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Singh H, Koury J, Maung R, Roberts AJ, Kaul M. Interferon-β deficiency alters brain response to chronic HIV-1 envelope protein exposure in a transgenic model of NeuroHIV. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:1-21. [PMID: 38360376 PMCID: PMC11173373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in about half of the population living with the virus despite combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). HIV-1 activates the innate immune system, including the production of type 1 interferons (IFNs) α and β. Transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (HIVgp120tg) in the CNS develop memory impairment and share key neuropathological features and differential CNS gene expression with HIV patients, including the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). Here we show that knocking out IFNβ (IFNβKO) in HIVgp120tg and non-tg control mice impairs recognition and spatial memory, but does not affect anxiety-like behavior, locomotion, or vision. The neuropathology of HIVgp120tg mice is only moderately affected by the KO of IFNβ but in a sex-dependent fashion. Notably, in cerebral cortex of IFNβKO animals presynaptic terminals are reduced in males while neuronal dendrites are reduced in females. The IFNβKO results in the hippocampal CA1 region of both male and female HIVgp120tg mice in an ameliorated loss of neuronal presynaptic terminals but no protection of neuronal dendrites. Only female IFNβ-deficient HIVgp120tg mice display diminished microglial activation in cortex and hippocampus and increased astrocytosis in hippocampus compared to their IFNβ-expressing counterparts. RNA expression for some immune genes and ISGs is also affected in a sex-dependent way. The IFNβKO abrogates or diminishes the induction of MX1, DDX58, IRF7 and IRF9 in HIVgp120tg brains of both sexes. Expression analysis of neurotransmission related genes reveals an influence of IFNβ on multiple components with more pronounced changes in IFNβKO females. In contrast, the effects of IFNβKO on MAPK activities are independent of sex with pronounced reduction of active ERK1/2 but also of active p38 in the HIVgp120tg brain. In summary, our findings show that the absence of IFNβ impairs memory dependent behavior and modulates neuropathology in HIVgp120tg brains, indicating that its absence may facilitate development of HAND. Moreover, our data suggests that endogenous IFNβ plays a vital role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Ricky Maung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB6, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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2
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Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM. Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:668-687. [PMID: 37816937 PMCID: PMC11052664 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV are affected by the chronic consequences of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite antiretroviral therapies that suppress viral replication, improve health and extend life. Furthermore, viral suppression does not eliminate the virus, and remaining infected cells may continue to produce viral proteins that trigger neurodegeneration. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are likely to contribute substantially to CNS injury in people living with HIV, and some components of antiretroviral therapy exert undesirable side effects on the nervous system. No treatment for HIV-associated NCI has been approved by the European Medicines Agency or the US Food and Drug Administration. Historically, roadblocks to developing effective treatments have included a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI and heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This heterogeneity might reflect multiple underlying causes that differ among individuals, rather than a single unifying neuropathogenesis. Despite these complexities, accelerating discoveries in HIV neuropathogenesis are yielding potentially druggable targets, including excessive immune activation, metabolic alterations culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis and lysosomal function, and microbiome alterations. In addition to drug treatments, we also highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions. By revisiting mechanisms implicated in NCI and potential interventions addressing these mechanisms, we hope to supply reasons for optimism in people living with HIV affected by NCI and their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Namba MD, Xie Q, Barker JM. Advancing the preclinical study of comorbid neuroHIV and substance use disorders: Current perspectives and future directions. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:453-475. [PMID: 37567486 PMCID: PMC10528352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a persistent public health concern throughout the world. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a common comorbidity that can worsen treatment outcomes for people living with HIV. The relationship between HIV infection and SUD outcomes is likely bidirectional, making clear interrogation of neurobehavioral outcomes challenging in clinical populations. Importantly, the mechanisms through which HIV and addictive drugs disrupt homeostatic immune and CNS function appear to be highly overlapping and synergistic within HIV-susceptible reward and motivation circuitry in the central nervous system. Decades of animal research have revealed invaluable insights into mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology SUDs and HIV, although translational studies examining comorbid SUDs and HIV are very limited due to the technical challenges of modeling HIV infection preclinically. In this review, we discuss preclinical animal models of HIV and highlight key pathophysiological characteristics of each model, with a particular emphasis on rodent models of HIV. We then review the implementation of these models in preclinical SUD research and identify key gaps in knowledge in the field. Finally, we discuss how cutting-edge behavioral neuroscience tools, which have revealed key insights into the neurobehavioral mechanisms of SUDs, can be applied to preclinical animal models of HIV to reveal potential, novel treatment avenues for comorbid HIV and SUDs. Here, we argue that future preclinical SUD research would benefit from incorporating comorbidities such as HIV into animal models and would facilitate the discovery of more refined, subpopulation-specific mechanisms and effective SUD prevention and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Namba
