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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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2
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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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3
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DNA binding by the antimalarial compound artemisinin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:133. [PMID: 34997002 PMCID: PMC8741894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a vital medicinal compound that is used alone or as part of a combination therapy against malaria. ART is thought to function by attaching to heme covalently and alkylating a range of proteins. Using a combination of biophysical methods, we demonstrate that ART is bound by three-way junction and duplex containing DNA molecules. Binding of ART by DNA is first shown for the cocaine-binding DNA aptamer and extensively studied using this DNA molecule. Isothermal titration calorimetry methods show that the binding of ART is both entropically and enthalpically driven at physiological NaCl concentration. Native mass spectrometry methods confirm DNA binding and show that a non-covalent complex is formed. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows that ART binds at the three-way junction of the cocaine-binding aptamer, and that binding results in the folding of the structure-switching variant of this aptamer. This structure-switching ability was exploited using the photochrome aptamer switch assay to demonstrate that ART can be detected using this biosensing assay. This study is the first to demonstrate the DNA binding ability of ART and should lay the foundation for further work to study implications of DNA binding for the antimalarial activity of ART.
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4
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Gellini C, Muniz-Miranda M, Pagliai M, Salvi PR. Spectroscopic studies on antimalarial Artesunate: Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering and adsorption geometries of Artesunate on silver nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Bergman ME, Davis B, Phillips MA. Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action. Molecules 2019; 24:E3961. [PMID: 31683764 PMCID: PMC6864776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized plant terpenoids have found fortuitous uses in medicine due to their evolutionary and biochemical selection for biological activity in animals. However, these highly functionalized natural products are produced through complex biosynthetic pathways for which we have a complete understanding in only a few cases. Here we review some of the most effective and promising plant terpenoids that are currently used in medicine and medical research and provide updates on their biosynthesis, natural occurrence, and mechanism of action in the body. This includes pharmacologically useful plastidic terpenoids such as p-menthane monoterpenoids, cannabinoids, paclitaxel (taxol®), and ingenol mebutate which are derived from the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, as well as cytosolic terpenoids such as thapsigargin and artemisinin produced through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. We further provide a review of the MEP and MVA precursor pathways which supply the carbon skeletons for the downstream transformations yielding these medically significant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Davis
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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6
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Badshah SL, Ullah A, Ahmad N, Almarhoon ZM, Mabkhot Y. Increasing the Strength and Production of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E100. [PMID: 29301383 PMCID: PMC6017432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin is a natural sesquiterpene lactone obtained from the Artemisia annua herb. It is widely used for the treatment of malaria. In this article, we have reviewed the role of artemisinin in controlling malaria, spread of resistance to artemisinin and the different methods used for its large scale production. The highest amount of artemisinin gene expression in tobacco leaf chloroplast leads to the production of 0.8 mg/g of the dry weight of the plant. This will revolutionize the treatment and control of malaria in third world countries. Furthermore, the generations of novel derivatives of artemisinin- and trioxane ring structure-inspired compounds are important for the treatment of malaria caused by resistant plasmodial species. Synthetic endoperoxide-like artefenomel and its derivatives are crucial for the control of malaria and such synthetic compounds should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Wang J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Xu C, Zhang C, Wong YK, Lee YM, Krishna S, He Y, Lim TK, Sim W, Hua ZC, Shen HM, Lin Q. Mechanistic Investigation of the Specific Anticancer Property of Artemisinin and Its Combination with Aminolevulinic Acid for Enhanced Anticolorectal Cancer Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:743-750. [PMID: 28776016 PMCID: PMC5532725 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial artemisinin (ART) possesses anticancer activity, but its underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Using a chemical proteomics approach with artemisinin-based activity probes, we identified over 300 specific ART targets. This reveals an anticancer mechanism whereby ART promiscuously targets multiple critical biological pathways and leads to cancer cell death. The specific cytotoxicity of ART against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells rather than normal colon epithelial cells is due to the elevated capacity of heme synthesis in the cancer cells. Guided by this mechanism, the specific cytotoxicity of ART toward CRC cells can be dramatically enhanced with the addition of aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a clinically used heme synthesis precursor, to increase heme levels. Importantly, this novel ART/ALA combination therapy proves to be more effective than an ART monotherapy in a mouse xenograft CRC model. Thus, ART can be repurposed and potentiated by exploitation of its mechanism of action and the metabolic features of the CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Wang
