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Luo W, Fu X, Huang H, Wu P, Wang Y, Liu Z, He S, Pang L, Ren D, Cui Y. Planar Cell Polarity in the Multiciliated Epithelial Lining of the Mouse Eustachian Tube. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:3795-3801. [PMID: 38613460 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, essential for uniform alignment and directional beating of motile cilia, has been investigated in multiciliated epithelia. As a complex structure connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx, the eustachian tube (ET) is important in the onset of ear-nose-throat diseases. However, PCP signaling, including the orientation that is important for ciliary motility and clearance function in the ET, has not been studied. We evaluated PCP in the ET epithelium. STUDY DESIGN Morphometric examination of the mouse ET. METHODS We performed electron microscopy to assess ciliary polarity in the mouse ET, along with immunohistochemical analysis of PCP protein localization in the ET epithelium. RESULTS We discovered PCP in the ET epithelium. Motile cilia were aligned in the same direction in individual and neighboring cells; this alignment manifested as ciliary polarity in multiciliated cells. Additionally, PCP proteins were asymmetrically localized between adjacent cells in the plane of the ET. CONCLUSIONS The multiciliated ET epithelium exhibits polarization, suggesting novel structural features that may be critical for ET function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:3795-3801, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peina Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T hospital & Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kasai Y, Morino T, Nakayama T, Yamamoto K, Kojima H. Analysis of the potential of human cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets to differentiate into airway epithelium. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:89-100. [PMID: 36876298 PMCID: PMC9983074 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the expected efficacy and safety of a new regenerative therapy requires analysis of the fate of the transplanted cell graft. We have shown that transplantation of autologous cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets onto the middle ear mucosa can improve middle ear aeration and hearing. However, it remains unknown whether cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets have the potential to gain mucociliary function in the environment of the middle ear because sampling cell sheets after transplantation is challenging. The present study re-cultured cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets in different culture media and evaluated whether the sheets have the potential to differentiate into airway epithelium. Before re-cultivation, cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets fabricated in keratinocyte culture medium (KCM) contained no FOXJ1-positive and acetyl-α-tubulin-positive multiciliated cells or MUC5AC-positive mucus cells. Interestingly, multiciliated cells and mucus cells were observed when the cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets were re-cultured in conditions that promote differentiation of airway epithelium. However, multiciliated cells, mucus cells and CK1-positive keratinized cells were not observed when cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets were re-cultured in conditions that promote epithelial keratinization. These findings support the suggestion that cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets have the ability to differentiate and gain mucociliary function in response to an appropriate environment (possibly including the environment found in the middle ear) but are unable to develop into an epithelial type that differs from its origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kasai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsunetaro Morino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Dokkyo Medical University Tochigi Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Garai P, Atack JM, Wills BM, Jennings MP, Bakaletz LO, Brockman KL. Adherence of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae to Cells and Substrates of the Airway Is Differentially Regulated by Individual ModA Phasevarions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0409322. [PMID: 36511712 PMCID: PMC9927368 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04093-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) to the host airway is an essential initial step for asymptomatic colonization of the nasopharynx, as well as development of disease. NTHi relies on strict regulation of multiple adhesins for adherence to host substrates encountered in the airway. NTHi encode a phase-variable cytoplasmic DNA methyltransferase, ModA, that regulates expression of multiple genes; a phasevarion (phase-variable regulon). Multiple modA alleles are present in NTHi, in which different alleles methylate a different DNA target, and each controls a different set of genes. However, the role of ModA phasevarions in regulating adherence of NTHi to the host airway is not well understood. This study therefore sought to investigate the role of four of the most prevalent ModA phasevarions in the regulation of adherence of NTHi to multiple substrates of the airway. Four clinical isolates of NTHi with unique modA alleles were tested in this study. The adherence of NTHi to mucus, middle ear epithelial cells, and vitronectin was regulated in a substrate-specific manner that was dependent on the ModA allele encoded. The adhesins Protein E and P4 were found to contribute to the ModA-regulated adherence of NTHi to distinct substrates. A better understanding of substrate-specific regulation of NTHi adherence by ModA phasevarions will allow identification of NTHi populations present at the site of disease within the airway and facilitate more directed development of vaccines and therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a predominant