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Bove M, Morgese MG, Dimonte S, Sikora V, Agosti LP, Palmieri MA, Tucci P, Schiavone S, Trabace L. Increased stress vulnerability in the offspring of socially isolated rats: Behavioural, neurochemical and redox dysfunctions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110945. [PMID: 38242425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Stressful events during pregnancy impact on the progeny neurodevelopment. However, little is known about preconceptional stress effects. The rat social isolation represents an animal model of chronic stress inducing a variety of dysfunctions. Moreover, social deprivation during adolescence interferes with key neurodevelopmental processes. Here, we investigated the development of behavioural, neurochemical and redox alterations in the male offspring of socially isolated female rats before pregnancy, reared in group (GRP) or in social isolation (ISO) from weaning until young-adulthood. To this aim, females were reared in GRP or in ISO conditions, from PND21 to PND70, when they were mated. Their male offspring was housed in GRP or ISO conditions through adolescence and until PND70, when passive avoidance-PA, novel object recognition-NOR and open field-OF tests were performed. Levels of noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), glutamate (GLU) and GABA were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Moreover, cortical ROS levels were quantified, as well as NF-kB and the NADPH oxidase NOX2 expression, redox status (expressed as GSH:GSSG ratio) and SOD1 amount. A significant decrease of the latency time in the PA was observed in the offspring of ISO females. In the NOR test, while a significant increase in the exploratory activity towards the novel object was observed in the offspring of GRP females, no significant differences were found in the offspring of ISO females. No significant differences were found in the OF test among experimental groups. Theoffspring of ISO females showed increased NA and 5-HIAA levels, whereas in the offspring persistently housed in isolation condition from weaninguntil adulthood, we detected reduced 5-HT levels and ehnanced 5-HIAA amount. No significant changes in GLU concentrations were detected, while decreased GABA content was observed in the offspring of ISO females exposed to social isolation. Increased ROS levels as well as reduced NF-κB, NOX2 expression were detected in the offspring of ISO females. This was accompanied by reduced redox status and enhanced SOD1 levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that female exposure to chronic social stress before pregnancy might have a profound influence on the offspring neurodevelopment in terms of cognitive, neurochemical and redox-related alterations, identifying this specific time window for possible preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Stefania Dimonte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Vladyslav Sikora
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Lisa Pia Agosti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Palmieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, Foggia 71122, Italy
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Amadio P, Sandrini L, Zarà M, Barbieri SS, Ieraci A. NADPH-oxidases as potential pharmacological targets for thrombosis and depression comorbidity. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103060. [PMID: 38310682 PMCID: PMC10848036 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a complex interrelationship between the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with mental disorders, and vice versa, are prevalent. Adults with mental disorders such as anxiety and depression have a higher risk of developing CVD, and people with CVD have an increased risk of being diagnosed with mental disorders. Oxidative stress is one of the many pathways associated with the pathophysiology of brain and cardiovascular disease. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is one of the major generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian cells, as it is the enzyme that specifically produces superoxide. This review summarizes recent findings on the consequences of NOX activation in thrombosis and depression. It also discusses the therapeutic effects and pharmacological strategies of NOX inhibitors in CVD and brain disorders. A better comprehension of these processes could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of the comorbidity of thrombosis and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Zarà
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia S Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060, Novedrate (CO), Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Lyons CE, Razzoli M, Bartolomucci A. The impact of life stress on hallmarks of aging and accelerated senescence: Connections in sickness and in health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105359. [PMID: 37586578 PMCID: PMC10592082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for numerous aging-related diseases and has been shown to shorten lifespan in humans and other social mammals. Yet how life stress causes such a vast range of diseases is still largely unclear. In recent years, the impact of stress on health and aging has been increasingly associated with the dysregulation of the so-called hallmarks of aging. These are basic biological mechanisms that influence intrinsic cellular functions and whose alteration can lead to accelerated aging. Here, we review correlational and experimental literature (primarily focusing on evidence from humans and murine models) on the contribution of life stress - particularly stress derived from adverse social environments - to trigger hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence, sterile inflammation, telomere shortening, production of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and epigenetic changes. We also evaluate the validity of stress-induced senescence and accelerated aging as an etiopathological proposition. Finally, we highlight current gaps of knowledge and future directions for the field, and discuss perspectives for translational geroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Lyons
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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4
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Koto A, Tamura M, Wong PS, Aburatani S, Privman E, Stoffel C, Crespi A, McKenzie SK, La Mendola C, Kay T, Keller L. Social isolation shortens lifespan through oxidative stress in ants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5493. [PMID: 37758727 PMCID: PMC10533837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation negatively affects health, induces detrimental behaviors, and shortens lifespan in social species. Little is known about the mechanisms underpinning these effects because model species are typically short-lived and non-social. Using colonies of the carpenter ant Camponotus fellah, we show that social isolation induces hyperactivity, alters space-use, and reduces lifespan via changes in the expression of genes with key roles in oxidation-reduction and an associated accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These physiological effects are localized to the fat body and oenocytes, which perform liver-like functions in insects. We use pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate that the oxidation-reduction pathway causally underpins the detrimental effects of social isolation on behavior and lifespan. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how social isolation affects behavior and lifespan in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Koto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tamura
- NeuroDiscovery Lab, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pui Shan Wong
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Aburatani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eyal Privman
- University of Haifa, Institute of Evolution, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Céline Stoffel
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Crespi
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sean Keane McKenzie
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Christine La Mendola
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Kay
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Keller
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
- Social Evolution Unit, Cornuit 8, BP 855, Chesières, CH-1885, Switzerland.
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5
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. The Relevance of Animal Models of Social Isolation and Social Motivation for Understanding Schizophrenia: Review and Future Directions. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1112-1126. [PMID: 37527471 PMCID: PMC10483472 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Social dysfunction in schizophrenia includes symptoms of withdrawal and deficits in social skills, social cognition, and social motivation. Based on the course of illness, with social withdrawal occurring prior to psychosis onset, it is likely that the severity of social withdrawal/isolation contributes to schizophrenia neuropathology. STUDY DESIGN We review the current literature on social isolation in rodent models and provide a conceptual framework for its relationship to social withdrawal and neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. We next review preclinical tasks of social behavior used in schizophrenia-relevant models and discuss strengths and limitations of existing approaches. Lastly, we consider new effort-based tasks of social motivation and their potential for translational studies in schizophrenia. STUDY RESULTS Social isolation rearing in rats produces profound differences in behavior, pharmacologic sensitivity, and neurochemistry compared to socially reared rats. Rodent models relevant to schizophrenia exhibit deficits in social behavior as measured by social interaction and social preference tests. Newer tasks of effort-based social motivation are being developed in rodents to better model social motivation deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS While experimenter-imposed social isolation provides a viable experimental model for understanding some biological mechanisms linking social dysfunction to clinical and neural pathology in schizophrenia, it bypasses critical antecedents to social isolation in schizophrenia, notably deficits in social reward and social motivation. Recent efforts at modeling social motivation using effort-based tasks in rodents have the potential to quantify these antecedents, identify models (eg, developmental, genetic) that produce deficits, and advance pharmacological treatments for social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Kaur P, Khan H, Grewal AK, Dua K, Singh TG. Therapeutic potential of NOX inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1825-1840. [PMID: 37507462 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neuropsychiatric disorders encompass a broad category of medical conditions that include both neurology as well as psychiatry such as major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia as well as psychosis. OBJECTIVE NADPH-oxidase (NOX), which is the free radical generator, plays a substantial part in oxidative stress in neuropsychiatric disorders. It is thought that elevated oxidative stress as well as neuroinflammation plays a part in the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders. Including two linked with membranes and four with subunits of cytosol, NOX is a complex of multiple subunits. NOX has been linked to a significant source of reactive oxygen species in the brain. NOX has been shown to control memory processing and neural signaling. However, excessive NOX production has been linked to cardiovascular disorders, CNS degeneration, and neurotoxicity. The increase in NOX leads to the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders. RESULT Our review mainly emphasized the characteristics of NOX and its various mechanisms, the modulation of NOX in various neuropsychiatric disorders, and various studies supporting the fact that NOX might be the potential therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Here, we summarizes various pharmacological studies involving NOX inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parneet Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | | | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Tu D, Velagapudi R, Gao Y, Hong JS, Zhou H, Gao HM. Activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase NOX2 promotes inflammatory neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 200:47-58. [PMID: 36870375 PMCID: PMC10164140 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence indicates critical roles of NADPH oxidase (a key superoxide-producing enzyme complex during inflammation) in activated microglia for mediating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, little is known about roles of neuronal NADPH oxidase in neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms and pathological roles of neuronal NADPH oxidase in inflammation-associated neurodegeneration. The results showed persistent upregulation of NOX2 (gp91phox; the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase) in both microglia and neurons in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) with intraperitoneal LPS injection and LPS-treated midbrain neuron-glia cultures (a cellular model of PD). Notably, NOX2 was found for the first time to exhibit a progressive and persistent upregulation in neurons during chronic neuroinflammation. While primary neurons and N27 neuronal cells displayed basal expression of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, significant upregulation only occurred in NOX2 but not NOX1 or NOX4 under inflammatory conditions. Persistent NOX2 upregulation was associated with functional outcomes of oxidative stress including increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Neuronal NOX2 activation displayed membrane translocation of cytosolic p47phox subunit and was inhibited by apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (two widely-used NADPH oxidase inhibitors). Importantly, neuronal ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction and degeneration induced by inflammatory mediators in microglia-derived conditional medium were blocked by pharmacological inhibition of neuronal NOX2. Furthermore, specific deletion of neuronal NOX2 prevented LPS-elicited dopaminergic neurodegeneration in neuron-microglia co-cultures separately grown in the transwell system. The attenuation of inflammation-elicited upregulation of NOX2 in neuron-enriched and neuron-glia cultures by ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine indicated a positive feedback mechanism between excessive ROS production and NOX2 upregulation. Collectively, our findings uncovered crucial contribution of neuronal NOX2 upregulation and activation to chronic neuroinflammation and inflammation-related neurodegeneration. This study reinforced the importance of developing NADPH oxidase-targeting therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210061, China; Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210061, China; Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Hui Zhou
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210061, China.
