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Schoeler T, Baldwin JR, Martin E, Barkhuizen W, Pingault JB. Assessing rates and predictors of cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms across observational, experimental and medical research. NATURE. MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 2:865-876. [PMID: 39005547 PMCID: PMC11236708 DOI: 10.1038/s44220-024-00261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis, one of the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide, can give rise to acute cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms (CAPS). While distinct study designs have been used to examine CAPS, an overarching synthesis of the existing findings has not yet been carried forward. To that end, we quantitatively pooled the evidence on rates and predictors of CAPS (k = 162 studies, n = 210,283 cannabis-exposed individuals) as studied in (1) observational research, (2) experimental tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) studies, and (3) medicinal cannabis research. We found that rates of CAPS varied substantially across the study designs, given the high rates reported by observational and experimental research (19% and 21%, respectively) but not medicinal cannabis studies (2%). CAPS was predicted by THC administration (for example, single dose, Cohen's d = 0.7), mental health liabilities (for example, bipolar disorder, d = 0.8), dopamine activity (d = 0.4), younger age (d = -0.2), and female gender (d = -0.09). Neither candidate genes (for example, COMT, AKT1) nor other demographic variables (for example, education) predicted CAPS in meta-analytical models. The results reinforce the need to more closely monitor adverse cannabis-related outcomes in vulnerable individuals as these individuals may benefit most from harm-reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessie R. Baldwin
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ellen Martin
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wikus Barkhuizen
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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2
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Ricci V, Di Muzio I, Ceci F, Di Carlo F, Mancusi G, Piro T, Paggi A, Pettorruso M, Vellante F, De Berardis D, Martinotti G, Maina G. Aberrant salience in cannabis-induced psychosis: a comparative study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1343884. [PMID: 38260781 PMCID: PMC10801803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1343884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Natural Cannabis (NC) and Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs) use can increase the risk and exacerbate the course of psychotic disorders. These could be influenced by the Aberrant Salience (AS) construct. It refers to an excess of attribution of meaning to stimuli that are otherwise regarded as neutral, thereby transform them into adverse, dangerous, or mysterious entities. This leads the patient to engage in aberrant and consequently incorrect interpretative efforts concerning the normal perception of reality and its relationship with our analytical abilities. AS appears to play a significant role in the onset and perpetuation of psychotic disorders. The internal conflict arising from aberrant attributions of significance leads to delusional thoughts, ultimately culminating in the establishment of a self-sustaining psychosis. Aims To examine the differences between psychoses course not associated with cannabis use and those associated with NC-use and SCs-use, in terms of psychotic and dissociative symptoms, AS, global functioning and suicidal ideation. Methods A sample of 62 patients with First Episode Psychosis (FEP) was divided into 3 groups: non cannabis users (non-users, N = 20); NC-users or rather Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) users (THC-users, N = 21); SCs-users, commonly referred to as SPICE-users (SPICE-users, N = 20). Each group underwent assessments at the onset of psychotic symptoms, as well as at the 3 months and 6 months marks, utilizing a range of psychopathological scales. These included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for investigating psychotic symptoms, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale for assessing overall functioning, the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II) for measuring dissociative symptoms, the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) for evaluating suicidal ideation and the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) scale for gauging AS. Results SPICE-users showed more severe and persistent positive symptoms, while negative symptoms were mostly represented among non-users. Non-users showed better recovery than SPICE-users in global functioning. All groups showed a decrease in both ASI scores and subscale scores. SPICE-users exhibited higher global AS scores and less improvement in this aspect compared to other groups. Conclusion This study may help understanding the role of AS in both non-substance-related and substance-induced psychosis. This knowledge may lead clinician to a better diagnosis and identify patient-tailored psychopharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Ilenia Di Muzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Franca Ceci
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Carlo
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mancusi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tommaso Piro
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Paggi
- Department of Neuroscience, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Department of Neuroscience, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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3
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Ding Y, Tang Z, Zhang R, Zhang M, Guan Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang W, Wang J. Genetic Variations of AKT1 are Associated with Risk Screening for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:1365-1376. [PMID: 37525829 PMCID: PMC10387243 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s416592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) has shown a high profile in the research of metabolic diseases. This research sought to determine whether the AKT1 gene's single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were related. Patients and Methods Recruited in this case-control study were 2693 subjects, including 815 with NAFLD and 1878 without NAFLD. Three SNPs of AKT1 (rs2494732, rs2494752 and rs1130233) were genotyped. To examine the correlation between SNPs and NAFLD susceptibility, logistic regression was performed. Results After adjusting for sex, age, triglyceride and glucose, AKT1 rs2494732-C (all P < 0.05 in co-dominant model, dominant model and additive model) and rs2494752-G (P < 0.05 in co-dominant model) were linked to a lower risk of NAFLD. The combined effect of both SNPs on NAFLD risk was statistically significant, showing a dose dependence (Ptrend = 0.010). Sex, body mass index, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and beneficial alleles were all significant predictors of NAFLD risk (all P < 0.05). The prediction model achieved good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.779. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test suggested an inadequate calibration of the model (χ2 = 21.073, P = 0.007). Conclusion AKT1 rs2494732 and rs2494752 may be related to Chinese NAFLD susceptibility. The prediction model combining both SNPs with clinical factors displays a strong ability to discriminate NAFLD patients. Both SNPs may be exploited to design new models for early screening of NAFLD high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Ding
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongzhe Tang
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Guan
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuxin Zhang
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of General Practice, Ninghai Road Community Health Service Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Babayeva M, Loewy ZG. Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3479-3514. [PMID: 37185752 PMCID: PMC10137111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in many disorders. However, the individual therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and the incidence of side effects are still difficult to determine. Pharmacogenomics may provide the answers to many questions and concerns regarding the cannabis/cannabinoid treatment and help us to understand the variability in individual responses and associated risks. Pharmacogenomics research has made meaningful progress in identifying genetic variations that play a critical role in interpatient variability in response to cannabis. This review classifies the current knowledge of pharmacogenomics associated with medical marijuana and related compounds and can assist in improving the outcomes of cannabinoid therapy and to minimize the adverse effects of cannabis use. Specific examples of pharmacogenomics informing pharmacotherapy as a path to personalized medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Babayeva
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zvi G Loewy
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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5
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Masataka Y, Sugiyama T, Akahoshi Y, Matsumoto T. Risk factors for cannabis use disorders and cannabis psychosis in Japan: Second report of a survey on cannabis-related health problems among community cannabis users using social networking services. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:85-94. [PMID: 36537061 PMCID: PMC10009416 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the risk factors for cannabis use disorders and cannabis psychosis in Japan based on a 2021 online survey among Japanese users of social network services. METHODS The 3142 respondents who had used cannabis within the preceding year were categorized into two groups based on the development of cannabis use disorder and/or cannabis psychosis. Analyses were performed to determine these conditions' risk factors. RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed that factors significantly associated with cannabis use disorders were "cannabis-use initiation at a young age" (p = 0.004, OR: 0.951, 95% CI [0.920-0.984]), "family history of mental health problems" (p < 0.001, OR: 1.988, 95% CI [1.545-2.556]), "psychiatric disorders preceding cannabis use" (p = 0.039, OR: 1.672, 95% CI [1.026-2.722]), and "use of cannabis products other than dry flower" (p < 0.001, OR: 2.725, 95% CI [1.844-4.026]). Factors significantly associated with cannabis psychosis were "cannabis-use initiation at a young age" (p = 0.011, OR: 0.888, 95% CI [0.811-0.973]) and "family history of mental health problems" (p = 0.002, OR: 2.531, 95% CI [1.400-4. 576]). CONCLUSION Risk factors for problematic cannabis use were cannabis initiation at a young age, pre-cannabis psychiatric disorders, family history of mental health problems, and the use of cannabis products other than dry flower. However, the causal relationship among these factors remains ambivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Masataka
- General Incorporated Association Green Zone Japan, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kumamoto Seijo Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugiyama
- General Incorporated Association Green Zone Japan, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Akahoshi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Silva JP, Carvalho F. El uso terapéutico del cannabis y los cannabinoides. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE DROGODEPENDENCIAS 2022; 47:103-122. [DOI: 10.54108/10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Los cannabinoides se dirigen principalmente al sistema endocannabinoide (ECS), que surge
como un objetivo terapéutico potencialmente interesante debido a su importante papel en la
modulación de procesos biológicos clave en todo el organismo. Como tal, los cannabinoides
ya se han propuesto como, por ejemplo, antieméticos, agentes antiespásticos, estimulantes del
apetito, antiepilépticos, analgésicos, depresores de la presión intraocular o como agentes para
controlar los trastornos del movimiento en el síndrome de Tourette.
Aquí revisamos las pruebas de investigación disponibles sobre el uso del cannabis y los cannabinoides
para un conjunto de aplicaciones terapéuticas sugeridas, y abordamos algunos de los
riesgos a corto y largo plazo que se han correlacionado con el uso de estas sustancias.
Encontramos escasas pruebas científicas que apoyen el uso de productos basados en el cannabis
para la mayoría de las aplicaciones sugeridas, así como ninguna necesidad médica no satisfecha
que no esté ya abordada por los medicamentos existentes (algunos basados en cannabinoides)
en el mercado. En este escenario, los riesgos potenciales asociados al uso crónico de estas sustancias
pueden disuadir su uso médico.