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Changzhou
High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail:
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yin Shi
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chongjing Zhang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Yingke He
- Department
of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Weiying Sim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- Changzhou
High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- E-mail:
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail:
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8
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Kumar R, Khanna R, Kumar P, Kumar V, Kamboj RC. Synthesis of Some 4-Quinolinyl Pyridines and their Antimicrobial and Docking Studies. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Radhika Khanna
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Microbiology; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Ramesh C. Kamboj
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
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9
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An J, Minie M, Sasaki T, Woodward JJ, Elkon KB. Antimalarial Drugs as Immune Modulators: New Mechanisms for Old Drugs. Annu Rev Med 2016; 68:317-330. [PMID: 27813878 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-043015-123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The best known of the naturally occurring antimalarial compounds are quinine, extracted from cinchona bark, and artemisinin (qinghao), extracted from Artemisia annua in China. These and other derivatives are now chemically synthesized and remain the mainstay of therapy to treat malaria. The beneficial effects of several of the antimalarial drugs (AMDs) on clinical features of autoimmune disorders were discovered by chance during World War II. In this review, we discuss the chemistry of AMDs and their mechanisms of action, emphasizing how they may impact multiple pathways of innate immunity. These pathways include Toll-like receptors and the recently described cGAS-STING pathway. Finally, we discuss the current and future impact of AMDs on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and devastating monogenic disorders (interferonopathies) characterized by expression of type I interferon in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie An
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; email
| | | | | | | | - Keith B Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; email .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; , , ,
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10
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Chen J, Zhang W, Zhang M, Guo Z, Wang H, He M, Xu P, Zhou J, Liu Z, Chen Q. Mn(II) mediated degradation of artemisinin based on Fe3O4@MnSiO3-FA nanospheres for cancer therapy in vivo. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12542-12551. [PMID: 26140326 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a natural drug with potent anticancer activities related with Fe(2+) mediated cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge in ART. Herein, we reported that Mn(2+) could substitute for Fe(2+) to react with ART and generate toxic products, inducing a much higher anticancer efficiency. On this basis, we prepared pH-responsive Fe3O4@MnSiO3-FA nanospheres which can efficiently deliver hydrophobic ART into tumors in mice models. Mn(2+) was released in acidic tumor environments and intracellular lysosomes, interacting with ART to kill cancer cells. The ART-loaded nanocarriers could suppress tumor growth more efficiently than free ART, which could be further illustrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histological analysis revealed that the drug delivery system had no obvious effect on the major organs of mice. ART has been reported to have lower toxicity than chemotherapeutics. The ART-loaded nanocarriers are promising to be used in improving the survival of chemotherapy patients, providing a novel method for clinical tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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11
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Fazal E, Panicker CY, Varghese HT, Nagarajan S, Sudha BS, War JA, Srivastava SK, Harikumar B, Anto PL. Vibrational spectroscopic and molecular docking study of 4-Methylphenylquinoline-2-carboxylate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 143:213-222. [PMID: 25733248 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-Methylphenylquinoline-2-carboxylate were recorded and analyzed. The structure of the molecule has been optimized and structural characteristics have been determined by density functional theory. The geometrical parameters (DFT) are in agreement with the XRD results. HOMO and LUMO and other chemical properties are reported. Nonlinear optical properties are also reported. A detailed molecular picture of the title compound and its interactions were obtained from NBO analysis. The negative (red and yellow) regions of the MEP are related to electrophilic reactivity and the positive (blue) regions to nucleophilic reactivity, as shown in the MEP plot and the carbonyl group and the phenyl rings are observed as electrophilic. PASS analysis predicts that the 4-Methylphenylquinoline-2-carboxylate might exhibit anti-diabetic activity. Molecular docking results suggest that the compound might exhibit inhibitory activity against GPb.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | | | - S Nagarajan