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8
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Broadfoot CK, Lenell C, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Effects of social isolation on 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, affective state, cognition, and neurotransmitter concentrations in the ventral tegmental and locus coeruleus of adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114157. [PMID: 36241070 PMCID: PMC9829432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication, cognition, and affective state are key features of sustained health and wellness, and because vocalizations are often socially-motivated, social experience likely plays a role in these behaviors. The monoaminergic systems of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the locus coeruleus (LC) are associated with social and reward processing, vocalization production, and neurotransmitter changes in response to environmental stressors. The effect of social isolation on these complex behaviors and the underlying neural mechanisms is relatively unknown. To add to this body of literature, we randomized adult male Long-Evans rats to control (housed with a cagemate) or isolated (housed individually) conditions and assayed ultrasonic vocalizations, cognition (novel object recognition test), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and anhedonia (sucrose preference test) at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months of age. At 10 months, VTA and LC samples were assayed for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin using high performance liquid chromatography. We tested the hypotheses that isolation 1) diminishes vocalizations and cognition, 2) increases anxiety and depression, and 3) increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the VTA and LC. Results showed isolation significantly reduced vocalization tonality (signal-to-noise ratio) and increased maximum frequency. There were no significant findings for cognition, anxiety, or anhedonia. Dopamine and serotonin and their respective metabolites were significantly increased in the VTA in isolated rats. These findings suggest chronic changes to social condition such as isolation affects vocalization production and levels of VTA neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Broadfoot
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Charles Lenell
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 1400 Gunter Hall, Greenly, CO 80639, USA
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 9531 MIMR II, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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9
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Hurşitoğlu O, Kurutas EB, Strawbridge R, Uygur OF, Yildiz E, Reilly TJ. Serum NOX1 and Raftlin as New Potential Biomarkers of Interest in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2519-2527. [PMID: 36349345 PMCID: PMC9637347 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s385631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation play a role in the neuroprogression of schizophrenia (SCZ). Promising novel candidates which have been proposed in the search for biomarkers of psychotic illness include NADPH oxidase 1,2 (NOX1,2) and raftlin. NOX1 from the NOX family is the main source of physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) and raftlin, the main lipid raft protein, is associated with inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum NOX1 and raftlin levels in chronic stable patients with SCZ. Methods We measured serum NOX1 and raftlin levels from 45 clinically stable patients with SCZ and 45 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and body-mass index. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was applied to the patient group to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms. Results NOX1 and raftlin levels in the patients were statistically significantly higher than the HCs (NOX1 p<0.001, raftlin p<0.001). Both parameters showed very good diagnostic performance (NOX1 AUC = 0.931, raftlin AUC = 0.915). We obtained positive and significant correlations between serum levels of both biomarkers and symptom severity. Discussion This preliminary study indicating elevations in serum NOX1 and raftlin levels in patients with SCZ supports the importance of OS and inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Hurşitoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sular Academy Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Omer Faruk Uygur
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emrah Yildiz
- Private Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Thomas J Reilly
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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10
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Bove M, Lama A, Schiavone S, Pirozzi C, Tucci P, Sikora V, Trinchese G, Corso G, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Social isolation triggers oxidative status and impairs systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112820. [PMID: 35290886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-naïve psychotic patients show metabolic and hepatic dysfunctions. The rat social isolation model of psychosis allows to investigate mechanisms leading to these disturbances to which oxidative stress crucially contributes. Here, we investigated isolation-induced central and peripheral dysfunctions in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, along with redox dysregulation. Social isolation did not affect basal glycemic levels and the response to glucose and insulin loads in the glucose and insulin tolerance tests. However, HOMA-Index value were increased in isolated (ISO) rats. A hypothalamic reduction of AKT phosphorylation and a trend toward an increase in AMPK phosphorylation were observed following social isolation, accompanied by reduced GLUT-4 levels. Social isolation also induced a reduction of phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, of AKT and GLUT-2, and a decreased phosphorylation of AMPK in the liver. Furthermore, a significant reduction in hepatic CPT1 and PPAR-α levels was detected. ISO rats also showed significant elevations in hepatic ROS amount, lipid peroxidation and NOX4 expression, whereas no differences were detected in NOX2 and NOX1 levels. Expression of SOD2 in the mitochondrial fraction and SOD1 in the cytosolic fraction was not altered following social isolation, whereas SOD activity was increased. Furthermore, a decrease of hepatic CAT and GSH amount was observed in ISO rats compared to GRP animals. Our data suggest that the increased oxidant status and antioxidant capacity modifications may trigger hepatic and systemic insulin resistance, by altering signal hormone pathway and sustaining subsequent alteration of glucose homeostasis and metabolic impairment observed in the social isolation model of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Vladyslav Sikora
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy; Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova st., Sumy 40007, Ukraine.
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, "Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo", Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 - Building 7, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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11
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Villegas L, Nørremølle A, Freude K, Vilhardt F. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases Are Everywhere in Brain Disease, but Not in Huntington's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736734. [PMID: 34803655 PMCID: PMC8602359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and tissue atrophy mainly in the striatum and cortex. In the early stages of the disease, impairment of neuronal function, synaptic dysfunction and white matter loss precedes neuronal death itself. Relative to other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, where the effects of either microglia or NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are recognized as important contributors to disease pathogenesis and progression, there is a pronounced lack of information in HD. This information void contrasts with evidence from human HD patients where blood monocytes and microglia are activated well before HD clinical symptoms (PET scans), and the clear signs of oxidative stress and inflammation in post mortem HD brain. Habitually, NOX activity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) are equated with microglia, but research of the last two decades has carved out important roles for NOX enzyme function in neurons. Here, we will convey recent information about the function of NOX enzymes in neurons, and contemplate on putative roles of neuronal NOX in HD. We will focus on NOX-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as redox signaling molecules in/among neurons, and the specific roles of NOXs in important processes such as neurogenesis and lineage specification, neurite outgrowth and growth cone dynamics, and synaptic plasticity where NMDAR-dependent signaling, and long-term depression/potentiation are redox-regulated phenomena. HD animal models and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) studies have made it clear that the very same physiological processes are also affected in HD, and we will speculate on possible roles for NOX in the pathogenesis and development of disease. Finally, we also take into account the limited information on microglia in HD and relate this to any contribution of NOX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Villegas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Perlman G, Tanti A, Mechawar N. Parvalbumin interneuron alterations in stress-related mood disorders: A systematic review. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100380. [PMID: 34557569 PMCID: PMC8446799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric disorders including depression involve complex cellular and molecular changes in the brain, and GABAergic signaling dysfunction is increasingly implicated in the etiology of mood disorders. Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons are fast-spiking interneurons that, among other roles, coordinate synchronous neuronal firing. Mounting evidence suggests that the PV neuron phenotype is altered by stress and in mood disorders. In this systematic review, we assessed PV interneuron alterations in psychiatric disorders as reported in human postmortem brain studies and animal models of environmental stress. This review aims to 1) comprehensively catalog evidence of PV cell function in mood disorders (humans) and stress models of mood disorders (animals); 2) analyze the strength of evidence of PV interneuron alterations in various brain regions in humans and rodents; 3) determine whether the modulating effect of antidepressant treatment, physical exercise, and environmental enrichment on stress in animals associates with particular effects on PV function; and 4) use this information to guide future research avenues. Its principal findings, derived mainly from rodent studies, are that stress-related changes in PV cells are only reported in a minority of studies, that positive findings are region-, age-, sex-, and stress recency-dependent, and that antidepressants protect from stress-induced apparent PV cell loss. These observations do not currently translate well to humans, although the postmortem literature on the topic remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Tanti
- Corresponding author. McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiaty, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Corresponding author. McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiaty, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
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13