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7
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D'Souza DC, DiForti M, Ganesh S, George TP, Hall W, Hjorthøj C, Howes O, Keshavan M, Murray RM, Nguyen TB, Pearlson GD, Ranganathan M, Selloni A, Solowij N, Spinazzola E. Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:719-742. [PMID: 35315315 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2038797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The liberalisation of cannabis laws, the increasing availability and potency of cannabis has renewed concern about the risk of psychosis with cannabis. METHODS The objective of the WFSBP task force was to review the literature about this relationship. RESULTS Converging lines of evidence suggest that exposure to cannabis increases the risk for psychoses ranging from transient psychotic states to chronic recurrent psychosis. The greater the dose, and the earlier the age of exposure, the greater the risk. For some psychosis outcomes, the evidence supports some of the criteria of causality. However, alternate explanations including reverse causality and confounders cannot be conclusively excluded. Furthermore, cannabis is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause psychosis. More likely it is one of the multiple causal components. In those with established psychosis, cannabis has a negative impact on the course and expression of the illness. Emerging evidence also suggests alterations in the endocannabinoid system in psychotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Given that exposure to cannabis and cannabinoids is modifiable, delaying or eliminating exposure to cannabis or cannabinoids, could potentially impact the rates of psychosis related to cannabis, especially in those who are at high risk for developing the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marta DiForti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Suhas Ganesh
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tony P George
- Addictions Division and Centre for Complex Interventions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne Hall
- The National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute for Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy B Nguyen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute for Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Olin Neuropsychiatry Ctr. Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex Selloni
- Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence (ACRE), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Edoardo Spinazzola
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Ibarra‐Lecue I, Unzueta‐Larrinaga P, Barrena‐Barbadillo R, Villate A, Horrillo I, Mendivil B, Landabaso MA, Meana JJ, Etxebarria N, Callado LF, Urigüen L. Cannabis use selectively modulates circulating biomarkers in the blood of schizophrenia patients. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13233. [PMID: 36301212 PMCID: PMC9539611 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use disorder is frequent in schizophrenia patients, and it is associated with an earlier age of onset and poor schizophrenia prognosis. Serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2AR) have been involved in psychosis and, like Akt kinase, are known to be modulated by THC. Likewise, endocannabinoid system dysregulation has been suggested in schizophrenia. The presence of these molecules in blood makes them interesting targets, as they can be evaluated in patients by a minimally invasive technique. The aim of the present study was to evaluate 5-HT2AR protein expression and the Akt functional status in platelet homogenates of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, cannabis use disorder, or both conditions, compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Additionally, endocannabinoids and pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were also measured in the plasma of these subjects. Results showed that both platelet 5-HT2AR and the active phospho (Ser473)Akt protein expression were significantly increased in schizophrenia subjects, whereas patients with a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder did not show significant changes. Similarly, plasma concentrations of anandamide and other lipid mediators such as PEA and DEA, as well as the pro-inflammatory IL-6, were significantly increased in schizophrenia, but not in dual subjects. Results demonstrate that schizophrenia subjects show different circulating markers pattern depending on the associated diagnosis of cannabis use disorder, supporting the hypothesis that there could be different underlying mechanisms that may explain clinical differences among these groups. Moreover, they provide the first preliminary evidence of peripherally measurable molecules of interest for bigger prospective studies in these subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ibarra‐Lecue
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,Present address:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York and New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Paula Unzueta‐Larrinaga
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoBizkaiaSpain
| | | | - Aitor Villate
- Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,PiE‐UPV/EHU, Plentzia Itsas EstazioaAreatza PasealekuaPlentziaBizkaia48620Spain
| | - Igor Horrillo
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoBizkaiaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | | | | | - J. Javier Meana
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoBizkaiaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,PiE‐UPV/EHU, Plentzia Itsas EstazioaAreatza PasealekuaPlentziaBizkaia48620Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoBizkaiaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Leyre Urigüen
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaBizkaiaSpain,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoBizkaiaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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9
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Schoeler T, Ferris J, Winstock AR. Rates and correlates of cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms in over 230,000 people who use cannabis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:369. [PMID: 36068202 PMCID: PMC9448725 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis, a widely used psychoactive substance, can trigger acute cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms (CAPS) in people who use cannabis (PWUC). To assess rates and correlates of CAPS requiring emergency medical treatment, we analyzed data from an international sample of PWUC (n = 233,475). We found that 0.47% (95%CI 0.42; 0.52) PWUC reported lifetime occurrence of CAPS, defined as the occurrence of hallucinations and/or paranoia requiring emergency medical treatment following the use of cannabis. A range of factors correlated with risk of CAPS in the last year: higher rates were observed in young individuals [risk ratio (RR) 2.66, compared to older PWUC] and those residing in Denmark (RR 3.01, compared to PWUC from other countries). Furthermore, risk was elevated in those using predominantly high-potency resin (RR 2.11, compared to PWUC using herbal cannabis), those mixing cannabis with tobacco (RR 2.15, compared to PWUC not mixing with tobacco) and those with a diagnosis of psychosis (RR 14.01), bipolar (RR 4.30), anxiety (RR 2.92) and depression (RR 2.68), compared to individuals without a mental health diagnosis. Taken together, acute self-limiting psychotic symptoms in the context of cannabis use may occur in about 1 in 200 PWUC's lifetime. Some individuals could be particularly sensitive to the adverse psychological effects of cannabis, such as young individuals or those with pre-existing mental health vulnerabilities. In light of the movements towards legalization of recreational cannabis, more research should focus on the potential harms related to cannabis use, to educate PWUC and the public about risks related to its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jason Ferris
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Adam R. Winstock
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK ,Global Drug Survey, GDS, London, UK
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10
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Carvalho C, Vieira-Coelho MA. Cannabis induced psychosis: a systematic review on the role of genetic polymorphisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106258. [PMID: 35588917 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis sativa is a recreational drug commonly consumed in Europe and is getting popularity for both recreational and therapeutic use. In some individuals, the use of cannabis leads to psychotic disorders. This systematic review summarizes the current evidence linking genetic polymorphisms and inter-individual susceptibility to psychosis induced by cannabis. METHOD Studies published from 2005 to 2020 were identified through Medline using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus database and searches were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Initial search was performed with terms: "cannabis induced psychosis" AND "genetics". RESULTS From the initial group of 108 papers, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. Many of the findings revealed associations with genetic polymorphisms modulations of genes involved directly (COMT, DRD2 and DAT) or indirectly (AKT1) to dopamine pathways. The most consistent finding was with COMT rs4680, where the presence of the Val allele was associated with a higher risk for cannabis-induced psychosis. This higher susceptibility was also reported for AKT1 (rs2494732) with the CC genotype. Of note, the only genome-wide association study identified a significant signal close to the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 represented by rs115455482 and rs74722579 predisposing to cannabis-induced hallucinations and remarkably no dopaminergic target was found. CONCLUSION Actual evidence supports the role of dopamine in cannabis induced psychosis. However, most of genetic polymorphism studies have as a starting point the pre-existing dopaminergic theoretical basis for psychosis. This alerts to the importance of more broad genetic studies. Integrate genetic results into biological systems may enhance our knowledge of cannabis induced psychosis and could help in the prevention and treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Carvalho
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Vieira-Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Siembida J, Mohammed S, Chishty M, Leontieva L. Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Challenges of a Young Patient With Severe Acute Psychosis and Complete Recovery. Cureus 2022; 14:e23744. [PMID: 35509728 PMCID: PMC9057638 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
First break psychosis in young adults is sometimes presented as a dichotomous model of organic or substance-induced etiology or a primary psychiatric disorder on the schizophrenia spectrum and related disorders. In this case of a young adult with a typical age of onset for psychotic symptoms also presenting with cannabis use, excessive vaping, history of COVID-19 illness, pineal cyst, and extreme elevation of blood pressure, the diagnostic certainty decreases. Increased risk of progression to schizophrenia in individuals with cannabis use disorder and genetic loading has been extensively reported in the literature. Clinicians may face significant diagnostic and treatment challenges when managing a patient with severe psychotic symptoms. For the clinicians acutely managing such patients facing these exact questions of unknown certainty in progression to full-blown schizophrenia, we highlight a case of severe acute psychosis and complete recovery on a first-generation antipsychotic and mood stabilizer.
