Z, Zhou X, Ding K, Ji T, Sun H, Chi X, Wei Y, Xu M, Cai L, Xia C. Design of sustainable 3D printable polylactic acid composites with high lignin content. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127264. [PMID: 37804892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the development of a sustainable polymer system with 50 wt% lignin content, suitable for additive manufacturing and high value-added utilization of lignin. The plasticized polylactic acid (PLA) was incorporated with lignin to develop the bendable and malleable green composites with excellent 3D printing adaptability. The biocomposites exhibit increases of 765.54 % and 125.27 % in both elongation and toughness, respectively. The plasticizer enhances the dispersion of lignin and the molecular mobility of the PLA chains. The good dispersion of lignin particles within the structure and the reduction of chemical cross-linking promote the local relaxation of the polymer chains. The good local relaxation of the polymer chains and the high flexibility allow to obtain a better integration between the printed layers with good printability. This research demonstrates the promising potential of this composite system for sustainable manufacturing and provides insights into novel material design for high-value applications of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechun Ren
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kejiao Ding
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tong Ji
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiang Chi
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunzhao Wei
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang, Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Min Xu
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Liping Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changlei Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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10
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Mearaj S, Ajaz AM, Kim TM, Choi JW. Bioactive and Hemocompatible PLA/Lignin Bio-Composites: Assessment of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3648-3660. [PMID: 37584640 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, acetylated soda lignin (ASL) and non-acetylated soda lignin (SL) were extruded with PLA in different concentrations to fabricate antioxidant polylactic acid (PLA)/lignin composites for potential biomedical applications. After lignin acetylation, good compatibility was observed between PLA and lignin in scanning electron microscopy images. All the PLA/ASL composites displayed higher mechanical properties than PLA/SL composites. PLA/ASL5 displayed the highest mechanical characteristics with elongation at break of 10% and tensile strength of 57 MPa, while PLA/SL15 and PLA/SL20 demonstrated superior UV-blocking potential with UV transmittance less than 10%. Addition of ASL in PLA lead to an increase in the hydrophobic character, with all the PLA/ASL displaying a higher water contact angle. The antioxidant test using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay showed that PLA/SL composites rendered superior radical scavenging activity (RSA), with PLA/SL20 composites displaying an RSA of 80%. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity and cytocompatibility were analyzed using human colon cancer cells (HCT-15) and gastric epithelial cells (NCC-24). In vitro antioxidant activity, evaluated by H2O2 exposure was confirmed by a live/dead assay. PLA/SL composites protected both types of cells from oxidative stress. In addition, all PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites promoted cell proliferation compared to PLA. PLA/SL5 and PLA/SL10 displayed the highest cell proliferation of all composites. Lastly, all PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites had a hemoglobin release less than 2%. The antioxidant properties, cytocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of lignin/PLA demonstrated in our study indicate that these lignin/PLA composites possess the desirable attributes for potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Mearaj
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Ahmed Muhammad Ajaz
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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11
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Lawal U, Samyuktha R, Robert V, Sreelakshmi K, Gopi A, Poochi M, Loganathan S, Thomas S, Valapa RB. Poly(lactic acid)/cholecalciferol based composites for active food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125637. [PMID: 37392923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based sustainable composites incorporated with cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) (CC) at different concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 10 wt%) were prepared using solvent casting method. Performance analysis of PLA/CC composite films in terms of food packaging properties like thermal, optical, oxygen barrier, mechanical, anti-bacterial as well as anti-oxidant effect is carried out. The PLA/CC-5 composite showed complete blockage of UV-B light at 320 nm, which is known to significantly induce the photo-chemical degradation of polymers. The incorporation of CC in the PLA matrix brought in improvement in mechanical and oxygen barrier properties. The PLA composite films showed effective antibacterial activity against food borne bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli), in addition to excellent antioxidant activity. All these important traits exhibited by PLA/CC composite films suggest its potential for food packaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Lawal
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Raja Samyuktha
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijay Robert
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sreelakshmi
- Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology (CIPET)-IPT, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 683501, Kerala, India
| | - Akshai Gopi
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Murugesan Poochi
- Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sravanthi Loganathan
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Ravi Babu Valapa
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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12
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Wu Y, Gao X, Wu J, Zhou T, Nguyen TT, Wang Y. Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Its Composites: Characteristics, Processing, and Sustainable Applications in Sports. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3096. [PMID: 37514485 PMCID: PMC10384257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polyester polymer that is produced from renewable resources, such as corn or other carbohydrate sources. However, its poor toughness limits its commercialization. PLA composites can meet the growing performance needs of various fields, but limited research has focused on their sustainable applications in sports. This paper reviews the latest research on PLA and its composites by describing the characteristics, production, degradation process, and the latest modification methods of PLA. Then, it discusses the inherent advantages of PLA composites and expounds on different biodegradable materials and their relationship with the properties of PLA composites. Finally, the importance and application prospects of PLA composites in the field of sports are emphasized. Although PLA composites mixed with natural biomass materials have not been mass produced, they are expected to be sustainable materials used in various industries because of their simple process, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tongxi Zhou
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tat Thang Nguyen
- College of Wood Industry and Interior Design, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Hanoi 13417, Vietnam
| | - Yutong Wang
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
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13