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Fang J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. NADPH Oxidases in the Central Nervous System: Regional and Cellular Localization and the Possible Link to Brain Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:951-973. [PMID: 34293949 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The significant role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) in signal transduction is mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of some neurologic and psychiatric diseases is regulated by ROS, acting as a second messenger or pathogen. Recent Advances: In the CNS, the involvement of Nox-derived ROS has been implicated in the regulation of multiple signals, including cell survival/apoptosis, neuroinflammation, migration, differentiation, proliferation, and synaptic plasticity, as well as the integrity of the blood/brain barrier. In these processes, the intracellular signals mediated by the members of the Nox family vary among different tissues. The present review illuminates the regions and cellular, subcellular localization of Nox isoforms in the brain, the signal transduction, and the role of NOX enzymes in pathophysiology, respectively. Critical Issues: Different signal transduction cascades are coupled to ROS derived from various Nox homologues with varying degrees. Therefore, a critical issue worth noting is the varied role of the homologues of NOX enzymes in different signaling pathways and also they mediate different phenotypes in the diverse pathophysiological condition. This substantiates the effectiveness of selective Nox inhibitors in the CNS. Future Directions: Further investigation to elucidate the role of various homologues of NOX enzymes in acute and chronic brain diseases and signaling mechanisms, and the development of more specific NOX inhibitors for the treatment of CNS disease are urgently needed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 951-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Naringin Confers Protection against Psychosocial Defeat Stress-Induced Neurobehavioral Deficits in Mice: Involvement of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Isoform-67, Oxido-Nitrergic Stress, and Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:431-445. [PMID: 32767187 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress has been widely reported to contribute to psychiatric disturbances. Perturbations in the enzymes of GABAergic and cholinergic systems have been implicated as precursors in different stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases. Targeting glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 kDa (GAD67) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via oxidative, nitrergic, and neuroinflammatory mechanisms have been recognized as prospective strategies for the prevention of psychosocial stress-induced behavioral impairments. Naringin, a neuro-active flavonoid compound isolated from citrus fruits, has been shown to produce memory-enhancing, antiepileptic, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory activities similarly to ginseng, a very potent adaptogen. In this communication, we assessed the effect of naringin on social-defeat stress (SDS)-induced behavioral, GABAergic, cholinergic, oxidative, nitrergic, and neuroinflammatory changes in mice using the resident-intruder paradigm. The intruder male mice were culled into six groups. Groups 1 and 2 (normal- and SDS-controls) received sterile saline, groups 3-5 were given naringin (25-100 mg/kg, i.p.) whereas group 6 had ginseng (50 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 14 days, but followed by 10 min SDS (physical and psychological) exposure to groups 2-6 with aggressor-resident mice. Behavioral effects using Y-maze, elevated-plus maze, sociability, and tail-suspension tests were assessed on day 14. GAD67, AChE enzymes, and biomarkers of oxidative, nitrergic, and neuroinflammatory changes were assayed in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Naringin and ginseng reversed all SDS-induced behavioral impairments. Naringin increased the levels of GAD67 and decreased AChE activities in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Furthermore, naringin reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), malondialdehyde, nitrite concentrations, and increased glutathione levels in a region-dependent manner. Our study suggests that naringin attenuated SDS-induced behavioral endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disease through increased GAD67 synthesis, inhibition of AChE activity, oxidative, nitrergic stress, and neuroinflammatory processes in stress-sensitive brain regions.
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15
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Ben-Azu B, Emokpae O, Ajayi AM, Jarikre TA, Orhode V, Aderibigbe AO, Umukoro S, Iwalewa EO. Repeated psychosocial stress causes glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform-67, oxidative-Nox-2 changes and neuroinflammation in mice: Prevention by treatment with a neuroactive flavonoid, morin. Brain Res 2020; 1744:146917. [PMID: 32474018 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress and biological predispositions are linked to mood and personality disorders related to psychiatric behaviors. Targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress has been recognized as a potential strategy for the prevention of psychosocial stress-induced psychiatric disorders. Morin, a bioactive compound isolated from mulberry leaf has been shown to produce antiamnesic, antipsychotic and anti-inflammatory effects relative to ginseng, a well-known adaptogen. Hence, the present study investigated the effect of morin on social-defeat stress (SDS)-induced behavioral, neurochemical, neuroimmune and neurooxidative changes in mice using intruder-resident paradigm. The intruder male mice were distributed into 6 groups (n = 10). Groups 1 (normal-control) and 2 (SDS-control) received normal saline, groups 3-5 had morin (25-100 mg/kg) while group 6 received ginseng (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally daily for 14 days. Thirty minutes after treatment from days 7-14 onwards, mice in groups 2-6 were exposed to SDS for 10 min physical and psychological confrontations respectively with aggressive-resident mice. Neurobehavioral effects (locomotor activity, cognitive performance, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior) were assessed on day 14. Biomarkers of oxidative/nitrergic stress and neuroinflammation; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutamic-acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) were measured in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus. Behavioral deficits induced by SDS were attenuated by morin and ginseng. Both morin and ginseng decreasedmalondialdehyde, nitrite levels and increased glutathione concentrations in the brain regions. They also reduced inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and NF-κB), AChE activity and Nox-2 expression in the specific brain regions. However, morin increased the levels of GAD67 in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus in contrast to ginseng. Our results suggest that morin mitigates SDS-induced neurobehavioral deficits through enhancement of GAD67, inhibition of AChE activity, oxidative stress, Nox-2 and neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, River States, Nigeria; Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Osagie Emokpae
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Thiophilus Aghogho Jarikre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Valiant Orhode
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adegbuyi Oladele Aderibigbe
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel O Iwalewa
- Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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16
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Plaza-Briceño W, Estay SF, de la Fuente-Ortega E, Gutiérrez C, Sánchez G, Hidalgo C, Chávez AE, Haeger PA. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Modulation by Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Type 2 Drives Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory Impairments in Rats Exposed Pre- and Postnatally to Ethanol. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:602-617. [PMID: 31880947 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Pre- and/or early postnatal ethanol exposure (prenatal alcohol exposure [PAE]) impairs synaptic plasticity as well as memory formation, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial memory formation in the hippocampus involve the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase type 2 (NOX2) enzyme. Previous studies have reported that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation increases NOX2-mediated superoxide generation, resulting in inhibition of NMDAR function, but whether NOX2 impacts NMDAR function in PAE animals leading to impaired LTP and memory formation remains unknown. We aim to evaluate whether the NOX2-NMDAR complex is involved in the long-lasting deleterious effects of PAE on hippocampal LTP and memory formation. Results: Here we provide novel evidence that PAE animals display impaired NMDAR-dependent LTP in the cornus ammonis field 1 (CA1) and NMDAR-mediated LTP in the dentate gyrus (DG). Moreover, PAE rats displayed increased NMDAR-mediated transmission in both hippocampal areas. Interestingly, NOX2 pharmacological inhibition restored NMDAR-mediated transmission and LTP in the CA1, but not in the DG. PAE also induced overexpression of NOX2 and CaMKII isoforms, but did not modify the content or the redox state of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit-1 (NR1) subunit of NMDAR in both areas of the hippocampus. In addition, adolescent PAE rats orally fed the antioxidant and free radical scavenger apocynin exhibited significantly improved spatial memory acquisition. Innovation and Conclusion: By showing in PAE animals NOX2 overexpression and increased NMDAR-mediated transmission, which might lead to impaired synaptic plasticity and memory formation in a region-specific manner, we provide an important advance to our current understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying PAE-dependent defective hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Plaza-Briceño
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Biológicas mención Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Sebastián F Estay
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Erwin de la Fuente-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Camilo Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Gina Sánchez
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,CEMC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- CEMC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paola A Haeger
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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17
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Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Bove M, Colia AL, Maffione AB, Tucci P, Trabace L, Cuomo V. Ketamine administration induces early and persistent neurochemical imbalance and altered NADPH oxidase in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109750. [PMID: 31446158 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Administration in adulthood of subanaesthetic doses of ketamine, an NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonist, is commonly used to induce psychotic-like alterations in rodents. The NADPH oxidase (NOX) derived-oxidative stress has been shown to be implicated in ketamine-induced neurochemical dysfunctions and in the loss of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons associated to the administration of this NMDA receptor antagonist in adult mice. However, very few data are available on the effects of early ketamine administration and its contribution to the development of long-term dysfunctions leading to psychosis. Here, by administering a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine (30 mg/kg i.p.) to mice at postnatal days (PNDs) 7, 9 and 11, we aimed at investigating early neurochemical and oxidative stress-related alterations induced by this NMDA-R antagonist in specific brain regions of mice pups, i.e. prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and to assess whether these alterations lasted until the adult period. To this purpose, we evaluated glutamatergic, glutamine and GABAergic tissue levels, as well as PV amount in the PFC, both two hours after the last ketamine injection (PND 11) and at 10 weeks of age. Dopamine (DA) tissue levels and DA turnover were also evaluated in the NAcc at the same time points. Levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a reliable biomarker of oxidative stress, as well as of the free radical producers NOX1 and NOX2 enzymes, were also assessed in both PFC and NAcc of ketamine-treated pups and adult mice. Ketamine-treated pups showed increased cortical levels of glutamate (GLU) and glutamine, as well as similar GABA amount compared to controls, together with an early reduction of cortical PV levels. In the adult period, the same was observed for GLU and PV, whereas GABA levels were increased and no changes in glutamine amount were detected. Ketamine administration in early life induced a decrease in DA tissue levels and an increase of DA turnover which were also detectable at 10 weeks of age. These alterations were accompanied by 8-OHdG elevations in both PFC and NAcc at the two considered life stages. The expression of NOX1 was significantly reduced in these brain regions following ketamine administration at early life stages, while, in the adult period, significant elevation of this enzyme was observed. Levels of NOX2 were found increased at both time points. Our results suggest that an early increase of NOX2-derived oxidative stress may contribute to the development of neurochemical imbalance in PFC and NAcc, induced by ketamine administration. Modifications of NOX1 expression might represent, instead, an early response of the developing brain to a neurotoxic insult, followed by a later attempt to counterbalance ketamine-related detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Anna Laura Colia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Angela Bruna Maffione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Schiavone S, Tucci P, Trabace L, Morgese MG. Early Celastrol Administration Prevents Ketamine-Induced Psychotic-Like Behavioral Dysfunctions, Oxidative Stress and IL-10 Reduction in The Cerebellum of Adult Mice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213993. [PMID: 