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12
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Anxiety and cognitive-related effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are differentially mediated through distinct GSK-3 vs. Akt-mTOR pathways in the nucleus accumbens of male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:509-524. [PMID: 34860284 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis and is responsible for cannabis-related neuropsychiatric side effects, including abnormal affective processing, cognitive and sensory filtering deficits and memory impairments. A critical neural region linked to the psychotropic effects of THC is the nucleus accumbens shell (NASh), an integrative mesocorticolimbic structure that sends and receives inputs from multiple brain areas known to be dysregulated in various disorders, including schizophrenia and anxiety-related disorders. Considerable evidence demonstrates functional differences between posterior vs. anterior NASh sub-regions in the processing of affective and cognitive behaviours influenced by THC. Nevertheless, the neuroanatomical regions and local molecular pathways responsible for these psychotropic effects are not currently understood. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of intra-accumbens THC in the anterior vs. posterior regions of the NASh during emotional memory formation, sensorimotor gating and anxiety-related behaviours. METHODS We performed an integrative series of translational behavioural pharmacological studies examining anxiety, sensorimotor gating and fear-related associative memory formation combined with regionally specific molecular signalling analyses in male Sprague Dawley rats. RESULTS We report that THC in the posterior NASh causes distortions in emotional salience attribution, impaired sensory filtering and memory retention and heightened anxiety, through a glycogen-synthase-kinase-3 (GSK-3)-β-catenin dependent signalling pathway. In contrast, THC in the anterior NASh produces anxiolytic effects via modulation of protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation states. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal critical new insights into the neuroanatomical and molecular mechanisms associated with the differential neuropsychiatric side effects of THC in dissociable nucleus accumbens sub-regions.
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13
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Rup J, Freeman TP, Perlman C, Hammond D. Cannabis and Mental Health: Adverse Outcomes and Self-Reported Impact of Cannabis Use by Mental Health Status. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:719-729. [PMID: 35170396 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2034872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis can induce negative outcomes among consumers with mental health conditions. This study examined medical help-seeking behavior, patterns of adverse effects, and perceived impacts of cannabis among consumers with and without mental health conditions. Methods: Data came from the International Cannabis Policy Study, via online surveys conducted in 2018. Respondents included 6,413 past 12-month cannabis consumers aged 16-65, recruited from commercial panels in Canada and the US. Regression models examined differences in adverse health effects and perceived impact of cannabis among those with and without self-reported past 12-month experience of anxiety, depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder, psychosis. Results: Overall, 7% of past 12-month consumers reported seeking medical help for adverse effects of cannabis, including panic, dizziness, nausea. Help-seeking was greater for those with psychosis (13.8%: AOR = 1.78; 1.11-2.87), depression (8.9%: AOR = 1.57; 1.28-1.93), and bipolar disorder (10.1%: AOR = 1.53; 1.44-2.74). Additionally, 54.1% reported using cannabis to manage symptoms of mental health, with higher rates among those with bipolar (90.8%) and PTSD (90.7%). Consumers reporting >1 condition were more likely to perceive positive impacts on friendships, physical/mental health, family life, work, studies, quality of life (all p < .001). Consumers with psychosis were most likely to perceive negative effects across categories. Conclusion: For conditions with substantial evidence suggesting cannabis is harmful, greater help-seeking behaviors and self-perceived negative effects were observed. Consumers with mental health conditions generally perceive cannabis to have a positive impact on their lives. The relationship between cannabis and mental health is disorder specific and may include a combination of perceived benefits and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rup
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Department of Psychology, Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Chris Perlman
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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14
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Binkowska AA, Ruban A, Gogolewska M, Sawicz P, Rychlewski L, Brzezicka A. Who Is at Risk of Developing Cannabis Dependence? Findings From an Extensive Online Study on Cannabis Users. J Addict Nurs 2022; 33:37-44. [PMID: 35230059 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although frequency of cannabis use is considered to be the strongest risk factor for developing cannabis dependence, only up to half of daily users become dependent. In this study, we explored an array of risk factors and moderators of cannabis dependence symptoms from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition endorsed by participants. METHODS A sample of 1,635 cannabis users completed an Internet survey consisting of measures of cannabis and other drug use. Multiple linear regression with a backward elimination method was employed to identify predictors of cannabis dependence symptoms. After that, a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to test the predictive validity of the interactions between frequency of cannabis use and other predictors. RESULTS Frequency of cannabis use appeared to be the strongest predictor of developing cannabis dependence symptoms; other significant predictors of cannabis dependence symptoms were substance-dependency-related treatment seeking, mental health problems in the family and pattern of substance use. Duration of cannabis use, relationship status, and drug use history in the family were identified as significant moderators of the relationship between frequency of cannabis use and the number of cannabis dependence symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the frequency of cannabis use is the strongest predictor of cannabis dependence symptoms but this relationship is significantly moderated by three abovementioned factors.
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15
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Dabiri AE, Kassab GS. Effects of Cannabis on Cardiovascular System: The Good, the Bad, and the Many Unknowns. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2021; 4:75-85. [PMID: 35224427 PMCID: PMC8832198 DOI: 10.1159/000519775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is currently the most consumed illicit substance in the world, and gradual legalization in the USA makes it important to understand the health consequences of the use of this substance. With growing body of evidence that some cannabis ingredients may be beneficial in various aspects of hemostasis, additional research is clearly needed in various clinical areas. In addition to understanding the efficacy, research efforts should also include studies that address any harmful effects of the compounds or administration methods that may result in adverse effects. This review is focused on the cardiometabolic effects of cannabis use. Cardiometabolic diseases are among the leading causes of death in the USA and around the world. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the known medicinal benefits of selected cannabis cannabinoids and the known side effects or contraindications. More importantly, we have proposed new questions and signposts in cannabis research to uncover additional medicinal benefits and identify the health hazards with focus on cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali E. Dabiri
- California Medical Innovation Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- 3DTholdings, San Diego, California, USA
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16
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Zhang S, Li M, Guo Z. Effect of cannabidiol on schizophrenia based on randomized controlled trials: A meta-analysis. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Epigenetic Mediation of AKT1 rs1130233's Effect on Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Medial Temporal Function during Fear Processing. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091240. [PMID: 34573260 PMCID: PMC8471665 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, have been shown to have anxiogenic effects. Additionally, THC effects have been shown to be modulated by genotype, including the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1130233 at the protein kinase AKT1 gene, a key component of the dopamine signalling cascade. As such, it is likely that epigenetic methylation around this SNP may affect AKT gene expression, which may in turn impact on the acute effects of THC on brain function. We investigated the genetic (AKT1 rs1130233) and epigenetic modulation of brain function during fear processing in a 2-session, double-blind, cross-over, randomized placebo-controlled THC administration, in 36 healthy males. Fear processing was assessed using an emotion (fear processing) paradigm, under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Complete genetic and fMRI data were available for 34 participants. THC caused an increase in anxiety and transient psychotomimetic symptoms and para-hippocampal gyrus/amygdala activation. Number of A alleles at the AKT1 rs1130233 SNP, and percentage methylation at the CpG11-12 site, were independently associated with a greater effect of THC on activation in a network of brain regions including left and right parahippocampal gyri, respectively. AKT1 rs1130233 moderation of the THC effect on left parahippocampal activation persisted after covarying for methylation percentage, and was partially mediated in sections of the left parahippocampal gyrus/hippocampus by methylation percentage. These results may offer an example of how genetic and epigenetic variations influence the psychotomimetic and neurofunctional effects of THC.