- Department of Spice and Flavour Science, CSIR-Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - B S Sudha
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore, India
| | - Javeed Ahamad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - B Harikumar
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - P L Anto
- Department of Physics, Christ College, Iringalakkuda, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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12
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McConville M, Bradley DF, Zhou K, Schiffrin DJ, O'Neil IA. Selective trioxolane based bifunctional molecular linkers for covalent heme surface functionalisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:186-8. [PMID: 24217350 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional molecular linker containing both aryl diazonium and trioxolane groups was synthesised and its ability to sequentially functionalise glassy carbon and covalently immobilise heme investigated. Functionalisation was demonstrated by electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McConville
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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13
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Krishnaraj T, Muthusubramanian S. Synthesis of Quinolines Linked to Triazoles Through Sulfur. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thulasiraman Krishnaraj
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai 625 021 India
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14
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Fazal E, Jasinski JP, Anderson BJ, Sudha BS, Nagarajan S. 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclo-hexyl quinoline-2-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o35-6. [PMID: 24526982 PMCID: PMC3914080 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813033060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C20H25NO2, the cyclo-hexyl ring adopts a slightly disordered chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the quinoline ring and the carboxyl-ate group is 22.2 (6)°. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯N inter-actions make chains along [010].
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja’s College, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - Jerry P. Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
| | - Brian J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
| | - B. S. Sudha
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja’s College, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - S. Nagarajan
- P.P.S.F.T. Department, Central Food Technplogy Research institute, Mysore 570 005, India
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15
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Fazal E, Kaur M, Sudha BS, Nagarajan S, Jasinski JP. 3,4-Di-methyl-phenyl quinoline-2-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o1853-4. [PMID: 24454268 PMCID: PMC3885092 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813032157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H15NO2, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the quinoline ring system and the phenyl ring is 48.1 (5)°. The mean plane of the carboxylate group is twisted from the mean planes of the latter by 19.8 (8) and 64.9 (5)°, respectively. The crystal packing features weak C—H⋯O interactions, which form chains along [010].
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - B S Sudha
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - S Nagarajan
- P.P.S.F.T. Department, Central Food Technplogy Research institute, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - Jerry P Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
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16
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Fazal E, Kaur M, Sudha BS, Nagarajan S, Jasinski JP. 4-Chloro-3-methyl-phenyl quinoline-2-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o1842-3. [PMID: 24454261 PMCID: PMC3885085 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813032017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C17H12ClNO2, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the quinoline ring system and the benzene ring is 68.7 (7)°. The mean plane of the carboxylate group is twisted from the latter planes by 14.0 (1) and 80.2 (4)°, respectively. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O interactions are observed, forming chains along [001]. In addition, π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.8343 (13) and 3.7372 (13)Å] occur. No classical hydrogen bonds were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - B S Sudha
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - S Nagarajan
- P.P.S.F.T Department, Central Food Technology Research institute, Mysore 570 005, India
| | - Jerry P Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
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17