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Shi K, Liu G, Sun H, Weng Y. Polylactic Acid/Lignin Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2807. [PMID: 37447453 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the gradual depletion of petroleum resources and the increasing global awareness of environmental protection, biodegradable plastics are receiving more and more attention as a green substitute for traditional petroleum-based plastics. Poly (lactic acid) is considered to be the most promising biodegradable material because of its excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good processability. However, the brittleness and high cost limit its application in more fields. Lignin, as the second largest renewable biopolymer in nature after cellulose, is not only rich in reserves and low in cost, but it also has an excellent UV barrier, antioxidant activity, and rigidity. The molecular structure of lignin contains a large number of functional groups, which are easy to endow with new functions by chemical modification. Currently, lignin is mostly treated as waste in industry, and the value-added utilization is insufficient. The combination of lignin and poly (lactic acid) can on the one hand solve the problems of the high cost of PLA and less efficient utilization of lignin; on the other hand, the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in compounding with biodegradable synthetic polymers is expected to afford high-performance wholly green polymer composites. This mini-review summarizes the latest research achievements of poly (lactic acid)/lignin composites. Emphasis was put on the influence of lignin on the mechanical properties of its composite with poly (lactic acid), as well as the compatibility of the two components. Future research on these green composites is also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guoshuai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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14
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Makri SP, Xanthopoulou E, Valera MA, Mangas A, Marra G, Ruiz V, Koltsakidis S, Tzetzis D, Zoikis Karathanasis A, Deligkiozi I, Nikolaidis N, Bikiaris D, Terzopoulou Z. Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102386. [PMID: 37242959 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with 0.5 wt% lignin or nanolignin were prepared with two different techniques: (a) conventional melt-mixing and (b) in situ Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) by reactive processing. The ROP process was monitored by measuring the torque. The composites were synthesized rapidly using reactive processing that took under 20 min. When the catalyst amount was doubled, the reaction time was reduced to under 15 min. The dispersion, thermal transitions, mechanical properties, antioxidant activity, and optical properties of the resulting PLA-based composites were evaluated with SEM, DSC, nanoindentation, DPPH assay, and DRS spectroscopy. All reactive processing-prepared composites were characterized by means of SEM, GPC, and NMR to assess their morphology, molecular weight, and free lactide content. The benefits of the size reduction of lignin and the use of in situ ROP by reactive processing were demonstrated, as the reactive processing-produced nanolignin-containing composites had superior crystallization, mechanical, and antioxidant properties. These improvements were attributed to the participation of nanolignin in the ROP of lactide as a macroinitiator, resulting in PLA-grafted nanolignin particles that improved its dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Makri
- Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Miguel Angel Valera
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mangas
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giacomo Marra
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Ruiz
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Savvas Koltsakidis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14 km Thessaloniki, 57001 N. Moudania, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tzetzis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14 km Thessaloniki, 57001 N. Moudania, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Hararak B, Wanmolee W, Wijaranakul P, Prakymoramas N, Winotapun C, Kraithong W, Nakason K. Physicochemical properties of lignin nanoparticles from softwood and their potential application in sustainable pre-harvest bagging as transparent UV-shielding films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:575-588. [PMID: 36592857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignin can be mainly obtained as a waste by-product from pulp industry, and it exhibits unique properties including ultraviolet adsorption, biodegradable, antibacterial, and antioxidant which can be utilized for bioplastic applications. However, common limitations of technical lignin for plastic applications are compatibility mainly due to poor interfacial adhesion, relatively large particle size and impurity. In this study lignin nanoparticles from softwood (S-LNPs) were successfully produced through a continuous-green-scalable antisolvent precipitation and the suitability of S-LNPs for fabrication of bio-composite polybutylene succinate (PBS) films using conventional blown film extrusion was examined. The attained S-LNPs showed lower ash content, higher phenolic content and higher lignin content compared to pristine softwood kraft lignin (S-lignin). Rheological property including shear viscosity and melt-flow index was determined. The obtained PBS/S-LNP composite films showed improved tensile modulus, higher water vapor transmission rate and excellent UV-shielding ability compared to neat PBS and PBS/S-lignin films. Accelerated weathering testing was conducted to replicate outdoor conditions. Degradation indices including carbonyl, vinyl and hydroxyl of the weathered PBS/lignin composites were evaluated for photo-oxidative stability. The S-LNPs as multifunctional bio-additives in biodegradable composite film exhibited superior performances of transparency, UV-absorption and stiffness with high photo-oxidative stability suitable for outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkot Hararak
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wanwitoo Wanmolee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pawarisa Wijaranakul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Natcha Prakymoramas
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Charinee Winotapun
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wasawat Kraithong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kamonwat Nakason
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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16
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Makri SP, Xanthopoulou E, Klonos PA, Grigoropoulos A, Kyritsis A, Tsachouridis K, Anastasiou A, Deligkiozi I, Nikolaidis N, Bikiaris DN. Effect of Micro- and Nano-Lignin on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Antioxidant Properties of Biobased PLA-Lignin Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235274. [PMID: 36501671 PMCID: PMC9737150 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films were produced using unmodified soda micro- or nano-lignin as a green filler at four different contents, between 0.5 wt% and 5 wt%. The PLA-lignin composite polymers were synthesized by solvent casting to prepare a masterbatch, followed by melt mixing. The composites were then converted into films, to evaluate the effect of lignin content and size on their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by polarized light microscopy (PLM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the PLA crystallization and the interactions with Lignin (L) and Nanolignin (NL). The presence of both fillers (L and NL) had a negligible effect on the glass transition temperature (chain diffusion). However, it resulted in suppression of the corresponding change in heat capacity. This was indicative of a partial immobilization of the PLA chains on the lignin entities, due to interfacial interactions, which was slightly stronger in the case of NL. Lignin was also found to facilitate crystallization, in terms of nucleation; whereas, this was not clear in the crystalline fraction. The addition of L and NL led to systematically larger crystallites compared with neat PLA, which, combined with the higher melting temperature, provided indications of a denser crystal structure in the composites. The mechanical, optical, antioxidant, and surface properties of the composite films were also investigated. The tensile strength and Young's modulus were improved by the addition of L and especially NL. The UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of the composite films were also enhanced, especially at higher filler contents. Importantly, the PLA-NL composite films constantly outperformed their PLA-L counterparts, due to the finer dispersion of NL in the PLA matrix, as verified by the TEM micrographs. These results suggest that bio-based and biodegradable PLA films filled with L, and particularly NL, can be employed as competitive and green alternatives in the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P. Makri
- Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A. Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsachouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL, UK
| | - Antonios Anastasiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL, UK
| | | | - Nikolaos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.N.B.)
