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Morozumi R, Shimizu N, Tamura K, Nakamura M, Suzuki A, Ishiniwa H, Ide H, Tsuda M. Changes in repair pathways of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks at the midblastula transition in Xenopus embryo. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:315-322. [PMID: 38648785 PMCID: PMC11115444 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes DNA damage, particularly DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which have significant implications for genome stability. The major pathways of repairing DSBs are homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). However, the repair mechanism of IR-induced DSBs in embryos is not well understood, despite extensive research in somatic cells. The externally developing aquatic organism, Xenopus tropicalis, serves as a valuable model for studying embryo development. A significant increase in zygotic transcription occurs at the midblastula transition (MBT), resulting in a longer cell cycle and asynchronous cell divisions. This study examines the impact of X-ray irradiation on Xenopus embryos before and after the MBT. The findings reveal a heightened X-ray sensitivity in embryos prior to the MBT, indicating a distinct shift in the DNA repair pathway during embryo development. Importantly, we show a transition in the dominant DSB repair pathway from NHEJ to HR before and after the MBT. These results suggest that the MBT plays a crucial role in altering DSB repair mechanisms, thereby influencing the IR sensitivity of developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Morozumi
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naoto Shimizu
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tamura
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ishiniwa
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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2
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Gull M, Schmitt SM, Kälin RE, Brändli AW. Screening of Chemical Libraries Using Xenopus Embryos and Tadpoles for Phenotypic Drug Discovery. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:098269-pdb.prot. [PMID: 36180216 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot098269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery assesses the effect of small molecules on the phenotype of cells, tissues, or whole organisms without a priori knowledge of the target or pathway. Using vertebrate embryos instead of cell-based assays has the advantage that the screening of small molecules occurs in the context of the complex biology and physiology of the whole organism. Fish and amphibians are the only classes of vertebrates with free-living larvae amenable to high-throughput drug screening in multiwell dishes. For both animal classes, particularly zebrafish and Xenopus, husbandry requirements are straightforward, embryos can be obtained in large numbers, and they develop ex utero so their development can be monitored easily with a dissecting microscope. At 350 million years, the evolutionary distance between amphibians and humans is significantly shorter than that between fish and humans, which is estimated at 450 million years. This increases the likelihood that drugs discovered by screening in amphibian embryos will be active in humans. Here, we describe the basic protocol for the medium- to high-throughput screening of chemical libraries using embryos of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis Bioactive compounds are identified by observing phenotypic changes in whole embryos and tadpoles. In addition to the discovery of compounds with novel bioactivities, the phenotypic screening protocol also allows for the identification of compounds with in vivo toxicity, eliminating early hits that are poor drug candidates. We also highlight important considerations for designing chemical screens, choosing chemical libraries, and performing secondary screens using whole mount in situ hybridization or immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Gull
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan M Schmitt
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland E Kälin
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - André W Brändli
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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3
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Carotenuto R, Tussellino M, Ronca R, Benvenuto G, Fogliano C, Fusco S, Netti PA. Toxic effects of SiO 2NPs in early embryogenesis of Xenopuslaevis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133233. [PMID: 34896176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of organisms to the nanoparticulate is potentially hazardous, particularly when it occurs during embryogenesis. The effects of commercial SiO2NPs in early development were studied, using Xenopus laevis as a model to investigate their possible future employment by means of the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus test (FETAX). The SiO2NPs did not change the survival but produced several abnormalities in developing embryos, in particular, the dorsal pigmentation, the cartilages of the head and branchial arches were modified; the encephalon, spinal cord and nerves are anomalous and the intestinal brush border show signs of suffering; these embryos are also bradycardic. In addition, the expression of genes involved in the early pathways of embryo development was modified. Treated embryos showed an increase of reactive oxygen species. This study suggests that SiO2NPs are toxic but non-lethal and showed potential teratogenic effects in Xenopus. The latter may be due to their cellular accumulation and/or to the effect caused by the interaction of SiO2NPs with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear components. ROS production could contribute to the observed effects. In conclusion, the data indicates that the use of SiO2NPs requires close attention and further studies to better clarify their activity in animals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Raffaele Ronca
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB)-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Fogliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Italian Institute of Technology, Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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4
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Gao J, Shen W. Xenopus in revealing developmental toxicity and modeling human diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115809. [PMID: 33096388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Xenopus model offers many advantages for investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms underlying embryo development. Moreover, Xenopus oocytes and embryos have been extensively used to study developmental toxicity and human diseases in response to various environmental chemicals. This review first summarizes recent advances in using Xenopus as a vertebrate model to study distinct types of tissue/organ development following exposure to environmental toxicants, chemical reagents, and pharmaceutical drugs. Then, the successful use of Xenopus as a model for diseases, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, autism, epilepsy, and cardiovascular disease, is reviewed. The potential application of Xenopus in genetic and chemical screening to protect against embryo deficits induced by chemical toxicants and related diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanmei Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; College of Life and Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wanhua Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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5
