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Zhang P, Li C, Ma X, Ye J, Wang D, Cao H, Yu G, Wang W, Lv X, Cai C. Glycopolymer with Sulfated Fucose and 6'-Sialyllactose as a Dual-Targeted Inhibitor on Resistant Influenza A Virus Strains. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:874-881. [PMID: 38949618 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The frequent mutations of influenza A virus (IAV) have led to an urgent need for the development of innovative antiviral drugs. Glycopolymers offer significant advantages in biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility and structural diversity. However, the primary challenge lies in the design and synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers to precisely control their biological functionalities. In this study, functional glycopolymers with sulfated fucose and 6'-sialyllactose were successfully synthesized through ring-opening metathesis polymerization and a postmodification strategy. The optimized heteropolymer exhibited simultaneous targeting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on the surface of IAV, as evidenced by MU-NANA assay and hemagglutination inhibition data. Antiviral experiments demonstrated that the glycopolymer displayed broad and efficient inhibitory activity against wild-type and mutant strains of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes in vitro, thereby establishing its potential as a dual-targeted inhibitor for combating IAV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Chenning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Mtambo SE, Amoako DG, Somboro AM, Agoni C, Lawal MM, Gumede NS, Khan RB, Kumalo HM. Influenza Viruses: Harnessing the Crucial Role of the M2 Ion-Channel and Neuraminidase toward Inhibitor Design. Molecules 2021; 26:880. [PMID: 33562349 PMCID: PMC7916051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, influenza viruses (IVs) are known causative agents of respiratory infection in vertebrates. They remain a major global threat responsible for the most virulent diseases and global pandemics in humans. The virulence of IVs and the consequential high morbidity and mortality of IV infections are primarily attributed to the high mutation rates in the IVs' genome coupled with the numerous genomic segments, which give rise to antiviral resistant and vaccine evading strains. Current therapeutic options include vaccines and small molecule inhibitors, which therapeutically target various catalytic processes in IVs. However, the periodic emergence of new IV strains necessitates the continuous development of novel anti-influenza therapeutic options. The crux of this review highlights the recent studies on the biology of influenza viruses, focusing on the structure, function, and mechanism of action of the M2 channel and neuraminidase as therapeutic targets. We further provide an update on the development of new M2 channel and neuraminidase inhibitors as an alternative to existing anti-influenza therapy. We conclude by highlighting therapeutic strategies that could be explored further towards the design of novel anti-influenza inhibitors with the ability to inhibit resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamadla E. Mtambo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Anou M. Somboro
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Nelisiwe S. Gumede
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Rene B. Khan
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
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A Novel Mechanism Underlying Antiviral Activity of an Influenza Virus M2-Specific Antibody. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01277-20. [PMID: 33055251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01277-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against influenza A viruses (IAVs) generally depends on antibodies to the major envelope glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA), whose antigenicity is distinctive among IAV subtypes. On the other hand, the matrix 2 (M2) protein is antigenically highly conserved and has been studied as an attractive vaccine antigen to confer cross-protective immunity against multiple subtypes of IAVs. However, antiviral mechanisms of M2-specific antibodies are not fully understood. Here, we report the molecular basis of antiviral activity of an M2-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), rM2ss23. We first found that rM2ss23 inhibited A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2) (Aichi) but not A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) replication. rM2ss23 altered the cell surface distribution of M2, likely by cross-linking the molecules, and interfered with the colocalization of HA and M2, resulting in reduced budding of progeny viruses. However, these effects were not observed for another strain, PR8, despite the binding capacity of rM2ss23 to PR8 M2. Interestingly, HA was also involved in the resistance of PR8 to rM2ss23. We also found that two amino acid residues at positions 54 and 57 in the M2 cytoplasmic tail were critical for the insensitivity of PR8 to rM2ss2. These findings suggest that the disruption of the M2-HA colocalization on infected cells and subsequent reduction of virus budding is one of the principal mechanisms of antiviral activity of M2-specific antibodies and that anti-M2 antibody-sensitive and -resistant IAVs have different properties in the interaction between M2 and HA.IMPORTANCE Although the IAV HA is the major target of neutralizing antibodies, most of the antibodies are HA subtype specific, restricting the potential of HA-based vaccines. On the contrary, the IAV M2 protein has been studied as a vaccine antigen to confer cross-protective immunity against IAVs with multiple HA subtypes, since M2 is antigenically conserved. Although a number of studies highlight the protective role of anti-HA neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies, precise information on the molecular mechanism of action of M2-specific antibodies is still obscure. In this study, we found that an anti-M2 antibody interfered with the HA-M2 association, which is important for efficient budding of progeny virus particles from infected cells. The antiviral activity was IAV strain dependent despite the similar binding capacity of the antibody to M2, and, interestingly, HA was involved in susceptibility to the antibody. Our data provide a novel mechanism underlying antiviral activity of M2-specific antibodies.
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Hu A, Li J, Tang W, Liu G, Zhang H, Liu C, Chen X. Anthralin Suppresses the Proliferation of Influenza Virus by Inhibiting the Cap-Binding and Endonuclease Activity of Viral RNA Polymerase. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:178. [PMID: 32132985 PMCID: PMC7040080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) does not have capping activity and relies on the capped RNAs produced by the host RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). The viral polymerases process the capped RNAs to produce short capped RNA fragments that are used as primers to initiate the transcription of viral mRNAs. This process, known as cap-snatching, can be targeted by antiviral therapeutics. Here, anthralin was identified as an inhibitor against influenza a virus (IAV) infection by targeting the cap-snatching activity of the viral polymerase. Anthralin, an FDA-approved drug used in the treatment of psoriasis, shows antiviral activity against IAV infection in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, anthralin significantly reduces weight loss, lung injury, and mortality caused by IAV infection in mice. The mechanism of action study revealed that anthralin inhibits the cap-binding function of PB2 subunit and endonuclease activity of PA. As a result, viral mRNA transcription is blocked, leading to the decreases in viral RNA replication and viral protein expression. In conclusion, anthralin has been demonstrated to have the potential of an alternative antiviral against influenza virus infection. Also, targeting the captive pocket structure that includes the N-terminus of PA endonuclease domain and the C-terminal of PB2 cap-binding domain of IAV RdRp may be an excellent strategy for developing anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Tan M, Jiang X. Norovirus Capsid Protein-Derived Nanoparticles and Polymers as Versatile Platforms for Antigen Presentation and Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090472. [PMID: 31547456 PMCID: PMC6781506 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major viral structural proteins interact homotypically and/or heterotypically, self-assembling into polyvalent viral capsids that usually elicit strong host immune responses. By taking advantage of such intrinsic features of norovirus capsids, two subviral nanoparticles, 60-valent S60 and 24-valent P24 nanoparticles, as well as various polymers, have been generated through bioengineering norovirus capsid shell (S) and protruding (P) domains, respectively. These nanoparticles and polymers are easily produced, highly stable, and extremely immunogenic, making them ideal vaccine candidates against noroviruses. In addition, they serve as multifunctional platforms to display foreign antigens, self-assembling into chimeric nanoparticles or polymers as vaccines against different pathogens and illnesses. Several chimeric S60 and P24 nanoparticles, as well as P domain-derived polymers, carrying different foreign antigens, have been created and demonstrated to be promising vaccine candidates against corresponding pathogens in preclinical animal studies, warranting their further development into useful vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause enzootic infections in birds and mammals but, in the last few decades, have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and, more recently, Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. A renewed interest in coronaviral research has led to the discovery of several novel human CoVs and since then much progress has been made in understanding the CoV life cycle. The CoV envelope (E) protein is a small, integral membrane protein involved in several aspects of the virus' life cycle, such as assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis. Recent studies have expanded on its structural motifs and topology, its functions as an ion-channelling viroporin, and its interactions with both other CoV proteins and host cell proteins. MAIN BODY This review aims to establish the current knowledge on CoV E by highlighting the recent progress that has been made and comparing it to previous knowledge. It also compares E to other viral proteins of a similar nature to speculate the relevance of these new findings. Good progress has been made but much still remains unknown and this review has identified some gaps in the current knowledge and made suggestions for consideration in future research. CONCLUSIONS The most progress has been made on SARS-CoV E, highlighting specific structural requirements for its functions in the CoV life cycle as well as mechanisms behind its pathogenesis. Data shows that E is involved in critical aspects of the viral life cycle and that CoVs lacking E make promising vaccine candidates. The high mortality rate of certain CoVs, along with their ease of transmission, underpins the need for more research into CoV molecular biology which can aid in the production of effective anti-coronaviral agents for both human CoVs and enzootic CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewald Schoeman