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17
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Sadeghifar H, Ragauskas A. Lignin as a bioactive polymer and heavy metal absorber- an overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136564. [PMID: 36155017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a pulping and bio-refinery by-product with phenolic chemical structure, lignin indicated high potential as natural antioxidant activity, UV blocker, antibacterial and toxic material absorbent properties. Presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in lignin structure plays the main role of its antioxidant activity. However, lignin antioxidant power can change depending on its other structural features and functional groups like ortho-methoxy groups, -OCH3 groups, the α-CH2 groups, the aliphatic carbonyl groups, and the size of π-conjugated systems. Lignin in mixture with synthetic polymers, improved their thermal stability. Lignin has high UV light absorbing potential in broad-spectrum (UVA, UVB). Adding 1-5% of lignin into hand cream indicated excellent range of sun protection factor (SPF) with more than 95% UV light absorption. Lignin also indicated strong UV light protection when applied in different transparent film and protect paint, oil, and varnish from UV degradation. Lignosulfonate and other modified lignin including chemically modification, nano-particles and lignin hydrogel indicated high potential as heavy metal absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Sadeghifar
- Hollingsworth & Vose, R&D Center, 219 Townsend Road, Groton, MA, 01450, USA.
| | - Arthur Ragauskas
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee (UT), Knoxville, TN, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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18
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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(lactic acid) Composites with Organosolv Lignin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238143. [PMID: 36500235 PMCID: PMC9740318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, being one of the main structural components of lignocellulosic biomass, is considered the most abundant natural source of phenolics and aromatics. Efforts for its valorisation were recently explored as it is mostly treated as waste from heat/energy production via combustion. Among them, polymer-based lignin composites are a promising approach to both valorise lignin and to fine tune the properties of polymers. In this work, organosolv lignin, from beech wood, was used as fillers in a poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. The PLA/lignin composites were prepared using melt mixing of masterbatches with neat PLA in three different lignin contents: 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 wt%. Lignin was used as-isolated, via the organosolv biomass pretreatment/fractionation process and after 8 h of ball milling. The composites were characterised with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, their antioxidant activity was assessed with the 2,2-Diphenyil-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the colour was measured with a colorimeter and the mechanical properties were evaluated with tensile testing. Ball milling, at least under the conditions applied in this study, did not induce a further substantial decrease in the already relatively small organosolv lignin primary particles of ~1 μm. All the produced PLA/lignin composites had a uniform dispersion of lignin. Compression-moulded films were successfully prepared, and they were coloured brown, with ball-milled lignin, giving a slightly lighter colour in comparison with the as-received lignin. Hydrogen bonding was detected between the components of the composites, and crystallization of the PLA was suppressed by both lignin, with the suppression being less pronounced by the ball-milled lignin. All composites showed a significantly improved antioxidant activity, and their mechanical properties were maintained for filler content 1 wt%.
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19
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Esakkimuthu ES, DeVallance D, Pylypchuk I, Moreno A, Sipponen MH. Multifunctional lignin-poly (lactic acid) biocomposites for packaging applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1025076. [PMID: 36263360 PMCID: PMC9574040 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1025076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer with many promising features but also shortcomings as a filler in polymer blends. The main objective of this work was to improve the processability and compatibility of lignin with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) through etherification of lignin. Commercial kraft lignin (KL) and oxypropylated kraft lignin (OPKL) were blended with PLA at different weight percentages (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40%) followed by injection molding. Low lignin contents between 1 and 10% generally had a favorable impact on mechanical strength and moduli as well as functional properties of the PLA-based composites. Unmodified lignin with free phenolic hydroxyl groups rendered the composites with antioxidant activity, as measured by radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation tests. Incorporating 5–10% of KL or OPKL improved the thermal stability of the composites within the 300–350°C region. DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature values were systematically decreased upon addition of KL and OPKL into PLA polymer. However, low lignin contents of 1 and 5% decreased the cold crystallization temperature of PLA. The composites of KL and OPKL with PLA exhibited good stabilities in the migration test, with values of 17 mg kg−1 and 23 mg kg−1 even at higher lignin content 40%, i.e., well below the limit defined in a European standard (60 mg kg−1). These results suggest oxypropylated lignin as a functional filler in PLA for safe and functional food packaging and antioxidant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David DeVallance
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Ievgen Pylypchuk
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian Moreno
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Effect of functional group and structure on hydrophobic properties of environment-friendly lignin-based composite coatings. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:132-140. [PMID: 35714873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic coatings are widely used in a variety of materials surfaces. However, it remains a great challenge for the non-toxic and environmentally-friendly production of hydrophobic coatings. Herein, two nano-scale spherical lignin/SiO2 composite particles are synthesized based on the electrostatic interaction and the steric hindrance effect inspired by the self-protection of straw. Introduction of positively charged quaternary ammonium enhances the possibility of electrostatic self-assembly between lignin and SiO2 for QAL/SiO2, and access of super-long hydrophobic chains induces the formation of nano-sized particles for QALC12/SiO2. The coatings were fabricated by simply spraying on substrates and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties were detected. The results show that the long hydrophobic chain can enhance the hydrophobic properties of lignin polymers (CA = 129°) and the spherical micro-nano structure is beneficial to improve the hydrophobic properties of the lignin/SiO2 composite (CA = 137°). Meanwhile, the hydrophobic coating has good self-cleaning performance. The excellent hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties are mainly benefited from the nano effect, reasonable hydrophilic/hydrophobic structure, and good dispersibility of spherical structure. This work not only provides a kind of lignin-based nano-scale waterproof coatings holding excellent properties in terms of cost, scalability, and robustness, but also has important significance for the high-value utilization of biomass resources.