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18
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Sami M, Quattrone D, Ferraro L, Tripoli G, Cascia EL, Gayer-Anderson C, Selten JP, Arango C, Bernardo M, Tarricone I, Tortelli A, Gatto G, Del Peschio S, Del-Ben CM, Rutten BP, Jones PB, van Os J, de Haan L, Morgan C, Lewis C, Bhattacharyya S, Freeman TP, Lynskey M, Murray RM, Forti MD. Association of extent of cannabis use and psychotic like intoxication experiences in a multi-national sample of first episode psychosis patients and controls. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2074-2082. [PMID: 32340643 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First episode psychosis (FEP) patients who use cannabis experience more frequent psychotic and euphoric intoxication experiences compared to controls. It is not clear whether this is consequent to patients being more vulnerable to the effects of cannabis use or to their heavier pattern of use. We aimed to determine whether extent of use predicted psychotic-like and euphoric intoxication experiences in patients and controls and whether this differs between groups. METHODS We analysed data on patients who had ever used cannabis (n = 655) and controls who had ever used cannabis (n = 654) across 15 sites from six countries in the EU-GEI study (2010-2015). We used multiple regression to model predictors of cannabis-induced experiences and to determine if there was an interaction between caseness and extent of use. RESULTS Caseness, frequency of cannabis use and money spent on cannabis predicted psychotic-like and euphoric experiences (p ⩽ 0.001). For psychotic-like experiences (PEs) there was a significant interaction for caseness × frequency of use (p < 0.001) and caseness × money spent on cannabis (p = 0.001) such that FEP patients had increased experiences at increased levels of use compared to controls. There was no significant interaction for euphoric experiences (p > 0.5). CONCLUSIONS FEP patients are particularly sensitive to increased psychotic-like, but not euphoric experiences, at higher levels of cannabis use compared to controls. This suggests a specific psychotomimetic response in FEP patients related to heavy cannabis use. Clinicians should enquire regarding cannabis related PEs and advise that lower levels of cannabis use are associated with less frequent PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Sami
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Institute of Mental Health, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 9012 9Palermo, Italy
| | - Giada Tripoli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Erika La Cascia
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 9012 9Palermo, Italy
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care, Sandifortdreef 19, 2333 ZZLeiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Department of Medicine, Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tortelli
- Etablissement Public de Santé Maison Blanche, Paris, 75020, France
| | - Giusy Gatto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Del Peschio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bart P Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Cathryn Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Department of Psychology, Addiciton and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, LondonSE5 8BB, UK
| | - Michael Lynskey
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, LondonSE5 8BB, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Lebowitz MS, Appelbaum PS, Dixon LB, Girgis RR, Wall MM. Experimentally exploring the potential behavioral effects of personalized genetic information about marijuana and schizophrenia risk. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140:316-322. [PMID: 34126426 PMCID: PMC8319095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana use may increase schizophrenia risk, and this effect may be genetically moderated. We investigated how hypothetical genetic test results indicating the presence or absence of heightened schizophrenia risk in reaction to marijuana use would affect attitudes toward marijuana use. In two experiments, participants were randomized to hypothetical scenarios in which genetic testing showed the presence or absence of a predisposition for marijuana use to increase their schizophrenia risk, or to a control condition with no mention of genetic testing. Experiment 1 used a sample of 801 U.S. young adults recruited via Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk platform. Experiment 2 replicated the same procedures with a nationally representative sample of 800 U.S. adults aged 18-30. In Experiment 1, those in the predisposition condition, compared to the control condition, rated the likelihood and importance of their avoiding marijuana as significantly higher, whereas those in the no-predisposition condition rated both as significantly lower. In experiment 2, these findings were largely replicated for the predisposition condition but not the no-predisposition condition, and prior marijuana use was a significant moderator, with the effects of the predisposition condition confined to participants who reported having used marijuana. If these results are predictive of responses to actual genetic testing, they suggest that genetic test results indicating that marijuana use will increase one's schizophrenia risk may incentivize abstinence, especially for those with prior marijuana use. Future research could further investigate whether genetic test results indicating the absence of such a predisposition might disincentivize abstinence from marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Lebowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: Matthew S. Lebowitz, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, NY State Psychiatric Institute Unit 122, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA,
| | | | - Lisa B. Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ragy R. Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie M. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Reversing the Psychiatric Effects of Neurodevelopmental Cannabinoid Exposure: Exploring Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions for Symptom Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157861. [PMID: 34360626 PMCID: PMC8346164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental exposure to psychoactive compounds in cannabis, specifically THC, is associated with a variety of long-term psychopathological outcomes. This increased risk includes a higher prevalence of schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, and cognitive impairments. Clinical and pre-clinical research continues to identify a wide array of underlying neuropathophysiological sequelae and mechanisms that may underlie THC-related psychiatric risk vulnerability, particularly following adolescent cannabis exposure. A common theme among these studies is the ability of developmental THC exposure to induce long-term adaptations in the mesocorticolimbic system which resemble pathological endophenotypes associated with these disorders. This narrative review will summarize recent clinical and pre-clinical evidence that has elucidated these THC-induced developmental risk factors and examine how specific pharmacotherapeutic interventions may serve to reverse or perhaps prevent these cannabis-related risk outcomes.
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21
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Papastergiou J, Li W, Sterling C, van den Bemt B. Pharmacogenetic-guided cannabis usage in the community pharmacy: evaluation of a pilot program. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:24. [PMID: 33526106 PMCID: PMC7819344 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists possess a skillset suited to provide evidence-based guidance to current and potential users of cannabis. Clinical pharmacogenomics research has made significant progress in defining which genetic variations are important for influencing inter-patient variability in response to cannabis. This study aims to evaluate the practicality and impact of pharmacogenetic testing in the community pharmacy to help guide in the safe use of cannabis. METHODS The pilot program was designed as open-label, non-randomized, and observational. Two busy, urban community pharmacies, operating under the brand Shoppers Drug Mart, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada offered pharmacogenomic testing to cannabis users as part of their professional services program over a period of 2 months. Eligible patients received buccal swabs using a DNA cheek swab kit. De-identified, barcoded samples were then sent by regular mail to an off-site CLIA-certified laboratory for analysis in Mississauga, Canada. A pharmacogenetic testing platform from Lobo Genetics® was utilized for translation of participants' DNA with respect to CYP2C9, AKT1 and COMT genetic polymorphisms. Following genomic data translation, personalized, evidence-based recommendations were generated. Pharmacists provided a cannabis pharmacogenetic consultation to patients via telephone or in-person. RESULTS Twenty patients enrolled in the study. Pharmacogenetic screening identified 95% as having the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype (suggesting normal THC metabolism); 35 and 25% had AKT1 genotypes suggesting intermediate risk (C/T genotype) or high risk (C/C genotype), respectively, for cannabis-induced psychosis; and 45 and 10% had COMT genotypes suggesting intermediate risk (Val/Met genotype) or high risk (Val/Val genotype), respectively for cannabis-induced neurocognitive impairment. After the pharmacogenetic consultation, 65% of patients reported an increased comfort level in choosing a specific strength/strain of cannabis for use in the future; 75% considered the consultation of high value providing information potentially vital to their health and wellbeing. CONCLUSION Although the study did not find any CYP2C9 variants associated with highly diminished THC metabolism, most of these patients do carry genetic variants that may potentially predispose them to the development of psychosis and memory impairment. Similar initiatives can potentially improve patient safety and empower individuals to make informed decisions about cannabis use and possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Papastergiou
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada.
- Shoppers Drug Mart, Toronto, ON, M4J 1L2, Canada.
| | - Wilson Li
- Shoppers Drug Mart, Toronto, ON, M4J 1L2, Canada
| | - Carly Sterling
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart van den Bemt
- Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Fatjó-Vilas M, Soler J, Ibáñez MI, Moya-Higueras J, Ortet G, Guardiola-Ripoll M, Fañanás L, Arias B. The effect of the AKT1 gene and cannabis use on cognitive performance in healthy subjects. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:990-998. [PMID: 32536252 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120928179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the AKT1 gene may modulate the degree to which cannabis use induces cognitive alterations in patients with a psychotic disorder. AIM To examine the interplay between AKT1 and cannabis use in terms of the cognitive performance of the general population. METHODS Our sample consisted of 389 Spanish university students. Sustained attention was measured via the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs, immediate and delayed verbal memory with the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale, and working memory with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Lifetime cannabis use frequency was assessed and individuals were classified as cannabis users or non-users. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the AKT1 gene were genotyped and, according to previous studies, each subject was defined as a carrier of two, one or no copies of the haplotype (rs2494732(C)-rs1130233(A)). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to test the effect of the genetic variability and cannabis use (and their interaction) on cognitive performance. RESULTS An effect of the AKT1 haplotype was found on attention scores: individuals with two copies of the haplotype performed better (β=0.18, p<0.001 (adjusted for false discovery rate)), while neither cannabis nor the AKT1-cannabis interaction was associated with attention. No effect of AKT1, cannabis or the AKT1-cannabis interaction was found on verbal memory or working memory. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides additional evidence that AKT1 modulates cognitive performance. However, in our non-clinical sample, the previously reported interaction between cannabis use and the AKT1 gene was not replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain.,Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Soler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain
| | - M I Ibáñez
- Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - J Moya-Higueras
- Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - G Ortet
- Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - M Guardiola-Ripoll
- FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Fañanás
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain.,Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Arias
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain.,Mental Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Dunn AL, Michie PT, Hodgson DM, Harms L. Adolescent cannabinoid exposure interacts with other risk factors in schizophrenia: A review of the evidence from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:202-220. [PMID: 32610181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many factors and their interaction are linked to the aetiology of schizophrenia, leading to the development of animal models of multiple risk factors and adverse exposures. Differentiating between separate and combined effects for each factor could better elucidate schizophrenia pathology, and drive development of preventative strategies for high-load risk factors. An epidemiologically valid risk factor commonly associated with schizophrenia is adolescent cannabis use. The aim of this review is to evaluate how early-life adversity from various origins, in combination with adolescent cannabinoid exposure interact, and whether these interactions confer main, synergistic or protective effects in animal models of schizophrenia-like behavioural, cognitive and morphological alterations. Patterns emerge regarding which models show consistent synergistic or protective effects, particularly those models incorporating early-life exposure to maternal deprivation and maternal immune activation, and sex-specific effects are observed. It is evident that more research needs to be conducted to better understand the risks and alterations of interacting factors, with particular interest in sex differences, to better understand the translatability of these preclinical models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Dunn
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Lauren Harms
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
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24