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Lin X, Ren C, Zhao J, Wang F, Gao X, Xiao R, Zhao L, Chen H, Jin M, Ma W, Zhou H. Influenza M2 protein regulates MAVS-mediated signaling pathway through interacting with MAVS and increasing ROS production. Autophagy 2019; 15:1163-1181. [PMID: 30741586 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1580089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus can evade host innate immune response that is involved in several viral proteins with complicated mechanisms. To date, how influenza A M2 protein modulates the host innate immunity remains unclear. Herein, we showed that M2 protein colocalized and interacted with MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) on mitochondria, and positively regulated MAVS-mediated innate immunity. Further studies revealed that M2 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that was required for activation of macroautophagy/autophagy and enhancement of MAVS signaling pathway. Importantly, the proton channel activity of M2 protein was demonstrated to be essential for ROS production and antagonizing the autophagy pathway to control MAVS aggregation, thereby enhancing MAVS signal activity. In conclusion, our studies provided novel insights into mechanisms of M2 protein in modulating host antiviral immunity and uncovered a new mechanism into biology and pathogenicity of influenza A virus. Abbreviations: AKT/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase; Apo: apocynin; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BAPTA-AM: 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis; BECN1: beclin 1; CARD: caspase recruitment domain; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CQ: chloroquine; DCF: dichlorodihyd-rofluorescein; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; DDX58: DExD/H-box helicase 58; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EGTA: ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; hpi: hours post infection; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IP: immunoprecipitation; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; ISRE: IFN-stimulated response elements; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MOI, multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NC: negative control; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K: class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RLR: RIG-I-like-receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEV: sendai virus; TM: transmembrane; TMRM: tetramethylrhodamine methylester; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xian Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Chenwei Ren
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Jiachang Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Rong Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Lianzhong Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Meilin Jin
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- c Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
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Global Interactomics Connect Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein NUMA1 to Influenza Virus Maturation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120731. [PMID: 30572664 PMCID: PMC6316800 DOI: 10.3390/v10120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections remain a major human health threat. IAV has enormous genetic plasticity and can rapidly escape virus-targeted anti-viral strategies. Thus, there is increasing interest to identify host proteins and processes the virus requires for replication and maturation. The IAV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a critical multifunctional protein that is expressed to high levels in infected cells. Host proteins that interact with NS1 may serve as ideal targets for attenuating IAV replication. We previously developed and characterized broadly cross-reactive anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies. For the current study, we used these mAbs to co-immunoprecipitate native IAV NS1 and interacting host proteins; 183 proteins were consistently identified in this NS1 interactome study, 124 of which have not been previously reported. RNAi screens identified 11 NS1-interacting host factors as vital for IAV replication. Knocking down one of these, nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NUMA1), dramatically reduced IAV replication. IAV genomic transcription and translation were not inhibited but transport of viral structural proteins to the cell membrane was hindered during maturation steps in NUMA1 knockdown (KD) cells.
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9
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XFEL structures of the influenza M2 proton channel: Room temperature water networks and insights into proton conduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13357-13362. [PMID: 28835537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705624114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M2 proton channel of influenza A is a drug target that is essential for the reproduction of the flu virus. It is also a model system for the study of selective, unidirectional proton transport across a membrane. Ordered water molecules arranged in "wires" inside the channel pore have been proposed to play a role in both the conduction of protons to the four gating His37 residues and the stabilization of multiple positive charges within the channel. To visualize the solvent in the pore of the channel at room temperature while minimizing the effects of radiation damage, data were collected to a resolution of 1.4 Å using an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) at three different pH conditions: pH 5.5, pH 6.5, and pH 8.0. Data were collected on the Inwardopen state, which is an intermediate that accumulates at high protonation of the His37 tetrad. At pH 5.5, a continuous hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules spans the vertical length of the channel, consistent with a Grotthuss mechanism model for proton transport to the His37 tetrad. This ordered solvent at pH 5.5 could act to stabilize the positive charges that build up on the gating His37 tetrad during the proton conduction cycle. The number of ordered pore waters decreases at pH 6.5 and 8.0, where the Inwardopen state is less stable. These studies provide a graphical view of the response of water to a change in charge within a restricted channel environment.
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10
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Arévalo MT, Li J, Diaz-Arévalo D, Chen Y, Navarro A, Wu L, Yan Y, Zeng M. A dual purpose universal influenza vaccine candidate confers protective immunity against anthrax. Immunology 2016; 150:276-289. [PMID: 27775159 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive influenza vaccines must be reformulated annually because of antigen shift and drift of circulating influenza viral strains. However, seasonal vaccines do not always match the circulating strains, and there is the ever-present threat that avian influenza viruses may adapt to humans. Hence, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide protective immunity against a broad range of influenza viruses. We designed an influenza antigen consisting of three tandem M2e repeats plus HA2, in combination with a detoxified anthrax oedema toxin delivery system (EFn plus PA) to enhance immune responses. The EFn-3×M2e-HA2 plus PA vaccine formulation elicited robust, antigen-specific, IgG responses; and was protective against heterologous influenza viral challenge when intranasally delivered to mice three times. Moreover, use of the detoxified anthrax toxin system as an adjuvant had the additional benefit of generating protective immunity against anthrax. Hence, this novel vaccine strategy could potentially address two major emerging public health and biodefence threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Junwei Li
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Diana Diaz-Arévalo
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Navarro
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Lihong Wu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyong Yan
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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11
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Desuzinges Mandon E, Traversier A, Champagne A, Benier L, Audebert S, Balme S, Dejean E, Rosa Calatrava M, Jawhari A. Expression and purification of native and functional influenza A virus matrix 2 proton selective ion channel. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 131:42-50. [PMID: 27825980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus displays one of the highest infection rates of all human viruses and therefore represents a severe human health threat associated with an important economical challenge. Influenza matrix protein 2 (M2) is a membrane protein of the viral envelope that forms a proton selective ion channel. Here we report the expression and native isolation of full length active M2 without mutations or fusions. The ability of the influenza virus to efficiently infect MDCK cells was used to express native M2 protein. Using a Calixarene detergents/surfactants based approach; we were able to solubilize most of M2 from the plasma membrane and purify it. The tetrameric form of native M2 was maintained during the protein preparation. Mass spectrometry shows that M2 was phosphorylated in its cytoplasmic tail (serine 64) and newly identifies an acetylation of the highly conserved Lysine 60. ELISA shows that solubilized and purified M2 was specifically recognized by M2 antibody MAB65 and was able to displace the antibody from M2 MDCK membranes. Using a bilayer voltage clamp measurement assay, we demonstrate a pH dependent proton selective ion channel activity. The addition of the M2 ion channel blocker amantadine allows a total inhibition of the channel activity, illustrating therefore the specificity of purified M2 activity. Taken together, this work shows the production and isolation of a tetrameric and functional native M2 ion channel that will pave the way to structural and functional characterization of native M2, conformational antibody development, small molecules compounds screening towards vaccine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), U1111 INSERM, UMR 5308 CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Anne Champagne
- CALIXAR, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; CNRS, Institut de Chimie et Biologie de Protéines, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR5635, Université de Montpellier CNRS ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Manuel Rosa Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), U1111 INSERM, UMR 5308 CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, EZUS, Lyon, France
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12
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Proton Channel Activity of Influenza A Virus Matrix Protein 2 Contributes to Autophagy Arrest. J Virol 2015; 90:591-8. [PMID: 26468520 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection can arrest autophagy, as evidenced by autophagosome accumulation in infected cells. Here, we report that this autophagosome accumulation can be inhibited by amantadine, an antiviral proton channel inhibitor, in amantadine-sensitive virus infected cells or cells expressing influenza A virus matrix protein 2 (M2). Thus, M2 proton channel activity plays a role in blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, which might be a key mechanism for arresting autophagy.