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiaowei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Borrajo A, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Pereira C, Prieto-González JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Genomic Factors and Therapeutic Approaches in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14364. [PMID: 37762667 PMCID: PMC10531836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) still persist despite improved life expectancy, reduced viral loads, and decreased infection severity. The number of patients affected by HANDs ranges from (30 to 50) % of HIV-infected individuals. The pathological mechanisms contributing to HANDs and the most serious manifestation of the disease, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), are not yet well understood. Evidence suggests that these mechanisms are likely multifactorial, producing neurocognitive complications involving disorders such as neurogenesis, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Over the years, multiple pharmacological approaches with specific mechanisms of action acting upon distinct targets have been approved. Although these therapies are effective in reducing viral loading to undetectable levels, they also present some disadvantages such as common side effects, the need for administration with a very high frequency, and the possibility of drug resistance. Genetic studies on HANDs provide insights into the biological pathways and mechanisms that contribute to cognitive impairment in people living with HIV-1. Furthermore, they also help identify genetic variants that increase susceptibility to HANDs and can be used to tailor treatment approaches for HIV-1 patients. Identification of the genetic markers associated with disease progression can help clinicians predict which individuals require more aggressive management and by understanding the genetic basis of the disorder, it will be possible to develop targeted therapies to mitigate cognitive impairment. The main goal of this review is to provide details on the epidemiological data currently available and to summarise the genetic (specifically, the genetic makeup of the immune system), transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies available on HANDs to date. In addition, we address the potential pharmacological therapeutic strategies currently being investigated. This will provide valuable information that can guide clinical care, drug development, and our overall understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borrajo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo (UVigo), Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Area Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - José María Prieto-González
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Dharshika C, Gonzales J, Chow A, Morales-Soto W, Gulbransen BD. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression in the enteric nervous system and contributions of glial STING in disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14553. [PMID: 37309618 PMCID: PMC10266835 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate host-microbe interactions are essential for enteric glial development and subsequent gastrointestinal function, but the potential mechanisms of microbe-glial communication are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that enteric glia express the pattern recognition receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and communicate with the microbiome through this pathway to modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. METHODS In situ transcriptional labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to examine STING and IFNβ expression in enteric neurons and glia. Glial-STING KO mice (Sox10CreERT2+/- ;STINGfl/fl ) and IFNβ ELISA were used to characterize the role of enteric glia in canonical STING activation. The role of glial STING in gastrointestinal inflammation was assessed in the 3% DSS colitis model. RESULTS Enteric glia and neurons express STING, but only enteric neurons express IFNβ. While both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses produce IFNβ with STING activation, enteric glial STING plays a minor role in its production and seems more involved in autophagy processes. Furthermore, deleting enteric glial STING does not affect weight loss, colitis severity, or neuronal cell proportions in the DSS colitis model. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data support canonical roles for STING and IFNβ signaling in the enteric nervous system through enteric neurons but that enteric glia do not use these same mechanisms. We propose that enteric glial STING may utilize alternative signaling mechanisms and/or is only active in particular disease conditions. Regardless, this study provides the first glimpse of STING signaling in the enteric nervous system and highlights a potential avenue of neuroglial-microbial communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dharshika
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 804 Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Aaron Chow
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
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6
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Canonico D, Casale S, Look T, Cao L. Effects of Morphine on Gp120-induced Neuroinflammation Under Immunocompetent Vs. Immunodeficient Conditions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:24-40. [PMID: 35059975 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a common complication of HIV infection, whose development is known to be facilitated by inflammation and exacerbated by morphine. Previously, using the gp120 transgenic (tg) mouse model in combination with LP-BM5 (a murine retrovirus that can cause systemic immunodeficiency in susceptible mouse strains) we demonstrated differential gp120-associated central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammatory responses under immunocompetent (-LP-BM5) vs. immunocompromised (+LP-BM5) conditions. Here, we further investigated the effects of morphine on gp120-associated neuroinflammatory response within the hippocampus under differential immune status. First, we confirmed that morphine treatment (2 × 25 mg pellets) did not significantly affect the development of immunodeficiency induced by LP-BM5 and all brain regions examined (hippocampus, striatum, and frontal lobe) had detectable LP-BM5 viral gag genes. Morphine notably reduced the performance of gp120tg+ mice in the alteration T-maze assay when 2-minute retention was used, regardless of LP-BM5 treatment. Morphine further enhanced GFAP expression in gp120tg+ mice regardless of host immune status, while promoted CD11b expression only in immunocompetent mice, regardless of gp120tg expression. In immunocompetent gp120tg+ mice, morphine increased the RNA expression of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, IL-12p40, and IFNβ; while under the immunodeficient condition, morphine downregulated the expression of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, IL-12p40, and IL-1β. Further, expression of TNFα and IFNγ were enhanced by morphine regardless of host immune status. Altogether, our results suggest that the effects of morphine are complex and dependent on the immune status of the host, and host immune status-specific, targeted anti-neuroinflammatory strategies are required for effective treatment of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Canonico
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, United States, ME
| | - Sadie Casale
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, United States, ME
| | - Tristan Look
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, United States, ME
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, United States, ME.
- , 11 Hills Beach Road, 04005, Biddeford, United States, ME.