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Carotenuto R, Capriello T, Cofone R, Galdiero G, Fogliano C, Ferrandino I. Impact of copper in Xenopus laevis liver: Histological damages and atp7b downregulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109940. [PMID: 31757510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient but its excess in the dietary can be toxic. Both copper deficiency and abundance can occur in natural conditions and can lead to pathological dysfunctions. Many of the toxic effects of copper, such as increased lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and DNA damage, are due to its role in the generation of oxygen free radicals. Copper is released into the environment by both natural sources and human activities and it can damage organisms and ecosystems. In the present work the effects of copper has been studied on Xenopus laevis, an interesting model organism, after three weeks of exposure at 1 mg/L of CuCl, concentration allowed in the water for human use. The effects of this metal were analysed on the liver at light microscope by Hematoxylin-Eosin, Mallory, Pas and Perls stainings to evaluate the general histology, the glycogen metabolism and presence of hemosiderin. Moreover the number and area of melanomoacrophages, known as inflammation parameters, were assessment. Finally, we investigated the expression of atp7b gene and localization of respective ATP7B protein, the membrane protein involved in Cu detoxication. The achieved results showed that copper, even at a low concentration, causes serious histological alterations of liver. It induces an increase in the size and number of melanomacrophages and higher amount of hemosiderin in the treated than controls. Moreover, it alters the gene expression and localization of ATP7B protein. The data are indicative that an exposition at low and chronic concentration of copper in Xenopus laevis damages seriously the liver. For this reason it's important to consider this metal one of the pollutants involved in the decline of the amphibians and for its possible effects in other vertebrates including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Capriello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Cofone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Fogliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Ferrandino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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6
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Kha CX, Guerin DJ, Tseng KAS. Studying In Vivo Retinal Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Xenopus laevis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2092:19-33. [PMID: 31786778 PMCID: PMC11233400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0175-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficient generation and maintenance of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are key goals needed for developing strategies for productive eye repair. Although vertebrate eye development and retinogenesis are well characterized, the mechanisms that can initiate RPC proliferation following injury-induced regrowth and repair remain unknown. This is partly because endogenous RPC proliferation typically occurs during embryogenesis while studies of retinal regeneration have largely utilized adult (or mature) models. We found that embryos of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, successfully regrew functional eyes after ablation. The initiation of regrowth induced a robust RPC proliferative response with a concomitant delay of the endogenous RPC differentiation program. During eye regrowth, overall embryonic development proceeded normally. Here, we provide a protocol to study regrowth-dependent RPC proliferation in vivo. This system represents a robust and low-cost strategy to rapidly define fundamental mechanisms that regulate regrowth-initiated RPC proliferation, which will facilitate progress in identifying promising strategies for productive eye repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X Kha
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Kelly Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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7
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Saide K, Sherwood V, Wheeler GN. Paracetamol-induced liver injury modelled in Xenopus laevis embryos. Toxicol Lett 2019; 302:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Corkins ME, Hanania HL, Krneta-Stankic V, DeLay BD, Pearl EJ, Lee M, Ji H, Davidson AJ, Horb ME, Miller RK. Transgenic Xenopus laevis Line for In Vivo Labeling of Nephrons within the Kidney. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E197. [PMID: 29642376 PMCID: PMC5924539 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus laevis embryos are an established model for studying kidney development. The nephron structure and genetic pathways that regulate nephrogenesis are conserved between Xenopus and humans, allowing for the study of human disease-causing genes. Xenopus embryos are also amenable to large-scale screening, but studies of kidney disease-related genes have been impeded because assessment of kidney development has largely been limited to examining fixed embryos. To overcome this problem, we have generated a transgenic line that labels the kidney. We characterize this cdh17:eGFP line, showing green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the pronephric and mesonephric kidneys and colocalization with known kidney markers. We also demonstrate the feasibility of live imaging of embryonic kidney development and the use of cdh17:eGFP as a kidney marker for secretion assays. Additionally, we develop a new methodology to isolate and identify kidney cells for primary culture. We also use morpholino knockdown of essential kidney development genes to establish that GFP expression enables observation of phenotypes, previously only described in fixed embryos. Taken together, this transgenic line will enable primary kidney cell culture and live imaging of pronephric and mesonephric kidney development. It will also provide a simple means for high-throughput screening of putative human kidney disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.E.C.); (H.L.H.); (V.K.-S.); (B.D.D.)
| | - Hannah L. Hanania
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.E.C.); (H.L.H.); (V.K.-S.); (B.D.D.)
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.E.C.); (H.L.H.); (V.K.-S.); (B.D.D.)