pathogen of the human airway that causes respiratory infections such as otitis media (OM) and exacerbations in the lungs of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the lack of a licensed vaccine against NTHi and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, it is extremely challenging to target NTHi for treatment. NTHi adhesins are considered potential candidates for vaccines or other therapeutic approaches. The ModA phasevarions of NTHi play a role in the rapid adaptation of the pathogen to different environmental stress conditions. This study addressed the role of ModA phasevarions in the regulation of adherence of NTHi to specific host substrates found within the respiratory tract. The findings of this study improve our understanding of regulation of adherence of NTHi to the airway, which may further be used to enhance the potential of adhesins as vaccine antigens and therapeutic targets against NTHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John M. Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon M. Wills
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren O. Bakaletz
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Brockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Abdel-Razek O, Audlin J, Poe DS, Wang G. Surfactant proteins and innate immunity of otitis media. Innate Immun 2022; 28:213-223. [PMID: 36069032 PMCID: PMC9900255 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common disease among young children and one of the most frequent reasons to visit the pediatrician. Development of OM requires nasopharyngeal colonization by a pathogen which must gain access to the tympanic cavity through the eustachian tube (ET) along with being able to overcome the defense mechanisms of the immune system and middle ear mucosa. OM can be caused by viral or bacterial infection. The three main bacterial pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Innate immunity is important in OM resolution as the disease occurs in very young children before the development of specific immunity. Elements of innate immunity include natural barriers and pattern recognition receptors such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), and Nod like receptors (NLRs). Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) act as pattern recognition receptors and are found in the lung and many other tissues including the ET and the middle ear where they probably function in host defense. Surfactant has a potential for use in the treatment of OM due to surface tension lowering function in the ET, and the possible immune functions of SP-D and SP-A in the middle ear and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdel-Razek
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Guirong Wang, Department of Surgery, UH Room 8715, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Jason Audlin
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Guirong Wang
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Azar A, Bhutta MF, Del-Pozo J, Milne E, Cheeseman M. Trans-cortical vessels in the mouse temporal bulla bone are a means to recruit myeloid cells in chronic otitis media and limit peripheral leukogram changes. Front Genet 2022; 13:985214. [PMID: 36246635 PMCID: PMC9555619 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear, is a sequel to acute otitis media in ∼8% of children. Chronic otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of childhood deafness and is characterised by effusion of white blood cells into the auditory bulla cavity. Skull flat bones have trans-cortical vessels which are responsible for the majority of blood flow in and out of the bone. In experimental models of stroke and aseptic meningitis there is preferential recruitment of myeloid cells (neutrophils and monocytes) from the marrow in skull flat bones. We report trans-cortical vessels in the mouse temporal bone connect to the bulla mucosal vasculature and potentially represent a means to recruit myeloid cells directly into the inflamed bulla. The mutant mouse strains Junbo (MecomJbo/+) and Jeff (Fbxo11Jf/+) develop chronic otitis spontaneously; MecomJbo/+ mice have highly cellular neutrophil (90%) rich bulla exudates whereas Fbxo11Jf/+ mice have low cellularity serous effusions (5% neutrophils) indicating differing demand for neutrophil recruitment. However we found peripheral leukograms of MecomJbo/+ and Fbxo11Jf/+ mice are similar to their respective wild-type littermate controls with healthy bullae and infer preferential mobilization of myeloid cells from temporal bulla bone marrow may mitigate the need for a systemic inflammatory reaction. The cytokines, chemokines and haematopoietic factors found in the inflamed bulla represent candidate signalling molecules for myeloid cell mobilization from temporal bone marrow. The density of white blood cells in the bulla cavity is positively correlated with extent of mucosal thickening in MecomJbo/+, Fbxo11Jf/+, and EdaTa mice and is accompanied by changes in epithelial populations and bone remodelling. In MecomJbo/+ mice there was a positive correlation between bulla cavity WBC numbers and total bacterial load. The degree of inflammation varies between contralateral bullae and between mutant mice of different ages suggesting inflammation may wax and wane and may be re-initiated by a new wave of bacterial infection. Clearance of white blood cells and inflammatory stimuli from the bulla cavity is impaired and this may create a pro-inflammatory feedback loop which further exacerbates otitis media and delays its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azar
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmood F. Bhutta
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of ENT, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Michael Cheeseman,