31694174 PMCID: PMC6864687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine during brain maturation represents a tool to mimic an early insult to the central nervous system (CNS). The cerebellum is a key player in psychosis pathogenesis, to which oxidative stress also contributes. Here, we investigated the impact of early celastrol administration on behavioral dysfunctions in adult mice that had received ketamine (30 mg/kg i.p.) at postnatal days (PNDs) 7, 9, and 11. Cerebellar levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 and NOX2, as well as of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), were also assessed. Furthermore, celastrol effects on ketamine-induced alterations of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in this brain region were evaluated. Early celastrol administration prevented ketamine-induced discrimination index decrease at adulthood. The same was found for locomotor activity elevations and increased close following and allogrooming, whereas no beneficial effects on sniffing impairment were detected. Ketamine increased 8-OHdG in the cerebellum of adult mice, which was also prevented by early celastrol injection. Cerebellar NOX1 levels were enhanced at adulthood following postnatal ketamine exposure. Celastrol per se induced NOX1 decrease in the cerebellum. This effect was more significant in animals that were early administered with ketamine. NOX2 levels did not change. Ketamine administration did not affect PV amount in the cerebellum. TNF-α levels were enhanced in ketamine-treated animals; however, this was not prevented by early celastrol administration. While no changes were observed for IL-6 and IL-1β levels, ketamine determined a reduction of cerebellar IL-10 expression, which was prevented by early celastrol treatment. Our results suggest that NOX inhibition during brain maturation prevents the development of psychotic-like behavioral dysfunctions, as well as the increased cerebellar oxidative stress and the reduction of IL-10 in the same brain region following ketamine exposure in postnatal life. This opens novel neuroprotective opportunities against early detrimental insults occurring during brain development.
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19
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Lv H, Zhu C, Wu R, Ni H, Lian J, Xu Y, Xia Y, Shi G, Li Z, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW, Yao L, Chen Y. Chronic mild stress induced anxiety-like behaviors can Be attenuated by inhibition of NOX2-derived oxidative stress. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:55-66. [PMID: 31039481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress-induced anxiety disorder is a highly-prevalent, modern social disease in which oxidative stress plays an important role. It is necessary to determine the underlying mechanisms governing this disorder to establish an effective treatment target for anxiety disorders. In this study, we examined the behavioral changes in mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS). We found that CMS exposure leads to anxiety-like phenotypes and increased levels of oxidative stress in the ventral hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, CMS increased the excitatory synaptic transmission of pyramidal cells in the ventral CA1 (vCA1). Administration of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone (apocynin), an inhibitor of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, clearly ameliorated the changes induced by CMS exposure. In addition, our results of behavioral tests and analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using NOX2-deficient mice indicate that CMS-induced enhanced oxidative stress level is primarily caused by the increased expression of NOX2. NOX2-derived oxidative stress can serve as a target for anxiety therapy led by chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lv
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuan'an Zhu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruolin Wu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Ni
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiating Lian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunlong Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yucen Xia
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guoqi Shi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- Department of Soft Tissue Traumatology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Robert William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lin Yao
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Malkov A, Ivanov AI, Latyshkova A, Bregestovski P, Zilberter M, Zilberter Y. Activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase is the primary trigger of epileptic seizures in rodent models. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:907-920. [PMID: 30937971 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite decades of epilepsy research, 30% of focal epilepsies remain resistant to antiseizure drugs, with effective drug development impeded by lack of understanding on how seizures are initiated. Here, we report the mechanism of seizure onset relevant to most seizures that are characteristic of focal epilepsies. METHODS Electric and metabolic network parameters were measured using several seizure models in mouse hippocampal slices and acutely induced seizures in rats in vivo to determine metabolic events occurring at seizure onset. RESULTS We show that seizure onset is associated with a rapid release of H2 O2 resulting from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX). NOX blockade prevented the fast H2 O2 release as well as the direct current shift and seizurelike event induction in slices. Similarly, intracerebroventricular injection of NOX antagonists prevented acutely induced seizures in rats. INTERPRETATION Our results show that seizures are initiated by NMDA receptor-mediated NOX-induced oxidative stress and can be arrested by NOX inhibition. We introduce a novel use for blood-brain barrier-permeable NOX inhibitor with a significant potential to become the first seizure-specific medication. Thus, targeting NOX may provide a breakthrough treatment for focal epilepsies. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:907-920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Malkov
- Aix-Marseille University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Institute of Neuroscience Systems, Mixed Unit of Research 1106, Marseille, France.,Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Anton I Ivanov
- Aix-Marseille University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Institute of Neuroscience Systems, Mixed Unit of Research 1106, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Latyshkova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Aix-Marseille University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Institute of Neuroscience Systems, Mixed Unit of Research 1106, Marseille, France.,Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yuri Zilberter
- Aix-Marseille University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Institute of Neuroscience Systems, Mixed Unit of Research 1106, Marseille, France
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21
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Perić I, Stanisavljević A, Inta D, Gass P, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Tianeptine antagonizes the reduction of PV+ and GAD67 cells number in dorsal hippocampus of socially isolated rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:386-399. [PMID: 30367961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult male rats exposed to chronic social isolation (CSIS) show depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and reduce the numbers of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons in the dorsal hippocampus. We aimed to determine whether tianeptine (Tian), administered during the last three weeks of a six-week-social isolation (10 mg/kg/day), may reverse CSIS-induced behavioral changes and antagonize the CSIS-induced reduction in the number of PV+ interneurons. We also studied whether Tian affects the GABA-producing enzyme GAD67+ cells, in Stratum Oriens (SO), Stratum Pyramidale (SP), Stratum Radiatum (SR) and Stratum Lacunosum Moleculare (LM) of CA1-3, as well as in molecular layer-granule cell layer (ML-GCL) and Hilus (H) of the dentate gyrus (DG). CSIS-induced reduction in the number of PV+ cells was layer/subregion-specific with the greatest decrease in SO of CA2. Reduction in the number of PV+ cells was significantly higher than GAD67+ cells, indicating that PV+ cells are the main target following CSIS. Tian reversed CSIS-induced behavior phenotype and antagonized the reduction in the number of PV+ and GAD67+ cells in all subregions. In controls, Tian led to an increase in the number of PV+ and GAD67+ cells in SP of all subregions and PV+ interneurons in ML-GCL of DG, while treatment during CSIS, compared to CSIS alone, resulted with an increase of PV+ interneurons in SO and SP CA1, SP CA2/CA3 and ML-GCL DG with simultaneous increase in GAD67+ cells in all CA1, LM CA2, SO/SR/LM CA3. Data show that Tian offers protection from CSIS via modulation of the dorsal hippocampal GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Perić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for molecular biology and endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Stanisavljević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for molecular biology and endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for molecular biology and endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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22
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Nordzieke DE, Medraño-Fernandez I. The Plasma Membrane: A Platform for Intra- and Intercellular Redox Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7110168. [PMID: 30463362 PMCID: PMC6262572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes are of outmost importance to allow for specific signal transduction due to their ability to localize, amplify, and direct signals. However, due to the double-edged nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—toxic at high concentrations but essential signal molecules—subcellular localization of ROS-producing systems to the plasma membrane has been traditionally regarded as a protective strategy to defend cells from unwanted side-effects. Nevertheless, specialized regions, such as lipid rafts and caveolae, house and regulate the activated/inhibited states of important ROS-producing systems and concentrate redox targets, demonstrating that plasma membrane functions may go beyond acting as a securing lipid barrier. This is nicely evinced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidases (NOX), enzymes whose primary function is to generate ROS and which have been shown to reside in specific lipid compartments. In addition, membrane-inserted bidirectional H2O2-transporters modulate their conductance precisely during the passage of the molecules through the lipid bilayer, ensuring time-scaled delivery of the signal. This review aims to summarize current evidence supporting the role of the plasma membrane as an organizing center that serves as a platform for redox signal transmission, particularly NOX-driven, providing specificity at the same time that limits undesirable oxidative damage in case of malfunction. As an example of malfunction, we explore several pathological situations in which an inflammatory component is present, such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disorders, to illustrate how dysregulation of plasma-membrane-localized redox signaling impacts normal cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Nordzieke
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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23
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NMDA-receptor inhibition and oxidative stress during hippocampal maturation differentially alter parvalbumin expression and gamma-band activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9545. [PMID: 29934499 PMCID: PMC6015018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons is thought to underlie the alterations of gamma-band oscillations observed in schizophrenia. Although the pathomechanisms of this disease remain unclear, oxidative stress induced by NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and decreased glutathione (GSH) synthesizing capacity have been shown to lead to PV-loss and aberrant oscillatory activity. However, the individual contributions of NMDAR-inhibition and GSH-depletion to the developmental alterations observed in schizophrenia are largely unknown. We therefore investigated each condition in isolation using hippocampal slice cultures wherein interneuron maturation occurs entirely in vitro. Although both treatments caused oxidative stress, NMDAR-inhibition led to an immediate reduction in gamma oscillation frequency and a delayed loss of PV. In contrast, GSH-depletion immediately decreased PV expression and increased power, without affecting frequency. Hence, although disturbances of PV-expression and gamma oscillations coexist in schizophrenia, they can arise from separate pathological processes.