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Robert A, Dechy-Cabaret O, Cazelles JÉRǑM, Benoit-Vical F, Meunier B. Recent Advances in Malaria Chemotherapy. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Resmi MS, Verma P, Gokhale RS, Soniya EV. Identification and characterization of a type III polyketide synthase involved in quinolone alkaloid biosynthesis from Aegle marmelos Correa. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7271-81. [PMID: 23329842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.429886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolone alkaloids, found abundantly in the roots of bael (Aegle marmelos), possess various biological activities and have recently gained attention as potential lead molecules for novel drug designing. Here, we report the characterization of a novel Type III polyketide synthase, quinolone synthase (QNS), from A. marmelos that is involved in the biosynthesis of quinolone alkaloid. Using homology-based structural modeling, we identify two crucial amino acid residues (Ser-132 and Ala-133) at the putative QNS active site. Substitution of Ser-132 to Thr and Ala-133 to Ser apparently constricted the active site cavity resulting in production of naringenin chalcone from p-coumaroyl-CoA. Measurement of steady-state kinetic parameters demonstrates that the catalytic efficiency of QNS was severalfold higher for larger acyl-coenzymeA substrates as compared with smaller precursors. Our mutagenic studies suggest that this protein might have evolved from an evolutionarily related member of chalcone synthase superfamily by mere substitution of two active site residues. The identification and characterization of QNS offers a promising target for gene manipulation studies toward the production of novel alkaloid scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohankumar Saraladevi Resmi
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud (P.O), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India
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Rambabu D, Rama Krishna G, Basavoju S, Basaveswara Rao M, Malla Reddy C, Pal M. Synthesis and crystal structure analysis of substituted 2-(3-(hydroxymethyl)quinolin-2-yl)phenol derivatives. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tilley L, Charman SA, Vennerstrom JL. Semisynthetic Artemisinin and Synthetic Peroxide Antimalarials. NEGLECTED DISEASES AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733496-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin, numerous second-generation semisynthetic artemisinins and synthetic peroxides have been prepared and tested for their antimalarial properties. Using a case-study approach, we describe the discovery of the investigational semisynthetic artemisinins artelinic acid (8) and artemisone (9), and the structurally diverse synthetic peroxides arteflene (10), fenozan B07 (11), arterolane (12), PA1103/SAR116242 (13), and RKA182 (14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-rayScience, La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE USA
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Niralwad KS, Shingate BB, Shingare MS. An Expeditious Room Temperature Stirring Method for the Synthesis of Isoxazolo[5,4-b]quinolines. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2011.55.5.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stout EP, Cervantes S, Prudhomme J, France S, La Clair JJ, Le Roch K, Kubanek J. Bromophycolide A targets heme crystallization in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1572-7. [PMID: 21732541 PMCID: PMC3381860 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Paige Stout
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biology Georgia Institute of Technology 310 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Serena Cervantes
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (USA)
| | - Jacques Prudhomme
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (USA)
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biology Georgia Institute of Technology 310 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - James J. La Clair
- Xenobe Research Institute, P.O. Box 4073, San Diego, CA 92164-4073 (USA)
| | - Karine Le Roch
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (USA)
| | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biology Georgia Institute of Technology 310 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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Szpilman AM, Carreira EM. Probing the Biology of Natural Products: Molecular Editing by Diverted Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9592-628. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Szpilman AM, Carreira EM. Untersuchung der Biologie von Naturstoffen: systematische Strukturvariation durch umgelenkte Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jasinski JP, Pek AE, Chidan Kumar CS, Yathirajan HS, Kumar S. N-[(2-Chloro-3-quinol-yl)meth-yl]-4-fluoro-aniline. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2548-9. [PMID: 21587537 PMCID: PMC2983417 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810036056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(16)H(12)ClFN(2), the dihedral angle between the quinoline ring system and the flourophenyl ring is 86.70 (4)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into chains along the a axis by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition, C-H⋯π inter-actions involving the two benzene rings are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry P. Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
| | - Albert E. Pek
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
| | - C. S. Chidan Kumar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - H. S. Yathirajan
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