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Hindocha C, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, Murray RM, Mondelli V, Breen G, Curtis C, Morgan CJA, Valerie Curran H, Di Forti M. Do AKT1, COMT and FAAH influence reports of acute cannabis intoxication experiences in patients with first episode psychosis, controls and young adult cannabis users? Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:143. [PMID: 32398646 PMCID: PMC7217850 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and biological evidence support the association between heavy cannabis use and psychosis. However, it is unclear which cannabis users are susceptible to its psychotogenic effect. Therefore, understanding genetic factors contributing to this relationship might prove an important strategy to identify the mechanisms underlying cannabis-associated psychotic experiences. We aimed to determine how variation in AKT1, COMT and FAAH genotypes, and their interaction with three different groups (first episode psychosis (FEP) patients (n = 143), controls (n = 92) and young adult (YA) cannabis users n = 485)) influenced cannabis experiences, in those who had used cannabis at least once. We investigated the role of AKT1 (rs2494732), COMT Val158Met (rs4680) and FAAH (rs324420) on cannabis experiences by combining data from a large case-control study of FEP patients, with a naturalistic study of YA cannabis users (n = 720). Outcome measures were cannabis-induced psychotic-like experiences (cPLEs) and euphoric experiences (cEEs). We used linear mixed effects models to assess the effects of each genotype and their interaction with group, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, age of first cannabis use, years of use and frequency. cPLEs were more frequent in FEP patients than controls and YA cannabis users. cEEs were more prevalent in YA cannabis users than FEP patients or controls. Variation in AKT1, COMT or FAAH was not associated with cPLEs/cEEs. There was no interaction between genotype and group (FEP cases, controls and YA cannabis users) on cPLEs/cEEs. In conclusion, AKT1, COMT or FAAH did not modulate specific psychotomimetic response to cannabis and did not interact with group, contrary to previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. .,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom. .,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Diego Quattrone
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.451052.70000 0004 0581 2008South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom ,grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.37640.360000 0000 9439 0839NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM), London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Charles Curtis
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Celia J. A. Morgan
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - H. Valerie Curran
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom ,grid.439749.40000 0004 0612 2754NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Di Forti
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.451052.70000 0004 0581 2008South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
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25
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Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Schafer G, Gardner C, Bloomfield MA, Bramon E, Morgan CJ, Curran HV. Acute effects of cannabinoids on addiction endophenotypes are moderated by genes encoding the CB1 receptor and FAAH enzyme. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12762. [PMID: 31013550 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding genetic factors that contribute to cannabis use disorder (CUD) is important, but to date, findings have been equivocal. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1; rs1049353 and rs806378) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) gene (rs324420) have been implicated in CUD. Their relationship to addiction endophenotypes such as cannabis-related state satiety, the salience of appetitive cues, and craving after acute cannabinoid administration has not been investigated. Forty-eight cannabis users participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover experiment where they were administered treatments in a randomized order via vaporization: placebo, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (8 mg), THC + cannabidiol (THC + CBD) (8 + 16 mg), and CBD (16 mg). Cannabis-related state satiety, appetitive cue salience (cannabis and food), and cannabis craving were assessed each day. Participants were genotyped for rs1049353, rs806378, and rs324420. Results indicated that CNR1 rs1049353 GG carriers showed increased state satiety after THC/THC + CBD administration in comparison with placebo and reduced the salience of appetitive cues after THC in comparison with CBD administration; A carriers did not vary on either of these measures indicative of a vulnerability to CUD. CNR1 rs806378 CC carriers showed greater salience to appetitive cues in comparison with T carriers, but there was no evidence for changes in state satiety. FAAH rs324420 A carriers showed greater bias to appetitive cues after THC, in comparison with CC carriers. FAAH CC carriers showed reduced bias after THC in comparison with CBD. No SNPs modulated craving. These findings identify candidate neurocognitive mechanisms through which endocannabinoid system genetics may influence vulnerability to CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College London London UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College Hospital London UK
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College London London UK
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of PsychologyUniversity of Bath Bath UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Grainne Schafer
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - Chelsea Gardner
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
| | - Michael A.P. Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College London London UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College Hospital London UK
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College London London UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College London London UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College London London UK
| | - Celia J.A. Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research CentreUniversity of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - H. Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London London UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College Hospital London UK
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26
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Seillier A, Martinez AA, Giuffrida A. Differential effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol dosing on correlates of schizophrenia in the sub-chronic PCP rat model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230238. [PMID: 32163506 PMCID: PMC7067407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social withdrawal in the sub-chronic phencyclidine (PCP) rat model, a behavioral correlate of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, results from deficits in brain endocannabinoid transmission. As cannabis intake has been shown to affect negatively the course and expression of psychosis, we tested whether the beneficial effects of endocannabinoid-mediated CB1 activation on social withdrawal in PCP-treated rats (5 mg/kg, twice daily for 7 days)also occurred after administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, we assessed whether THC affected two correlates of positive symptoms: 1) motor activity induced by d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), and 2) dopamine neuron population activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). After the motor activity test, the brains from d-amphetamine-treated animals were collected and processed for measurements of endocannabinoids and activation of Akt/GSK3β, two molecular markers involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In control rats, THC dose-dependently produced social interaction deficits and aberrant VTA dopamine neuron population activity similar to those observed in PCP-treated animals. In PCP-treated rats, only the lowest dose of THC reversed PCP-induced deficits, as well as PCP-induced elevation of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) in the nucleus accumbens. Last, THC activated the Akt/GSK3β pathway dose-dependently in both control and PCP-treated animals. Taken together, these data suggest that only low doses of THC have beneficial effects on behavioral, neurochemical and electrophysiological correlates of schizophrenia symptoms. This observation may shed some light on the controversial hypothesis of marijuana use as self-medication in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Seillier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex A. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrea Giuffrida
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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27
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van der Steur SJ, Batalla A, Bossong MG. Factors Moderating the Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychosis Risk: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E97. [PMID: 32059350 PMCID: PMC7071602 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a relationship between cannabis use and psychosis risk. Specific factors, such as determinants of cannabis use or the genetic profile of cannabis users, appear to moderate this association. The present systematic review presents a detailed and up-to-date literature overview on factors that influence the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis risk. A systematic search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines in MEDLINE and Embase, and 56 studies were included. The results show that, in particular, frequent cannabis use, especially daily use, and the consumption of high-potency cannabis are associated with a higher risk of developing psychosis. Moreover, several genotypes moderate the impact of cannabis use on psychosis risk, particularly those involved in the dopamine function, such as AKT1. Finally, cannabis use is associated with an earlier psychosis onset and increased risk of transition in individuals at a clinical high risk of psychosis. These findings indicate that changing cannabis use behavior could be a harm reduction strategy employed to lower the risk of developing psychosis. Future research should aim to further develop specific biomarkers and genetic profiles for psychosis, thereby contributing to the identification of individuals at the highest risk of developing a psychotic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthijs G. Bossong
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
Objective: This review discusses the relationship between cannabis use and psychotic, bipolar, depressive, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicide. It summarizes epidemiological evidence from cross-sectional and long-term prospective studies and considers possible etiological mechanisms. Methods: Systematic reviews and methodologically robust studies in the field (from inception to February 2019) were identified using a comprehensive search of Medline, PsychINFO, and Embase and summarized using a narrative synthesis. Results: Consistent evidence, both from observational and experimental studies, has confirmed the important role of cannabis use in the initiation and persistence of psychotic disorders. The size of the effect is related to the extent of cannabis use, with greater risk for early cannabis use and use of high-potency varieties and synthetic cannabinoids. Accumulating evidence suggests that frequent cannabis use also increases the risk for mania as well as for suicide. However, the effect on depression is less clear and findings on anxiety are contradictory with only a few methodologically robust studies. Furthermore, the relationship with common mental disorders may involve reverse causality, as depression and anxiety are reported to lead to greater cannabis consumption in some studies. Pathogenetic mechanisms focus on the effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the main psychoactive ingredient of cannabis) interacting with genetic predisposition and perhaps other environmental risk factors. Cannabidiol (CBD), the other important ingredient of traditional cannabis, ameliorates the psychotogenic effects of THC but is absent from the high-potency varieties that are increasingly available. Conclusions: The evidence that heavy use of high-THC/low-CBD types of cannabis increases the risk of psychosis is sufficiently strong to merit public health education. Evidence of similar but smaller effects in mania and suicide is growing, but is not convincing for depression and anxiety. There is much current interest in the possibility that CBD may be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sideli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Harriet Quigley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Trust Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,South London and Maudsley NHS Trust Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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29
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Blest-Hopley G, Colizzi M, Giampietro V, Bhattacharyya S. Is the Adolescent Brain at Greater Vulnerability to the Effects of Cannabis? A Narrative Review of the Evidence. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:859. [PMID: 33005157 PMCID: PMC7479242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use during the critical neurodevelopmental period of adolescence, may lead to brain structural, functional, and histological alterations that may underpin some of the longer-term behavioral and psychological harms associated with it. The endocannabinoid system performs a key regulatory and homeostatic role, that undergoes developmental changes during adolescence making it potentially more susceptible to the effects of exposure to cannabis during adolescence. Here, we synthesize evidence from human studies of adolescent cannabis users showing alterations in cognitive performance as well as in brain structure and function with relevant preclinical evidence to summarize the current state of knowledge. We also focus on the limited evidence that speaks to the hypothesis that cannabis use during adolescence, may pose a greater risk than use during adulthood, identify gaps in current evidence and suggest directions for new research. Existing literature is consistent with the association of cannabis use during adolescence and neurological changes. Adolescence cannabis users show altered functional connectivity within known functional circuits, that may underlie inefficient recruitment of brain regions, as largely increased functional activation has been observed compared to controls. This disruption in some cases may contribute to the development of adverse mental health conditions; increasing the chances or accelerating the onset, of their development. Preclinical evidence, further supports disruption from cannabis use being specific to the developmental period. Future studies are required to better investigate adolescent cannabis use with more accuracy using better defined groups or longitudinal studies and examine the permanency of these changes following caseation of use. Furthermore, research is required to identify heritable risk factors to cannabis use. There is a need for caution when considering the therapeutic potential of cannabis for adolescence and particularly in public discourse leading to potential trivialization of possible harm from cannabis use in adolescence. Current evidence indicates that adolescence is a sensitive period during which cannabis use may result in adverse neurocognitive effects that appear to show a level of permanency into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Blest-Hopley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Colizzi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.,Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Müller-Oehring EM, Le Berre AP, Serventi M, Kalon E, Haas AL, Padula CB, Schulte T. Brain activation to cannabis- and alcohol-related words in alcohol use disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 294:111005. [PMID: 31715379 PMCID: PMC6886708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis abuse commonly co-occurs with alcohol use disorder (AUD). With increased acceptance and accessibility to cannabis in the US, it is imperative to understand the psychological and neural mechanisms of concurrent alcohol and cannabis use. We hypothesized that neural alcohol-cue conditioning may extent to other drug-related stimuli, such as cannabis, and underwrite the loss of control over reward-driven behavior. Task-activated fMRI examined the neural correlates of alcohol- and cannabis-related word cues in 21 abstinent AUD and 18 control subjects. Relative to controls, AUD showed behavioral attentional biases and frontal hypoactivation to both alcohol- and cannabis-related words. This cue-elicited prefrontal hypoactivation was related to higher lifetime alcohol consumption (pcorrected < 0.02) and modulated by past cannabis use histories (p ≦ 0.001). In particular, frontal hypoactivation to both alcohol and cannabis cues was pronounced in AUD without prior cannabis exposure. Overall, frontal control mechanisms in abstinent AUD were not sufficiently engaged to override automatic alcohol and cannabis-related intrusions, enhancing the risk for relapse and potentially for alcohol and cannabis co-use with the increased social acceptance and accessibility in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Müller-Oehring