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Wijesekara P, Yadav P, Perkins LA, Stolz DB, Franks JM, Watkins SC, Reinoso Jacome E, Brody SL, Horani A, Xu J, Barati Farimani A, Ren X. Engineering rotating apical-out airway organoid for assessing respiratory cilia motility. iScience 2022; 25:104730. [PMID: 35942088 PMCID: PMC9356180 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia project from the airway apical surface and directly interface with inhaled external environment. Owing to cilia's nanoscale dimension and high beating frequency, quantitative assessment of their motility remains a sophisticated task. Here we described a robust approach for reproducible engineering of apical-out airway organoid (AOAO) from a defined number of cells. Propelled by exterior-facing cilia beating, the mature AOAO exhibited stable rotational motion when surrounded by Matrigel. We developed a computational framework leveraging computer vision algorithms to quantify AOAO rotation and correlated it with the direct measurement of cilia motility. We further established the feasibility of using AOAO rotation to recapitulate and measure defective cilia motility caused by chemotherapy-induced toxicity and by CCDC39 mutations in cells from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. We expect our rotating AOAO model and the associated computational pipeline to offer a generalizable framework to expedite the modeling of and therapeutic development for genetic and environmental ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyumi Wijesekara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Prakarsh Yadav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lydia A. Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Franks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Reinoso Jacome
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Ul Islam T, Wang Y, Aggarwal I, Cui Z, Eslami Amirabadi H, Garg H, Kooi R, Venkataramanachar BB, Wang T, Zhang S, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ. Microscopic artificial cilia - a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1650-1679. [PMID: 35403636 PMCID: PMC9063641 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microscopic hair-like external cell organelles that are ubiquitously present in nature, also within the human body. They fulfill crucial biological functions: motile cilia provide transportation of fluids and cells, and immotile cilia sense shear stress and concentrations of chemical species. Inspired by nature, scientists have developed artificial cilia mimicking the functions of biological cilia, aiming at application in microfluidic devices like lab-on-chip or organ-on-chip. By actuating the artificial cilia, for example by a magnetic field, an electric field, or pneumatics, microfluidic flow can be generated and particles can be transported. Other functions that have been explored are anti-biofouling and flow sensing. We provide a critical review of the progress in artificial cilia research and development as well as an evaluation of its future potential. We cover all aspects from fabrication approaches, actuation principles, artificial cilia functions - flow generation, particle transport and flow sensing - to applications. In addition to in-depth analyses of the current state of knowledge, we provide classifications of the different approaches and quantitative comparisons of the results obtained. We conclude that artificial cilia research is very much alive, with some concepts close to industrial implementation, and other developments just starting to open novel scientific opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ul Islam
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ishu Aggarwal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Eslami Amirabadi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hemanshul Garg
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kooi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bhavana B Venkataramanachar
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Tada T, Ohnishi H, Yamamoto N, Kuwata F, Hayashi Y, Okuyama H, Morino T, Kasai Y, Kojima H, Omori K. Transplantation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelial cell sheet into the middle ear of rats. Regen Ther 2022; 19:77-87. [PMID: 35097166 PMCID: PMC8762358 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early postoperative regeneration of the middle ear mucosa is essential for the prevention of postoperative refractory otitis media and recurrent cholesteatoma. As a means for intractable otitis media management, we focused on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived airway epithelial cells (AECs), which have been used in upper airway mucosal regeneration and transplantation therapy. In this study, we transplanted hiPSC-derived AECs into the middle ear of immunodeficient rats. Methods Following the preparation of AEC sheets from hiPSCs, the bilateral middle ear mucosa of X-linked severe combined immunodeficient rats was scraped, and the AEC sheets were transplanted in the ears unilaterally. Results Human nuclear antigen (HNA)-positive ciliated cells were observed on the transplanted side of the middle ear cavity surface in three of six rats in the 1-week postoperative group and in three of eight rats in the 2-week postoperative group. No HNA-positive cells were found on the control side. The percentage of HNA-positive ciliated cells in the transplanted areas increased in the 2-week postoperative group compared with the 1-week group, suggesting survival of hiPSC-derived AECs. Additionally, HNA-positive ciliated cells were mainly located at sites where the original ciliated cells were localized. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the transplanted AECs contained cytokeratin 5- and mucin 5AC-positive cells, indicating that both basal cells and goblet cells had regenerated within the middle ear cavity. Conclusions The results of this study are an important first step in the establishment of a novel transplantation therapy for chronic otitis media. hiPSC-derived airway epithelial cells were transplanted into the middle ear of rats. Engrafted cells mainly survived in the ciliated region of the middle ear. Ciliated, goblet, and basal cells were confirmed in the engrafted cells.
