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Trentin LB, Viana AR, Iwersen S, Iglesias BA, Chaves OA, Schuch AP. Light exposure of tetra-cationic porphyrins containing peripheral Pd(II)-bipyridyl complexes and the induced effects on purified DNA molecule, fibroblast and melanoma cell lines. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 39189637 DOI: 10.1111/php.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a light source, oxygen, and a photosensitizer (PS) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for treating diseases. In this study, we evaluated two meso-tetra-pyridyl porphyrins with [Pd(bpy)Cl]+, namely 3-PdTPyP and 4-PdTPyP, as PS for PDT application. DNA interaction was assessed by spectroscopic measurements (UV-Vis and fluorescence emission), viscosity analysis, and molecular docking simulations. The results indicate that Pd(II)-porphyrins do not intercalate into DNA, suggesting that the minor groove is the primary interaction site, mainly through van der Waals forces. These metalloporphyrins effectively induced nitrogenous bases oxidation, particularly in purines, after white light irradiation. The induced DNA lesions were able to inactivate plasmid DNA metabolism (DNA replication and transcription) in a bacterial model. 3-PdTPyP and 4-PdTPyP significantly decreased the viability of treated melanoma cell lines (A375 and B16-F10), demonstrating that melanoma cell lines were more sensitive to these Pd(II)-porphyrins than the fibroblast cell line (L929). Moreover, 3-PdTPyP was more photototoxic to A375 cells (IC50 = 0.43 μM), whereas 4-PdTPyP was more photototoxic to B16-F10 cells (IC50 = 0.51 μM). These findings suggest that these porphyrins are promising PS for future PDT research focused on skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana B Trentin
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Altevir R Viana
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sophia Iwersen
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Otávio A Chaves
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André P Schuch
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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2
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Cadet J, Angelov D, Di Mascio P, Wagner JR. Contribution of oxidation reactions to photo-induced damage to cellular DNA. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38970297 DOI: 10.1111/php.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
This review article is aimed at providing updated information on the contribution of immediate and delayed oxidative reactions to the photo-induced damage to cellular DNA/skin under exposure to UVB/UVA radiations and visible light. Low-intensity UVC and UVB radiations that operate predominantly through direct excitation of the nucleobases are very poor oxidizing agents giving rise to very low amounts of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and DNA strand breaks with respect to the overwhelming bipyrimidine dimeric photoproducts. The importance of these two classes of oxidatively generated damage to DNA significantly increases together with a smaller contribution of oxidized pyrimidine bases upon UVA irradiation. This is rationalized in terms of sensitized photooxidation reactions predominantly mediated by singlet oxygen together with a small contribution of hydroxyl radical that appear to also be implicated in the photodynamic effects of the blue light component of visible light. Chemiexcitation-mediated formation of "dark" cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in UVA-irradiated melanocytes is a recent major discovery that implicates in the initial stage, a delayed generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species giving rise to triplet excited carbonyl intermediate and possibly singlet oxygen. High-intensity UVC nanosecond laser radiation constitutes a suitable source of light to generate pyrimidine and purine radical cations in cellular DNA via efficient biphotonic ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dimitar Angelov
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule LMBC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center IBG, Dokuz Eylul University, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de Médecine nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Rossato Viana A, Eduardo Lago Londero J, Pinheiro PN, Acosta P, Duailibe Silva L, Jacob-Lopes E, Ferreira Ourique A, Zepka LQ, Bohn Rhoden CR, Passaglia Schuch A, Franco C. Phytochemical analysis of carotenoid profile in Mentha piperita and Artemisia vulgaris: cytotoxicity in tumoral cells and evaluation of plasmid DNA cleavage. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:199-214. [PMID: 38073506 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2291513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Several medicinal plants have been administered to cancer patients attributed to their anticarcinogenic and chemoprotective properties, in addition to lower toxicity compared to traditional therapies. The aim was to investigate the antioxidant properties and carotenoid composition of aqueous extracts of Mentha piperita or Artemisia vulgaris which were previously found to exert beneficial effects on human health through diet. aqueous extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity. A diversity of carotenoids was identified in these extracts using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Both extracts contained predominantly all-trans-lutein as the main component within this class. In order to investigate antioxidant properties, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) techniques were