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Anne-Pascale Le Berre
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Matthew Serventi
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ember Kalon
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Amie L Haas
- Dept. of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Claudia B Padula
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tilman Schulte
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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Highs and lows of cannabinoid-dopamine interactions: effects of genetic variability and pharmacological modulation of catechol-O-methyl transferase on the acute response to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3209-3219. [PMID: 31187152 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) enzyme has been implicated in determining dopaminergic tone and the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the human brain. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the effect of (1) a functional polymorphism and (2) acute pharmacological inhibition of COMT on the acute response to THC in humans. METHODS Sub-study I: The effect of intravenous (IV) THC (0.05 mg/kg) was investigated in 74 healthy subjects genotyped for the COMT rs4680 (Val/Met) polymorphism in a 2-test-day double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Sub-study II: COMT rs4680 homozygous subjects (Val/Val and Met/Met) from sub-study I received the COMT enzyme inhibitor tolcapone (200 mg) followed by IV THC or placebo on two additional test days. Subjective, behavioral, and cognitive data were obtained periodically on each test day. RESULTS Sub-study I: Val/Val individuals were most sensitive to THC-induced attention and working memory deficits. In contrast, the psychotomimetic and subjective effects of THC were not influenced by COMT genotype. Sub-study II: Tolcapone reduced THC-induced working memory deficits, but not THC's psychotomimetic effects. Tolcapone and COMT genotype (met/met) were associated with an increased report of feeling "mellow." CONCLUSIONS The interaction between COMT rs4680 polymorphisms and tolcapone on the cognitive, but not on the psychotomimetic and overall subjective effects of THC, suggests that modulation of dopaminergic signaling may selectively influence specific cannabinoid effects in healthy individuals. The role of dopaminergic signaling in the cognitive effects of cannabinoids should be considered in drug development efforts targeting these effects. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00678730?term=NCT00678730&rank=1 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00678730.
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Hudson R, Renard J, Norris C, Rushlow WJ, Laviolette SR. Cannabidiol Counteracts the Psychotropic Side-Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the Ventral Hippocampus through Bidirectional Control of ERK1-2 Phosphorylation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8762-8777. [PMID: 31570536 PMCID: PMC6820200 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0708-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the phytocannabinoids Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) differentially regulate salience attribution and psychiatric risk. The ventral hippocampus (vHipp) relays emotional salience via control of dopamine (DA) neuronal activity states, which are dysregulated in psychosis and schizophrenia. Using in vivo electrophysiology in male Sprague Dawley rats, we demonstrate that intra-vHipp THC strongly increases ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuronal frequency and bursting rates, decreases GABA frequency, and amplifies VTA beta, gamma and ε oscillatory magnitudes via modulation of local extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK1-2). Remarkably, whereas intra-vHipp THC also potentiates salience attribution in morphine place-preference and fear conditioning assays, CBD coadministration reverses these changes by downregulating pERK1-2 signaling, as pharmacological reactivation of pERK1-2 blocked the inhibitory properties of CBD. These results identify vHipp pERK1-2 signaling as a critical neural nexus point mediating THC-induced affective disturbances and suggest a potential mechanism by which CBD may counteract the psychotomimetic and psychotropic side effects of THC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Strains of marijuana with high levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and low levels of cannabidiol (CBD) have been shown to underlie neuropsychiatric risks associated with high-potency cannabis use. However, the mechanisms by which CBD mitigates the side effects of THC have not been identified. We demonstrate that THC induces cognitive and affective abnormalities resembling neuropsychiatric symptoms directly in the hippocampus, while dysregulating dopamine activity states and amplifying oscillatory frequencies in the ventral tegmental area via modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. In contrast, CBD coadministration blocked THC-induced ERK phosphorylation, and prevented THC-induced behavioral and neural abnormalities. These findings identify a novel molecular mechanism that may account for how CBD functionally mitigates the neuropsychiatric side effects of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hudson
- Addiction Research Group
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Justine Renard
- Addiction Research Group
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | | | - Walter J Rushlow
- Addiction Research Group
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group,
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
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Determining Risks for Cannabis Use Disorder in the Face of Changing Legal Policies. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019; 6:466-477. [PMID: 33312839 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review This review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the current literature on the associations between individual and socio-cultural factors that increase risk for cannabis use disorder (CUD), and policy change. Recent findings Epidemiological studies show that areas with permissive legal cannabis climates are associated with greater individual risk factors for CUD. This includes: (1) higher rates of edible consumption and vaping, (2) higher delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency and lower cannabidiol (CBD) levels, and, (3) younger age of initiation of use. Summary A change in the socio-cultural level, such as shifts in the legalization of cannabis, could interact with individual-level factors in their associations with CUD. There is currently a lack of empirical studies that evaluate this interaction. We propose that future research consider a bioecological framework for CUD to allow for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of legal climate that could inform policy and clinical practice.
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Freeman AM, Petrilli K, Lees R, Hindocha C, Mokrysz C, Curran HV, Saunders R, Freeman TP. How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:696-712. [PMID: 31580839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent liberalisation of cannabis regulation has increased public and scientific debate about its potential benefits and risks. A key focus has been the extent to which cannabidiol (CBD) might influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but this has never been reviewed systematically. In this systematic review of how CBD influences the acute effects of THC we identified 16 studies involving 466 participants. Ten studies were judged at low risk of bias. The findings were mixed, although CBD was found to reduce the effects of THC in several studies. Some studies found that CBD reduced intense experiences of anxiety or psychosis-like effects of THC and blunted some of the impairments on emotion and reward processing. However, CBD did not consistently influence the effects of THC across all studies and outcomes. There was considerable heterogeneity in dose, route of administration and THC:CBD ratio across studies and no clear dose-response profile emerged. Although findings were mixed, this review suggests that CBD may interact with some acute effects of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Katherine Petrilli
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Lees
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rob Saunders
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; National Addiction Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK
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Curran HV, Hindocha C, Morgan CJA, Shaban N, Das RK, Freeman TP. Which biological and self-report measures of cannabis use predict cannabis dependency and acute psychotic-like effects? Psychol Med 2019; 49:1574-1580. [PMID: 30176957 PMCID: PMC6541869 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171800226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cannabis regulation globally make it increasingly important to determine what predicts an individual's risk of experiencing adverse drug effects. Relevant studies have used diverse self-report measures of cannabis use, and few include multiple biological measures. Here we aimed to determine which biological and self-report measures of cannabis use predict cannabis dependency and acute psychotic-like symptoms. METHOD In a naturalistic study, 410 young cannabis users were assessed once when intoxicated with their own cannabis and once when drug-free in counterbalanced order. Biological measures of cannabinoids [(Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and their metabolites)] were derived from three samples: each participant's own cannabis (THC, CBD), a sample of their hair (THC, THC-OH, THC-COOH, CBN, CBD) and their urine (THC-COOH/creatinine). Comprehensive self-report measures were also obtained. Self-reported and clinician-rated assessments were taken for cannabis dependency [Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), DSM-IV-TR] and acute psychotic-like symptoms [Psychotomimetic State Inventory (PSI) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)]. RESULTS Cannabis dependency was positively associated with days per month of cannabis use on both measures, and with urinary THC-COOH/creatinine for the SDS. Acute psychotic-like symptoms were positively associated with age of first cannabis use and negatively with urinary THC-COOH/creatinine; no predictors emerged for BPRS. CONCLUSIONS Levels of THC exposure are positively associated with both cannabis dependency and tolerance to the acute psychotic-like effects of cannabis. Combining urinary and self-report assessments (use frequency; age first used) enhances the measurement of cannabis use and its association with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower St, London, UK
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower St, London, UK
| | - Celia J. A. Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower St, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Natacha Shaban
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower St, London, UK
| | - Ravi K. Das
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower St, London, UK
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower St, London, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Curran HV, Hindocha C, Morgan C, Shaban NDC, Das R, Freeman TP. Reply to Vadhan et al. - Correspondence on Curran et al. (2018) 'Which biological and self-report measures of cannabis use predict cannabis dependency and acute psychotic-like response'. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1759-1760. [PMID: 30841938 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Śledziński P, Zeyland J, Slomski R, Nowak-Terpiłowska A. The adverse effects of marijuana use: The present state and future directions. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2018.1561580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Śledziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Slomski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Prenatal immune activation potentiates endocannabinoid-related plasticity of inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus of adolescent rat offspring. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1405-1417. [PMID: 30257799 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that immune activation from prenatal infection increases the risk for offspring to develop schizophrenia. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia while models of cortical dysfunction postulate an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition in the disorder. The current study examined the impact of prenatal immune activation on eCB-mediated inhibitory mechanisms. We compared two forms of eCB-related plasticity of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents, namely depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) and metabotropic glutamate receptor-induced long term depression (mGluR-iLTD), in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus between adolescent offspring from rat dams that received either saline or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during pregnancy. Compared to prenatal saline offspring, prenatal LPS offspring displayed prolonged DSI and stronger mGluR-iLTD in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, respectively. The sensitivity of mGluR-iLTD to the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 was also lower in the dorsal hippocampus of prenatal LPS compared to prenatal saline offspring. Testing whether changes in eCB receptor signaling or levels could contribute to these changes in inhibitory transmission, we found region specific increases in 2-arachidonoylglycerol-stimulated signaling and in basal and mGluR-induced levels of anandamide in prenatal LPS offspring when compared to prenatal saline offspring. Our findings indicate that prenatal immune activation can lead to long-term changes in eCB-related plasticity of hippocampal inhibitory synaptic transmission in adolescent rat offspring. Perturbation of the eCB system resulting from prenatal immune activation could represent a mechanism linking early life immune events to the development of psychopathology in adolescence.