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13
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Stobart CC, Moore ML. Development of next-generation respiratory virus vaccines through targeted modifications to viral immunomodulatory genes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1563-72. [PMID: 26434947 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1095096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the greatest contributions of the scientific community to global health. Yet, many pathogens remain either unchallenged or inadequately hindered by commercially available vaccines. Respiratory viruses pose distinct and difficult challenges due to their ability to rapidly spread, adapt, and modify the host immune response. Considerable research has been directed to understand the role of respiratory virus immunomodulatory proteins and how they influence the host immune response. We review here efforts to develop next-generation vaccines through targeting these key immunomodulatory genes in influenza virus, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, and mumps virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Stobart
- a 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,b 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- a 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,b 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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14
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Kwon B, Tietze D, White PB, Liao SY, Hong M. Chemical ligation of the influenza M2 protein for solid-state NMR characterization of the cytoplasmic domain. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1087-99. [PMID: 25966817 PMCID: PMC4500309 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR-based structure determination of membrane proteins and large protein complexes faces the challenge of limited spectral resolution when the proteins are uniformly (13)C-labeled. A strategy to meet this challenge is chemical ligation combined with site-specific or segmental labeling. While chemical ligation has been adopted in NMR studies of water-soluble proteins, it has not been demonstrated for membrane proteins. Here we show chemical ligation of the influenza M2 protein, which contains a transmembrane (TM) domain and two extra-membrane domains. The cytoplasmic domain, which contains an amphipathic helix (AH) and a cytoplasmic tail, is important for regulating virus assembly, virus budding, and the proton channel activity. A recent study of uniformly (13)C-labeled full-length M2 by spectral simulation suggested that the cytoplasmic tail is unstructured. To further test this hypothesis, we conducted native chemical ligation of the TM segment and part of the cytoplasmic domain. Solid-phase peptide synthesis of the two segments allowed several residues to be labeled in each segment. The post-AH cytoplasmic residues exhibit random-coil chemical shifts, low bond order parameters, and a surface-bound location, thus indicating that this domain is a dynamic random coil on the membrane surface. Interestingly, the protein spectra are similar between a model membrane and a virus-mimetic membrane, indicating that the structure and dynamics of the post-AH segment is insensitive to the lipid composition. This chemical ligation approach is generally applicable to medium-sized membrane proteins to provide site-specific structural constraints, which complement the information obtained from uniformly (13)C, (15)N-labeled proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungsu Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Daniel Tietze
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Paul B White
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Shu Y Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
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15
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Ao D, Guo HC, Sun SQ, Sun DH, Fung TS, Wei YQ, Han SC, Yao XP, Cao SZ, Liu DX, Liu XT. Viroporin Activity of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Non-Structural 2B Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125828. [PMID: 25946195 PMCID: PMC4422707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are a family of low-molecular-weight hydrophobic transmembrane proteins that are encoded by various animal viruses. Viroporins form transmembrane pores in host cells via oligomerization, thereby destroying cellular homeostasis and inducing cytopathy for virus replication and virion release. Among the Picornaviridae family of viruses, the 2B protein encoded by enteroviruses is well understood, whereas the viroporin activity of the 2B protein encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has not yet been described. An analysis of the FMDV 2B protein domains by computer-aided programs conducted in this study revealed that this protein may contain two transmembrane regions. Further biochemical, biophysical and functional studies revealed that the protein possesses a number of features typical of a viroporin when it is overexpressed in bacterial and mammalian cells as well as in FMDV-infected cells. The protein was found to be mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with both the N- and C-terminal domains stretched into the cytosol. It exhibited cytotoxicity in Escherichia coli, which attenuated 2B protein expression. The release of virions from cells infected with FMDV was inhibited by amantadine, a viroporin inhibitor. The 2B protein monomers interacted with each other to form both intracellular and extracellular oligomers. The Ca(2+) concentration in the cells increased, and the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane was disrupted in cells that expressed the 2B protein. Moreover, the 2B protein induced intense autophagy in host cells. All of the results of this study demonstrate that the FMDV 2B protein has properties that are also found in other viroporins and may be involved in the infection mechanism of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - De-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - To Sing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Chong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Ping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Sui-Zhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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16
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Cross-protection of influenza A virus infection by a DNA aptamer targeting the PA endonuclease domain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4082-93. [PMID: 25918143 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00306-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid residues in the N-terminal of the PA subunit (PAN) of the influenza A virus polymerase play critical roles in endonuclease activity, protein stability, and viral RNA (vRNA) promoter binding. In addition, PAN is highly conserved among different subtypes of influenza virus, which suggests PAN to be a desired target in the development of anti-influenza agents. We selected DNA aptamers targeting the intact PA protein or the PAN domain of an H5N1 virus strain using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The binding affinities of selected aptamers were measured, followed by an evaluation of in vitro endonuclease inhibitory activity. Next, the antiviral effects of enriched aptamers against influenza A virus infections were examined. A total of three aptamers targeting PA and six aptamers targeting PAN were selected. Our data demonstrated that all three PA-selected aptamers neither inhibited endonuclease activity nor exhibited antiviral efficacy, whereas four of the six PAN-selected aptamers inhibited both endonuclease activity and H5N1 virus infection. Among the four effective aptamers, one exhibited cross-protection against infections of H1N1, H5N1, H7N7, and H7N9 influenza viruses, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of around 10 nM. Notably, this aptamer was identified at the 5th round but disappeared after the 10th round of selection, suggesting that the identification and evaluation of aptamers at early rounds of selection may be highly helpful for screening effective aptamers. Overall, our study provides novel insights for screening and developing effective aptamers for use as anti-influenza drugs.