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Bridget D. DeLay
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.E.C.); (H.L.H.); (V.K.-S.); (B.D.D.)
| | - Esther J. Pearl
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Moonsup Lee
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Rachel K. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.E.C.); (H.L.H.); (V.K.-S.); (B.D.D.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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DeLay BD, Corkins ME, Hanania HL, Salanga M, Deng JM, Sudou N, Taira M, Horb ME, Miller RK. Tissue-Specific Gene Inactivation in Xenopus laevis: Knockout of lhx1 in the Kidney with CRISPR/Cas9. Genetics 2018; 208:673-686. [PMID: 29187504 PMCID: PMC5788530 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying genes involved in organogenesis is often difficult because many of these genes are also essential for early development. The allotetraploid frog, Xenopus laevis, is commonly used to study developmental processes, but because of the presence of two homeologs for many genes, it has been difficult to use as a genetic model. Few studies have successfully used CRISPR in amphibians, and currently there is no tissue-targeted knockout strategy described in Xenopus The goal of this study is to determine whether CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout can be targeted to the Xenopus kidney without perturbing essential early gene function. We demonstrate that targeting CRISPR gene editing to the kidney and the eye of F0 embryos is feasible. Our study shows that knockout of both homeologs of lhx1 results in the disruption of kidney development and function but does not lead to early developmental defects. Therefore, targeting of CRISPR to the kidney may not be necessary to bypass the early developmental defects reported upon disruption of Lhx1 protein expression or function by morpholinos, antisense RNA, or dominant negative constructs. We also establish a control for CRISPR in Xenopus by editing a gene (slc45a2) that when knocked out results in albinism without altering kidney development. This study establishes the feasibility of tissue-specific gene knockout in Xenopus, providing a cost-effective and efficient method for assessing the roles of genes implicated in developmental abnormalities that is amenable to high-throughput gene or drug screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget D DeLay
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mark E Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hannah L Hanania
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Matthew Salanga
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Jian Min Deng
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Norihiro Sudou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Marko E Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Rachel K Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
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10
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Maia LA, Velloso I, Abreu JG. Advances in the use ofXenopusfor successful drug screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1153-1159. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1367281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena A. Maia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ian Velloso
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose G. Abreu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Galdiero E, Falanga A, Siciliano A, Maselli V, Guida M, Carotenuto R, Tussellino M, Lombardi L, Benvenuto G, Galdiero S. Daphnia magna and Xenopus laevis as in vivo models to probe toxicity and uptake of quantum dots functionalized with gH625. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2717-2731. [PMID: 28435254 PMCID: PMC5388222 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s127226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of quantum dots (QDs) for nanomedicine is hampered by their potential toxicologic effects and difficulties with delivery into the cell interior. We accomplished an in vivo study exploiting Daphnia magna and Xenopus laevis to evaluate both toxicity and uptake of QDs coated with the membranotropic peptide gH625 derived from the glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus and widely used for drug delivery studies. We evaluated and compared the effects of QDs and gH625-QDs on the survival, uptake, induction of several responsive pathways and genotoxicity in D. magna, and we found that QDs coating plays a key role. Moreover, studies on X. laevis embryos allowed to better understand their cell/tissue localization and delivery efficacy. X. laevis embryos raised in Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus containing QDs or gH625-QDs showed that both nanoparticles localized in the gills, lung and intestine, but they showed different distributions, indicating that the uptake of gH625-QDs was enhanced; the functionalized QDs had a significantly lower toxic effect on embryos’ survival and phenotypes. We observed that D. magna and X. laevis are useful in vivo models for toxicity and drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Pharmacy and CiRPEB, University of Naples Federico II
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Lombardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples
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12
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Survival fraction and phenotype alterations of Xenopus laevis embryos at 3 Gy, 150 kV X-ray irradiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:580-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Tussellino M, Ronca R, Carotenuto R, Pallotta MM, Furia M, Capriglione T. Chlorpyrifos exposure affects fgf8, sox9, and bmp4 expression required for cranial neural crest morphogenesis and chondrogenesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:630-640. [PMID: 27669663 DOI: 10.1002/em.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide used primarily to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops. In mammals, maternal exposure to CPF has been reported to induce dose-related abnormalities such as slower brain growth and cerebral cortex thinning. In lower vertebrates, for example, fish and amphibians, teratogenic activity of this compound is correlated with several anatomical alterations. Little is known about the effects of CPF on mRNA expression of genes involved in early development of the anatomical structures appearing abnormal in embryos. This study investigated the effects of exposure to different CPF concentrations (10, 15 and 20 mg/L) on Xenopus laevis embryos from stage 4/8 to stage 46. Some of the morphological changes we detected in CPF-exposed embryos included cranial neural crest cell (NCC)-derived structures. For this reason, we analyzed the expression of select genes involved in hindbrain patterning (egr2), cranial neural crest chondrogenesis, and craniofacial development (fgf8, bmp4, sox9, hoxa2 and hoxb2). We found that CPF exposure induced a reduction in transcription of all the genes involved in NCC-dependent chondrogenesis, with largest reductions in fgf8 and sox9; whereas, in hindbrain, we did not find any alterations in egr2 expression. Changes in the expression of fgf8, bmp4, and sox9, which are master regulators of several developmental pathways, have important implications. If these changes are confirmed to belong to a general pattern of alterations in vertebrates prenatally exposed to OP, they might be useful to assess damage during vertebrate embryo development. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Tussellino
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ronca
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Maria M Pallotta
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Maria Furia
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Teresa Capriglione
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy.