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21
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SÖĞÜT E, SEYDİM AC. Utilization of Kiwi Peel Lignocellulose as Fillers in Poly(Lactic Acid) Films. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1024326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Sugiarto S, Leow Y, Tan CL, Wang G, Kai D. How far is Lignin from being a biomedical material? Bioact Mater 2022; 8:71-94. [PMID: 34541388 PMCID: PMC8424518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a versatile biomass that possesses many different desirable properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-UV, and good biocompatibility. Natural lignin can be processed through several chemical processes. The processed lignin can be modified into functionalized lignin through chemical modifications to develop and enhance biomaterials. Thus, lignin is one of the prime candidate for various biomaterial applications such as drug and gene delivery, biosensors, bioimaging, 3D printing, tissue engineering, and dietary supplement additive. This review presents the potential of developing and utilizing lignin in the outlook of new and sustainable biomaterials. Thereafter, we also discuss on the challenges and outlook of utilizing lignin as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
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23
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24
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Gu Q, Eberhardt TL, Shao J, Pan H. Preparation of an oxyalkylated
lignin‐g‐
polylactic acid copolymer to improve the compatibility of an organosolv lignin in blended poly(lactic acid) films. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass‐based Fuels and Chemicals Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | | | - Jingjing Shao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass‐based Fuels and Chemicals Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Hui Pan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass‐based Fuels and Chemicals Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
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25
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Xu Y, Qiu Y, Yan C, Liu L, Xu M, Xu B, Li B. A novel and multifunctional flame retardant nucleating agent towards superior fire safety and crystallization properties for biodegradable poly (lactic acid). ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Sutton JT, Rajan K, Harper DP, Chmely SC. Improving UV Curing in Organosolv Lignin-Containing Photopolymers for Stereolithography by Reduction and Acylation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203473. [PMID: 34685231 PMCID: PMC8539641 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent successes in incorporating lignin into photoactive resins, lignin photo-properties can be detrimental to its application in UV-curable photopolymers, especially in specialized engineered resins for use in stereolithography printing. We report on chemical modification techniques employed to reduce UV absorption by lignin and the resulting mechanical, thermal, and cure properties of these modified lignin materials. Lignin was modified using reduction and acylation reactions and incorporated into a 3D printable resin formulation. UV–Vis absorption at the 3D printing range of 405 nm was reduced in all modified lignins compared to the unmodified sample by 25% to ≥ 60%. Resins made with the modified lignins showed an increase in stiffness and strength with lower thermal stability. Studying these techniques is an important step in developing lignin for use in UV-curing applications and further the effort to valorize lignin towards commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Sutton
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (J.T.S.); (K.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kalavathy Rajan
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (J.T.S.); (K.R.)
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David P. Harper
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (J.T.S.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.H.); (S.C.C.); Tel.: +1-(865)-946-1121 (D.P.H.); +1-(814)-863-6815 (S.C.C.)
| | - Stephen C. Chmely
- Department of Ag & Bio Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.H.); (S.C.C.); Tel.: +1-(865)-946-1121 (D.P.H.); +1-(814)-863-6815 (S.C.C.)
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27
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Wang H, Yang D, Xiong W, Liu W, Qiu X. One-pot preparation of hydrophobic lignin/SiO 2 nanoparticles and its reinforcing effect on HDPE. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:523-532. [PMID: 33745976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nano silica (SiO2) is usually used as a common reinforcing agent in polymer materials, in which the interfacial interaction greatly affects the mechanical properties of the composites. The reinforcement effect of silica on non-polar polymer is restricted due to their poor compatibility. In this work, amphipathic lignin modified by quaternization and alkylation was used as a modifier for silica to prepare hydrophobic lignin/SiO2 nanoparticles by in-situ one-pot co-precipitation method. In alkaline solution, hydrophobic lignin and SiO2 (from Na2SiO3) were self-assembled to form nanospheres through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The results showed that the lignin/SiO2 nanoparticles were highly hydrophobic nanospheres with macropores in the surface. When the lignin/SiO2 nanoparticles (10 wt%) were added to reinforce high-density polyethylene (HDPE), the mechanical properties of HDPE were improved with the strength of 24.5 MPa and the elongation of 1096%, which were increased by 10.4% and 14.3% compared with the control HDPE, because of the good compatibility and large bonding area. This work puts forward a new solution for the application of lignin in reinforcement of non-polar polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan Xi Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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28
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Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030637. [PMID: 33806473 PMCID: PMC8000402 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The demand for bioplastic material for industrial applications is increasing. However, moisture absorption and low mechanical strength have limited the use of bioplastic in commercial-scale applications. Macroalgae is no exception to these challenges of bioplastics. In this study, Kappaphycus alvarezii macroalgae were reinforced with lignin nanoparticles. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were used as a filler to reduce the brittleness and hydrophilic nature of macroalgae (matrix). Lignin nanofiller was produced using a green approach from black liquor of soda pulping waste and purified. The physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, thermal, and water barrier properties of LNPs with and without the purification process in macroalgae films were studied. The bioplastic films’ functional properties, such as physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties, were significantly improved by incorporating purified and unpurified LNPs. However, the purified LNPs have a greater reinforcement effect on the macroalgae than unpurified LNPs. In this study, bioplastic film with 5% purified LNPs presented the optimum enhancement on almost all the functional properties. The enhancement is attributed to high compatibility due to strong interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and matrix. The developed LNPs/macroalgae bioplastic films can provide additional benefits and solutions to various industrial applications, especially packaging material.