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Intranasal interferon-beta as a promising alternative for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Scanlan A, Zhang Z, Koneru R, Reece M, Gavegnano C, Anderson AM, Tyor W. A Rationale and Approach to the Development of Specific Treatments for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2244. [PMID: 36422314 PMCID: PMC9699382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) associated with HIV infection of the brain impacts a large proportion of people with HIV (PWH) regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While the number of PWH and severe NCI has dropped considerably with the introduction of ART, the sole use of ART is not sufficient to prevent or arrest NCI in many PWH. As the HIV field continues to investigate cure strategies, adjunctive therapies are greatly needed. HIV imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological studies point to the presence of continual inflammation, and the presence of HIV RNA, DNA, and proteins in the brain despite ART. Clinical trials exploring potential adjunctive therapeutics for the treatment of HIV NCI over the last few decades have had limited success. Ideally, future research and development of novel compounds need to address both the HIV replication and neuroinflammation associated with HIV infection in the brain. Brain mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) are the primary instigators of inflammation and HIV protein expression; therefore, adjunctive treatments that act on MPs, such as immunomodulating agents, look promising. In this review, we will highlight recent developments of innovative therapies and discuss future approaches for HIV NCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scanlan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rajeth Koneru
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Monica Reece
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Albert M. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Azarafrouz F, Farhangian M, Chavoshinezhad S, Dargahi S, Nassiri-Asl M, Dargahi L. Interferon beta attenuates recognition memory impairment and improves brain glucose uptake in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: Involvement of mitochondrial biogenesis and PI3K pathway. Neuropeptides 2022; 95:102262. [PMID: 35709657 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFNβ) is a cytokine with anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and its beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been recently shown. The alterations in cerebral glucose uptake are closely linked to memory deficit and AD progression. The current study was designed to determine if IFNβ can improve recognition memory and brain glucose uptake in a rat model of AD. The lentiviruses expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein were injected bilaterally to the rat hippocampus. From day 23 after virus injection, rats were intranasally treated with recombinant IFNβ protein (68,000 IU/rat) every other day until day 50. Recognition memory performance was evaluated by novel object recognition test on days 46-49. The 18F-2- fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) was used to determine changes in brain glucose metabolism on day 50. The expression of the PI3K/Akt pathway components, neurotrophins and mitochondrial biogenesis factors were also measured by qPCR in the hippocampus. Our results showed that IFNβ treatment improves recognition memory performance in parallel with increased glucose uptake and neuronal survival in the hippocampus of the AD rats. The neuroprotective effect of IFNβ could be attributed, at least partly, to activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, increased expression of NGF, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Taken together, our findings suggest the therapeutic potential of IFNβ for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Azarafrouz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Farhangian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Chavoshinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Saina Dargahi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ojeda-Juárez D, Kaul M. Transcriptomic and Genetic Profiling of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:721954. [PMID: 34778371 PMCID: PMC8586712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.721954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in the HIV pandemic, it became evident that people living with HIV (PLWH) develop a wide range of neurological and neurocognitive complications. Even after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which dramatically improved survival of PLWH, the overall number of people living with some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) seemed to remain unchanged, although the incidence of dementia declined and questions about the incidence and diagnosis of the mildest form of HAND arose. To better understand this complex disease, several transcriptomic analyses have been conducted in autopsy samples, as well as in non-human primates and small animal rodent models. However, genetic studies in the HIV field have mostly focused on the genetic makeup of the immune system. Much less is known about the genetic underpinnings of HAND. Here, we provide a summary of reported transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in HAND, as well as some of the potential genetic underpinnings that have been linked to HAND, and discuss future directions with hurdles to overcome and angles that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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HIV-Proteins-Associated CNS Neurotoxicity, Their Mediators, and Alternative Treatments. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2553-2569. [PMID: 34562223 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people's livelihoods are gradually being prolonged with the use of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART). Conversely, despite viral suppression by ART, the symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) endure. HAND persists because ART cannot really permanently confiscate the virus from the body. HAND encompasses a variety of conditions based on clinical presentation and severity level, comprising asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, moderate neurocognitive disorder, and HIV-associated dementia. During the early stages of HIV infection, inflammation compromises the blood-brain barrier, allowing toxic virus, infected monocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and cellular products from the bloodstream to enter the brain and eventually the entire central nervous system. Since there are no resident T-lymphocytes in the brain, the virus will live for decades in macrophages and astrocytes, establishing a reservoir of infection. The HIV proteins then inflame neurons both directly and indirectly. The purpose of this review is to provide a synopsis of the effects of these proteins on the central nervous system and conceptualize avenues to be considered in mitigating HAND. We used bioinformatics repositories extensively to simulate the transcription factors that bind to the promoter of the HIV-1 protein and possibly could be used as a target to circumvent HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. In the same vein, a protein-protein interaction complex was also deduced from a Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes. In conclusion, this provides an alternative strategy that could be used to avert HAND.