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14
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Hatch VL, Marin-Barba M, Moxon S, Ford CT, Ward NJ, Tomlinson ML, Desanlis I, Hendry AE, Hontelez S, van Kruijsbergen I, Veenstra GJC, Münsterberg AE, Wheeler GN. The positive transcriptional elongation factor (P-TEFb) is required for neural crest specification. Dev Biol 2016; 416:361-72. [PMID: 27343897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression at the level of transcriptional elongation has been shown to be important in stem cells and tumour cells, but its role in the whole animal is only now being fully explored. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a multipotent population of cells that migrate during early development from the dorsal neural tube throughout the embryo where they differentiate into a variety of cell types including pigment cells, cranio-facial skeleton and sensory neurons. Specification of NCCs is both spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. Here we show that components of the transcriptional elongation regulatory machinery, CDK9 and CYCLINT1 of the P-TEFb complex, are required to regulate neural crest specification. In particular, we show that expression of the proto-oncogene c-Myc and c-Myc responsive genes are affected. Our data suggest that P-TEFb is crucial to drive expression of c-Myc, which acts as a 'gate-keeper' for the correct temporal and spatial development of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Hatch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Marta Marin-Barba
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Moxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Christopher T Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nicole J Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Matthew L Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ines Desanlis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Adam E Hendry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Saartje Hontelez
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ila van Kruijsbergen
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan C Veenstra
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea E Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Grant N Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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15
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Womble M, Pickett M, Nascone-Yoder N. Frogs as integrative models for understanding digestive organ development and evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:92-105. [PMID: 26851628 PMCID: PMC4798877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The digestive system comprises numerous cells, tissues and organs that are essential for the proper assimilation of nutrients and energy. Many aspects of digestive organ function are highly conserved among vertebrates, yet the final anatomical configuration of the gut varies widely between species, especially those with different diets. Improved understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events that orchestrate digestive organ development is pertinent to many areas of biology and medicine, including the regeneration or replacement of diseased organs, the etiology of digestive organ birth defects, and the evolution of specialized features of digestive anatomy. In this review, we highlight specific examples of how investigations using Xenopus laevis frog embryos have revealed insight into the molecular and cellular dynamics of digestive organ patterning and morphogenesis that would have been difficult to obtain in other animal models. Additionally, we discuss recent studies of gut development in non-model frog species with unique feeding strategies, such as Lepidobatrachus laevis and Eleutherodactylous coqui, which are beginning to provide glimpses of the evolutionary mechanisms that may generate morphological variation in the digestive tract. The unparalleled experimental versatility of frog embryos make them excellent, integrative models for studying digestive organ development across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Womble
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Melissa Pickett
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States.
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16
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Van Otterloo E, Williams T, Artinger KB. The old and new face of craniofacial research: How animal models inform human craniofacial genetic and clinical data. Dev Biol 2016; 415:171-187. [PMID: 26808208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial skeletal structures that comprise the human head develop from multiple tissues that converge to form the bones and cartilage of the face. Because of their complex development and morphogenesis, many human birth defects arise due to disruptions in these cellular populations. Thus, determining how these structures normally develop is vital if we are to gain a deeper understanding of craniofacial birth defects and devise treatment and prevention options. In this review, we will focus on how animal model systems have been used historically and in an ongoing context to enhance our understanding of human craniofacial development. We do this by first highlighting "animal to man" approaches; that is, how animal models are being utilized to understand fundamental mechanisms of craniofacial development. We discuss emerging technologies, including high throughput sequencing and genome editing, and new animal repository resources, and how their application can revolutionize the future of animal models in craniofacial research. Secondly, we highlight "man to animal" approaches, including the current use of animal models to test the function of candidate human disease variants. Specifically, we outline a common workflow deployed after discovery of a potentially disease causing variant based on a select set of recent examples in which human mutations are investigated in vivo using animal models. Collectively, these topics will provide a pipeline for the use of animal models in understanding human craniofacial development and disease for clinical geneticist and basic researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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17
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Charalambous A, Koyioni M, Antoniades I, Pegeioti D, Eleftheriou I, Michaelidou SS, Amelichev SA, Konstantinova LS, Rakitin OA, Koutentis PA, Skourides PA. 1,2,3-Dithiazoles – new reversible melanin synthesis inhibitors: a chemical genomics study. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-Dithiazolimines show potent and reversible inhibition of melanin synthesis in Xenopus laevis embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cyprus
- 1678 Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RAS
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
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18