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Liu HH, Wu YK, Shen X. Alkylation of Sulfur Ligand in Cysteinate-Iron Chelates by a 1,2,4, 5-Tetraoxane. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030210731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 2-chloro-3-((4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)quinoline derivatives via click chemistry approach. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:3142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moles P, Oliva M, Sánchez-González A, Safont VS. A topological study of the decomposition of 6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane induced by Fe(II): modeling the artemisinin reaction with heme. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:1163-73. [PMID: 20028005 DOI: 10.1021/jp910207z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical study on the electronic and topological aspects of the reaction of dihydrated Fe(OH)(2) with 6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, as a model for the reaction of heme with artemisinin. A comparison is made with the reaction of dihydrated ferrous hydroxide with O(2), as a model for the heme interaction with oxygen. We found that dihydrated Fe(OH)(2) reacts more efficiently with the artemisinin model than with O(2). This result suggests that artemisinin instead of molecular oxygen would interact with heme, disrupting its detoxification process by avoiding the initial heme to hemin oxidation, and killing in this way the malaria parasite. The ELF and AIM theories provide support for such a conclusion, which further clarifies our understanding on how artemisinin acts as an antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Moles
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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Pan Q, Wang S, Lu J, Meng L, Yao Z. Synthesis of N 11-anchoring biotinylated artemisinin derivatives and their preliminary biological assessment. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Muregi FW, Ishih A. Next-Generation Antimalarial Drugs: Hybrid Molecules as a New Strategy in Drug Design. Drug Dev Res 2010; 71:20-32. [PMID: 21399701 PMCID: PMC3049227 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects nearly 40% of the global population, and chemotherapy remains the mainstay of its control strategy. The global malaria situation is increasingly being exacerbated by the emergence of drug resistance to most of the available antimalarials, necessitating search for novel drugs. A recent rational approach of antimalarial drug design characterized as "covalent bitherapy" involves linking two molecules with individual intrinsic activity into a single agent, thus packaging dual-activity into a single hybrid molecule. Current research in this field seems to endorse hybrid molecules as the next-generation antimalarial drugs. If the selective toxicity of hybrid prodrugs can be demonstrated in vivo with good bioavailability at the target site in the parasite, it would offer various advantages including dosage compliance, minimized toxicity, ability to design better drug combinations, and cheaper preclinical evaluation while achieving the ultimate object of delaying or circumventing the development of resistance. This review is focused on several hybrid molecules that have been developed, with particular emphasis on those deemed to have high potential for development for clinical use. Drug Dev Res 71: 20-32, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis W Muregi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsu, Japan
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Akira Ishih
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsu, Japan
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32
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Stringle D, Magri D, Workentin M. Efficient Homogeneous Radical-Anion Chain Reactions Initiated by Dissociative Electron Transfer to 3,3,6,6-Tetraaryl-1,2-dioxanes. Chemistry 2010; 16:178-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Triquigneaux M, Charles L, André-Barrès C, Tuccio B. A combined spin trapping/EPR/mass spectrometry approach to study the formation of a cyclic peroxide by dienolic precursor autoxidation. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1361-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b921694d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Despite great international efforts, malaria still inflicts an enormous toll on human lives, especially in Africa. Throughout history, antimalarial medicines have been one of the most powerful tools in malaria control. However, the acquisition and spread of parasite strains that are resistant to multiple antimalarial drugs have become one of the greatest challenges to malaria treatment, and are associated with the increase in morbidity and mortality in many malaria-endemic countries. To deal with this grave situation, artemisinin-based combinatory therapies (ACTs) have been introduced and widely deployed in malarious regions. Artemisinin is a new class of antimalarial compounds discovered by Chinese scientists from the sweet wormwood Artemisia annua. The potential development of resistance to artemisinins by Plasmodium falciparum threatens the usable lifespan of ACTs, and therefore is a subject of close surveillance and extensive research. Studies at the Thai-Cambodian border, a historical epicenter of multidrug resistance, have detected reduced susceptibility to artemisinins as manifested by prolonged parasite-clearance times, raising considerable concerns on resistance development. Despite this significance, there is still controversy on the mode of action of artemisinins. Although a number of potential cellular targets of artemisinins have been proposed, they remain to be verified experimentally. Here, we review the history of artemisinin discovery, discuss the mode of action and potential drug targets, and present strategies to elucidate resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 537 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA, Tel.: +1 814 863 7663, Fax: +1 814 865 3048,
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel.: +1 301 402 0876, Fax: +1 301 402 2201,
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35
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Naik HRP, Naik HSB, Naik TRR, Aravinda T, Lamani DS, Naika HR. 2-Thieno/Selenopyrano[2,3-b]quinolines: Microwave-Induced One-Pot Synthesis, DNA Binding, and Photocleavage Studies. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802529622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Prakash Naik