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12
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Zhang SY, Harschnitz O, Studer L, Casanova JL. Neuron-intrinsic immunity to viruses in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:309-317. [PMID: 34425410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major neglected medical problem. Host defense mechanisms against viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) have long remained unclear. The few previous studies of CNS-specific immunity to viruses in mice in vivo and humans in vitro have focused on the contributions of circulating leukocytes, resident microglial cells and astrocytes, with neurons long considered passive victims of viral infection requiring protection from extrinsic antiviral mechanisms. The last decade has witnessed the gradual emergence of the notion that neurons also combat viruses through cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Forward genetic approaches in humans have shown that monogenic inborn errors of TLR3, IFN-α/β, or snoRNA31 immunity confer susceptibility to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection of the forebrain, whereas inborn errors of DBR1 underlie brainstem infections due to various viruses, including HSV-1. The study of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived CNS-resident cells has unraveled known (i.e. TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β immunity) and new (i.e. snoRNA31-dependent or DBR1-dependent immunity) cell-intrinsic antiviral mechanisms operating in neurons. Reverse genetic approaches in mice have confirmed that some known antiviral mechanisms also operate in mouse neurons (e.g. TLR3 and IFN-α/β immunity). The search for human inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying various forms of viral encephalitis, coupled with mouse models in vivo, and hPSC-based culture models of CNS and peripheral nervous system cells and organoids in vitro, should shed further light on the cell-specific and tissue-specific mechanisms of host defense against viruses in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Arabatzis TJ, Wakley AA, McLane VD, Canonico D, Cao L. Effects of HIV gp120 on Neuroinflammation in Immunodeficient vs. Immunocompetent States. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:437-453. [PMID: 32627098 PMCID: PMC7785647 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV affects 37 million people worldwide, 25-69% of which develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) regardless of antiviral treatment. HIV infection of the brain decreases cognitive function, disrupts/impairs learning and memory, and reduces quality of life for those affected. HIV-induced neuroinflammation has been associated with viral proteins such as gp120 and Tat, which remain elevated in the CNS even in patients with low peripheral viremia counts. In this study, we examined the effects of gp120 on neuroinflammation in immunodeficient vs. immunocompetent states by examining neuroinflammatory markers in gp120tg mice with or without systemic immunodeficiency caused by murine retroviral administration (LP-BM5 murine AIDS). Changes in inflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression was complex and dependent upon expression of gp120 protein, immunodeficiency status, brain region (hippocampus, frontal lobe, or striatum), and age. Gp120 expression reduced hippocampal synaptophysin expression but did not affect animals' learning/memory on the spontaneous T-maze test in our experimental conditions. Our results emphasize the critical role of the neuroinflammatory micro-environment and the peripheral immune system context in which gp120 acts. Multiple factors, particularly system-level differences in the immune response of different brain regions, need to be considered when developing treatment for HAND. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taxiarhia J Arabatzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Alexa A Wakley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Dalton Canonico
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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14
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Hosseini S, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Grigoryan G, Chhatbar C, Kalinke U, Korte M. Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling in Astrocytes Regulates Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Function of the Healthy CNS. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107666. [PMID: 32433975 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) signaling is a hallmark of viral control and host protection. Here, we show that, in the hippocampus of healthy IFNAR-deficient mice, synapse number and synaptic plasticity, as well as spatial learning, are impaired. This is also the case for IFN-β-deficient animals. Moreover, antibody-mediated IFNAR blocking acutely interferes with neuronal plasticity, whereas a low-dose application of IFN-β has a positive effect on dendritic spine structure. Interfering with IFNAR signaling in different cell types shows a role for cognitive function and synaptic plasticity specifically mediated by astrocytes. Intriguingly, levels of the astrocytic glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) are reduced significantly upon IFN-β treatment and increase following inhibition of IFNAR signaling. These results indicate that, besides the prominent role for host defense, IFNAR is important for synaptic plasticity as well as cognitive function. Astrocytes are at the center stage of this so-far-unknown signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hosseini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Gayane Grigoryan
- Department of Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute for Physiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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15
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Zulu SS, Abboussi O, Simola N, Mabandla MV, Daniels WMU. Effects of combination antiretroviral drugs (cART) on hippocampal neuroplasticity in female mice. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:325-333. [PMID: 33710598 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) continues despite the introduction of combination antiretroviral drugs (cART). Several studies have reported the neurotoxicity of individual antiretroviral drugs (monotherapy), while the common approach for HIV treatment is through cART. Hence, the current study investigated the effects of long-term exposure to cART on cognitive function, oxidative damage, autophagy, and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of mice. Female Balb/c mice received a once-a-day oral dose of cART composed of emtricitabine + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or vehicle for 8 weeks. On week 7 of drug administration, all mice were assessed for spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM), and then on week 8, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampal tissue dissected from the brain. For biochemical analyses, we measured the concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal, and the expression of autophagic marker LC3B, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Our results showed that cART exposure increased escape latency in the MWM test. The cART-treated mice also showed increased 4-hydroxynonenal concentration and expression of LC3B. Furthermore, cART treatment decreased the expression of synaptophysin and BDNF. These findings further support the evidence that cART may be neurotoxic and therefore may play a role in the neuropathogenesis of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Siyanda Zulu
- School of Laboratory Medicine , and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa. .,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