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Zhu F, Skommer J, Huang Y, Akagi J, Adams D, Levin M, Hall CJ, Crosier PS, Wlodkowic D. Fishing on chips: up-and-coming technological advances in analysis of zebrafish and Xenopus embryos. Cytometry A 2014; 85:921-32. [PMID: 25287981 PMCID: PMC10472801 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biotests performed on small vertebrate model organisms provide significant investigative advantages as compared with bioassays that employ cell lines, isolated primary cells, or tissue samples. The main advantage offered by whole-organism approaches is that the effects under study occur in the context of intact physiological milieu, with all its intercellular and multisystem interactions. The gap between the high-throughput cell-based in vitro assays and low-throughput, disproportionally expensive and ethically controversial mammal in vivo tests can be closed by small model organisms such as zebrafish or Xenopus. The optical transparency of their tissues, the ease of genetic manipulation and straightforward husbandry, explain the growing popularity of these model organisms. Nevertheless, despite the potential for miniaturization, automation and subsequent increase in throughput of experimental setups, the manipulation, dispensing and analysis of living fish and frog embryos remain labor-intensive. Recently, a new generation of miniaturized chip-based devices have been developed for zebrafish and Xenopus embryo on-chip culture and experimentation. In this work, we review the critical developments in the field of Lab-on-a-Chip devices designed to alleviate the limits of traditional platforms for studies on zebrafish and clawed frog embryo and larvae. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanna Skommer
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yushi Huang
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jin Akagi
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dany Adams
- Department of Biology and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Chris J. Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Philip S. Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Schmitt SM, Gull M, Brändli AW. Engineering Xenopus embryos for phenotypic drug discovery screening. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:225-46. [PMID: 24576445 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many rare human inherited diseases remain untreatable despite the fact that the disease causing genes are known and adequate mouse disease models have been developed. In vivo phenotypic drug screening relies on isolating drug candidates by their ability to produce a desired therapeutic phenotype in whole organisms. Embryos of zebrafish and Xenopus frogs are abundant, small and free-living. They can be easily arrayed in multi-well dishes and treated with small organic molecules. With the development of novel genome modification tools, such a zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR/Cas, it is now possible to efficiently engineer non-mammalian models of inherited human diseases. Here, we will review the rapid progress made in adapting these novel genome editing tools to Xenopus. The advantages of Xenopus embryos as in vivo models to study human inherited diseases will be presented and their utility for drug discovery screening will be discussed. Being a tetrapod, Xenopus complements zebrafish as an indispensable non-mammalian animal model for the study of human disease pathologies and the discovery of novel therapeutics for inherited diseases.
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20
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Tomlinson ML, Hendry AE, Wheeler GN. Chemical genetics and drug discovery in Xenopus. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 917:155-66. [PMID: 22956087 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-992-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical genetics uses small molecules to modulate protein function and has the potential to perturb any biochemical event in a complex cellular context. The application of chemical genetics to dissect biological processes has become an attractive alternative to mutagenesis screens due to its technical simplicity, inexpensive reagents, and low-startup costs. Xenopus embryos are particularly amenable to whole organism chemical genetic screens. Here we describe the basic protocols we have developed to screen small compound libraries on Xenopus laevis embryos. We score embryos either by observing phenotypic changes in the whole tadpole or by changes in gene expression pattern using automated wholemount in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, UK
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21
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Wheeler GN, Liu KJ. Xenopus: An ideal system for chemical genetics. Genesis 2012; 50:207-18. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Yuan J, Zhang X, Yu L, Sun Z, Zhu P, Wang X, Shi H. Stage-specific malformations and phenotypic changes induced in embryos of amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis) by triphenyltin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1960-1966. [PMID: 21831434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) can induce unique malformations in embryos of amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis). We further exposed X. tropicalis embryos to TPT during different stages. Severe malformations were observed in the embryos after exposure to 5-10 μg Sn/L TPT during S32-40 and S40-46. Comparatively, the embryos showed slight or moderate malformations after exposure during S10-25, S25-32 or S46-47. The most characteristic malformations were narrow or no fins, followed by enlarged proctodaeums and skin hypopigmentation. The developed fins were still affected after TPT exposure, but the inhibited fins could not recover even after the removal of TPT exposure. In TPT treatment groups, the proctodaeums of embryos externally expanded, and the pigment cells of embryos were poor, small and dot like. Our results suggested that TPT-induced teratogenicity was highly stage-specific. The sensitive window of fin defects indicated that TPT affected the formation rather than induction or expansion of fins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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23
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Yu L, Zhang X, Yuan J, Cao Q, Liu J, Zhu P, Shi H. Teratogenic effects of triphenyltin on embryos of amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis): a phenotypic comparison with the retinoid X and retinoic acid receptor ligands. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1860-1868. [PMID: 21820800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) has high binding affinity with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in animals. The natural ligand of RXR, 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA), is known to induce featured malformations in vertebrate embryos by disrupting RA signal. Limited information is available on the TPT effects on amphibians. We exposed embryos of amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis) to TPT, 9-cis-RA, all-trans-RA (ligand of retinoic acid receptor, RAR), and LGD1069 (a selective ligand of RXR). The 72h LC50 of TPT was 5.25 μg Sn/L, and 72h EC50 was 0.96 μg Sn/L. TPT induced multiple malformations including enlarged proctodaeum and narrow fins. TPT at 5 μg Sn/L inhibited the differentiation of skins and muscles. The reduced brain, loss of external eyes and bent axis were observed in RXR and RAR ligands treatments. TPT and tributyltin (TBT) inhibited the mRNA expression of RXRα and increased that of TRβ. The phenotypes of malformations induced by TPT were similar to those by TBT and were much different from those by the RXR and RAR ligands. These results indicated that TPT was acute toxic and had high teratogenicity to amphibian embryos, and that TPT induced phenotypes of malformations. TPT and TBT might have a similar teratogenic mechanism, which seems not to be mainly mediated through RA signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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24