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17
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Herold S, Becker C, Ridge KM, Budinger GRS. Influenza virus-induced lung injury: pathogenesis and implications for treatment. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1463-78. [PMID: 25792631 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00186214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The influenza viruses are some of the most important human pathogens, causing substantial seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. In humans, infection of the lower respiratory tract of can result in flooding of the alveolar compartment, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and death from respiratory failure. Influenza-mediated damage of the airway, alveolar epithelium and alveolar endothelium results from a combination of: 1) intrinsic viral pathogenicity, attributable to its tropism for host airway and alveolar epithelial cells; and 2) a robust host innate immune response, which, while contributing to viral clearance, can worsen the severity of lung injury. In this review, we summarise the molecular events at the virus-host interface during influenza virus infection, highlighting some of the important cellular responses. We discuss immune-mediated viral clearance, the mechanisms promoting or perpetuating lung injury, lung regeneration after influenza-induced injury, and recent advances in influenza prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herold
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, Universities Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christin Becker
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, Universities Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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DiFrancesco ML, Hansen UP, Thiel G, Moroni A, Schroeder I. Effect of cytosolic pH on inward currents reveals structural characteristics of the proton transport cycle in the influenza A protein M2 in cell-free membrane patches of Xenopus oocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107406. [PMID: 25211283 PMCID: PMC4174909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport activity through the mutant D44A of the M2 proton channel from influenza virus A was measured in excised inside-out macro-patches of Xenopus laevis oocytes at cytosolic pH values of 5.5, 7.5 and 8.2. The current-voltage relationships reveal some peculiarities: 1. "Transinhibition", i.e., instead of an increase of unidirectional outward current with increasing cytosolic H(+) concentration, a decrease of unidirectional inward current was found. 2. Strong inward rectification. 3. Exponential rise of current with negative potentials. In order to interpret these findings in molecular terms, different kinetic models have been tested. The transinhibition basically results from a strong binding of H(+) to a site in the pore, presumably His37. This assumption alone already provides inward rectification and exponential rise of the IV curves. However, it results in poor global fits of the IV curves, i.e., good fits were only obtained for cytosolic pH of 8.2, but not for 7.5. Assuming an additional transport step as e.g. caused by a constriction zone at Val27 resulted in a negligible improvement. In contrast, good global fits for cytosolic pH of 7.5 and 8.2 were immediately obtained with a cyclic model. A "recycling step" implies that the protein undergoes conformational changes (assigned to Trp41 and Val27) during transport which have to be reset before the next proton can be transported. The global fit failed at the low currents at pHcyt = 5.5, as expected from the interference of putative transport of other ions besides H(+). Alternatively, a regulatory effect of acidic cytosolic pH may be assumed which strongly modifies the rate constants of the transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulf-Peter Hansen
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Plant Membrane Biophysics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences and CNR-IBF, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Indra Schroeder
- Plant Membrane Biophysics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Ludwig S, Zell R, Schwemmle M, Herold S. Influenza, a One Health paradigm--novel therapeutic strategies to fight a zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:894-901. [PMID: 25220817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a paradigm for a pathogen that frequently crosses the species barrier from animals to humans, causing severe disease in the human population. This ranges from frequent epidemics to occasional pandemic outbreaks with millions of death. All previous pandemics in humans were caused by animal viruses or virus reassortants carrying animal virus genes, underlining that the fight against influenza requires a One Health approach integrating human and veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the fundamental question of what enables a flu pathogen to jump from animals to humans can only be tackled in a transdisciplinary approach between virologists, immunologists and cell biologists. To address this need the German FluResearchNet was established as a first nationwide influenza research network that virtually integrates all national expertise in the field of influenza to unravel viral and host determinants of pathogenicity and species transmission and to explore novel avenues of antiviral intervention. Here we focus on the various novel anti-flu approaches that were developed as part of the FluResearchNet activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Roland Zell
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knoell Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Department of Internal Medicine II, Section of Infectious Diseases, Klinikstr. 33, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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20
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Ao D, Sun SQ, Guo HC. Topology and biological function of enterovirus non-structural protein 2B as a member of the viroporin family. Vet Res 2014; 45:87. [PMID: 25163654 PMCID: PMC4155101 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are a group of transmembrane proteins with low molecular weight that are encoded by many animal viruses. Generally, viroporins are composed of 50–120 amino acid residues and possess a minimum of one hydrophobic region that interacts with the lipid bilayer and leads to dispersion. Viroporins are involved in destroying the morphology of host cells and disturbing their biological functions to complete the life cycle of the virus. The 2B proteins encoded by enteroviruses, which belong to the family Picornaviridae, can form transmembrane pores by oligomerization, increase the permeability of plasma membranes, disturb the homeostasis of calcium in cells, induce apoptosis, and cause autophagy; these abilities are shared among viroporins. The present paper introduces the structure and biological characteristics of various 2B proteins encoded by enteroviruses of the family Picornaviridae and may provide a novel idea for developing antiviral drugs.
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21
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Wu FG, Yang P, Zhang C, Li B, Han X, Song M, Chen Z. Molecular interactions between amantadine and model cell membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8491-8499. [PMID: 25010349 DOI: 10.1021/la501718n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was applied to study molecular interactions between amantadine and substrate supported lipid bilayers serving as model cell membranes. Both isotopically asymmetric and symmetric lipid bilayers were used in the research. SFG results elucidated how the water-soluble drug, amantadine, influenced the packing state of each leaflet of a lipid bilayer and how the drugs affected the lipid flip-flop process. It is difficult to achieve such detailed molecular-level information using other analytical techniques. Especially, from the flip-flop rate change of isotopically asymmetric lipid bilayer induced by amantadine, important information on the drug-membrane interaction mechanism can be derived. The results show that amantadine can be associated with zwitterionic PC bilayers but has a negligible influence on the flip-flop behavior of PC molecules unless at high concentrations. Different effects of amantadine on the lipid bilayer were observed for the negatively charged DPPG bilayer; low concentration amantadine (e.g., 0.20 mM) in the subphase could immediately disturb the outer lipid leaflet and then the lipid associated amantadine molecules gradually reorganize to cause the outer leaflet to return to the original orderly packed state. Higher concentration amantadine (e.g., 5.0 mM) immediately disordered the packing state of the outer lipid leaflet. For both the high and low concentration cases, amantadine molecules only bind to the outer PG leaflet and cannot translocate to the inner layer. The presence of amantadine within the negatively charged lipid layers has certain implications for using liposomes as drug delivery carriers for amantadine. Besides, by using PC or PG bilayers with both leaflets deuterated, we were able to examine how amantadine is distributed and/or oriented within the lipid bilayer. The present work demonstrates that SFG results can provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of interactions between water-soluble drugs and model cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
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22
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Wu NC, Young AP, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Olson CA, Feng J, Qi H, Chen SH, Lu IH, Lin CY, Chin RG, Luan HH, Nguyen N, Nelson SF, Li X, Wu TT, Sun R. High-throughput profiling of influenza A virus hemagglutinin gene at single-nucleotide resolution. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4942. [PMID: 24820965 PMCID: PMC4018626 DOI: 10.1038/srep04942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic research on influenza virus biology has been informed in large part by nucleotide variants present in seasonal or pandemic samples, or individual mutants generated in the laboratory, leaving a substantial part of the genome uncharacterized. Here, we have developed a single-nucleotide resolution genetic approach to interrogate the fitness effect of point mutations in 98% of the amino acid positions in the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Our HA fitness map provides a reference to identify indispensable regions to aid in drug and vaccine design as targeting these regions will increase the genetic barrier for the emergence of escape mutations. This study offers a new platform for studying genome dynamics, structure-function relationships, virus-host interactions, and can further rational drug and vaccine design. Our approach can also be applied to any virus that can be genetically manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA [2] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA [3]
| | - Arthur P Young
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA [2]
| | - Laith Q Al-Mawsawi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C Anders Olson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hangfei Qi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shu-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert G Chin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Harding H Luan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA [2] Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA [2] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA [3] AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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23
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Abstract
Many viruses encode short transmembrane proteins that play vital roles in virus replication or virulence. Because many of these proteins are less than 50 amino acids long and not homologous to cellular proteins, their open reading frames were often overlooked during the initial annotation of viral genomes. Some of these proteins oligomerize in membranes and form ion channels. Other miniproteins bind to cellular transmembrane proteins and modulate their activity, whereas still others have an unknown mechanism of action. Based on the underlying principles of transmembrane miniprotein structure, it is possible to build artificial small transmembrane proteins that modulate a variety of biological processes. These findings suggest that short transmembrane proteins provide a versatile mechanism to regulate a wide range of cellular activities, and we speculate that cells also express many similar proteins that have not yet been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
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24
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Giorda KM, Hebert DN. Viroporins customize host cells for efficient viral propagation. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:557-64. [PMID: 23945006 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that must access the host cell machinery to propagate. Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to help with entry, replication, packaging, and release of progeny to infect new cells. To carry out these diverse functions, viruses often transform the cellular environment using viroporins, a growing class of viral-encoded membrane proteins that promote viral proliferation. Viroporins modify the integrity of host membranes, thereby stimulating the maturation of viral infection, and are critical for virus production and dissemination. Significant advances in molecular and cell biological approaches have helped to uncover some of the roles that viroporins serve in the various stages of the viral life cycle. In this study, the ability of viroporins to modify the cellular environment will be discussed, with particular emphasis on their role in the stepwise progression of the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Giorda
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts
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25
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Lafleur MD, Sun L, Lister I, Keating J, Nantel A, Long L, Ghannoum M, North J, Lee RE, Coleman K, Dahl T, Lewis K. Potentiation of azole antifungals by 2-adamantanamine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3585-92. [PMID: 23689724 PMCID: PMC3719723 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00294-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoles are among the most successful classes of antifungals. They act by inhibiting α-14 lanosterol demethylase in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) occurs in about 90% of HIV-infected individuals, and 4 to 5% are refractory to current therapies, including azoles, due to the formation of resistant biofilms produced in the course of OPC. We reasoned that compounds affecting a different target may potentiate azoles to produce increased killing and an antibiofilm therapeutic. 2-Adamantanamine (AC17) was identified in a screen for compounds potentiating the action of miconazole against biofilms of Candida albicans. AC17, a close structural analog to the antiviral amantadine, did not affect the viability of C. albicans but caused the normally fungistatic azoles to become fungicidal. Transcriptome analysis of cells treated with AC17 revealed that the ergosterol and filamentation pathways were affected. Indeed, cells exposed to AC17 had decreased ergosterol contents and were unable to invade agar. In vivo, the combination of AC17 and fluconazole produced a significant reduction in fungal tissue burden in a guinea pig model of cutaneous candidiasis, while each treatment alone did not have a significant effect. The combination of fluconazole and AC17 also showed improved efficacy (P value of 0.018) compared to fluconazole alone when fungal lesions were evaluated. AC17 is a promising lead in the search for more effective antifungal therapeutics.