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Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, Roncero C. Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2018; 64:690-704. [PMID: 30442059 DOI: 10.1177/0020764018801690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Cannabis consumption produces psychopathology, in some cases psychotic episodes, which are of our interest in this work. However, the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis has not been fully elucidated. The objectives of this work are to (1) review the current state of knowledge on the association of cannabis use with the risk of the development of psychosis or psychotic symptoms in people without schizophrenia and (2) assess the consistency of the hypothesis that cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychosis in people without schizophrenia. METHOD: This work included research done in humans until May 2018 with the keywords 'cannabis' and 'psychosis', published in English and Spanish, in the PubMed database. RESULTS: In all, 66 papers were analyzed, of which 23 were cohort trials and 43 were reviews. CONCLUSION: Cannabis use doubles the risk of developing psychosis in vulnerable people. There even exists a relationship regarding the dose used and the age of first use. Gene-environment interactions that modulate the association between cannabis use and the presence of psychosis have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bettina Ortiz-Medina
- 1 Area of Research, Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.,2 Hospital de Clínicas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Marta Perea
- 3 Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Public Health Agency of Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Julio Torales
- 2 Hospital de Clínicas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.,5 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- 6 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vitrani
- 6 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Lourdes Aguilar
- 7 Psychiatric Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Salamanca, Spain.,8 Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Roncero
- 3 Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Public Health Agency of Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,7 Psychiatric Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Salamanca, Spain.,8 Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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40
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Bloomfield MAP, Hindocha C, Green SF, Wall MB, Lees R, Petrilli K, Costello H, Ogunbiyi MO, Bossong MG, Freeman TP. The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:132-161. [PMID: 30347211 PMCID: PMC6416743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The laws governing cannabis are evolving worldwide and associated with changing patterns of use. The main psychoactive drug in cannabis is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial agonist at the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor. Acutely, cannabis and THC produce a range of effects on several neurocognitive and pharmacological systems. These include effects on executive, emotional, reward and memory processing via direct interactions with the endocannabinoid system and indirect effects on the glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic systems. Cannabidiol, a non-intoxicating cannabinoid found in some forms of cannabis, may offset some of these acute effects. Heavy repeated cannabis use, particularly during adolescence, has been associated with adverse effects on these systems, which increase the risk of mental illnesses including addiction and psychosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive state of the art review on the acute and chronic neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis by synthesizing the available neuroimaging research in humans. We describe the effects of drug exposure during development, implications for understanding psychosis and cannabis use disorder, and methodological considerations. Greater understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabis may also give rise to new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A P Bloomfield
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian F Green
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Invicro UK, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lees
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Petrilli
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Costello
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - M Olabisi Ogunbiyi
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs G Bossong
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom; National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Individual and combined effects of acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on psychotomimetic symptoms and memory function. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:181. [PMID: 30185793 PMCID: PMC6125482 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The main active ingredient in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can acutely induce psychotic symptoms and impair episodic and working memory. Another major constituent, cannabidiol (CBD), may attenuate these effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of THC and CBD, both alone and in combination on psychotic symptoms and memory function. A randomised, double-blind crossover design compared the effects of (i) placebo, (ii) THC 8 mg, (iii) CBD 16 mg and (iv) THC 8 mg + CBD 16 mg administered by inhalation through a vaporiser. Using an experimental medicine approach to predict treatment sensitivity, we selected 48 cannabis users from the community on the basis of (1) schizotypal personality questionnaire scores (low, high) and (2) frequency of cannabis use (light, heavy). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI), immediate and delayed prose recall (episodic memory), 1- and 2-back (working memory) were assessed on each day. Results indicated that THC increased overall scores on the PSI, negative symptoms on BPRS, and robustly impaired episodic and working memory. Co-administration of CBD did not attenuate these effects. CBD alone reduced PSI scores in light users only. At a ratio of 2:1, CBD does not attenuate the acute psychotic and memory impairing effects of vaporised THC. Frequent cannabis users may show a blunted anti- psychotic response to CBD, which is of concern due to the high rates of cannabis use disorders in patients with schizophrenia.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia and other types of psychosis incur suffering, high health care costs and loss of human potential, due to the combination of early onset and poor response to treatment. Our ability to prevent or cure psychosis depends on knowledge of causal mechanisms. Molecular genetic studies show that thousands of common and rare variants contribute to the genetic risk for psychosis. Epidemiological studies have identified many environmental factors associated with increased risk of psychosis. However, no single genetic or environmental factor is sufficient to cause psychosis on its own. The risk of developing psychosis increases with the accumulation of many genetic risk variants and exposures to multiple adverse environmental factors. Additionally, the impact of environmental exposures likely depends on genetic factors, through gene-environment interactions. Only a few specific gene-environment combinations that lead to increased risk of psychosis have been identified to date. An example of replicable gene-environment interaction is a common polymorphism in the AKT1 gene that makes its carriers sensitive to developing psychosis with regular cannabis use. A synthesis of results from twin studies, molecular genetics, and epidemiological research outlines the many genetic and environmental factors contributing to psychosis. The interplay between these factors needs to be considered to draw a complete picture of etiology. To reach a more complete explanation of psychosis that can inform preventive strategies, future research should focus on longitudinal assessments of multiple environmental exposures within large, genotyped cohorts beginning early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Zwicker
- Department of Pathology,Dalhousie University,Halifax,NS,Canada
| | | | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Pathology,Dalhousie University,Halifax,NS,Canada
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43
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Ibarra-Lecue I, Mollinedo-Gajate I, Meana JJ, Callado LF, Diez-Alarcia R, Urigüen L. Chronic cannabis promotes pro-hallucinogenic signaling of 5-HT2A receptors through Akt/mTOR pathway. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2028-2035. [PMID: 29748632 PMCID: PMC6098160 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term use of potent cannabis during adolescence increases the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life, but to date, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Several findings suggest that the functional selectivity of serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) through inhibitory G-proteins is involved in the molecular mechanisms responsible for psychotic symptoms. Moreover, this receptor is dysregulated in the frontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. In this context, studies involving cannabis exposure and 5-HT2AR are scarce. Here, we tested in mice the effect of an early chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure on cortical 5-HT2AR expression, as well as on its in vivo and in vitro functionality. Long-term exposure to THC induced a pro-hallucinogenic molecular conformation of the 5-HT2AR and exacerbated schizophrenia-like responses, such as prepulse inhibition disruption. Supersensitive coupling of 5-HT2AR toward inhibitory Gαi1-, Gαi3-, Gαo-, and Gαz-proteins after chronic THC exposure was observed, without changes in the canonical Gαq/11-protein pathway. In addition, we found that inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway by rapamycin blocks the changes in 5-HT2AR signaling pattern and the supersensitivity to schizophrenia-like effects induced by chronic THC. The present study provides the first evidence of a mechanistic explanation for the relationship between chronic cannabis exposure in early life and increased risk of developing psychosis-like behaviors in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ibarra-Lecue
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
| | - Irene Mollinedo-Gajate
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Diez-Alarcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leyre Urigüen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain.