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Sperling SR. Systems biology approaches to heart development and congenital heart disease. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:269-78. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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25
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Spencer J, Amin J, Callear SK, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Coxhead P, Guille M. Synthesis and evaluation of metallocene containing methylidene-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones as kinase inhibitors. Metallomics 2011; 3:600-8. [PMID: 21359402 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(E)- and (Z)-3-Ferrocenylmethylidene-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones 1 have been structurally modified in order to explore SAR against a range of kinases. Of note is the submicromolar to low micromolar inhibition of DYRK3 and 4 by a number of complexes. Screening using Xenopus embryos showed some of the compounds to have potent antiangiogenisis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Spencer
- School of Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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26
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Hoerr V, Purea A, Faber C. NMR separation of intra- and extracellular compounds based on intermolecular coherences. Biophys J 2011; 99:2336-43. [PMID: 20923669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for detection and characterization of chemical compounds in biological systems. Its application in pharmaceutical studies in cell cultures, however, has been hampered by the enormous technical challenges in separating intra- from extracellular amounts of one substance. We introduce a novel approach to separate intra- from extracellular NMR signal based on the detection of intermolecular zero-quantum coherences in presence of a chemical shift agent. In a sample of large cells in culture, the investigation of cellular uptake of pharmacological substances becomes feasible. The addition of 10 mM Tm-DOTP to a suspension of 100 Xenopus laevis oocytes resulted in sufficient separation of resonance frequencies between intra- and extracellular water. Upon selective excitation of either intra- or extracellular water signal, only intra- or extracellular components were observed, respectively. The presented localization technique provides intrinsic averaging over a large number of cells, resulting in a significant signal gain. The method works on standard NMR spectrometers, which are available at most scientific research institutions today. On a high-resolution NMR system with a cryoprobe, a 20-fold sensitivity gain was observed as compared to conventionally localized NMR spectroscopy of a single X. laevis oocyte on dedicated NMR microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hoerr
- Department of Experimental Physics , University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Park EC. Identification of Binding Proteins inXenopus laevisby MALDI-TOF/TOF Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.5355/jast.2010.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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28
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Wheeler GN, Brändli AW. Simple vertebrate models for chemical genetics and drug discovery screens: Lessons from zebrafish andXenopus. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1287-308. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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29
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An in vivo chemical library screen in Xenopus tadpoles reveals novel pathways involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Blood 2009; 114:1110-22. [PMID: 19478043 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-211771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are essential for organogenesis but also play important roles in tissue regeneration, chronic inflammation, and tumor progression. Here we applied in vivo forward chemical genetics to identify novel compounds and biologic mechanisms involved in (lymph)angiogenesis in Xenopus tadpoles. A novel 2-step screening strategy involving a simple phenotypic read-out (edema formation or larval lethality) followed by semiautomated in situ hybridization was devised and used to screen an annotated chemical library of 1280 bioactive compounds. We identified 32 active compounds interfering with blood vascular and/or lymphatic development in Xenopus. Selected compounds were also tested for activities in a variety of endothelial in vitro assays. Finally, in a proof-of-principle study, the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine, an inhibitor of blood vascular and lymphatic development in Xenopus, was shown to act also as a potent antagonist of VEGFA-induced adult neovascularization in mice. Taken together, the present chemical library screening strategy in Xenopus tadpoles represents a rapid and highly efficient approach to identify novel pathways involved in (lymph)angiogenesis. In addition, the recovered compounds represent a rich resource for in-depth analysis, and their drug-like features will facilitate further evaluation in preclinical models of inflammation and cancer metastasis.
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30
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Tomlinson ML, Guan P, Morris RJ, Fidock MD, Rejzek M, Garcia-Morales C, Field RA, Wheeler GN. A chemical genomic approach identifies matrix metalloproteinases as playing an essential and specific role in Xenopus melanophore migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:93-104. [PMID: 19171309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To dissect the function of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in cellular migration in vivo, we undertook both a forward chemical genomic screen and a functional approach to discover modulators of melanophore (pigment cell) migration in Xenopus laevis. We identified the 8-quinolinol derivative NSC 84093 as affecting melanophore migration in the developing embryo and have shown it to act as a MMP inhibitor. Potential targets of NSC 84093 investigated include MMP-14 and MMP-2. MMP-14 is expressed in migrating neural crest cells from which melanophores are derived. MMP-2 is expressed at the relevant time of development and in a pattern that suggests it contributes to melanophore migration. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of both MMPs demonstrates they play a key role in melanophore migration and partially phenocopy the effect of NSC 84093.