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The amphipathic helix of influenza A virus M2 protein is required for filamentous bud formation and scission of filamentous and spherical particles. J Virol 2013; 87:9973-82. [PMID: 23843641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01363-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus assembles and buds at the infected-cell plasma membrane. This involves extrusion of the plasma membrane followed by scission of the bud, resulting in severing the nascent virion from its former host. The influenza virus M2 ion channel protein contains in its cytoplasmic tail a membrane-proximal amphipathic helix that facilitates the scission process and is also required for filamentous particle formation. Mutation of five conserved hydrophobic residues to alanines within the amphipathic helix (M2 five-point mutant, or 5PM) reduced scission and also filament formation, whereas single mutations had no apparent phenotype. Here, we show that any two of these five residues mutated together to alanines result in virus debilitated for growth and filament formation in a manner similar to 5PM. Growth kinetics of the M2 mutants are approximately 2 logs lower than the wild-type level, and plaque diameter was significantly reduced. When the 5PM and a representative double mutant (I51A-Y52A) were introduced into A/WSN/33 M2, a strain that produces spherical particles, similar debilitation in viral growth occurred. Electron microscopy showed that with the 5PM and the I51A-Y52A A/Udorn/72 and WSN viruses, scission failed, and emerging virus particles exhibited a "beads-on-a-string" morphology. The major spike glycoprotein hemagglutinin is localized within lipid rafts in virus-infected cells, whereas M2 is associated at the periphery of rafts. Mutant M2s were more widely dispersed, and their abundance at the raft periphery was reduced, suggesting that the M2 amphipathic helix is required for proper localization in the host membrane and that this has implications for budding and scission.
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27
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Wanka L, Iqbal K, Schreiner PR. The lipophilic bullet hits the targets: medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3516-604. [PMID: 23432396 PMCID: PMC3650105 DOI: 10.1021/cr100264t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
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Polymer-attached zanamivir inhibits synergistically both early and late stages of influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 23185023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219155109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalently conjugating multiple copies of the drug zanamivir (ZA; the active ingredient in Relenza) via a flexible linker to poly-l-glutamine (PGN) enhances the anti-influenza virus activity by orders of magnitude. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of this phenomenon. Like ZA itself, the PGN-attached drug (PGN-ZA) binds specifically to viral neuraminidase and inhibits both its enzymatic activity and the release of newly synthesized virions from infected cells. Unlike monomeric ZA, however, PGN-ZA also synergistically inhibits early stages of influenza virus infection, thus contributing to the markedly increased antiviral potency. This inhibition is not caused by a direct virucidal effect, aggregation of viruses, or inhibition of viral attachment to target cells and the subsequent endocytosis; rather, it is a result of interference with intracellular trafficking of the endocytosed viruses and the subsequent virus-endosome fusion. These findings both rationalize the great anti-influenza potency of PGN-ZA and reveal that attaching ZA to a polymeric chain confers a unique mechanism of antiviral action potentially useful for minimizing drug resistance.
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Ortigoza MB, Dibben O, Maamary J, Martinez-Gil L, Leyva-Grado VH, Abreu P, Ayllon J, Palese P, Shaw ML. A novel small molecule inhibitor of influenza A viruses that targets polymerase function and indirectly induces interferon. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002668. [PMID: 22577360 PMCID: PMC3343121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to pose a major public health threat worldwide and options for antiviral therapy are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains. The antiviral cytokine, interferon (IFN) is an essential mediator of the innate immune response and influenza viruses, like many viruses, have evolved strategies to evade this response, resulting in increased replication and enhanced pathogenicity. A cell-based assay that monitors IFN production was developed and applied in a high-throughput compound screen to identify molecules that restore the IFN response to influenza virus infected cells. We report the identification of compound ASN2, which induces IFN only in the presence of influenza virus infection. ASN2 preferentially inhibits the growth of influenza A viruses, including the 1918 H1N1, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 H1N1 pandemic strains and avian H5N1 virus. In vivo, ASN2 partially protects mice challenged with a lethal dose of influenza A virus. Surprisingly, we found that the antiviral activity of ASN2 is not dependent on IFN production and signaling. Rather, its IFN-inducing property appears to be an indirect effect resulting from ASN2-mediated inhibition of viral polymerase function, and subsequent loss of the expression of the viral IFN antagonist, NS1. Moreover, we identified a single amino acid mutation at position 499 of the influenza virus PB1 protein that confers resistance to ASN2, suggesting that PB1 is the direct target. This two-pronged antiviral mechanism, consisting of direct inhibition of virus replication and simultaneous activation of the host innate immune response, is a unique property not previously described for any single antiviral molecule. Influenza viruses are rapidly developing resistance against available anti-influenza drugs and consequently there is an urgent demand for new treatment approaches. We identified compound ASN2 in a high-throughput screen for molecules that are capable of inducing the antiviral cytokine interferon (IFN) in the presence of influenza virus infection. Normally, influenza virus blocks IFN production, an activity that is dependent on the viral NS1 protein and contributes to the ability of the virus to cause disease in an infected host. We show that ASN2 is a potent inhibitor of influenza A virus and can partially protect infected animals from disease and death. ASN2 acts by targeting influenza virus polymerase function which results in inhibition of virus replication, and as a consequence, NS1 expression. Thus the ability of ASN2 to induce IFN is a “side-effect”, albeit a desirable one, of polymerase inhibition. This combination of directly inhibiting the virus while also stimulating the host immune response is a novel property for an antiviral compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Brum Ortigoza
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jad Maamary
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luis Martinez-Gil
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor H. Leyva-Grado
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pablo Abreu
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan Ayllon
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Stimac A, Segota S, Dutour Sikirić M, Ribić R, Frkanec L, Svetličić V, Tomić S, Vranešić B, Frkanec R. Surface modified liposomes by mannosylated conjugates anchored via the adamantyl moiety in the lipid bilayer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2252-9. [PMID: 22525598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to encapsulate mannosylated 1-aminoadamantane and mannosylated adamantyltripeptides, namely [(2R)-N-(adamant-1-yl)-3-(α,β-d-mannopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanamide and (2R)-N-[3-(α-d-mannopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanoyl]-d,l-(adamant-2-yl)glycyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine] in liposomes. The characterization of liposomes, size and surface morphology was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results have revealed that the encapsulation of examined compounds changes the size and surface of liposomes. After the concanavalin A (ConA) was added to the liposome preparation, increase in liposome size and their aggregation has been observed. The enlargement of liposomes was ascribed to the specific binding of the ConA to the mannose present on the surface of the prepared liposomes. Thus, it has been shown that the adamantyl moiety from mannosylated 1-aminoadamantane and mannosylated adamantyltripeptides can be used as an anchor in the lipid bilayer for carbohydrate moiety exposed on the liposome surface.