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29
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Adel R, Ebrahim S, Shokry A, Soliman M, Khalil M. Nanocomposite of CuInS/ZnS and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Cholesterol Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2167-2176. [PMID: 33521456 PMCID: PMC7841935 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, nitrogen graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) and copper indium sulfide/zinc sulfide (CIS/ZnS) QDs were synthesized via facile hydrothermal and aqueous solution routes, respectively. Herein, a fluorescent nanocomposite has been synthesized between N-GQDs and CIS/ZnS QDs in an aqueous phase. This nanocomposite was characterized by photoluminescence, Raman, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fluorescent nanocomposite was developed as a highly sensitive, selective nonenzymatic cholesterol optical biosensor in 0.312-5 mM cholesterol. HRTEM micrographs confirmed the preparation of CIS/ZnS QDs and N-GQDs with average diameters of 3 and 5 nm, respectively. The as-prepared NG/CIS/ZnS QD nanocomposite had a high sensitivity for cholesterol with a wide linear range of concentration of 0.312-5 mM with an excellent correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.9688 and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.222 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Adel
- Materials
Science Department, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaker Ebrahim
- Materials
Science Department, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Azza Shokry
- Department
of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moataz Soliman
- Materials
Science Department, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Khalil
- Nanotechnology
and Composite Materials Department, Institute
of New Materials and Advanced Technology, City of Scientific Research
and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El Arab City, P.O. Box, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt
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30
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UV Protective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Compostable Polylactic Acid Composites Containing Pristine and Chemically Modified Lignin Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010126. [PMID: 33383931 PMCID: PMC7795251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) films containing 1 wt % and 3 wt % of lignin nanoparticles (pristine (LNP), chemically modified with citric acid (caLNP) and acetylated (aLNP)) were prepared by extrusion and characterized in terms of their overall performance as food packaging materials. Morphological, mechanical, thermal, UV–Vis barrier, antioxidant and antibacterial properties were assayed; appropriate migration values in food simulants and disintegration in simulated composting conditions were also verified. The results obtained indicated that all lignin nanoparticles succeeded in conferring UV-blocking, antioxidant and antibacterial properties to the PLA films, especially at the higher filler loadings assayed. Chemical modification of the fillers partially reduced the UV protection and the antioxidant properties of the resulting composites, but it induced better nanoparticles dispersion, reduced aggregates size, enhanced ductility and improved aesthetic quality of the films through reduction of the characteristic dark color of lignin. Migration tests and disintegration assays of the nanocomposites in simulated composting conditions indicated that, irrespectively of their formulation, the multifunctional nanocomposite films prepared behaved similarly to neat PLA.
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31
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Parit M, Jiang Z. Towards lignin derived thermoplastic polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3180-3197. [PMID: 33065157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biobased material found on earth. It is produced mainly as a byproduct of pulp and paper industry and biorefineries. Despite its abundance, lignin valorization is not achieved on a large scale. Recently, there has been a growing demand for using the renewable and biodegradable raw materials in the commodity polymers. Potential use of lignin as a component in thermoplastic polymers is a promising approach for its value-added utilization. Given the vast applications of thermoplastic materials, there is lack of comprehensive review on lignin based thermoplastic polymers in literature. This review focuses on the utilization of lignin as functional and structural component of the thermoplastic polymers which requires structural modifications of lignin pertaining to the polymeric system. First, various lignin modifications were discussed in view of controlling the homogeneity, reactivity, processability and compatibility of lignin for successful thermoplastic copolymer synthesis and blend processing. Then, various copolymerization methodologies of lignin applicable for thermoplastic monomers are reviewed. Lastly, the lignin based thermoplastic blends are discussed which covers the lignin blends with various thermoplastic polymers and the chemical modifications required to improve its compatibility in polymer matrix. Some of the promising potential applications and future perspectives to achieve the goal of lignin-based commercial thermoplastics polymers are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Parit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America.