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31
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Tomlinson ML, Rejzek M, Fidock M, Field RA, Wheeler GN. Chemical genomics identifies compounds affecting Xenopus laevis pigment cell development. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:376-84. [DOI: 10.1039/b818695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Kelsh RN, Harris ML, Colanesi S, Erickson CA. Stripes and belly-spots -- a review of pigment cell morphogenesis in vertebrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 20:90-104. [PMID: 18977309 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigment patterns in the integument have long-attracted attention from both scientists and non-scientists alike since their natural attractiveness combines with their excellence as models for the general problem of pattern formation. Pigment cells are formed from the neural crest and must migrate to reach their final locations. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of mechanisms underlying the control of pigment cell migration and patterning in diverse vertebrates. The model systems discussed here - chick, mouse, and zebrafish - each provide unique insights into the major morphogenetic events driving pigment pattern formation. In birds and mammals, melanoblasts must be specified before they can migrate on the dorsolateral pathway. Transmembrane receptors involved in guiding them onto this route include EphB2 and Ednrb2 in chick, and Kit in mouse. Terminal migration depends, in part, upon extracellular matrix reorganization by ADAMTS20. Invasion of the ectoderm, especially into the feather germ and hair follicles, requires specific signals that are beginning to be characterized. We summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms regulating melanoblast number and organization in the epidermis. We note the apparent differences in pigment pattern formation in poikilothermic vertebrates when compared with birds and mammals. With more pigment cell types, migration pathways are more complex and largely unexplored; nevertheless, a role for Kit signaling in melanophore migration is clear and indicates that at least some patterning mechanisms may be highly conserved. We summarize the multiple factors thought to contribute to zebrafish embryonic pigment pattern formation, highlighting a recent study identifying Sdf1a as one factor crucial for regulation of melanophore positioning. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms generating a second, metamorphic pigment pattern in adult fish, emphasizing recent studies strengthening the evidence that undifferentiated progenitor cells play a major role in generating adult pigment cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Kelsh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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33
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Bartlett HL, Weeks DL. Lessons from the lily pad: Using Xenopus to understand heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:141-146. [PMID: 19802378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The developing embryos of the South African (Xenopus laevis) and Western (Xenopus tropicalis) clawed frogs provide an experimentally tractable and easily visualized model for vertebrate cardiovascular development. Most of the genes used to execute the cardiac developmental program are the same in frogs and humans. Experiments using Xenopus provide an underutilized but valuable complement to studies on the molecular, cellular, physiological and morphological consequences of genetic and environmental influences on cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
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Tomlinson ML, Garcia-Morales C, Abu-Elmagd M, Wheeler GN. Three matrix metalloproteinases are required in vivo for macrophage migration during embryonic development. Mech Dev 2008; 125:1059-70. [PMID: 18684398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential in development, repair and pathology of a variety of tissues via their roles in tissue remodelling, wound healing and inflammation. These biological functions are also associated with a number of human diseases, for example tumour associated macrophages have well defined functions in cancer progression. Xenopus embryonic macrophages arise from a haematopoietic stem cell population by direct differentiation and act as the main mechanism of host defence, before lymphoid cells and a circulatory system have developed. This function is conserved in mouse and human development. Macrophages express a number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are central to their function. MMPs are a large family of zinc-dependent endoproteases with multiple roles in extracellular matrix remodelling and the modulation of signalling pathways. We have previously shown MMP-7 to be expressed by Xenopus embryonic macrophages. Here we investigate the role of MMP-7 and two other MMPs (MMP-18 and MMP-9) that are also expressed in the migrating macrophages. Using morpholino (MO) mediated knockdown of each of the MMPs we demonstrate that they are necessary for normal macrophage migration in vivo. The loss-of-function effect can be rescued using the specific MMPs, altered to be resistant to morpholinos but not by overexpression of the other MMPs. Double and triple morpholino knockdowns further suggest that these MMPs act combinatorily to promote embryonic macrophage migration. Thus, our results imply that these three MMPs have distinct functions, which together are crucial to mediate macrophage migration in the developing embryo. This demonstrates conclusively that MMPs are required for normal macrophage cell migration in the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Lan CC, Laurenson S, Copp BR, Cattin PM, Love DR. Whole organism approaches to chemical genomics: the promising role of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:1389-401. [PMID: 23484534 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.10.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemical genomics is a new and rapidly developing field. It refers to the use of cell-permeable small molecules, which are highly specific for their protein targets, in order to dissect biological pathways and to discover new drug leads. Small-molecule screening is usually limited to high-throughput approaches that use defined cell lines; however, whole organism screening is gaining increasing attention. This review addresses the latter concept and highlights the advances in whole organism-based screening, with an emphasis on the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ching Lan
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand +64 9 3737599 ; ext: 87228; +64 9 3737417 ;
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Abstract
Xenopus tropicalis is rapidly being adopted as a model organism for developmental biology research and has enormous potential for increasing our understanding of how embryonic development is controlled. In recent years there has been a well-organized initiative within the Xenopus community, funded largely through the support of the National Institutes of Health in the US, to develop X. tropicalis as a new genetic model system with the potential to impact diverse fields of research. Concerted efforts have been made both to adapt established methodologies for use in X. tropicalis and to develop new techniques. A key resource to come out of these efforts is the genome sequence, produced by the US Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute and made freely available to the community in draft form for the past three years. In this review, we focus on how advances in X. tropicalis genetics coupled with the sequencing of its genome are likely to form a foundation from which we can build a better understanding of the genetic control of vertebrate development and why, when we already have other vertebrate genetic models, we should want to develop genetic analysis in the frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Showell