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24
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Rama Rao KV, Iring S, Younger D, Kuriakose M, Skotak M, Alay E, Gupta RK, Chandra N. A Single Primary Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rodent Model Causes Cell-Type Dependent Increase in Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Isoforms in Vulnerable Brain Regions. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2077-2090. [PMID: 29648986 PMCID: PMC6098412 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a leading cause of morbidity in soldiers on the battlefield and in training sites with long-term neurological and psychological pathologies. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated activation of oxidative stress pathways after blast injury, but their distribution among different brain regions and their impact on the pathogenesis of bTBI have not been explored. The present study examined the protein expression of two isoforms: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 and 2 (NOX1, NOX2), corresponding superoxide production, a downstream event of NOX activation, and the extent of lipid peroxidation adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) to a range of proteins. Brain injury was evaluated 4 h after the shock-wave exposure, and immunofluorescence signal quantification was performed in different brain regions. Expression of NOX isoforms displayed a differential increase in various brain regions: in hippocampus and thalamus, there was the highest increase of NOX1, whereas in the frontal cortex, there was the highest increase of NOX2 expression. Cell-specific analysis of changes in NOX expression with respect to corresponding controls revealed that blast resulted in a higher increase of NOX1 and NOX 2 levels in neurons compared with astrocytes and microglia. Blast exposure also resulted in increased superoxide levels in different brain regions, and such changes were reflected in 4HNE protein adduct formation. Collectively, this study demonstrates that primary blast TBI induces upregulation of NADPH oxidase isoforms in different regions of the brain parenchyma and that neurons appear to be at higher risk for oxidative damage compared with other neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephanie Iring
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Daniel Younger
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Matthew Kuriakose
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Maciej Skotak
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Eren Alay
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Raj K Gupta
- 2 Department of Defense Blast Injury Research Program Coordinating Office, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command , Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Namas Chandra
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
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25
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Schiavone S, Trabace L. The use of antioxidant compounds in the treatment of first psychotic episode: Highlights from preclinical studies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018. [PMID: 29542255 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence highlighted a pathogenetic link between redox dysregulation and the early stages of psychosis. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have pointed toward an association between oxidative stress, both at central and peripheral levels, and first psychotic episode. Moreover, basal low antioxidant capacity has been shown to directly correlate with cognitive impairment in the early onset of psychosis. In this context, the possibility to use antioxidant compounds in first psychotic episode, especially as supplementation to antipsychotic therapy, has become the focus of numerous investigations on rodents with the aim to translate data on the possible effects of antioxidant therapies to large populations of patients, with a diagnosis of the first psychotic episode. In this review, we will discuss studies, published from January 1st, 2007 to July 31st, 2017, investigating the effects of antioxidant compounds on neuropathological alterations observed in different rodent models characterized by a cluster of psychotic-like symptoms reminiscent of what observed in human first psychotic episode. A final focus on the effective possibility to directly translate data obtained on rodents to humans will be also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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26
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Ikeda Y, Shoji K, Feliciano CP, Saito S, Nagasaki Y. Antioxidative Nanoparticles Significantly Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy of an Antibacterial Therapy against Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1126-1132. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ikeda
- Department of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shoji
- Department of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Chitho P. Feliciano
- Department of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Biomedical Research Section, Atomic Research Division, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology (PNRI-DOST), Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Shinji Saito
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Master’s School of Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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27
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Chronic Treatment with Fluoxetine or Clozapine of Socially Isolated Rats Prevents Subsector-Specific Reduction of Parvalbumin Immunoreactive Cells in the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2018; 371:384-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Khan MM. Translational Significance of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9516592. [PMID: 30402099 PMCID: PMC6196929 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9516592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data from various clinical trial studies suggests that adjuvant therapy with ovarian hormones (estrogens) could be effective in reducing cognitive deficit and psychopathological symptoms in women with psychiatric disorders. However, estrogen therapy poses serious limitations and health issues including feminization in men and increased risks of thromboembolism, hot flashes, breast hyperplasia, and endometrium hyperplasia when used for longer duration in older women (aged ≥ 60 years) or in women who have genetic predispositions. On the other hand, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which may (or may not) carry some risks of hot flashes, thromboembolism, breast hyperplasia, and endometrial hyperplasia, are generally devoid of feminization effect. In clinical trial studies, adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen, a triphenylethylene class of SERM, has been found to reduce the frequency of manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder, whereas addition of raloxifene, a benzothiophene class of SERM, to regular doses of antipsychotic drugs has been found to reduce cognitive deficit and psychological symptoms in men and women with schizophrenia, including women with treatment refractory psychosis. These outcomes together with potent neurocognitive, neuroprotective, and cardiometabolic properties suggest that SERMs could be the potential targets for designing effective and safer therapies for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zawia, P.O. Box 16418, Az-Zawiyah, Libya
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29
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Schiavone S, Camerino GM, Mhillaj E, Zotti M, Colaianna M, De Giorgi A, Trotta A, Cantatore FP, Conte E, Bove M, Tucci P, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Visceral Fat Dysfunctions in the Rat Social Isolation Model of Psychosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:787. [PMID: 29167640 PMCID: PMC5682313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication with neuroleptics has been associated with adipose tissue dysfunctions and, in particular, with increased visceral fat amount. However, several studies suggested that antipsychotic treatment might not be the main responsible of fat mass accumulation, as this has been also described in not treated psychotic patients. One of the most used “drug-free” rodent models of psychosis is the social isolation rearing of young adult rats, which provides a non-pharmacologic method of inducing long-term alterations reminiscent of symptoms seen in psychotic patients. Recent data highlighted a crucial role of redox imbalance in adipose tissue dysfunctions, in terms of decreased antioxidant defense and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we investigated possible oxidative stress-related biomolecular alterations associated with visceral fat increase in 7 week isolated rats. To this purpose, we quantified total and visceral fat amount by using dual-energy X-ray (DEXA) absorptiometry. On visceral fat, we analyzed the expression of specific ROS-producer genes (Nox1, Nox4, Hmox-1), antioxidant enzymes (Prdx1 and Ucp-1) and oxidative stress-induced damage markers (Cidea, Slc2a4, and Acacb). The impact of oxidative stress on beta3-adrenergic receptors (Adrb3), at both mRNA and protein level, was also assessed. We found that 7 weeks of social isolation induced an increase in total and visceral fat, associated with a decrease in Prdx1 (mRNA and protein) as well as Ucp-1 mRNA levels and an enhanced expression of Nox1 (mRNA and protein) and Hmox-1 mRNA. No differences were detected in Nox4 mRNA levels between grouped and isolated animals. Elevations in Cidea, Slc2a4, and Acacb expression in visceral fat of isolated animals accounted for oxidative stress-related damage in this tissue, further associated with a significant increase in Adrb3 mRNA and protein. Our results provide a novel understanding of the pathological link existing among psychosocial stress-induced psychosis, adipose tissue dysfunctions and redox imbalance, opening new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of alterations in peripheral tissues associated with this mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giulia M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelo De Giorgi