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32
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Lizundia E, Armentano I, Luzi F, Bertoglio F, Restivo E, Visai L, Torre L, Puglia D. Synergic Effect of Nanolignin and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles into Poly(l-lactide) Bionanocomposites: Material Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Antibacterial Performance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5263-5274. [PMID: 35021701 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Binary and ternary poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)-based nanocomposites, containing nanolignin (1 wt %) and different metal oxide nanoparticles (0.5 wt %, Ag2O, TiO2, WO3, Fe2O3, and ZnFe2O4), were realized by solvent casting, and their morphological, thermal, surface, optical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characterizations were performed. The presence of metal oxide nanoparticles at the selected weight concentration affects the surface microstructure of the PLLA polymer, and this outcome is particle-type dependent, according to the shape, morphology, and chemical properties of the selected nanoparticles (NPs). Analogously, wettability of PLLA-based nanocomposites was slightly modified by the presence of hydrophobic lignin nanoparticles and different shaped metal oxides. Results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) tests confirmed that nanoparticle addition confined the mobility of the amorphous phase, increasing at the same time the formation of more numerous but less perfect PLLA crystals. Interestingly, antioxidant activity was also obtained in ternary-based nanocomposites, where a synergic effect of lignin and metal oxide nanoparticles was obtained. Antibacterial tests showed manifest activity of TiO2 and Ag2O nanoparticles containing PLLA films, and the time dependence was more evident for Staphylococcus aureus than for Escherichia coli. Lignin nanoparticles are able to provide protection against UV light while still allowing visible light to pass and even surpass the UV-protection capacity provided by many inorganic nanoparticles. This makes them an attractive renewable additive for the realization of PLLA/metal oxide nanocomposites in the fields of food, drug packaging, and biomedical industry, where antibacterial and antioxidant properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain.,BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Molecular Medicine Department, UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Molecular Medicine Department, UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A Società Benefit, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department, UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A Società Benefit, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
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33
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Beltrán FR, Arrieta MP, Gaspar G, de la Orden MU, Martínez Urreaga J. Effect of Iignocellulosic Nanoparticles Extracted from Yerba Mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) on the Structural, Thermal, Optical and Barrier Properties of Mechanically Recycled Poly(lactic acid). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081690. [PMID: 32751154 PMCID: PMC7463788 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, yerba mate nanoparticles (YMNs) were extracted from Ilex paraguairiencis yerba mate wastes and further used to improve the overall performance of mechanically recycled PLA (PLAR). Recycled PLA was obtained by melt reprocessing PLA subjected to an accelerated ageing process, which involved photochemical, thermal and hydrothermal ageing steps, as well as a final demanding washing step. YMNs (1 and 3 wt. %) were added to the PLAR during the melt reprocessing step and further processed into films. The main goal of the development of PLAR-YMNs bionanocomposites was to increase the barrier properties of recycled PLA, while showing good overall performance for food packaging applications. Thus, optical, structural, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated. The incorporation of YMNs led to transparent greenish PLAR-based films with an effective blockage of harmful UV radiation. From the backbone FTIR stretching region (bands at 955 and 920 cm−1), it seems that YMNs favor the formation of crystalline domains acting as nucleating agents for PLAR. The morphological investigations revealed the good dispersion of YMNs in PLAR when they are used in the lowest amount of 1 wt. %, leading to bionanocomposites with improved mechanical performance. Although the addition of high hydrophilic YMNs increased the water vapor transmission, the addition of 1 wt. % of YMNs enhanced the oxygen barrier performance of the produced bionanocomposite films. These results show that the synergistic revalorization of post-consumer PLA and nanoparticles obtained from agri-food waste is a potential way for the production of promising packaging materials that meet with the principles of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddys R. Beltrán
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.R.B.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.R.B.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Gerald Gaspar
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
| | - María U. de la Orden
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Urreaga
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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34
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Lignin as a UV Light Blocker-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051134. [PMID: 32429134 PMCID: PMC7284897 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the by-product of pulp and paper industries and bio-refining operations. It is available as the leading natural phenolic biopolymer in the market. It has chromophore functional groups and can absorb a broad spectrum of UV light in range of 250–400 nm. Using lignin as a natural ingredient in sunscreen cream, transparent film, paints, varnishes and microorganism protection has been actively investigated. Both in non-modified and modified forms, lignin provides enhancing UV protection of commercial products with less than a 10% blend with other material. In mixtures with other synthetic UV blockers, lignin indicated synergic effects and increased final UV blocking potential in compare with using only synthetic UV blocker or lignin. However, using lignin as a UV blocker is also challenging due to its complex structure, polydispersity in molecular weight, brownish color and some impurities that require more research in order to make it an ideal bio-based UV blocker.
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35
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de Araújo Padilha CE, da Costa Nogueira C, Oliveira Filho MA, de Santana Souza DF, de Oliveira JA, dos Santos ES. Valorization of cashew apple bagasse using acetic acid pretreatment: Production of cellulosic ethanol and lignin for their use as sunscreen ingredients. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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36
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Pan F, Chen L, He L, Jiang Y, Qi J, Xiao H, Chen Y, Huang X, Hu H, Tu L, Lin T, Chen G, Hao J, Xiao Y, Xie J. Characterization of Ethyl Acetate and Trichloromethane Extracts from Phoebe zhennan Wood Residues and Application on the Preparation of UV Shielding Films. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051145. [PMID: 32143361 PMCID: PMC7179154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, ethyl acetate (EA) and trichloromethane (TR) extracts were extracted from Phoebezhennan wood residues and the extracts were then applied to the preparation of UV shielding films (UV-SF). The results revealed that substances including olefins, phenols and alcohols were found in both EA and TR extracts, accounting for about 45% of all the detected substances. The two extracts had similar thermal stability and both had strong UV shielding ability. When the relative percentage of the extract is 1 wt% in solution, the extract solution almost blocked 100% of the UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-A (315–400 nm). Two kinds of UV-SF were successfully prepared by adding the two extracts into polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The UV-SF with the addition of 24 wt% of the extractive blocked 100% of the UV-B (280–315 nm) and more than 80% of the UV-A (315–400 nm). Moreover, the UV shielding performance of the UV-SF was still stable even after strong UV irradiation. Though the addition of extracts could somewhat decrease the thermal stability of the film, its effect on the end-use of the film was ignorable. EA extracts had less effect on the tensile properties of the films than TR extracts as the content of the extract reached 18%. The results of this study could provide fundamental information on the potential utilization of the extracts from Phoebe zhennan wood residues on the preparation of biobased UV shielding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangya Pan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Lu He
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Yongze Jiang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jinqiu Qi
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Xingyan Huang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Hongling Hu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Lihua Tu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianfeng Hao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Yinlong Xiao
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Jiulong Xie
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (H.X.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (H.H.); (L.T.); (T.L.); (G.C.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-1456
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Şen M, Aksüt D, Karaağaç B. The effect of ionizing radiation on the temperature scanning stress relaxation properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber elastomers reinforced by lignin. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Synthesis, characterization, and crystallization behaviors of poly( D-lactic acid)-based triblock copolymer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3627. [PMID: 32107422 PMCID: PMC7046728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) segment synthesized PDLA-PEG-PDLA triblock copolymer through the ring-opening reaction of D-LA and PEG will be used as a toughening modifier. The microstructure, crystal structures and crystallization behaviors of this triblock copolymer were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). The triblock copolymer is synthesized from the appearance of CH2 stretching vibration peak at 2910 cm−1 and C-O stretching vibration peak at 1200 cm−1 from PEG in FTIR spectra. Moreover, the chemical shift that is about 3.6 ppm in 1H NMR and 68.8ppm in 13C NMR proves this matter. The results of XRD and DSC reveal that PDLA and PEG are crystallized separately, and are not fully compatible, and microphase separation has occurred in this triblock copolymer. PEG can induce the triblock copolymer to accelerate the rate of crystallization, allowing it to crystallize more completely in the same amount of time. When the molecular weight of PEG is 6000 or the ratio of D-LA/PEG is 1/1, the crystallizability of PDLA-PEG-PDLA triblock copolymer is the best.