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Frank L. Conlon, 220 Fordham Hall, Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280., E-mail:
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Handrigan GR, Buchtová M, Richman JM. Gene discovery in craniofacial development and disease--cashing in your chips. Clin Genet 2007; 71:109-19. [PMID: 17250659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An unbiased, polygenic approach is needed to unravel the complex molecular bases of craniofacial development and disease. DNA microarrays, the current paradigm of genome-wide analysis, permit the simultaneous study of many thousands of genes, the ready identification of candidate molecules and pathways, and the compilation of gene expression profiles for whole systems--pathologic and embryonic alike. We survey the existing literature applying microarrays to craniofacial biology and highlight the value of animal models, particularly mice and chickens, to understanding molecular regulation in the craniofacial complex. We also emphasize the importance of functional studies and high-throughput assays to extracting useful data from microarray output. It is our goal to help put researchers and clinicians on the same page as microarray technology moves into the forefront of craniofacial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Handrigan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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38
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Adams DS, Levin M. Inverse drug screens: a rapid and inexpensive method for implicating molecular targets. Genesis 2007; 44:530-40. [PMID: 17078061 PMCID: PMC3142945 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification of gene products that function in some specific process of interest is a common goal in developmental biology. Although use of drug compounds to probe biological systems has a very long history in teratology and toxicology, systematic hierarchical drug screening has not been capitalized upon by the developmental biology community. This "chemical genetics" approach can greatly benefit the study of embryonic and regenerative systems, and we have formalized a strategy for using known pharmacological compounds to implicate specific molecular candidates in any chosen biological phenomenon. Taking advantage of a hierarchical structure that can be imposed on drug reagents in a number of fields such as ion transport, neurotransmitter function, metabolism, and cytoskeleton, any assay can be carried out as a binary search algorithm. This inverse drug screen methodology is much more efficient than exhaustive testing of large numbers of drugs, and reveals the identity of a manageable number of specific molecular candidates that can then be validated and targeted using more expensive and specific molecular reagents. Here, we describe the process of this loss-of-function screen and illustrate its use in uncovering novel bioelectrical and serotonergic mechanisms in embryonic patterning. This technique is an inexpensive and rapid complement to existing molecular screening strategies. Moreover, it is applicable to maternal proteins, and model species in which traditional genetic screens are not feasible, significantly extending the opportunities to identify key endogenous players in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Correspondence to: Michael Levin, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Forsyth Institute and Developmental Biology Department, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115.
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Anderson C, Bartlett SJ, Gansner JM, Wilson D, He L, Gitlin JD, Kelsh RN, Dowden J. Chemical genetics suggests a critical role for lysyl oxidase in zebrafish notochord morphogenesis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:51-9. [PMID: 17216056 PMCID: PMC1847539 DOI: 10.1039/b613673g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As a result of a chemical genetic screen for modulators of metalloprotease activity, we report that 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide induces a conspicuous undulating notochord defect in zebrafish embryos, a phenocopy of the leviathan mutant. The location of the chemically-induced wavy notochord correlated with the timing of application, thus defining a narrow chemical sensitivity window during segmentation stages. Microscopic observations revealed that notochord undulations appeared during the phase of notochord cell vacuolation and notochord elongation. Notochord cells become swollen as well as disorganized, while electron microscopy revealed disrupted organization of collagen fibrils in the surrounding sheath. We demonstrate by assay in zebrafish extracts that 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide inhibits lysyl oxidase. Thus, we provide insight into notochord morphogenesis and reveal novel compounds for lysyl oxidase inhibition. Taken together, these data underline the utility of small molecules for elucidating the dynamic mechanisms of early morphogenesis and provide a potential explanation for the recently established role of copper in zebrafish notochord formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Anderson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY. ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386 779; Tel: +44 (0)1225 363 828
| | - Stephen J. Bartlett
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY
| | - John M. Gansner
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY. ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386 779; Tel: +44 (0)1225 363 828
| | - Ling He
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY. ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386 779; Tel: +44 (0)1225 363 828
| | - Jonathan D. Gitlin
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY. ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386 779; Tel: +44 (0)1225 363 828
| | - James Dowden
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD. ; Fax: +44 (0)115 9513 566; Tel: +44 (0)115 9513 565
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40
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Editorial. Org Biomol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b516549k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lipscomb K, Schmitt C, Sablyak A, Yoder JA, Nascone-Yoder N. Role for retinoid signaling in left–right asymmetric digestive organ morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2266-75. [PMID: 16786581 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The looping events that establish left-right asymmetries in the vertebrate gut tube are poorly understood. Retinoic acid signaling is known to impact left-right development in multiple embryonic contexts, although its role in asymmetric digestive organ morphogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that the genes for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH2) and a retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26A1) are expressed in complementary patterns in the Xenopus gut during looping. A late-stage chemical genetic assessment reveals that agonists and antagonists of retinoid signaling generate abnormal gut looping topologies, digestive organ heterotaxias, and intestinal malrotations. Accessory organ deformities commonly associated with intestinal malrotation in humans, such as annular pancreas, pancreas divisum, and extrahepatic biliary tree malformations, are also induced by distinct retinoid receptor agonists. Thus, late-stage retinoic acid signaling is likely to play a critical role in asymmetric gut tube morphogenesis and may underlie the etiology of several clinically relevant defects in the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Lipscomb
- Natural Sciences Collegium, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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