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31
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Swaminathan K, Downard KM. Anti-Viral Inhibitor Binding to Influenza Neuraminidase by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3725-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Swaminathan
- School of Molecular Bioscience University
of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kevin M. Downard
- School of Molecular Bioscience University
of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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32
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Stewart SM, Pekosz A. The influenza C virus CM2 protein can alter intracellular pH, and its transmembrane domain can substitute for that of the influenza A virus M2 protein and support infectious virus production. J Virol 2012; 86:1277-81. [PMID: 21917958 PMCID: PMC3255851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05681-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza C virus CM2 protein and a chimeric influenza A virus M2 protein (MCM) containing the CM2 transmembrane domain were assessed for their ability to functionally replace the M2 protein. While all three proteins could alter cytosolic pH to various degrees when expressed from cDNA, only M2 and MCM could at least partially restore infectious virus production to M2-deficient influenza A viruses. The data suggest that while the CM2 ion channel activity is similar to that of M2, sequences in the extracellular and/or cytoplasmic domains play important roles in infectious virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Stewart
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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33
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Ludwig S. Disruption of virus-host cell interactions and cell signaling pathways as an anti-viral approach against influenza virus infections. Biol Chem 2011; 392:837-47. [PMID: 21823902 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is still one of the major plagues worldwide with the threatening potential to cause pandemics. In recent years, increasing levels of resistance to the four FDA approved anti-influenza virus drugs have been described. This situation underlines the urgent need for novel anti-virals in preparation for future influenza epidemics or pandemics. Although the anti-virals currently in use target viral factors such as the neuraminidase or the M2 ion channel, there is an increase in pre-clinical approaches that focus on cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with virus replication. This does not only include inhibitors of virus-supportive signaling cascades but also interaction blockers of viral proteins with host cell proteins. This review aims to highlight some of these novel approaches that represent a paradigm change in anti-viral strategies against the influenza virus. Although most of these approaches are still in an early phase of preclinical development they might be very promising particularly with respect to the prevention of viral resistance to potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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34
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Human annexin A6 interacts with influenza a virus protein M2 and negatively modulates infection. J Virol 2011; 86:1789-801. [PMID: 22114333 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06003-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus M2 ion channel protein has the longest cytoplasmic tail (CT) among the three viral envelope proteins and is well conserved between different viral strains. It is accessible to the host cellular machinery after fusion with the endosomal membrane and during the trafficking, assembly, and budding processes. We hypothesized that identification of host cellular interactants of M2 CT could help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating the M2-dependent stages of the virus life cycle. Using yeast two-hybrid screening with M2 CT as bait, a novel interaction with the human annexin A6 (AnxA6) protein was identified, and their physical interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assay and a colocalization study of virus-infected human cells. We found that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of AnxA6 expression significantly increased virus production, while its overexpression could reduce the titer of virus progeny, suggesting a negative regulatory role for AnxA6 during influenza A virus infection. Further characterization revealed that AnxA6 depletion or overexpression had no effect on the early stages of the virus life cycle or on viral RNA replication but impaired the release of progeny virus, as suggested by delayed or defective budding events observed at the plasma membrane of virus-infected cells by transmission electron microscopy. Collectively, this work identifies AnxA6 as a novel cellular regulator that targets and impairs the virus budding and release stages of the influenza A virus life cycle.
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35
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Cirrincione-Dall G, Brennan BJ, Ballester-Sanchis RM, Navarro MT, Davies BE. Pharmacokinetics and safety of coadministered oseltamivir and rimantadine in healthy volunteers: an open-label, multiple-dose, randomized, crossover study. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 52:1255-64. [PMID: 22039289 DOI: 10.1177/0091270011412960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical data suggest increased antiviral activity and less viral resistance when neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes are used in combination to harness the complementary effects of their different mechanisms of action. Healthy volunteers were randomized to 5-day oral treatment with oseltamivir 75 mg or rimantadine 100 mg twice daily as monotherapy or to combination treatment. Each participant received all 3 regimens in 1 of 6 treatment sequences, with a minimum of 7 days' washout between periods. Final follow-up was 10 to 14 days after the final dose. Drug exposure, elimination, safety, and tolerability were assessed. There were no clinically relevant differences in 12-hour areas under the concentration-time curves of drug in plasma or peak plasma drug concentrations with combination versus monotherapy. Elimination half-life was unaffected by coadministration. There were no safety/tolerability concerns. One case of vomiting and 1 of paresthesia were considered remotely related to combination treatment, and 1 episode of toothache and 1 of acne were considered unrelated. There were no serious adverse events and no deaths. Combination therapy with oseltamivir and rimantadine at recommended dosages in adults had no discernible effect on the pharmacokinetics of either drug and raised no tolerability issues.