- Dual Diagnosis Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Provincia di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Trotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Foggia City Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Cardis R, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Do KQ, Steullet P. A lack of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors confers a vulnerability to redox dysregulation: Consequences on parvalbumin interneurons, and their perineuronal nets. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:64-75. [PMID: 29024713 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluN2A subunit of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) plays a critical role during postnatal brain development as its expression increases while Glun2B expression decreases. Mutations and polymorphisms in GRIN2A gene, coding for GluN2A, are linked to developmental brain disorders such as mental retardation, epilepsy, schizophrenia. Published data suggest that GluN2A is involved in maturation and phenotypic maintenance of parvalbumin interneurons (PVIs), and these interneurons suffer from a deficient glutamatergic neurotransmission via GluN2A-containing NMDARs in schizophrenia. In the present study, we find that although PVIs and their associated perineuronal nets (PNNs) appear normal in anterior cingulate cortex of late adolescent/young adult GRIN2A KO mice, a lack of GluN2A delays PNN maturation. GRIN2A KO mice display a susceptibility to redox dysregulation as sub-threshold oxidative stress and subtle alterations in antioxidant systems are observed in their prefrontal cortex. Consequently, an oxidative insult applied during early postnatal development increases oxidative stress, decreases the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells, and weakens the PNNs in KO but not WT mice. These effects are long-lasting, but preventable by the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. The persisting oxidative stress, deficit in PVIs and PNNs, and reduced local high-frequency neuronal synchrony in anterior cingulate of late adolescent/young adult KO mice, which have been challenged by an early-life oxidative insult, is accompanied with microglia activation. Altogether, these indicate that a lack of GluN2A-containing NMDARs alters the fine control of redox status, leading to a delayed maturation of PNNs, and conferring vulnerability for long-term oxidative stress, microglial activation, and PVI network dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cardis
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Tian L, Hui CW, Bisht K, Tan Y, Sharma K, Chen S, Zhang X, Tremblay ME. Microglia under psychosocial stressors along the aging trajectory: Consequences on neuronal circuits, behavior, and brain diseases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:27-39. [PMID: 28095309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates the importance of microglia for proper brain development and function, as well as in complex stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive decline along the aging trajectory. Considering that microglia are resident immune cells of the brain, a homeostatic maintenance of their effector functions that impact neuronal circuitry, such as phagocytosis and secretion of inflammatory factors, is critical to prevent the onset and progression of these pathological conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms by which microglial functions can be properly regulated under healthy and pathological conditions are still largely unknown. We aim to summarize recent progress regarding the effects of psychosocial stress and oxidative stress on microglial phenotypes, leading to neuroinflammation and impaired microglia-synapse interactions, notably through our own studies of inbred mouse strains, and most importantly, to discuss about promising therapeutic strategies that take advantage of microglial functions to tackle such brain disorders in the context of adult psychosocial stress or aging-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland; Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chin Wai Hui
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Song Chen
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Womersley JS, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Childhood maltreatment and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders share similar pathophysiology: a potential sensitisation mechanism? Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1717-1733. [PMID: 28681198 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are increasingly prevalent despite the use of antiretroviral therapies. Previous research suggests that individual host factors play an important role in determining susceptibility to HAND. In this review, we propose that childhood trauma (CT) and HAND share several common aetiological mechanisms, namely hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. These convergent and consequent mechanisms may translate into an increased risk of developing HAND in individuals who have experienced early life stress. We provide an overview of basic and clinical research relating to these pathophysiological mechanisms and suggest that further research examine brain-derived neurotrophic factor and telomere length as common mediating factors and potential therapeutic targets for HAND and CT. Graphical abstract Both childhood trauma and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders are associated with HPA axis dysregulation, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
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Fornix Structural Connectivity and Allostatic Load: Empirical Evidence From Schizophrenia Patients and Healthy Controls. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:770-776. [PMID: 28498274 PMCID: PMC5573616 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fornix is a white matter tract carrying the fibers connecting the hippocampus and the hypothalamus, two essential stress-regulatory structures of the brain. We tested the hypothesis that allostatic load (AL), derived from a battery of peripheral biomarkers indexing the cumulative effects of stress, is associated with abnormalities in brain white matter microstructure, especially the fornix, and that higher AL may help explain the white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia. METHODS Using 13 predefined biomarkers, we tested AL in 44 schizophrenic patients and 33 healthy controls. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the fornix and other white matter tracts. RESULTS AL scores were significantly elevated in patients compared with controls (F(3,77) = 7.87, p = .006). AL was significantly and inversely correlated with FA of fornix in both controls (r = -.58, p = .001) and patients (r = -.36, p = .023). Several nominally significant (p < .05 but did not survive Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison) correlations were also observed between AL and FA of other white matter tracts in schizophrenic patients. However, the fornix was the only tract exhibiting a correlation with AL in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial evidence that allostatic processes are linked to fornix microstructure in clinical participants.
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Lee HY, Lee JS, Kim HG, Kim WY, Lee SB, Choi YH, Son CG. The ethanol extract of Aquilariae Lignum ameliorates hippocampal oxidative stress in a repeated restraint stress mouse model. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:397. [PMID: 28797292 PMCID: PMC5553856 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic stress contributes to the development of brain disorders, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Oxidative damage is well known as a causative factor for pathogenic process in brain tissues. The aim of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of a 30% ethanol extract of Aquilariae Lignum (ALE) in repeated stress-induced hippocampal oxidative injury. Methods Fifty BALB/c male mice (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10). For 11 consecutive days, each group was orally administered with distilled water, ALE (20 or 80 mg/kg) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 100 mg/kg), and then all mice (except unstressed group) were subjected to restraint stress for 6 h. On the final day, brain tissues and sera were isolated, and stress hormones and hippocampal oxidative alterations were examined. We also treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells with ALE (1 and 5 μg/mL) or NAC (10 μM) to investigate the pharmacological mechanism. Results Restraint stress considerably increased the serum levels of corticosterone and adrenaline and the hippocampal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA). ALE administration significantly attenuated the above abnormalities. ALE also significantly normalized the stress-induced activation of astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampus as well as the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The in vitro assay outcome supplemented ALE could dramatically block NF-κB activation in microglia. The anti-oxidative stress effects of ALE were supported by the results of antioxidant components, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NFE2L2 (Nrf2) in the hippocampal tissues. Conclusions We firstly demonstrated the neuroprotective potentials of A. Lignum against hippocampal oxidative injury in repeated restraint stress. The corresponding mechanisms might involve modulations in the release of ROS, pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress hormones.
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Prefrontal cortical glutathione-dependent defense and proinflammatory mediators in chronically isolated rats: Modulation by fluoxetine or clozapine. Neuroscience 2017; 355:49-60. [PMID: 28499974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress modulates brain antioxidant systems and causes neuroinflammation that plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Although the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) represents the first-line treatment for depression and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (CLZ) is considered as a second-line treatment for psychotic disorders, the downstream mechanisms of action of these treatments, beyond serotonergic or dopaminergic signaling, remain elusive. We examined behavioral changes, glutathione (GSH)-dependent defense and levels of proinflammatory mediators in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult male Wistar rats exposed to 21days of chronic social isolation (CSIS). We also tested the ability of FLX (15mg/kg/day) or CLZ (20mg/kg/day), applied during CSIS, to prevent stress-induced changes. CSIS caused depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, compromised GSH-dependent defense, and induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation with a concomitant increase in cytosolic levels of proinflammatory mediators cyclooxigenase-2, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the PFC. NF-κB activation and proinflammatory response in the PFC were not found in CSIS rats treated with FLX or CLZ. In contrast, only FLX preserved GSH content in CSIS rats. CLZ not only failed to protect against CSIS-induced GSH depletion, but it diminished its levels when applied to non-stressed rats. In conclusion, prefrontal cortical GSH depletion and the proinflammatory response underlying depressive- and anxiety-like states induced by CSIS were prevented by FLX. The protective effect of CLZ, which was equally effective as FLX on the behavioral level, was limited to proinflammatory components. Hence, different mechanisms underlie the protective effects of these two drugs in CSIS rats.