- a Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences , Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, India
| | - H. S. Bhojya Naik
- a Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences , Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, India
| | - T. R. Ravikumar Naik
- a Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences , Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, India
| | - T. Aravinda
- a Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences , Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, India
| | - D. S. Lamani
- a Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences , Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, India
| | - H. Raja Naika
- b Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology , School of Biological Sciences Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, India
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Bousejra-El Garah F, Pitié M, Vendier L, Meunier B, Robert A. Alkylating ability of artemisinin after Cu(I)-induced activation. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:601-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Srivastava M, Singh H, Naik PK. Application of the linear interaction energy method for rational design of artemisinin analogues as haeme polymerisation inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 20:327-355. [PMID: 19544195 DOI: 10.1080/10629360902949294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The anti-malarial activity of artemisinin-derived drugs appears to be mediated by an interaction of the drug's endoperoxide bridge with intra-parasitic haeme. The binding affinity of artemisinin analogues with haeme were computed using linear interaction energy with a surface generalised Born (LIE-SGB) continuum solvation model. Low levels of root mean square error (0.348 and 0.415 kcal/mol) as well as significant correlation coefficients (r(2) = 0.868 and 0.892) between the experimental and predicted free energy of binding (FEB) based on molecular dynamics and hybrid Monte Carlo sampling techniques establish the SGB-LIE method as an efficient tool for generating more potent inhibitors of haeme polymerisation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173215, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Prakash Naik HR, Bhojya Naik HS, Ravikumar Naik TR, Naik HR, Lamani DS, Aravinda T. Pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-thiol/ol: microwave-induced one-pot synthesis, DNA binding and cleavage studies. J Sulphur Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990802382890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Prakash Naik
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry , School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India
| | - H. S. Bhojya Naik
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry , School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India
| | - T. R. Ravikumar Naik
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry , School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India
| | - H. Raja Naik
- b Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology , School of Biological Sciences, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India
| | - D. S. Lamani
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry , School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India
| | - T. Aravinda
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry , School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India
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Accumulation of artemisinin trioxane derivatives within neutral lipids of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites is endoperoxide-dependent. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:322-36. [PMID: 19022224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antimalarial trioxanes, exemplified by the naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin and its semi-synthetic derivatives, contain an endoperoxide pharmacophore that lends tremendous potency against Plasmodium parasites. Despite decades of research, their mechanism of action remains unresolved. A leading model of anti-plasmodial activity hypothesizes that iron-mediated cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge generates cytotoxic drug metabolites capable of damaging cellular macromolecules. To probe the malarial targets of the endoperoxide drugs, we studied the distribution of fluorescent dansyl trioxane derivatives in living, intraerythrocytic-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites using microscopic imaging. The fluorescent trioxanes rapidly accumulated in parasitized erythrocytes, localizing within digestive vacuole-associated neutral lipid bodies of trophozoites and schizonts, and surrounding the developing merozoite membranes. Artemisinin pre-treatment significantly reduced fluorescent labeling of neutral lipid bodies, while iron chelation increased non-specific cytoplasmic localization. To further explore the effects of endoperoxides on cellular lipids, we used an oxidation-sensitive BODIPY lipid probe to show the presence of artemisinin-induced peroxyl radicals in parasite membranes. Lipid extracts from artemisinin-exposed parasites contained increased amounts of free fatty acids and a novel cholesteryl ester. The cellular accumulation patterns and effects on lipids were entirely endoperoxide-dependent, as inactive dioxolane analogs lacking the endoperoxide moiety failed to label neutral lipid bodies or induce oxidative membrane damage. In the parasite digestive vacuole, neutral lipids closely associate with heme and promote hemozoin formation. We propose that the trioxane artemisinin and its derivatives are activated by heme-iron within the neutral lipid environment where they initiate oxidation reactions that damage parasite membranes.