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Nakamura M, Kamiya K, Furuhata A, Ikeda K, Niyonsaba F. S100A7 Co-localization and Up-regulation of Filaggrin in Human Sinonasal Epithelial Cells. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:863-868. [PMID: 34643881 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Filaggrin (FLG) is a protein expressed in the epidermis and involved in the maintenance of the epidermal barrier. However, the expression and localization of FLG in the upper airway remain controversial. The present study aimed to determine the significance of FLG and the effect of S100A7 on FLG expression in the upper respiratory mucosa. METHODS Human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were cultured and examined for FLG expression and S100A7 effects by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The localization and distribution of FLG were assessed using sinonasal mucosa. RESULTS A significant expression of FLG was detected at the mRNA and protein levels in HNECs. A moderate FLG immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelial cells, but no staining was seen in epithelial goblet cells. S100A7 increased the FLG mRNA level in HNECs in a dose-dependent manner and also up-regulated the FLG protein in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION This study significantly contributes to a better understanding of the role of FLG in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation from the viewpoint of the epithelial barrier function. FLG-related events in response to S100A7 protein may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of upper airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazusaku Kamiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Atsushi Furuhata
- Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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10
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Mulay A, Chowdhury MMK, James CT, Bingle L, Bingle CD. The transcriptional landscape of the cultured murine middle ear epithelium in vitro. Biol Open 2021; 10:258492. [PMID: 33913472 PMCID: PMC8084567 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common paediatric disease and leads to significant morbidity. Although understanding of underlying disease mechanisms is hampered by complex pathophysiology, it is clear that epithelial abnormalities underpin the disease. The mechanisms underpinning epithelial remodelling in OM remain unclear. We recently described a novel in vitro model of mouse middle ear epithelial cells (mMEECs) that undergoes mucociliary differentiation into the varied epithelial cell populations seen in the middle ear cavity. We now describe genome wide gene expression profiles of mMEECs as they undergo differentiation. We compared the gene expression profiles of original (uncultured) middle ear cells, confluent cultures of undifferentiated cells and cells that had been differentiated for 7 days at an air liquid interface (ALI). >5000 genes were differentially expressed among the three groups of cells. Approximately 4000 genes were differentially expressed between the original cells and day 0 of ALI culture. The original cell population was shown to contain a mix of cell types, including contaminating inflammatory cells that were lost on culture. Approximately 500 genes were upregulated during ALI induced differentiation. These included some secretory genes and some enzymes but most were associated with the process of ciliogenesis. The data suggest that the in vitro model of differentiated murine middle ear epithelium exhibits a transcriptional profile consistent with the mucociliary epithelium seen within the middle ear. Knowledge of the transcriptional landscape of this epithelium will provide a basis for understanding the phenotypic changes seen in murine models of OM. Summary: This paper presents a genome wide transcriptional analysis of murine middle ear epithelial cells as they undergo differentiation to a mucociliary phenotype representative of the native middle ear epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Mulay
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Md Miraj K Chowdhury
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Cameron T James
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,The Florey Institute for Host Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102TN, UK
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11
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Luo WW, Chen BJ, Wang YM, Yang JM, Liu X, Yuan YS, Lin X, Chi FL, Chen P, Ren DD. Planar cell polarity governs the alignment of the nasopharyngeal epithelium in mammals. FEBS J 2021; 288:1027-1040. [PMID: 32452625 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling specifies the orientation of epithelial cells and regulates directional beating of motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells. Clinically, defects in cilia function are associated with nasopharyngeal symptoms. The polarity of the nasopharyngeal epithelium is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated PCP in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) were uniformly aligned with their long axis parallel to the tissue axis of the nasopharynx (NP). In addition, PCP proteins exhibited an asymmetrical localisation between adjacent cells. Motile cilia were uniformly aligned in the same direction within both individual cells and neighbouring cells, which manifested as cilial polarity in MCCs. Mutation of Vangl2, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila PCP gene, resulted in significant disruption of the orientation of epithelial cells. Finally, keratin-5-positive basal cells constantly replenished the luminal ciliated cells; the new dynamic ciliated cells were also oriented parallel to the tissue axis. These results indicate a role for the PCP pathway in the uniform orientation of dynamically replenished epithelial cells in the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Luo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bin-Jun Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Mei Yang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Sheng Yuan