| | - Oualid Abboussi
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Musa Vuyisile Mabandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine , and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - William Mark Uren Daniels
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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Singh H, Koury J, Kaul M. Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020170. [PMID: 33498715 PMCID: PMC7912342 DOI: 10.3390/v13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ojeda-Juárez D, Shah R, Fields JA, Harahap-Carrillo I, Koury J, Maung R, Gelman BB, Baaten BJ, Roberts AJ, Kaul M. Lipocalin-2 mediates HIV-1 induced neuronal injury and behavioral deficits by overriding CCR5-dependent protection. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:184-199. [PMID: 32534984 PMCID: PMC8153086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) continue to develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders despite combination anti-retroviral therapy. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an acute phase protein that has been implicated in neurodegeneration and is upregulated in a transgenic mouse model of HIV-associated brain injury. Here we show that LCN2 is significantly upregulated in neocortex of a subset of HIV-infected individuals with brain pathology and correlates with viral load in CSF and pro-viral DNA in neocortex. However, the question if LCN2 contributes to HIV-associated neurotoxicity or is part of a protective host response required further investigation. We found that the knockout of LCN2 in transgenic mice expressing HIVgp120 in the brain (HIVgp120tg) abrogates behavioral impairment, ameliorates neuronal damage, and reduces microglial activation in association with an increase of the neuroprotective CCR5 ligand CCL4. In vitro experiments show that LCN2 neurotoxicity also depends on microglia and p38 MAPK activity. Genetic ablation of CCR5 in LCN2-deficient HIVgp120tg mice restores neuropathology, suggesting that LCN2 overrides neuroprotection mediated by CCR5 and its chemokine ligands. RNA expression of 168 genes involved in neurotransmission reveals that neuronal injury and protection are each associated with genotype- and sex-specific patterns affecting common neural gene networks. In conclusion, our study identifies LCN2 as a novel factor in HIV-associated brain injury involving CCR5, p38 MAPK and microglia. Furthermore, the mechanistic interaction between LCN2 and CCR5 may serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in HIV patients at risk of developing brain pathology and neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Rohan Shah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Indira Harahap-Carrillo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Ricky Maung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, 77555-0419 Galveston, TX USA,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, 77555-0419 Galveston, TX USA
| | - Bas J. Baaten
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, MB-P300, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Saloner R, Fields JA, Marcondes MCG, Iudicello JE, von Känel S, Cherner M, Letendre SL, Kaul M, Grant I. Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:743-764. [PMID: 32929575 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and drug use intersect epidemiologically, and their combination can result in complex effects on brain and behavior. The extent to which drugs affect the health of persons with HIV (PWH) depends on many factors including drug characteristics, use patterns, stage of HIV disease and its treatment, comorbid factors, and age. To consider the range of drug effects, we have selected two that are in common use by PWH: methamphetamine and cannabis. We compare the effects of methamphetamine with those of cannabis, to illustrate how substances may potentiate, worsen, or even buffer the effects of HIV on the CNS. Data from human, animal, and ex vivo studies provide insights into how these drugs have differing effects on the persistent inflammatory state that characterizes HIV infection, including effects on viral replication, immune activation, mitochondrial function, gut permeability, blood brain barrier integrity, glia and neuronal signaling. Moving forward, we consider how these mechanistic insights may inform interventions to improve brain outcomes in PWH. This review summarizes literature from clinical and preclinical studies demonstrating the adverse effects of METH, as well as the potentially beneficial effects of cannabis, on the interacting systemic (e.g., gut barrier leakage/microbial translocation, immune activation, inflammation) and CNS-specific (e.g., glial activation/neuroinflammation, neural injury, mitochondrial toxicity/oxidative stress) mechanisms underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sofie von Känel
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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19
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Singh H, Ojeda-Juárez D, Maung R, Shah R, Roberts AJ, Kaul M. A pivotal role for Interferon-α receptor-1 in neuronal injury induced by HIV-1. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:226. [PMID: 32727588 PMCID: PMC7388458 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection remains a major public health concern despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in infection and continues to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-associated brain injury remain incompletely understood. Since HIV-1 activates the type I interferon system, which signals via interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) 1 and 2, this study investigated the potential role of IFNAR1 in HIV-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS We cross-bred HIVgp120-transgenic (tg) and IFNAR1 knockout (IFNAR1KO) mice. At 11-14 months of age, we performed a behavioral assessment and subsequently analyzed neuropathological alterations using deconvolution and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, quantitative RT-PCR, and bioinformatics. Western blotting of brain lysates and an in vitro neurotoxicity assay were employed for analysis of cellular signaling pathways. RESULTS We show that IFNAR1KO results in partial, sex-dependent protection from neuronal injury and behavioral deficits in a transgenic model of HIV-induced brain injury. The IFNAR1KO rescues spatial memory and ameliorates loss of presynaptic terminals preferentially in female HIVgp120tg mice. Similarly, expression of genes involved in neurotransmission reveals sex-dependent effects of IFNAR1KO and HIVgp120. In contrast, IFNAR1-deficiency, independent of sex, limits damage to neuronal dendrites, microgliosis, and activation of p38 MAPK and restores ERK activity in the HIVgp120tg brain. In vitro, inhibition of p38 MAPK abrogates neurotoxicity caused similarly by blockade of ERK kinase and HIVgp120. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that IFNAR1 plays a pivotal role in both sex-dependent and independent processes of neuronal injury and behavioral impairment triggered by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ricky Maung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rohan Shah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB6, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. .,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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20