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain.
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The effect of interactions between genetics and cannabis use on neurocognition. A review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:95-106. [PMID: 29191570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the most widely-used drugs in industrialized countries. It is now well established that cannabis use impacts neurocognition. In the intoxication period time episodic memory, working memory and attention are impacted and impulsivity is increased. The long-term effects of cannabis use tend to be similar. Various internal factors, such as sex differences, modulate this impact. It is unclear whether genetic variations can also influence the impact of cannabis on neurocognition. We set out to examine the impact of genetic variations on neurocognition in cannabis users. METHOD We conducted a search via the PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases to identify studies measuring neurocognition and assessing genotypes in the context of cannabis use. RESULTS We included 13 articles. We found that working memory, verbal and visual memory and sustained attention are more impacted during intoxication in subjects with the Val COMT allele. COMT gene could also modulate sustained attention in regular use. The CNR1, AKT1, DBH and 5-HTT/SLC6A4 genes may also modulate effects. CONCLUSION Most of these genes are linked to schizophrenia. A fuller understanding of their impact on the effects of cannabis on neurocognition would thus help elucidate the mechanisms linking cannabis and psychosis. However, evidence is still scant, and more research is needed.
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Hudson R, Rushlow W, Laviolette SR. Phytocannabinoids modulate emotional memory processing through interactions with the ventral hippocampus and mesolimbic dopamine system: implications for neuropsychiatric pathology. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:447-458. [PMID: 29063964 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing clinical and preclinical evidence suggests a potential role for the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) as a pharmacotherapy for various neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component in cannabis, is associated with acute and neurodevelopmental propsychotic side effects through its interaction with central cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs). CB1R stimulation in the ventral hippocampus (VHipp) potentiates affective memory formation through inputs to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, thereby altering emotional salience attribution. These changes in DA activity and salience attribution, evoked by dysfunctional VHipp regulatory actions and THC exposure, could predispose susceptible individuals to psychotic symptoms. Although THC can accelerate the onset of schizophrenia, CBD displays antipsychotic properties, can prevent the acquisition of emotionally irrelevant memories, and reverses amphetamine-induced neuronal sensitization through selective phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) molecular signaling pathway. This review summarizes clinical and preclinical evidence demonstrating that distinct phytocannabinoids act within the VHipp and associated corticolimbic structures to modulate emotional memory processing through changes in mesolimbic DA activity states, salience attribution, and signal transduction pathways associated with schizophrenia-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Walter Rushlow
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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46
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Miller CL. The disconnect between the science on cannabis and public health campaigns. Addiction 2017; 112:1882-1883. [PMID: 28762233 DOI: 10.1111/add.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murray RM, Englund A, Abi-Dargham A, Lewis DA, Di Forti M, Davies C, Sherif M, McGuire P, D'Souza DC. Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28634109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that cannabis use is associated with an increased subsequent risk of both psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia-like psychoses. Early onset of use, daily use of high-potency cannabis, and synthetic cannabinoids carry the greatest risk. The risk-increasing effects are not explained by shared genetic predisposition between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Experimental studies in healthy humans show that cannabis and its active ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can produce transient, dose-dependent, psychotic symptoms, as well as an array of psychosis-relevant behavioral, cognitive and psychophysiological effects; the psychotogenic effects can be ameliorated by cannabidiol (CBD). Findings from structural imaging studies in cannabis users have been inconsistent but functional MRI studies have linked the psychotomimetic and cognitive effects of THC to activation in brain regions implicated in psychosis. Human PET studies have shown that acute administration of THC weakly releases dopamine in the striatum but that chronic users are characterised by low striatal dopamine. We are beginning to understand how cannabis use impacts on the endocannabinoid system but there is much still to learn about the biological mechanisms underlying how cannabis increases risk of psychosis. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - A Englund
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - M Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Davies
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Sherif
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - P McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - D C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
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Uher R, Zwicker A. Etiology in psychiatry: embracing the reality of poly-gene-environmental causation of mental illness. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:121-129. [PMID: 28498595 PMCID: PMC5428165 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intriguing findings on genetic and environmental causation suggest a need to reframe the etiology of mental disorders. Molecular genetics shows that thousands of common and rare genetic variants contribute to mental illness. Epidemiological studies have identified dozens of environmental exposures that are associated with psychopathology. The effect of environment is likely conditional on genetic factors, resulting in gene-environment interactions. The impact of environmental factors also depends on previous exposures, resulting in environment-environment interactions. Most known genetic and environmental factors are shared across multiple mental disorders. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, in particular, are closely causally linked. Synthesis of findings from twin studies, molecular genetics and epidemiological research suggests that joint consideration of multiple genetic and environmental factors has much greater explanatory power than separate studies of genetic or environmental causation. Multi-factorial gene-environment interactions are likely to be a generic mechanism involved in the majority of cases of mental illness, which is only partially tapped by existing gene-environment studies. Future research may cut across psychiatric disorders and address poly-causation by considering multiple genetic and environmental measures across the life course with a specific focus on the first two decades of life. Integrative analyses of poly-causation including gene-environment and environment-environment interactions can realize the potential for discovering causal types and mechanisms that are likely to generate new preventive and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Uher
- Departments of Psychiatry and PathologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxB3H 2E2Nova ScotiaCanada
| | - Alyson Zwicker
- Departments of Psychiatry and PathologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxB3H 2E2Nova ScotiaCanada
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New Repeat Polymorphism in the AKT1 Gene Predicts Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Availability and Stimulant-Induced Dopamine Release in the Healthy Human Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4982-4991. [PMID: 28416594 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3155-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the protein kinase Akt1 in dopamine neurotransmission is well recognized and has been implicated in schizophrenia and psychosis. However, the extent to which variants in the AKT1 gene influence dopamine neurotransmission is not well understood. Here we investigated the effect of a newly characterized variant number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in AKT1 [major alleles: L- (eight repeats) and H- (nine repeats)] on striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor (DRD2) availability and on dopamine release in healthy volunteers. We used PET and [11C]raclopride to assess baseline DRD2 availability in 91 participants. In 54 of these participants, we also measured intravenous methylphenidate-induced dopamine release to measure dopamine release. Dopamine release was quantified as the difference in specific binding of [11C]raclopride (nondisplaceable binding potential) between baseline values and values following methylphenidate injection. There was an effect of AKT1 genotype on DRD2 availability at baseline for the caudate (F(2,90) = 8.2, p = 0.001) and putamen (F(2,90) = 6.6, p = 0.002), but not the ventral striatum (p = 0.3). For the caudate and putamen, LL showed higher DRD2 availability than HH; HL were in between. There was also a significant effect of AKT1 genotype on dopamine increases in the ventral striatum (F(2,53) = 5.3, p = 0.009), with increases being stronger in HH > HL > LL. However, no dopamine increases were observed in the caudate (p = 0.1) or putamen (p = 0.8) following methylphenidate injection. Our results provide evidence that the AKT1 gene modulates both striatal DRD2 availability and dopamine release in the human brain, which could account for its association with schizophrenia and psychosis. The clinical relevance of the newly characterized AKT1 VNTR merits investigation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The AKT1 gene has been implicated in schizophrenia and psychosis. This association is likely to reflect modulation of dopamine signaling by Akt1 kinase since striatal dopamine hyperstimulation is associated with psychosis and schizophrenia. Here, using PET with [11C]raclopride, we identified in the AKT1 gene a new variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) marker associated with baseline striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability and with methylphenidate-induced striatal dopamine increases in healthy volunteers. Our results confirm the involvement of the AKT1 gene in modulating striatal dopamine signaling in the human brain. Future studies are needed to assess the association of this new VNTR AKT1 variant in schizophrenia and drug-induced psychoses.
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Renard J, Norris C, Rushlow W, Laviolette SR. Neuronal and molecular effects of cannabidiol on the mesolimbic dopamine system: Implications for novel schizophrenia treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:157-165. [PMID: 28185872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Growing clinical and pre-clinical evidence points to a critical role for cannabidiol (CBD), the largest phytochemical component of cannabis, as a potential pharmacotherapy for various neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is associated with acute and neurodevelopmental pro-psychotic side-effects, CBD possesses no known psychoactive or dependence-producing properties. However, evidence has demonstrated that CBD strongly modulates the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system and may possess promising anti-psychotic properties. Despite the psychotropic differences between CBD and THC, little is known regarding their molecular and neuronal effects on the mesolimbic DA system, nor how these differential effects may relate to their potential pro vs. anti-psychotic properties. This review summarizes clinical and pre-clinical evidence demonstrating CBD's modulatory effects on DA activity states within the mesolimbic pathway, functional interactions with the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor system, and their downstream molecular signaling effects. Together with clinical evidence showing that CBD may normalize affective and cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, CBD may represent a promising treatment for schizophrenia, acting through novel molecular and neuronal mesolimbic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Renard
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada
| | - Christopher Norris
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada
| | - Walter Rushlow
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada; Dept. of Psychology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 5A1, Canada.
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