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36
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Xia M, Tan M, Wei C, Zhong W, Wang L, McNeal M, Jiang X. A candidate dual vaccine against influenza and noroviruses. Vaccine 2011; 29:7670-7. [PMID: 21839795 PMCID: PMC3190067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza viruses is highly conserved among all influenza A subtypes, making it a suitable target for a universal influenza vaccine. In this study, we demonstrated an enhanced immune response and protection of a chimeric M2e vaccine against influenza A viruses using our newly developed vaccine platform, the norovirus P particle, to present the M2e peptide. The 23-amino acid peptide was inserted into one of the surface loops of the P protein, resulting in 24 copies of M2e presented on each P particle. Significantly (P<0.001) increased antibody responses to M2e were observed in mice immunized with the P particle-M2e chimera compared with those immunized with the free M2e peptides. Mice immunized with the P particle-M2e vaccine were fully protected (100% survived) against lethal challenge of a mouse adapted human influenza virus PR8 (H1N1), while only low survival rates (<12.5%) were found in mice immunized with the free M2e peptides or wild type P particle. In addition, the mouse sera collected after immunization with the P particle-M2e vaccine were able to block the binding of norovirus virus-like particle and P particle to histo-blood group antigen receptors. These results suggest that the P particle-M2e chimera can be used as dual vaccine against both noroviruses and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Corresponding authors: Xi Jiang, Ph. D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Tel: 513-636-0119, Fax: 513-636-7655, . Ming Tan, Ph. D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Tel: 513-636-0510, Fax: 513-636-7655,
| | - Chao Wei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Corresponding authors: Xi Jiang, Ph. D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Tel: 513-636-0119, Fax: 513-636-7655, . Ming Tan, Ph. D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Tel: 513-636-0510, Fax: 513-636-7655,
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37
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Rossman JS, Jing X, Leser GP, Lamb RA. Influenza virus M2 protein mediates ESCRT-independent membrane scission. Cell 2010; 142:902-13. [PMID: 20850012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses utilize host ESCRT proteins for budding; however, influenza virus budding is thought to be ESCRT-independent. In this study we have found a role for the influenza virus M2 proton-selective ion channel protein in mediating virus budding. We observed that a highly conserved amphipathic helix located within the M2 cytoplasmic tail mediates a cholesterol-dependent alteration in membrane curvature. The 17 amino acid amphipathic helix is sufficient for budding into giant unilamellar vesicles, and mutation of this sequence inhibited budding of transfected M2 protein in vivo. We show that M2 localizes to the neck of budding virions and that mutation of the M2 amphipathic helix results in failure of the virus to undergo membrane scission and virion release. These data suggest that M2 mediates the final steps of budding for influenza viruses, bypassing the need for host ESCRT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Rossman
- Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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38
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Stewart SM, Wu WH, Lalime EN, Pekosz A. The cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus motif of the influenza A virus M2 protein is not required for virus replication but contributes to virulence. Virology 2010; 405:530-8. [PMID: 20655564 PMCID: PMC2923277 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus particles assemble and bud from plasma membrane domains enriched with the viral glycoproteins but only a small fraction of the total M2 protein is incorporated into virus particles when compared to the other viral glycoproteins. A membrane proximal cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif was previously identified in M2 and suggested to play a role in protein function. We investigated the importance of the CRAC motif on virus replication by generating recombinant proteins and viruses containing amino acid substitutions in this motif. Alteration or completion of the M2 CRAC motif in two different virus strains caused no changes in virus replication in vitro. Viruses lacking an M2 CRAC motif had decreased morbidity and mortality in the mouse model of infection, suggesting that this motif is a virulence determinant which may facilitate virus replication in vivo but is not required for basic virus replication in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Stewart
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St Suite 5132, Baltimore MD 21205
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8226, 660 South Euclid St, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wai-Hong Wu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St Suite 5132, Baltimore MD 21205
| | - Erin N Lalime
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St Suite 5132, Baltimore MD 21205
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St Suite 5132, Baltimore MD 21205
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39
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Hu F, Luo W, Cady SD, Hong M. Conformational plasticity of the influenza A M2 transmembrane helix in lipid bilayers under varying pH, drug binding, and membrane thickness. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:415-23. [PMID: 20883664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins change their conformations to respond to environmental cues, thus conformational plasticity is important for function. The influenza A M2 protein forms an acid-activated proton channel important for the virus lifecycle. Here we have used solid-state NMR spectroscopy to examine the conformational plasticity of membrane-bound transmembrane domain of M2 (M2TM). (13)C and (15)N chemical shifts indicate coupled conformational changes of several pore-facing residues due to changes in bilayer thickness, drug binding, and pH. The structural changes are attributed to the formation of a well-defined helical kink at G34 in the drug-bound state and in thick lipid bilayers, nonideal backbone conformation of the secondary-gate residue V27 in the presence of drug, and nonideal conformation of the proton-sensing residue H37 at high pH. The chemical shifts constrained the (ϕ, ψ) torsion angles for three "basis" states, the equilibrium among which explains the multiple resonances per site in the NMR spectra under different combinations of bilayer thickness, drug binding, and pH conditions. Thus, conformational plasticity is important for the proton conduction and inhibition of M2TM. The study illustrates the utility of NMR chemical shifts for probing the structural plasticity and folding of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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40
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Yavarian J, Azad TM, Zheng X, Gregory V, Lin YP, Hay A. Amantadine resistance in relation to the evolution of influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Iran. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:193-6. [PMID: 20816700 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aminoadamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used to prevent and treat influenza A virus infections for many years. Several reports have shown an increased level of resistance to these drugs, particularly among influenza A(H3N2) subtype viruses, during recent years. We observed an increase in amantadine resistance, due to a Ser31Asn mutation in the M2 channel protein, among A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Iran during 2005-2007. Sequence analyses of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes as well as the M gene of these viruses revealed that the emergence of resistance was in general consistent with the progressive worldwide evolution of H3N2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Porsina Ave, Keshavarz Blv., Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Cross TA, Sharma M, Yi M, Zhou HX. Influence of solubilizing environments on membrane protein structures. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 36:117-25. [PMID: 20724162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein structures are stabilized by weak interactions and are influenced by additional interactions with the solubilizing environment. Structures of influenza virus A M2 protein, a proven drug target, have been determined in three different environments, thus providing a unique opportunity to assess environmental influences. Structures determined in detergents and detergent micelles can have notable differences from those determined in lipid bilayers. These differences make it imperative to validate membrane protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Cross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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42
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Kozakov D, Chuang GY, Beglov D, Vajda S. Where does amantadine bind to the influenza virus M2 proton channel? Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:471-5. [PMID: 20382026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Structures of the influenza A virus M2 proton channel in the open conformation have been determined by X-ray crystallography, and in the closed conformation by NMR. Whereas the X-ray structure shows a single inhibitor molecule in the middle of the channel, four inhibitor molecules bind the channel's outer surface in the NMR structure. In both structures, the strongest hot spots (i.e., regions that contribute substantially to the free energy of binding any potential ligand) lie inside the pore, and other hot spots are found at exterior locations. By considering all available models, we propose the primary drug binding site is inside the pore, but that exterior binding occurs under appropriate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Kozakov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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43
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Moss RB, Davey RT, Steigbigel RT, Fang F. Targeting pandemic influenza: a primer on influenza antivirals and drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1086-93. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Rao SS, Kong WP, Wei CJ, Van Hoeven N, Gorres JP, Nason M, Andersen H, Tumpey TM, Nabel GJ. Comparative efficacy of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, and matrix 2 protein gene-based vaccination against H5N1 influenza in mouse and ferret. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9812. [PMID: 20352112 PMCID: PMC2843722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop a broadly protective vaccine against the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5N1 virus have focused on highly conserved influenza gene products. The viral nucleoprotein (NP) and ion channel matrix protein (M2) are highly conserved among different strains and various influenza A subtypes. Here, we investigate the relative efficacy of NP and M2 compared to HA in protecting against HPAI H5N1 virus. In mice, previous studies have shown that vaccination with NP and M2 in recombinant DNA and/or adenovirus vectors or with adjuvants confers protection against lethal challenge in the absence of HA. However, we find that the protective efficacy of NP and M2 diminishes as the virulence and dose of the challenge virus are increased. To explore this question in a model relevant to human disease, ferrets were immunized with DNA/rAd5 vaccines encoding NP, M2, HA, NP+M2 or HA+NP+M2. Only HA or HA+NP+M2 vaccination conferred protection against a stringent virus challenge. Therefore, while gene-based vaccination with NP and M2 may provide moderate levels of protection against low challenge doses, it is insufficient to confer protective immunity against high challenge doses of H5N1 in ferrets. These immunogens may require combinatorial vaccination with HA, which confers protection even against very high doses of lethal viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas S. Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chih-Jen Wei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Patrick Gorres
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hanne Andersen
- BIOQUAL, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Balannik V, Carnevale V, Fiorin G, Levine BG, Lamb RA, Klein ML, Degrado WF, Pinto LH. Functional studies and modeling of pore-lining residue mutants of the influenza a virus M2 ion channel. Biochemistry 2010; 49:696-708. [PMID: 20028125 DOI: 10.1021/bi901799k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The A/M2 protein of influenza A virus forms a tetrameric proton-selective pH-gated ion channel. The H(37)xxxW(41) motif located in the channel pore is responsible for its gating and proton selectivity. Channel activation most likely involves protonation of the H37 residues, while the conductive state of the channel is characterized by two or three charged His residues in a tetrad. A/M2 channel activity is inhibited by the antiviral drug amantadine. Although a large number of functional amantadine-resistant mutants of A/M2 have been observed in vitro, only a few are observed in highly transmissible viruses in the presence or absence of amantadine. We therefore examined 49 point mutants of the pore-lining residues, representing both natural and nonnatural variants. Their ion selectivity, amantadine sensitivity, specific activity, and pH-dependent conductance were measured in Xenopus oocytes. These measurements showed how variations in the sequence lead to variations in the proton conduction. The results are consistent with a multistep mechanism that allows the protein to fine-tune its pH-rate profile over a wide range of proton concentrations, hypothesized to arise from different protonation states of the H37 tetrad. Mutations that give native-like conductance at low pH as well as minimal leakage current at pH 7.0 were surprisingly rare. Moreover, the results are consistent with a location of the amantadine-binding site inside the channel pore. These findings have helped to define the set of functionally fit mutants that should be targeted when considering the design of novel drugs that inhibit amantadine-resistant strains of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Balannik
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, USA
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46
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Influenza virus m2 ion channel protein is necessary for filamentous virion formation. J Virol 2010; 84:5078-88. [PMID: 20219914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00119-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus buds from cells as spherical (approximately 100-nm diameter) and filamentous (approximately 100 nm x 2 to 20 microm) virions. Previous work has determined that the matrix protein (M1) confers the ability of the virus to form filaments; however, additional work has suggested that the influenza virus M2 integral membrane protein also plays a role in viral filament formation. In examining the role of the M2 protein in filament formation, we observed that the cytoplasmic tail of M2 contains several sites that are essential for filament formation. Additionally, whereas M2 is a nonraft protein, expression of other viral proteins in the context of influenza virus infection leads to the colocalization of M2 with sites of virus budding and lipid raft domains. We found that an amphipathic helix located within the M2 cytoplasmic tail is able to bind cholesterol, and we speculate that M2 cholesterol binding is essential for both filament formation and the stability of existing viral filaments.