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Schiavone S, Trabace L. Inflammation, Stress Response, and Redox Dysregulation Biomarkers: Clinical Outcomes and Pharmacological Implications for Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:203. [PMID: 29118723 PMCID: PMC5660996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies claiming the finding of a specific biomarker for the identification of the "high-risk state" to develop psychosis, first psychotic episode, as well as the prediction of the individual response to antipsychotics have been published. Together with genetic reports, numerous publications in this field have been focused on inflammation and stress response blood biomarkers, as well as on indicators of redox dysregulation. In this review, we focus on human studies found in PubMed from January 1st 2010 to January 31st 2017, describing the clinical use of these biomarkers to detect the "premorbid" psychotic state and early phases of the disease. Their pharmacological implications in predicting and monitoring the individual response to antipsychotic medication is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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de la Salle S, Choueiry J, Shah D, Bowers H, McIntosh J, Ilivitsky V, Knott V. Effects of Ketamine on Resting-State EEG Activity and Their Relationship to Perceptual/Dissociative Symptoms in Healthy Humans. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:348. [PMID: 27729865 PMCID: PMC5037139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists administered to healthy humans results in schizophrenia-like symptoms, which preclinical research suggests are due to glutamatergically altered brain oscillations. Here, we examined resting-state electroencephalographic activity in 21 healthy volunteers assessed in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study involving administration of either a saline infusion or a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist. Frequency-specific current source density (CSD) was assessed at sensor-level and source-level using eLORETA within regions of interest of a triple network model of schizophrenia (this model posits a dysfunctional switching between large-scale Default Mode and Central Executive networks by the monitor-controlling Salience Network). These CSDs were measured in each session along with subjective symptoms as indexed with the Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale. Ketamine-induced CSD reductions in slow (delta/theta and alpha) and increases in fast (gamma) frequencies at scalp electrode sites were paralleled by frequency-specific CSD changes in the Default Mode, Central Executive, and Salience networks. Subjective symptoms scores were increased with ketamine and ratings of depersonalization in particular were associated with alpha CSD reductions in general and in specific regions of interest in each of the three networks. These results tentatively support the hypothesis that pathological brain oscillations associated with hypofunctional NMDA receptor activity may contribute to the emergence of the perceptual/dissociate symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joelle Choueiry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dhrasti Shah
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hayley Bowers
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Judy McIntosh
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vadim Ilivitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health CentreOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- School of Psychology, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health ResearchOttawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
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Csabai D, Seress L, Varga Z, Ábrahám H, Miseta A, Wiborg O, Czéh B. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Hippocampal Axo-Somatic Synapses in a Chronic Stress Model for Depression. Hippocampus 2016; 27:17-27. [PMID: 27571571 PMCID: PMC5215622 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress can alter the number and morphology of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus, but nothing is known about the effect of stress on inhibitory synapses. Here, we used an animal model for depression, the chronic mild stress model, and quantified the number of perisomatic inhibitory neurons and their synapses. We found reduced density of parvalbumin‐positive (PV+) neurons in response to stress, while the density of cholecystokinin‐immunoreactive (CCK+) neurons was unaffected. We did a detailed electron microscopic analysis to quantify the frequency and morphology of perisomatic inhibitory synapses in the hippocampal CA1 area. We analyzed 1100 CA1 pyramidal neurons and 4800 perisomatic terminals in five control and four chronically stressed rats. In the control animals we observed the following parameters: Number of terminals/soma = 57; Number of terminals/100 µm cell perimeter = 10; Synapse/terminal ratio = 32%; Synapse number/100 terminal = 120; Average terminal length = 920nm. None of these parameters were affected by the stress exposure. Overall, these data indicate that despite the depressive‐like behavior and the decrease in the number of perisomatic PV+ neurons in the light microscopic preparations, the number of perisomatic inhibitory synapses on CA1 pyramidal cells was not affected by stress. In the electron microscope, PV+ neurons and the axon terminals appeared to be normal and we did not find any apoptotic or necrotic cells. This data is in sharp contrast to the remarkable remodeling of the excitatory synapses on spines that has been reported in response to stress and depressive‐like behavior. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Csabai
- MTA - PTE, Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - László Seress
- Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga
- MTA - PTE, Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Ábrahám
- Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- MTA - PTE, Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
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Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Mhillaj E, Bove M, De Giorgi A, Cantatore FP, Camerino C, Tucci P, Maffulli N, Cuomo V, Trabace L. Chronic Psychosocial Stress Impairs Bone Homeostasis: A Study in the Social Isolation Reared Rat. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 27375486 PMCID: PMC4896906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is a key player in the onset and aggravation of mental diseases, including psychosis. Although a strong association between this psychiatric condition and other medical co-morbidities has been recently demonstrated, few data on the link between psychosis and bone homeostasis are actually available. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic psychosocial stress induced by 4 or 7 weeks of social isolation in drug-naïve male Wistar rats could alter bone homeostasis in terms of bone thickness, mineral density and content, as well as markers of bone formation and resorption (sclerostin, cathepsin K, and CTX-I). We found that bone mineral density was increased in rats exposed to 7 weeks of social isolation, while no differences were detected in bone mineral content and area. Moreover, 7 weeks of social isolation lead to increase of femur thickness with respect to controls, suggesting the development of a hyperostosis condition. Isolated rats showed no changes in sclerostin levels, a marker of bone formation, compared to grouped animals. Conversely, bone resorption markers were significantly altered after 7 weeks of social isolation in terms of decrease in cathepsin K and increase of CTX-I. No alterations were found after 4 weeks of isolation rearing. Our observations suggest that chronic psychosocial stress might affect bone homeostasis, more likely independently from drug treatment. Thus, the social isolation model might help to identify possible new therapeutic targets to treat the burden of chronic psychosocial stress and to attempt alternative therapy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo De Giorgi
- Dual Diagnosis Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Provincia di Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Camerino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of RomeRome, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of SalernoSalerno, Italy; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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Schiavone S, Neri M, Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, Cantatore S, Bove M, Riezzo I, Tucci P, Pomara C, Turillazzi E, Cuomo V, Trabace L. The NADPH oxidase NOX2 as a novel biomarker for suicidality: evidence from human post mortem brain samples. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e813. [PMID: 27187235 PMCID: PMC5070044 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points towards a role of oxidative stress in suicidality. However, few studies were carried out on the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in subjects with suicidal behaviour. We have previously demonstrated that the NADPH oxidase NOX2-derived oxidative stress has a major role in the development of neuropathological alterations observed in an animal model of psychosis. Here, we investigated the possible increase in NOX2 in post mortem brain samples of subjects who died by asphyctic suicide (AS) compared with controls (CTRL) and subjects who died by non-suicidal asphyxia (NSA). We found that NOX2 expression was significantly higher in the cortex of AS subjects than in the other two experimental groups. NOX2 immunostaining was mainly detected in GABAergic neurons, with a minor presence of NOX2-positive-stained cells in glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as astrocytes and microglia. A sustained increase in the expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, an indirect marker of oxidative stress, was also detected in the cortex of AS subjects, compared with CTRL and NSA subjects. A significant elevation in cortical interleukin-6 immunoreactivity in AS subjects suggested an involvement of cytokine-associated molecular pathways in NOX2 elevations. Our results suggest that the increase in NOX2-derived oxidative stress in the brain might be involved in the neuropathological pathways leading to suicidal behaviour. These results may open innovative insights in the identification of new pathogenetic and necroscopic biomarkers, predictive for suicidality and potentially useful for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy. E-mail:
| | - M Neri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - E Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - S Cantatore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - M Bove
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - I Riezzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - P Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - C Pomara
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - E Turillazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the brain of socially isolated adult male rats demonstrating depressive- and anxiety-like symptoms. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1-20. [PMID: 27033097 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various stressors may disrupt the redox homeostasis of an organism by causing oxidative and nitrosative stress that may activate stressor-specific pathways and provoke specific responses. Chronic social isolation (CSIS) represents a mild chronic stress that evokes a variety of neurobehavioral changes in rats similar to those observed in people with psychiatric disorders, including depression. Most rodent studies have focused on the effect of social isolation during weaning or adolescence, while its effect in adult rats has not been extensively examined. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the involvement of oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adult male rats exposed to CSIS, focusing on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, behavior parameters, antioxidative defense systems, stress signaling mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitochondria-related proapoptotic signaling. Although increased concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) have been shown to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, we suggest a mechanism underlying the glucocorticoid paradox whereby a state of oxidative/nitrosative stress may exist under basal CORT levels. This review also highlights the differential susceptibility of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to oxidative stress following CSIS and suggests a possible cellular pathway of stress tolerance that preserves the hippocampus from molecular damage and apoptosis. The differential regulation of the transcriptional factor NF-κB, and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) following CSIS may be one functional difference between the response of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, thus identifying potentially relevant targets for antidepressant treatment.
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Chanana P, Kumar A. GABA-BZD Receptor Modulating Mechanism of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h Sleep Deprivation Induced Anxiety like Behavior: Possible Roles of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27013946 PMCID: PMC4779932 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale:Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) is known for its therapeutic potential against various neurological disorders, but its plausible mechanism of action still remains undeciphered. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) plays an important role in sleep wake cycle homeostasis. Thus, there exists rationale in exploring the GABA-ergic potential of Panax quinquefolius as neuroprotective strategy in sleep deprivation induced secondary neurological problems. Objective: The present study was designed to explore the possible GABA-ergic mechanism in the neuro-protective effect of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h sleep deprivation induced anxiety like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA-axis activation and neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods: Male laca mice were sleep deprived for 72-h by using Grid suspended over water method. Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered alone and in combination with GABA modulators (GABA Cl− channel inhibitor, GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor and GABAA agonist) for 8 days, starting 5 days prior to 72-h sleep deprivation period. Various behavioral (locomotor activity, mirror chamber test), biochemical (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite levels), mitochondrial complexes, neuroinflammation marker (Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF-alpha), serum corticosterone, and histopathological sections of brains were assessed. Results: Seventy two hours sleep deprivation significantly impaired locomotor activity, caused anxiety-like behavior, conditions of oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial enzyme complex activities, raised serum corticosterone levels, brain TNFα levels and led to neuroinflammation like signs in discrete brain areas as compared to naive group. Panax quinquefolius (100 and 200 mg/kg) treatment restored the behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. Pre-treatment of GABA Cl− channel inhibitor as well as GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor, significantly reversed the protective effect of P. quinquefolius (100 mg/kg) in 72-h sleep deprived animals (P < 0.05). However, pretreatment with GABAA agonist, potentiated Panax quinquefolius's protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se (p < 0.05). Conclusion: GABA-ergic mechanism could be involved in the neuroprotective effect of P.quinquefolius against sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA axis activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chanana
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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Early Loss of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Precedes NOX2 Elevation in the Prefrontal Cortex of an Animal Model of Psychosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2031-2044. [PMID: 26910819 PMCID: PMC5355521 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The social isolation rearing of young adult rats is a model of psychosocial stress and provides a nonpharmacological tool to study alterations reminiscent of symptoms seen in psychosis. We have previously demonstrated that social isolation in rats leads to increased oxidative stress and to cerebral NOX2 elevations. Here, we investigated early alterations in mRNA expression leading to increased NOX2 in the brain. Rats were exposed to a short period of social isolation (1 week) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mRNA expression of genes involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation and integrity (ORLs, Vof 21 and Vof 16, Leng8, Vnr1, and Trank 1 genes) was performed. Real-time PCR experiments, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting analysis showed an increased expression of these genes and related proteins in isolated rats with respect to control animals. The expression of specific markers of BBB integrity, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), occludin 1, and plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 (PV-1), was also significantly altered after 1 week of social isolation. BBB permeability, evaluated by quantification of Evans blue dye extravasation, as well as interstitial fluid, was significantly increased in rats isolated for 1 week with respect to controls. Isolation-induced BBB disruption was also accompanied by a significant increase of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression. Conversely, no differences in NOX2 levels were detected at this time point. Our study demonstrates that BBB disruption precedes NOX2 elevations in the brain. These results provide new insights in the interplay of mechanisms linking psychosocial stress to early oxidative stress in the brain, disruption of the BBB, and the development of mental disorders.