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fang-Lu Chi
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong-Dong Ren
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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12
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Schneiter M, Halm S, Odriozola A, Mogel H, Rička J, Stoffel MH, Zuber B, Frenz M, Tschanz SA. Multi-scale alignment of respiratory cilia and its relation to mucociliary function. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107680. [PMID: 33359072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tracheobronchial tree is lined by a mucociliary epithelium containing millions of multiciliated cells. Their integrated oscillatory activity continuously propels an overlying pollution-protecting mucus layer in cranial direction, leading to mucociliary clearance - the primary defence mechanism of the airways. Mucociliary transport is commonly thought to co-emerge with the collective ciliary motion pattern under appropriate geometrical and rheological conditions. Proper ciliary alignment is therefore considered essential to establish mucociliary clearance in the respiratory system. Here, we used volume electron microscopy in combination with high-speed reflection contrast microscopy in order to examine ciliary orientation and its spatial organization, as well as to measure the propagation direction of metachronal waves and the direction of mucociliary transport on bovine tracheal epithelia with reference to the tracheal long axis (TLA). Ciliary orientation is measured in terms of the basal body orientation (BBO) and the axonemal orientation (AO), which are commonly considered to coincide, both equivalently indicating the effective stroke as well as the mucociliary transport direction. Our results, however, reveal that only the AO is in line with the mucociliary transport, which was found to run along a left-handed helical trajectory, whereas the BBO was found to be aligned with the TLA. Furthermore, we show that even if ciliary orientation remains consistent between adjacent cells, ciliary orientation exhibits a gradual shift within individual cells. Together with the symplectic beating geometry, this intracellular orientational pattern could provide for the propulsion of highly viscous mucus and likely constitutes a compromise between efficiency and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schneiter
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, Switzerland; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Halm
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Adolfo Odriozola
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Helga Mogel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Rička
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan A Tschanz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
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13
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Ryan AF, Nasamran CA, Pak K, Draf C, Fisch KM, Webster N, Kurabi A. Single-Cell Transcriptomes Reveal a Complex Cellular Landscape in the Middle Ear and Differential Capacities for Acute Response to Infection. Front Genet 2020; 11:358. [PMID: 32351546 PMCID: PMC7174727 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics was used to profile cells of the normal murine middle ear. Clustering analysis of 6770 transcriptomes identified 17 cell clusters corresponding to distinct cell types: five epithelial, three stromal, three lymphocyte, two monocyte, two endothelial, one pericyte and one melanocyte cluster. Within some clusters, cell subtypes were identified. While many corresponded to those cell types known from prior studies, several novel types or subtypes were noted. The results indicate unexpected cellular diversity within the resting middle ear mucosa. The resolution of uncomplicated, acute, otitis media is too rapid for cognate immunity to play a major role. Thus innate immunity is likely responsible for normal recovery from middle ear infection. The need for rapid response to pathogens suggests that innate immune genes may be constitutively expressed by middle ear cells. We therefore assessed expression of innate immune genes across all cell types, to evaluate potential for rapid responses to middle ear infection. Resident monocytes/macrophages expressed the most such genes, including pathogen receptors, cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors. Other cell types displayed distinct innate immune gene profiles. Epithelial cells preferentially expressed pathogen receptors, bactericidal peptides and mucins. Stromal and endothelial cells expressed pathogen receptors. Pericytes expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lymphocytes expressed chemokine receptors and antimicrobials. The results suggest that tissue monocytes, including macrophages, are the master regulators of the immediate middle ear response to infection, but that virtually all cell types act in concert to mount a defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen F. Ryan
- Departments of Surgery/Otolaryngology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chanond A. Nasamran
- Medicine/Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kwang Pak
- Departments of Surgery/Otolaryngology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Clara Draf
- Departments of Surgery/Otolaryngology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Fisch