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Omeragic A, Kayode O, Hoque MT, Bendayan R. Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32650790 PMCID: PMC7350632 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the spectrum of cognitive impairments present in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The number of patients affected with HAND ranges from 30 to 50% of HIV infected individuals and although the development of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved longevity, HAND continues to pose a significant clinical problem as the current standard of care does not alleviate or prevent HAND symptoms. At present, the pathological mechanisms contributing to HAND remain unclear, but evidence suggests that it stems from neuronal injury due to chronic release of neurotoxins, chemokines, viral proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines secreted by HIV-1 activated microglia, macrophages and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) not only serves as a route for HIV-1 entry into the brain but also prevents cART therapy from reaching HIV-1 brain reservoirs, and therefore could play an important role in HAND. The goal of this review is to discuss the current data on the epidemiology, pathology and research models of HAND as well as address the potential pharmacological treatment approaches that are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Olanre Kayode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Md Tozammel Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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21
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Osteopontin and Integrin Mediated Modulation of Post-Synapses in HIV Envelope Glycoprotein Exposed Hippocampal Neurons. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060346. [PMID: 32512754 PMCID: PMC7349055 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antiretrovirals have reduced the severity of HIV related neurological comorbidities but they nevertheless remain prevalent. Synaptic degeneration due to the action of several viral factors released from infected brain myeloid and glia cells and inflammatory cytokines has been attributed to the manifestation of a range of cognitive and behavioral deficits. The contributions of specific pro-inflammatory factors and their interplay with viral factors in the setting of treatment and persistence are incompletely understood. Exposure of neurons to chemokine receptor-4(CXCR4)-tropic HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) can lead to post-synaptic degradation of dendritic spines. The contribution of members of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and specifically, of perineuronal nets (PNN) toward synaptic degeneration, is not fully known, even though these structures are found to be disrupted in post-mortem HIV-infected brains. Osteopontin (Opn, gene name SPP1), a cytokine-like protein, is found in abundance in the HIV-infected brain. In this study, we investigated the role of Opn and its ECM integrin receptors, β1- and β3 integrin in modifying neuronal synaptic sculpting. We found that in hippocampal neurons incubated with HIV-1 Env protein and recombinant Opn, post-synaptic-95 (PSD-95) puncta were significantly increased and distributed to dendritic spines when compared to Env-only treated neurons. This effect was mediated through β3 integrin, as silencing of this receptor abrogated the increase in post-synaptic spines. Silencing of β1 integrin, however, did not block the increase of post-synaptic spines in hippocampal cultures treated with Opn. However, a decrease in the PNN to βIII-tubulin ratio was found, indicating an increased capacity to support spine growth. From these results, we conclude that one of the mechanisms by which Opn counters the damaging impact of the HIV Env protein on hippocampal post-synaptic plasticity is through complex interactions between Opn and components of the ECM which activate downstream protective signaling pathways that help maintain the potential for effective post-synaptic plasticity.
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Sarma A, Das MK. Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:15. [PMID: 34765998 PMCID: PMC7725542 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NeuroAIDS (Neuro Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) associated neuronal abnormality is continuing to be a significant health issue among AIDS patients even under the treatment of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Injury and damage to neurons of the brain are the prime causes of neuroAIDS, which happens due to the ingress of HIV by direct permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or else via peripherally infected macrophage into the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB performs as a stringent barricade for the delivery of therapeutics drugs. The intranasal route of drug administration exhibits as a non-invasive technique to bypass the BBB for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs and other active pharmaceutical ingredients inside the brain and CNS. This method is fruitful for the drugs that are unable to invade the BBB to show its action in the CNS and thus erase the demand of systemic delivery and thereby shrink systemic side effects. Drug delivery from the nose to the brain/CNS takes very less time through both olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Intranasal delivery does not require the involvement of any receptor as it occurs by an extracellular route. Nose to brain delivery also involves nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. However, very little research has been done to explore the utility of nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. This review focuses on the potential of nasal route for the effective delivery of antiretroviral nanoformulations directly from nose to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sarma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India.,Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam 781026 India
| | - Malay K Das
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India
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Chavoshinezhad S, Mohseni Kouchesfahani H, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Interferon beta ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: Modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis and apoptosis as underlying mechanism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109661. [PMID: 31152860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis are major players in cognitive/memory dysfunctions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interferon beta (IFNβ) is a cytokine with anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties on the central nervous system (CNS) cells which specifically affects neural progenitor cells (NPCs) even in the adult brain. In this study, we examined the effect of IFNβ on memory impairment as well as hippocampal neurogenesis and apoptosis in a rat model of AD. AD model was induced by lentiviral-mediated overexpression of mutant APP in the hippocampus of adult rats. Intranasal (IN) administration of IFNβ (0.5 μg/kg and 1 μg/kg doses) was started from day 23 after virus injection and continued every other day to the final day of experiments. The expression levels of APP, neurogenesis (Nestin, Ki67, DCX, and Reelin) and apoptosis (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved-caspase-3 and seladin-1) markers were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting. Moreover, thioflavin T and Nissl stainings were used to assess Aβ plaque levels and neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus, respectively. Our results showed that IFNβ treatment reduced APP expression and Aβ plaque formation, and concomitantly ameliorated spatial learning and memory deficits examined in Y-maze and Morris water maze tests. Moreover, in parallel with reducing apoptosis and neural loss in the hippocampal subfields, IFNβ decreased ectopic neurogenesis in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the AD rat hippocampus. However, IFNβ increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus neurogenic niche. Our findings suggest that IFNβ exerts neuroprotective effects at least partly by inhibition of apoptosis and modulation of neurogenesis. Taken together, IFNβ can be a promising therapeutic approach to improve cognitive performance in AD-like neurodegenerative context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chavoshinezhad