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Muneer A. The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder: An Integrated Approach. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:18-37. [PMID: 26865997 PMCID: PMC4742607 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a heterogeneous condition with myriad clinical manifestations and many comorbidities leading to severe disabilities in the biopsychosocial realm. The objective of this review article was to underline recent advances in knowledge regarding the neurobiology of bipolar disorder. A further aim was to draw attention to new therapeutic targets in the treatment of bipolar disorder. To accomplish these goals, an electronic search was undertaken of the PubMed database in August 2015 of literature published during the last 10 years on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. A wide-ranging evaluation of the existing work was done with search terms such as "mood disorders and biology," "bipolar disorder and HPA axis," "bipolar disorder and cytokines," "mood disorders and circadian rhythm," "bipolar disorder and oxidative stress," etc. This endeavor showed that bipolar disorder is a diverse condition sharing neurobiological mechanisms with major depressive disorder and psychotic spectrum disorders. There is convincing evidence of crosstalk between different biological systems that act in a deleterious manner causing expression of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. Inflammatory mediators act in concert with oxidative stress to dysregulate hormonal, metabolic, and circadian homeostasis in precipitating and perpetuating the illness. Stress, whether biologically or psychologically mediated, is responsible for the initiation and progression of the diathesis. Bipolar spectrum disorders have a strong genetic component; severe life stresses acting through various paths cause the illness phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Department of Psychiatry, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Environmental Enrichment Prevent the Juvenile Hypoxia-Induced Developmental Loss of Parvalbumin-Immunoreactive Cells in the Prefrontal Cortex and Neurobehavioral Alterations Through Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-2-Derived Oxidative Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7341-7350. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Holmdahl R, Sareila O, Olsson LM, Bäckdahl L, Wing K. Ncf1 polymorphism reveals oxidative regulation of autoimmune chronic inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 269:228-47. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Holmdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Medical Immunopharmacologic Research; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Outi Sareila
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Lina M. Olsson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Liselotte Bäckdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kajsa Wing
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress is often adaptive, prolonged responses may have detrimental effects. Many components of white matter structures are sensitive to prolonged cortisol exposure. We aimed to identify a behavioral laboratory assay for cortisol response related to brain pathophysiology in schizophrenia. We hypothesized that an abnormally prolonged cortisol response to stress may be linked to abnormal white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Acute and prolonged salivary cortisol response was measured outside the scanner at pretest and then at 0, 20, and 40 minutes after a psychological stress task in patients with schizophrenia (n = 45) and controls (n = 53). Tract-averaged white matter was measured by 64-direction diffusion tensor imaging in a subset of patients (n = 30) and controls (n = 33). RESULTS Patients who did not tolerate the psychological stress task and quit had greater acute (t = 2.52 [p = .016] and t = 3.51 [p = .001] at 0 and 20 minutes) and prolonged (t = 3.62 [p = .001] at 40 minutes) cortisol reactivity compared with patients who finished the task. Abnormally prolonged cortisol reactivity in patients was significantly associated with reduced white matter integrity (r = -0.468, p = .009). Regardless of task completion status, acute cortisol response was not related to the white matter measures in patients or controls. CONCLUSIONS This paradigm was successful at identifying a subset of patients whose cortisol response was associated with brain pathophysiology. Abnormal cortisol response may adversely affect white matter integrity, partly explaining this pathology observed in schizophrenia. Prolonged stress responses may be targeted for intervention to test for protective effects against white matter damages.
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Möller M, Swanepoel T, Harvey BH. Neurodevelopmental Animal Models Reveal the Convergent Role of Neurotransmitter Systems, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress as Biomarkers of Schizophrenia: Implications for Novel Drug Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:987-1016. [PMID: 25794269 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a life altering disease with a complex etiology and pathophysiology, and although antipsychotics are valuable in treating the disorder, certain symptoms and/or sufferers remain resistant to treatment. Our poor understanding of the underlying neuropathological mechanisms of schizophrenia hinders the discovery and development of improved pharmacological treatment, so that filling these gaps is of utmost importance for an improved outcome. A vast amount of clinical data has strongly implicated the role of inflammation and oxidative insults in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Preclinical studies using animal models are fundamental in our understanding of disease development and pathology as well as the discovery and development of novel treatment options. In particular, social isolation rearing (SIR) and pre- or postnatal inflammation (PPNI) have shown great promise in mimicking the biobehavioral manifestations of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the "dual-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia states that a first adverse event such as genetic predisposition or a prenatal insult renders an individual susceptible to develop the disease, while a second insult (e.g., postnatal inflammation, environmental adversity, or drug abuse) may be necessary to precipitate the full-blown syndrome. Animal models that emphasize the "dual-hit" hypothesis therefore provide valuable insight into understanding disease progression. In this Review, we will discuss SIR, PPNI, as well as possible "dual-hit" animal models within the context of the redox-immune-inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia, correlating such changes with the recognized monoamine and behavioral alterations of schizophrenia. Finally, based on these models, we will review new therapeutic options, especially those targeting immune-inflammatory and redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Möller
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - T. Swanepoel
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - B. H. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Brand SJ, Moller M, Harvey BH. A Review of Biomarkers in Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Dissection of Clinical vs. Preclinical Correlates. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:324-68. [PMID: 26411964 PMCID: PMC4812797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of these disorders are still based solely on relatively subjective assessment of symptoms as well as psychometric evaluations. Therefore, biological markers aimed at improving the current classification of psychotic and mood-related disorders, and that will enable patients to be stratified on a biological basis into more homogeneous clinically distinct subgroups, are urgently needed. The attainment of this goal can be facilitated by identifying biomarkers that accurately reflect pathophysiologic processes in these disorders. This review postulates that the field of psychotic and mood disorder research has advanced sufficiently to develop biochemical hypotheses of the etiopathology of the particular illness and to target the same for more effective disease modifying therapy. This implies that a "one-size fits all" paradigm in the treatment of psychotic and mood disorders is not a viable approach, but that a customized regime based on individual biological abnormalities would pave the way forward to more effective treatment. In reviewing the clinical and preclinical literature, this paper discusses the most highly regarded pathophysiologic processes in mood and psychotic disorders, thereby providing a scaffold for the selection of suitable biomarkers for future studies in this field, to develope biomarker panels, as well as to improve diagnosis and to customize treatment regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Brain mineralocorticoid receptors in cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. Steroids 2014; 91:20-31. [PMID: 25173821 PMCID: PMC4302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate diverse functions supporting osmotic and hemodynamic homeostasis, response to injury and inflammation, and neuronal changes required for learning and memory. Inappropriate MR activation in kidneys, heart, vessels, and brain hemodynamic control centers results in cardiovascular and renal pathology and hypertension. MR binds aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone with similar affinity, while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has less affinity for cortisol and corticosterone. As glucocorticoids are more abundant than aldosterone, aldosterone activates MR in cells co-expressing enzymes with 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase activity to inactivate them. MR and GR co-expressed in the same cell interact at the molecular and functional level and these functions may be complementary or opposing depending on the cell type. Thus the balance between MR and GR expression and activation is crucial for normal function. Where 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that inactivates cortisol and corticosterone in aldosterone target cells of the kidney and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is not expressed, as in most neurons, MR are activated at basal glucocorticoid concentrations, GR at stress concentrations. An exception may be pre-autonomic neurons of the PVN which express MR and 11β-HSD1 in the absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase required to generate the requisite cofactor for reductase activity, thus it acts as a dehydrogenase. MR antagonists, valuable adjuncts to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, also inhibit MR in the brain that are crucial for memory formation and exacerbate detrimental effects of excessive GR activation on cognition and mood. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors combat metabolic and cognitive diseases related to glucocorticoid excess, but may exacerbate MR action where 11β-HSD1 acts as a dehydrogenase, while non-selective 11β-HSD1&2 inhibitors cause injurious disruption of MR hemodynamic control. MR functions in the brain are multifaceted and optimal MR:GR activity is crucial. Therefore selectively targeting down-stream effectors of MR specific actions may be a better therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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