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Kim SH, Choi K, Choi HR, Kim T, Suhr J, Kim KJ, Choi HJ, Nam JD. Non-Einstein Viscosity Phenomenon of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Composites Containing Lignin-Polycaprolactone Particulates Highly Dispersed by High-Shear Stress. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10036-10043. [PMID: 31460096 PMCID: PMC6647950 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin powder was modified via ring-opening polymerization of caprolactone to form a lignin-polycaprolactone (LPCL) particulate. The LPCL particulates were mixed with an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) matrix at an extremely high rotational speed of up to 3000 rpm, which was achieved by a closed-loop screw mixer and in-line melt extruder. Using this high-shear extruding mixer, the LPCL particulate size was controlled in the range of 3395 nm (conventional twin-screw extrusion) down to 638 nm (high-shear mixer of 3000 rpm) by altering the mixing speed and time. The resulting LPCL/ABS composites clearly showed non-Einstein viscosity phenomena, exhibiting reduced viscosity (2130 Pa·s) compared to the general extruded composite one (4270 Pa·s) at 1 s-1 and 210 °C. This is due to the conformational rearrangement and the increased free volume of ABS molecular chains in the vicinity of LPCL particulates. This was supported by the decreased glass transition temperature (T g, 83.7 °C) of the LPCL/ABS composite specimens, for example, giving a 21.8% decrement compared to that (107 °C) of the neat ABS by the incorporation of 10 wt % LPCL particulates in ABS. The LPCL particulate morphology, damping characteristics, and light transmittance of the developed composites were thoroughly investigated at various levels of applied shear rates and mixing conditions. The non-Einstein rheological phenomena stemming from the incorporation of LPCL particulates suggest an interesting plasticization methodology: to improve the processability of high-loading filler/polymer composites and ultra-high molecular weight polymers that are difficult to process because of their high viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Energy Science, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kisuk Choi
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Energy Science, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyouk Ryeol Choi
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Energy Science, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Energy Science, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Energy Science, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Do Nam
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Energy Science, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
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40
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Solvent-free bulk polymerization of lignin-polycaprolactone (PCL) copolymer and its thermoplastic characteristics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7033. [PMID: 31065000 PMCID: PMC6504852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pristine lignin molecules contain multiple reactive hydroxyl [OH] groups, some of which undergo limited polymerization depending on their configuration (aromatic or aliphatic) or conformation. The key issue in lignin-polymerization is to quantify the number of hydroxyl groups in the pristine molecules for subsequent activation to specific lignin-polymer chain lengths or degree of grafting. In this study, using ε-caprolactone (CL) as a reactive solvent, we successfully polymerized CL on the [OH] sites in the kraft lignin macromonomers (LM, Mw = 1,520 g mol-1), which resulted in a thermoplastic lignin-polycaprolactone (PCL) grafted copolymer. We found that the average number of [OH] groups in the LM was 15.3 groups mol-1, and further detected 40-71% of the [OH] groups in the CL bulk polymerization. The degree of polymerization of PCL grown on each [OH] site ranged between 7 and 26 depending on the reaction conditions ([CL]/[OH] and reaction-time) corresponding to 4,780 and 32,600 g mol-1 of PCL chains per a LM. The thermoplastic characteristics of the synthesized lignin-PCL copolymers were established by the melt viscosity exhibiting a shear-thinning behavior, e.g., 921 Pa.s at 180 °C. The thermal stability was remarkable providing a Tid (2% of weight loss) of 230 °C of the copolymers, compared with 69 °C for the pristine lignin.