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Chavoshinezhad S, Mohseni Kouchesfahani H, Salehi MS, Pandamooz S, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Intranasal interferon beta improves memory and modulates inflammatory responses in a mutant APP-overexpressing rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:297-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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25
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Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:16-30. [PMID: 30928868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later studies showed their involvement in the recognition of various damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated by host itself. Thus, TLRs are capable of recognizing wide-array of patterns/molecules derived from pathogens and host as well and initiating a proinflammatory immune response through the activation of NF-κB and other transcription factors causing synthesis of proinflammatory molecules. The process of neuroinflammation is seen under both sterile and infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and may lead to the development of neurodegeneration. The present article is designed to highlight the importance of TLRs in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation under diverse conditions. TLRs are expressed by various immune cells present in CNS along with neurons. However out of thirteen TLRs described in mammals, some are present and active in these cells, while some are absent and are described in detail in main text. The role of various immune cells present in the brain and their role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation depending on the type of TLR expressed is described. Thereafter the role of TLRs in bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and autoimmune disease including multiple sclerosis (MS) is described. The article is designed for both neuroscientists needing information regarding TLRs in neuroinflammation and TLR biologists or immunologists interested in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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26
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Yousefi N, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Heshmati-Fakhr N, Sayyah M, Hoseini M, Ghassemi S, Aliakbari S, Pourbadie HG. Prestimulation of Microglia Through TLR4 Pathway Promotes Interferon Beta Expression in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:495-503. [PMID: 30610591 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers are the most common forms of Aβ in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). They are highly toxic to the neurons but their capability to activate microglia remains controversial. Microglia develop two distinct phenotypes, classic (M1) and alternative (M2). Tuning of microglia to the alternative (anti-inflammatory) state is of major interest in treatment of neuroinflammatory disease. This study aimed to assess tuning the microglia to produce interferon beta (IFN-β) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine through TLR4 pathway in a rat model of AD. Microglial BV-2 cells were treated with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), or vehicles for 24 h, and then incubated with Aβ oligomer. After 24 h, cell pellets were harvested and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IFN-β levels were measured. The ligands/vehicle were microinjected into the right ventricle of male Wistar rats every 3 days. Two weeks later, an osmotic pump filled with oligomeric Aβ/vehicle was implanted in the left ventricle. After 2 weeks, TRIF, IRF3, and IFN-β levels were measured in the hippocampal tissue. TNF-α and IFN-β levels were assessed in the hippocampus using immunohistochemistry. The oligomeric Aβ did not change TRIF, IRF3, and IFN-β levels in both cell culture and hippocampal tissue. However, pretreatment with LPS or MPL increased the level of these proteins. BV-2 cells morphologically express M1 state in presence of higher dose of Aβ oligomer (10 μM). Pretreatment with LPS or MPL decreased the TNF-α and increased the number of IFN-β positive cells in the hippocampus of Aβ-treated rats. In conclusion, pretreatment with low dose TLR4 agonists could induce microglia to produce neuroprotective cytokines including IFN-β which may be considered as a potential strategy to combat neuronal degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Yousefi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nooshin Heshmati-Fakhr
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Hoseini
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Ghassemi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Aliakbari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Triggering microglia through toll-like receptor 2 pathway induced interferon β expression in cell and animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport 2018; 29:1456-1462. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Chandwani MN, Creisher PS, O'Donnell LA. Understanding the Role of Antiviral Cytokines and Chemokines on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Activity and Survival. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:15-24. [PMID: 30307795 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system are accompanied by the expression of cytokines and chemokines that can be critical for the control of viral replication in the brain. The outcomes of cytokine/chemokine signaling in neural cells vary widely, with cell-specific effects on cellular activity, proliferation, and survival. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are often altered during viral infections, through direct infection by the virus or by the influence of immune cell activity or cytokine/chemokine signaling. However, it has been challenging to dissect the contribution of the virus and specific inflammatory mediators during an infection. In addition to initiating an antiviral program in infected NSPCs, cytokines/chemokines can induce multiple changes in NSPC behavior that can perturb NSPC numbers, differentiation into other neural cells, and migration to sites of injury, and ultimately brain development and repair. The focus of this review was to dissect the effects of common antiviral cytokines and chemokines on NSPC activity, and to consider the subsequent pathological consequences for the host from changes in NSPC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha N Chandwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 continues to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders despite combined antiretroviral therapy. Interferons (IFNs) are important for any antiviral immune response, but the lasting production of IFNα causes exhaustive activation leading eventually to progression to AIDS. Expression of IFNα in the HIV-exposed central nervous system has been linked to cognitive impairment and inflammatory neuropathology. In contrast, IFNβ exerts anti-inflammatory effects, appears to control, at least temporarily, lentiviral infection in the brain and provides neuroprotection. The dichotomy of type I IFN effects on HIV-1 infection and the associated brain injury will be discussed in this review, because the underlying mechanisms require further investigation to allow harnessing these innate immune factors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Thaney