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47
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Chuang GY, Kozakov D, Brenke R, Beglov D, Guarnieri F, Vajda S. Binding hot spots and amantadine orientation in the influenza a virus M2 proton channel. Biophys J 2010; 97:2846-53. [PMID: 19917240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Structures of truncated versions of the influenza A virus M2 proton channel have been determined recently by x-ray crystallography in the open conformation of the channel, and by NMR in the closed state. The structures differ in the position of the bound inhibitors. The x-ray structure shows a single amantadine molecule in the middle of the channel, whereas in the NMR structure four drug molecules bind at the channel's outer surface. To study this controversy we applied computational solvent mapping, a technique developed for the identification of the most druggable binding hot spots of proteins. The method moves molecular probes--small organic molecules containing various functional groups--around the protein surface, finds favorable positions using empirical free energy functions, clusters the conformations, and ranks the clusters on the basis of the average free energy. The results of the mapping show that in both structures the primary hot spot is an internal cavity overlapping the amantadine binding site seen in the x-ray structure. However, both structures also have weaker hot spots at the exterior locations that bind rimantadine in the NMR structure, although these sites are partially due to the favorable interactions with the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer. As confirmed by docking calculations, the open channel binds amantadine at the more favorable internal site, in good agreement with the x-ray structure. In contrast, the NMR structure is based on a peptide/micelle construct that is able to accommodate the small molecular probes used for the mapping, but has a too narrow pore for the rimantadine to access the internal hot spot, and hence the drug can bind only at the exterior sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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48
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Balannik V, Wang J, Ohigashi Y, Jing X, Magavern E, Lamb RA, Degrado WF, Pinto LH. Design and pharmacological characterization of inhibitors of amantadine-resistant mutants of the M2 ion channel of influenza A virus. Biochemistry 2010; 48:11872-82. [PMID: 19905033 DOI: 10.1021/bi9014488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The A/M2 proton channel of influenza A virus is a target for the anti-influenza drugs amantadine and rimantadine, whose effectiveness was diminished by the appearance of naturally occurring point mutants in the A/M2 channel pore, among which the most common are S31N, V27A, and L26F. We have synthesized and characterized the properties of a series of compounds, originally derived from the A/M2 inhibitor BL-1743. A lead compound emerging from these investigations, spiro[5.5]undecan-3-amine, is an effective inhibitor of wild-type A/M2 channels and L26F and V27A mutant ion channels in vitro and also inhibits replication of recombinant mutant viruses bearing these mutations in plaque reduction assays. Differences in the inhibition kinetics between BL-1743, known to bind inside the A/M2 channel pore, and amantadine were exploited to demonstrate competition between these compounds, consistent with the conclusion that amantadine binds inside the channel pore. Inhibition by all of these compounds was shown to be voltage-independent, suggesting that their charged groups are within the N-terminal half of the pore, prior to the selectivity filter that defines the region over which the transmembrane potential occurs. These findings not only help to define the location and mechanism of binding of M2 channel-blocking drugs but also demonstrate the feasibility of discovering new inhibitors that target this binding site in a number of amantadine-resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Balannik
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, USA
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49
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Yan SM, Wu G. Trends in global warming and evolution of matrix protein 2 family from influenza A virus. Interdiscip Sci 2009; 1:272-9. [PMID: 20640805 PMCID: PMC7091293 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-009-0053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The global warming is an important factor affecting the biological evolution, and the influenza is an important disease that threatens humans with possible epidemics or pandemics. In this study, we attempted to analyze the trends in global warming and evolution of matrix protein 2 family from influenza A virus, because this protein is a target of anti-flu drug, and its mutation would have significant effect on the resistance to anti-flu drugs. The evolution of matrix protein 2 of influenza A virus from 1959 to 2008 was defined using the unpredictable portion of amino-acid pair predictability. Then the trend in this evolution was compared with the trend in the global temperature, the temperature in north and south hemispheres, and the temperature in influenza A virus sampling site, and species carrying influenza A virus. The results showed the similar trends in global warming and in evolution of M2 proteins although we could not correlate them at this stage of study. The study suggested the potential impact of global warming on the evolution of proteins from influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Min Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007 P.R. China
| | - Guang Wu
- Computational Mutation Project, DreamSciTech Consulting, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518054 P.R. China
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50
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Balannik V, Obrdlik P, Inayat S, Steensen C, Wang J, Rausch JM, DeGrado WF, Kelety B, Pinto LH. Solid-supported membrane technology for the investigation of the influenza A virus M2 channel activity. Pflugers Arch 2009; 459:593-605. [PMID: 19946785 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus encodes an integral membrane protein, A/M2, that forms a pH-gated proton channel that is essential for viral replication. The A/M2 channel is a target for the anti-influenza drug amantadine, although the effectiveness of this drug has been diminished by the appearance of naturally occurring point mutations in the channel pore. Thus, there is a great need to discover novel anti-influenza therapeutics, and, since the A/M2 channel is a proven target, approaches are needed to screen for new classes of inhibitors for the A/M2 channel. Prior in-depth studies of the activity and drug sensitivity of A/M2 channels have employed labor-intensive electrophysiology techniques. In this study, we tested the validity of electrophysiological measurements with solid-supported membranes (SSM) as a less labor-intensive alternative technique for the investigation of A/M2 ion channel properties and for drug screening. By comparing the SSM-based measurements of the activity and drug sensitivity of A/M2 wild-type and mutant channels with measurements made with conventional electrophysiology methods, we show that SSM-based electrophysiology is an efficient and reliable tool for functional studies of the A/M2 channel protein and for screening compounds for inhibitory activity against the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Balannik
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Hogan Hall, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
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