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Benzerka S, Bouraiou A, Bouacida S, Rhouati S, Belfaitah A. (3RS,4SR)-Methyl 4-(2-chloro-5,8-di-methoxy-quinolin-3-yl)-1-phenyl-pyrrolidine-3-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o2089-90. [PMID: 21580954 PMCID: PMC2959501 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808031838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecule of the title compound, C23H23ClN2O4, contains a quinolyl unit linked to a functionalized pyrrolidine system with a 3,4-trans arrangement of the substituents. The unit cell contains two stereoisomers that have the absolute stereochemistry 3S,4R and 3R,4S. The pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation with pseudo-rotation parameters P = 258.2 (3)° and τ(M) = 35.3 (1)°. The packing is stabilized by C—H⋯π interactions and offset π–π stacking (centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.849 Å, interplanar distance = 3.293 Å and slippage = 1.994 Å) between phenyl rings, leading to a two-dimensional network.
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41
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Moles P, Oliva M, Safont VS. A theoretical study on the decomposition mechanism of artemisinin. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bousejra-El Garah F, Meunier B, Robert A. The Antimalarial Artemisone is an Efficient Heme Alkylating Agent. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Araújo JQ, Carneiro JWDM, de Araujo MT, Leite FHA, Taranto AG. Interaction between artemisinin and heme. A Density Functional Theory study of structures and interaction energies. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5021-9. [PMID: 18375130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the unicellular parasite Plasmodium sp. Currently, the malaria parasite is becoming resistant to the traditional pharmacological alternatives, which are ineffective. Artemisinin is the most recent advance in the chemotherapy of malaria. Since it has been proven that artemisinin may act on intracellular heme, we have undertaken a systematic study of several interactions and arrangements between artemisinin and heme. Density Functional Theory calculations were employed to calculate interaction energies, electronic states, and geometrical arrangements for the complex between the heme group and artemisinin. The results show that the interaction between the heme group and artemisinin at long distances occurs through a complex where the iron atom of the heme group retains its electronic features, leading to a quintet state as the most stable one. However, for interaction at short distances, due to artemisinin reduction by the heme group, the most stable complex has a septet spin state. These results suggest that a thermodynamically favorable interaction between artemisinin and heme may happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocley Queiroz Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Gale GA, Kirtikara K, Pittayakhajonwut P, Sivichai S, Thebtaranonth Y, Thongpanchang C, Vichai V. In search of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis and anti-malarial drugs from Thai flora and microbes. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 115:307-51. [PMID: 17692387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major infectious disease of the developing world and the problem is compounded not only by the emergence of drug resistant strains but also from a lack of a vaccine. The situation for tuberculosis (TB) infection is equally problematic. Once considered a "treatable" disease for which eradication was predicted, TB has re-emerged as highly lethal, multi-drug resistant strains after the outbreak of AIDS. Worldwide, the disease causes millions of deaths annually. Similarly, treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis have been impeded due to the potentially lethal side effects of the new and widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. Thais have utilized bioresources from plants and some microorganisms for medicine for thousands of years. Because of the need for new drugs to fight malaria and TB, with radically different chemical structures and mode of actions other than existing drugs, efforts have been directed towards searching for new drugs from bioresources. This is also true for anti-inflammatories. Although Thailand is considered species-rich, only a small number of potential bioresources has been investigated. This article briefly describes the pathogenesis of 2 infectious diseases, malaria and TB, and modern medicines employed in chemotherapy. Diversities of Thai flora and fungi and their chemical constituents with antagonistic properties against these 2 diseases are described in detail. Similarly, anti-inflammatory compounds, mostly cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, are also described herein to demonstrate the potential of Thai bioresources to provide a wide array of compounds for treatment of diseases of a different nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Gale
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, School of Bioresources and Technology, Conservation Ecology Program, 83 Moo 8, Thakham, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok, Thailand