- Medicine/Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Webster
- Medicine/Endocrinology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Arwa Kurabi
- Departments of Surgery/Otolaryngology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
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14
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Yamamoto-Fukuda T, Akiyama N, Kojima H. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) induces stem/progenitor cell growth in middle ear mucosa. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 128:109699. [PMID: 31614241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The middle ear epithelium is derived from the neural crest and endoderm, which line distinct regions of the middle ear cavity. In this study, we investigated the localization of stem/progenitor cells in the middle ear mucosa of adult mice and the effects of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on the cell kinetics of stem/progenitor cells in vivo. METHODS In this study, after KGF-expression vector was transfected in the ear, two kinds of thymidine analogues, BrdU and EdU, were transferred at different time points. BrdU was detected by immunohistochemistry and EdU was detected by click chemistry. We also performed immunohistochemistry using anti-Keratin14 (K14) antibody (an undifferentiated epithelial cell marker), anti-p63 antibody (a stem/progenitor cell marker) and anti-acetylated α-tubulin antibody (a ciliated epithelial cell marker). RESULTS A large number of EdU-positive cells were detected in the thickened mucosal epithelium of the pars flaccida and attic region at Day 1 after KGF transfection. Interestingly, in the mucosal epithelium overlying the promontory of the cochlea, many EdU-positive cells were detected. These cells were also positive for K14 and p63. The acetylated α-tubulin positive cells were reduced in the attic region at Day 1 after KGF transfection. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that KGF over-expression may increase stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the mucosal epithelium not only within the attic which is typical in middle ear cholesteatoma, but also overlying the promontory of the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yamamoto-Fukuda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Naotaro Akiyama
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Lee HH, Chin A, Pak K, Wasserman SI, Kurabi A, Ryan AF. Role of the PI3K/AKT pathway and PTEN in otitis media. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111758. [PMID: 31837294 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal hyperplasia is common sequela of otitis media (OM), leading to the secretion of mucus and the recruitment of leukocytes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying hyperplasia are not well defined. Here, we investigated the role of the AKT pathway in the development of middle mucosal hyperplasia using in vitro mucosal explants cultures and an in vivo rat model. The Akt inhibitor MK2206 treatment inhibited the growth of middle ear mucosal explants in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, MK2206 also reduced mucosal hyperplasia. Unexpectedly, while PTEN is generally thought to act in opposition to AKT, the PTEN inhibitor BPV reduced mucosal explant growth in vitro. The results indicate that both AKT and PTEN are mediators of mucosal growth during OM, and could be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Ho Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Chin
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kwang Pak
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stephen I Wasserman
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Arwa Kurabi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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16
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Mozaffari M, Jiang D, Tucker AS. Developmental aspects of the tympanic membrane: Shedding light on function and disease. Genesis 2019; 58:e23348. [PMID: 31763764 PMCID: PMC7154630 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ear drum, or tympanic membrane (TM), is a key component in the intricate relay that transmits air-borne sound to our fluid-filled inner ear. Despite early belief that the mammalian ear drum evolved as a transformation of a reptilian drum, newer fossil data suggests a parallel and independent evolution of this structure in mammals. The term "drum" belies what is in fact a complex three-dimensional structure formed from multiple embryonic cell lineages. Intriguingly, disease affects the ear drum differently in its different parts, with the superior and posterior parts being much more frequently affected. This suggests a key role for the developmental details of TM formation in its final form and function, both in homeostasis and regeneration. Here we review recent studies in rodent models and humans that are beginning to address large knowledge gaps in TM cell dynamics from a developmental biologist's point of view. We outline the biological and clinical uncertainties that remain, with a view to guiding the indispensable contribution that developmental biology will be able to make to better understanding the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mozaffari