- 1 Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, California
| | - Marcus Kaul
- 1 Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, California.,2 Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California , Riverside, Riverside, California
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Valentín-Guillama G, López S, Kucheryavykh YV, Chorna NE, Pérez J, Ortiz-Rivera J, Inyushin M, Makarov V, Valentín-Acevedo A, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Boukli N, Kucheryavykh LY. HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120 Promotes Proliferation and the Activation of Glycolysis in Glioma Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090301. [PMID: 30200472 PMCID: PMC6162763 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prone to developing cancers, including glioblastomas (GBMs). The median survival for HIV positive GBM patients is significantly shorter than for those who are uninfected, despite the fact that they receive the same treatments. The nature of the GBM–HIV association remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 on GBM cell proliferation. Specifically, we performed cell cycle, western blot, protein synthesis and metabolomics analysis as well as ATP production and oxygen consumption assays to evaluate proliferation and metabolic pathways in primary human glioma cell line, U87, A172 cells and in the HIVgp120tg/GL261 mouse model. Glioma cells treated with gp120 (100 ng/mL for 7–10 days) showed higher proliferation rates and upregulation in the expression of enolase 2, hexokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase when compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, we detected an increase in the activity of pyruvate kinase and a higher glycolytic index in gp120 treated cells. Gp120 treated GBM cells also showed heightened lipid and protein synthesis. Overall, we demonstrate that in glioma cells, the HIV envelope glycoprotein promotes proliferation and activation of glycolysis resulting in increased protein and lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Valentín-Guillama
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Sheila López
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Yuriy V Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Nataliya E Chorna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Jose Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Jescelica Ortiz-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Michael Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA, .
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
| | - Aníbal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road South, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Nawal Boukli
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Lilia Y Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA.
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31
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Morphine-potentiated cognitive deficits correlate to suppressed hippocampal iNOS RNA expression and an absent type 1 interferon response in LP-BM5 murine AIDS. J Neuroimmunol 2018. [PMID: 29526406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use accelerates neurocognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS patients. We assessed the effect of chronic morphine treatment and LP-BM5/murine AIDS (MAIDS) infection on cognition, cytokine production, and type 1 interferon (IFN) expression in the murine CNS. Morphine treatment decreased expression of pro-inflammatory factors (CCL5, iNOS) and reduced cognitive performance in LP-BM5-infected mice, correlating to increased hippocampal viral load and a blunted type 1 IFN response. In the striatum, morphine reduced viral load while increasing IFN-α RNA expression. Our results suggest that differentially regulated type 1 IFN responses may contribute to distinct regional outcomes in the hippocampus and striatum in LP-BM5/MAIDS.
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32
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Mallard J, Williams KC. Animal models of HIV-associated disease of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 152:41-53. [PMID: 29604983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63849-6.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to study the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in living patients because central nervous system (CNS) tissues are only available post mortem. Rodent and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of HAND allow for longitudinal analysis of HIV-associated CNS pathology and efficacy studies of novel therapeutics. Rodent models of HAND allow for studies with large sample sizes, short duration, and relatively low cost. These models include humanized mice used to study HIV-associated neuropathogenesis and transgenic mice used to study neurotoxic effects of viral proteins without infection. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected NHP are the premier model of neuroAIDS; SIV-associated CNS pathology is similar to HIV-associated CNS pathology with HAND. Additionally, the size, lifespan of NHP, and time to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression make SIV-infected NHP models optimal for studies of viral latency and reservoirs, and assessing novel therapeutics for neuroAIDS. NHP models of neuroAIDS generally include conventional progressors (AIDS within 2-3 years) and those that have rapid disease (AIDS within 150 days). Rapid AIDS models are achieved by immune modulation and/or infection with neurovirulent and neurosuppressive viral strains and result in a high incidence of SIV-associated encephalitis. In this chapter, we briefly review rodent and NHP models of neuroAIDS, including contributions made using these models to our understanding of HIV-associated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Mallard
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth C Williams
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States.
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33
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Thaney VE, Sanchez AB, Fields JA, Minassian A, Young JW, Maung R, Kaul M. Transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 in the brain as an animal model in neuroAIDS research. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:156-167. [PMID: 29075998 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and is often associated with neurocognitive disorders. One model for brain damage seen in AIDS patients is the transgenic (tg) mouse expressing a soluble envelope protein gp120 of HIV-1 LAV in the brain in astrocytes under the control of the promoter of glial fibrillary acidic protein. These GFAP-gp120tg mice manifest several key neuropathological features observed in AIDS brains, such as decreased synaptic and dendritic density, increased numbers of activated microglia, and pronounced astrocytosis. Several recent studies show that brains of GFAP-gp120tg mice and neurocognitively impaired HIV patients share also a significant number of differentially regulated genes, activation of innate immunity and other cellular signaling pathways, disturbed neurogenesis, and learning deficits. These findings support the continued relevance of the GFAP-gp120tg mouse as a useful model to investigate neurodegenerative mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies to mitigate the consequences associated with HIV infection of the CNS, neuroAIDS, and HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Thaney
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ana B Sanchez
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ricky Maung
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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