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Stocks P, Bray P, Barton V, Al-Helal M, Jones M, Araujo N, Gibbons P, Ward S, Hughes R, Biagini G, Davies J, Amewu R, Mercer A, Ellis G, O'Neill P. Evidence for a Common Non-Heme Chelatable-Iron-Dependent Activation Mechanism for Semisynthetic and Synthetic Endoperoxide Antimalarial Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stocks PA, Bray PG, Barton VE, Al-Helal M, Jones M, Araujo NC, Gibbons P, Ward SA, Hughes RH, Biagini GA, Davies J, Amewu R, Mercer AE, Ellis G, O'Neill PM. Evidence for a Common Non-Heme Chelatable-Iron-Dependent Activation Mechanism for Semisynthetic and Synthetic Endoperoxide Antimalarial Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6278-83. [PMID: 17640025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Stocks
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Nandeshwarappa BP, Aruna Kumar DB, Kumaraswamy MN, Ravi Kumar YS, Bhojya Naik HS, Mahadevan KM. Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Some Novel Thiopyrano[2,3-b]quinolines as a New Class of Antimicrobial Agent. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500500366285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Nandeshwarappa
- a Department of Studies in Industrial Chemistry , Kuvempu University , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - D. B. Aruna Kumar
- b Department of Studies in Chemistry , Kuvempu University , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - M. N. Kumaraswamy
- b Department of Studies in Chemistry , Kuvempu University , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Y. S. Ravi Kumar
- b Department of Studies in Chemistry , Kuvempu University , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - H. S. Bhojya Naik
- a Department of Studies in Industrial Chemistry , Kuvempu University , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - K. M. Mahadevan
- b Department of Studies in Chemistry , Kuvempu University , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
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Lai H, Sasaki T, Singh NP. Targeted treatment of cancer with artemisinin and artemisinin-tagged iron-carrying compounds. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:995-1007. [PMID: 16185154 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.5.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a chemical compound that reacts with iron to form free radicals which can kill cells. Cancer cells require and uptake a large amount of iron to proliferate. They are more susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of artemisinin than normal cells. Cancer cells express a large concentration of cell surface transferrin receptors that facilitate uptake of the plasma iron-carrying protein transferrin via endocytosis. By covalently tagging artemisinin to transferrin, artemisinin could be selectively picked up and concentrated by cancer cells. Futhermore, both artemisinin and iron would be transported into the cell in one package. Once an artemisinin-tagged transferrin molecule is endocytosed, iron is released and reacts with artemisinin moieties tagged to transferrin. Formation of free radicals kills the cancer cell. The authors have found that artemisinin-tagged transferrin is highly selective and potent in killing cancer cells. Thus, artemisinin and artemisinin-tagged iron-carrying compounds could be developed into powerful anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Box 357962, Seattle, Washington 98195-7962, USA.
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Kokwaro G, Mwai L, Nzila A. Artemether/lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 8:75-94. [PMID: 17163809 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
At present, artemether/lumefantrine (AL) is the only fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy recommended and pre-qualified by WHO for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. It has been shown to be effective both in sub-Saharan Africa and in areas with multi-drug resistant P. falciparum in southeast Asia. It is currently recommended as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in several countries. However, AL has a complex treatment regimen and the issues of adherence to treatment with AL by adult patients and real-life effectiveness in resource-poor settings will be critical in determining its useful therapeutic life, especially in Africa, where the major burden of malaria is felt. There are also issues of safety of the artemisinin derivatives, including AL, which will need to be monitored as their use in resource-poor settings becomes more widespread. There are limited pharmacokinetic studies of AL in African patients, and the relationship between plasma drug concentration and efficacy in these patients is unknown. Moreover, the effects of factors such as concurrently administered drugs, malnutrition and co-infections with HIV and helminths in malaria patients are not well understood. These will need to be addressed, although a few studies on possible drug-drug interactions with commonly used drugs, such as quinine, mefloquine and ketoconazole, have been reported. This review focuses on the status of clinical pharmacology, efficacy and real-life effectiveness of AL under a variety of settings, and highlights some of the challenges that face policy makers during the deployment of AL, especially in Africa, with regards to ensuring that those who most need this therapy will not be denied access due to official inefficiency in procurement and distribution processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Kokwaro
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Clinical Pharmacology/Molecular Parasitology Section, PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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