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dan Jiang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,ENT Department, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Del-Pozo J, MacIntyre N, Azar A, Glover J, Milne E, Cheeseman M. Chronic otitis media is initiated by a bulla cavitation defect in the FBXO11 mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/3/dmm038315. [PMID: 30898767 PMCID: PMC6451434 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory bulla cavitation defects are a cause of otitis media, but the normal cellular pattern of bulla mesenchyme regression and its failure are not well understood. In mice, neural-crest-derived mesenchyme occupies the bulla from embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) to postnatal day 11 (P11) and then regresses to form the adult air-filled bulla cavity. We report that bulla mesenchyme is bordered by a single layer of non-ciliated epithelium characterized by interdigitating cells with desmosome cell junctions and a basal lamina, and by Bpifa1 gene expression and laminin staining of the basal lamina. At P11-P12, the mesenchyme shrinks: mesenchyme-associated epithelium shortens, and mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix collagen fibrils condense, culminating in the formation of cochlea promontory mucosa bordered by compact non-ciliated epithelial cells. FBXO11 is a candidate disease gene in human chronic otitis media with effusion and we report that a bulla cavitation defect initiates the pathogenesis of otitis media in the established mouse model Jeff (Fbxo11Jf/+). Persistent mesenchyme in Fbxo11Jf/+ bullae has limited mesenchymal cell condensation, fibrosis and hyperplasia of the mesenchyme-associated epithelium. Subsequent modification forms fibrous adhesions that link the mucosa and the tympanic membrane, and this is accompanied by dystrophic mineralization and accumulation of serous effusion in the bulla cavity. Mouse models of bulla cavitation defects are important because their study in humans is limited to post-mortem samples. This work indicates new diagnostic criteria for this otitis media aetiology in humans, and the prospects of studying the molecular mechanisms of murine bulla cavitation in organ culture. Summary: FBXO11 is a candidate disease gene for otitis media in humans and the authors report that a bulla cavitation defect initiates otitis media in the Fbxo11Jf/+ mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Del-Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil MacIntyre
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ali Azar
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James Glover
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK .,Centre for Comparative Pathology & Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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18
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Tucker AS, Dyer CJ, Fons Romero JM, Teshima THN, Fuchs JC, Thompson H. Mapping the distribution of stem/progenitor cells across the mouse middle ear during homeostasis and inflammation. Development 2018; 145:dev.154393. [PMID: 29217752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The middle ear epithelium is derived from neural crest and endoderm, which line distinct regions of the middle ear cavity. Here, we investigate the distribution of putative stem cell markers in the middle ear, combined with an analysis of the location of label-retaining cells (LRCs) to create a map of the middle ear mucosa. We show that proliferating cells and LRCs were associated with specific regions of the ear epithelium, concentrated in the hypotympanum at the base of the auditory bulla and around the ear drum. Sox2 was widely expressed in the endodermally derived ciliated pseudostratified epithelium of the hypotympanum. This part of the middle ear showed high levels of Wnt activity, as indicated by the expression of Axin2, a readout of Wnt signalling. Keratin 5 showed a more restricted expression within the basal cells of this region, with very little overlap between the Sox2- and keratin 5-positive epithelium, indicating that these genes mark distinct populations. Little expression of Sox2 or keratin 5 was observed in the neural crest-derived middle ear epithelium that lined the promontory, except in cases of otitis media when this epithelium underwent hyperplasia. This study lays the foundation for furthering our understanding of homeostasis and repair in the middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Carlene J Dyer
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Juan M Fons Romero
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tathyane H N Teshima
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jennifer C Fuchs
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate otologic features of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), especially eardrum features, audiometric findings, and clinical course. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective patient review. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Fifteen patients (mean age, 16.9 years [range, 1-32 yr]; 8 males and 7 females) diagnosed with PCD at our university hospital in the last 12 years. INTERVENTION Diagnostic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Electron microscopy of nasal cilia, gene mutation analysis, endoscopy of 30 eardrums, pure-tone audiometry, and tympanometry. RESULTS All 15 patients showed ciliary ultrastructural abnormalities on electron microscopy and/or biallelic mutations in genes associated with ciliary function or structure. All 30 eardrums examined showed certain abnormalities. Fourteen patients had otitis media with effusion or its sequelae. The remaining patient had chronic otitis media. Pure-tone audiometry revealed the mean air conduction thresholds to be 25.0 and 26.4 dB in the right and left ears, respectively. In the ears with better hearing and worse hearing, the mean air conduction thresholds were 22.3 and 29.0 dB respectively. CONCLUSION Otologic disease among patients with PCD essentially comprised otitis media with effusion, and the patients' eardrums showed a variety of findings. Knowledge of these otologic features may lead to the early detection of PCD.
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