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41
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He X, Luzi F, Hao X, Yang W, Torre L, Xiao Z, Xie Y, Puglia D. Thermal, antioxidant and swelling behaviour of transparent polyvinyl (alcohol) films in presence of hydrophobic citric acid-modified lignin nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:665-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Iglesias Montes ML, Luzi F, Dominici F, Torre L, Cyras VP, Manfredi LB, Puglia D. Design and Characterization of PLA Bilayer Films Containing Lignin and Cellulose Nanostructures in Combination With Umbelliferone as Active Ingredient. Front Chem 2019; 7:157. [PMID: 30972324 PMCID: PMC6443720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) bilayer films, containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or lignin nanoparticles (LNP) and Umbelliferone (UMB) were extruded and successfully layered by thermo-compression starting from monolayer films. Lignocellulosic nanostructures were used in PLA based film as nanofillers at 3 wt.%, while UMB was used as active ingredient (AI) at 15 wt.%. The effects of processing techniques, presence, typology and content of lignocellulosic nanoparticles have been analyzed and thermal, morphological, mechanical and optical characterization of PLA nanocomposites have been made. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies evaluated the presence of nanofillers and AI at chemical level. Bilayer formulations showed a good interfacial adhesion and improved stress at break with respect of PLA monolayers, although they were less stretchable and transparent. Data obtained from thermal, colorimetric and transparency investigations underlined that the presence of lignocellulosic nanofillers and AI in PLA monolayer and bilayer films induced relevant alterations in terms of overall color properties and thermal stability, while antioxidant activity of umbelliferone was enhanced by the addition of lignin in produced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L. Iglesias Montes
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Franco Dominici
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Viviana P. Cyras
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Liliana B. Manfredi
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
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Zhao Y, Tagami A, Dobele G, Lindström ME, Sevastyanova O. The Impact of Lignin Structural Diversity on Performance of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)-Starch Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030538. [PMID: 30960522 PMCID: PMC6473382 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin fractions having different molecular weights and varied chemical structures isolated from kraft lignins of both softwood and hardwood via a sequential solvent fractionation technique were incorporated into a tunicate cellulose nanofibers (CNF)—starch mixture to prepare 100% bio-based composite films. The aim was to investigate the impact of lignin structural diversity on film performance. It was confirmed that lignin’s distribution in the films was dependent on the polarity of solvents used for fractionation (acetone > methanol > ethanol > ethyl acetate) and influenced the optical properties of the films. The –OH group content and molecular weight of lignin were positively related to film density. In general, the addition of lignin fractions led to decrease in thermal stability and increase in Young’s modulus of the composite films. The modulus of the films was found to decrease as the molecular weight of lignin increased, and a higher amount of carboxyl and phenolic –OH groups in the lignin fraction resulted in films with higher stiffness. The thermal analysis showed higher char content formation for lignin-containing films in a nitrogen atmosphere with increased molecular weight. In an oxygen atmosphere, the phenol content, saturated side chains and short chain structures of lignin had impacts on the maximum decomposition temperature of the films, confirming the relationship between the chemical structure of lignin and thermo-oxidative stability of the corresponding film. This study addresses the importance of lignin diversities on composite film performance, which could be helpful for tailoring lignin’s applications in bio-based materials based on their specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhao
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ayumu Tagami
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., 5-21-1 Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan.
| | - Galina Dobele
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes Str., LV 1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Mikael E Lindström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
- WWSC, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Beibei D, Tiantang F, Jiafeng L, Li G, Qin Z, Wuyou Y, Hongyun T, Wenxin W, Zhongyong F. PLLA-Grafted Gelatin Amphiphilic Copolymer and Its Self-Assembled Nano Carrier for Anticancer Drug Delivery. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Du Beibei
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Fan Tiantang
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Li Jiafeng
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Gong Li
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Zhang Qin
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Ye Wuyou
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Tai Hongyun
- School of Chemistry; Bangor University; Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2DG UK
| | - Wang Wenxin
- Charles Institute of Dermatology; School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 D04V1W8 Ireland
| | - Fan Zhongyong
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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Lagerquist L, Pranovich A, Sumerskii I, von Schoultz S, Vähäsalo L, Willför S, Eklund P. Structural and Thermal Analysis of Softwood Lignins from a Pressurized Hot Water Extraction Biorefinery Process and Modified Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E335. [PMID: 30669257 PMCID: PMC6359013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have analyzed the pine and spruce softwood lignin fraction recovered from a novel pressurized hot water extraction pilot process. The lignin structure was characterized using multiple NMR techniques and the thermal properties were analyzed using thermal gravimetric analysis. Acetylated and selectively methylated derivatives were prepared, and their structure and properties were analyzed and compared to the unmodified lignin. The lignin had relatively high molar weight and low PDI values and even less polydisperse fractions could be obtained by fractionation based on solubility in i-PrOH. Condensation, especially at the 5-position, was detected in this sulphur-free technical lignin, which had been enriched with carbon compared to the milled wood lignin (MWL) sample of the same wood chips. An increase in phenolic and carboxylic groups was also detected, which makes the lignin accessible to chemical modification. The lignin was determined to be thermally stable up to (273⁻302 °C) based on its Tdst 95% value. Due to the thermal stability, low polydispersity, and possibility to tailor its chemical properties by modification of its hydroxyl groups, possible application areas for the lignin could be in polymeric blends, composites or in resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lagerquist
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland.
| | - Andrey Pranovich
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | - Lari Vähäsalo
- CH-Bioforce Oy, Ahventie 4 A 21-22, FIN-02170 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Stefan Willför
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland.
| | - Patrik Eklund
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland.
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Narita C, Okahisa Y, Yamada K. Plasticizing effect of lignin on urushi in bio-composite films. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Pan F, Chen L, Jiang Y, Xiong L, Min L, Xie J, Qi J, Xiao H, Chen Y, De Hoop CF. Bio-based UV protective films prepared with polylactic acid (PLA) and Phoebe zhennan extractives. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:582-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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