used. The (3-4,5 dimethylthiazol-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) and Crystal Violet assays assessed cellular cytotoxicity. Assessments of presence of reactive species were carried out following exposure of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-4) to various aqueous extracts of M piperita or A vulgaris utilizing dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and nitric oxide (NO) assays. Exposure to these extracts induced severe cytotoxic effects, which led to investigation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying this observed effect. Data demonstrated that both solutions induced oxidative stress and DNA damage, especially at higher concentrations using agarose gel subjected to electrophoresis. It is known that exposure to excess amounts of antioxidants results in a prooxidant effect which is beneficial in cancer therapy. Further, the extracts were found to reduce viability of SCC-4 in culture, indicating that this antitumoral activity may be of therapeutic importance and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altevir Rossato Viana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa-Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - James Eduardo Lago Londero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa-Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pricila Nass Pinheiro
- Department of Technology and Food Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Acosta
- Department of Technology and Food Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Duailibe Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa-Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
- Department of Technology and Food Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Leila Queiroz Zepka
- Department of Technology and Food Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Rodrigo Bohn Rhoden
- Nanosciences Postgraduate Program, Franciscan University (UFN), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanoestructurated Magnetic Materials - LaMMaN, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa-Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Franco
- Master's in Health and Life Sciences, Franciscan University (UFN), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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4
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Fuentes-León F, Quintero-Ruiz N, Fernández-Silva FS, Munford V, Vernhes Tamayo M, Menck CFM, Galhardo RS, Sánchez-Lamar A. Genotoxicity of ultraviolet light and sunlight in the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus: Wavelength-dependence. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 894:503727. [PMID: 38432774 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight can damage DNA. Although most solar UV is absorbed by the ozone layer, wavelengths > 300 nm (UVA and UVB bands) can reach the Earth's surface. It is essential to understand the genotoxic effects of UV light, particularly in natural environments. Caulobacter crescentus, a bacterium widely employed as a model for cell cycle studies, was selected for this study. Strains proficient and deficient in DNA repair (uvrA-) were used to concurrently investigate three genotoxic endpoints: cytotoxicity, SOS induction, and gene mutation, using colony-formation, the SOS chromotest, and RifR mutagenesis, respectively. Our findings underscore the distinct impacts of individual UV bands and the full spectrum of sunlight itself in C. crescentus. UVC light was highly genotoxic, especially for the repair-deficient strain. A UVB dose equivalent to 20 min sunlight exposure also affected the cells. UVA exposure caused a significant response only at high doses, likely due to activation of photorepair. Exposure to solar irradiation resulted in reduced levels of SOS induction, possibly due to decreased cell survival. However, mutagenicity is increased, particularly in uvrA- deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Fuentes-León
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455 e\ J e I, Vedado, 10400 La Habana, Cuba; Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia Quintero-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank S Fernández-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Munford
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marioly Vernhes Tamayo
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Calle 5ta # 502 e/ 5ta Avenida y7ma, Miramar, Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Galhardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angel Sánchez-Lamar
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455 e\ J e I, Vedado, 10400 La Habana, Cuba.
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5
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Silva FDD, Galiciolli MEDA, Irioda AC, Oliveira CS, Piccoli BC, Prestes ADS, Borin BC, Schuch AP, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Rocha JBTD. Investigation of the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antioxidant prospects of JM-20 on human blood cells: A multi-target compound with potential therapeutic applications. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 106:102827. [PMID: 38301450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2024.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
JM-20 is a 1,5-benzodiazepine compound fused to a dihydropyridine fraction with different pharmacological properties. However, its potential toxic effects on blood cells have not yet been reported. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the possible cytotoxicity of JM-20 through cell viability, cell cycle, morphology changes, reactive species (RS) to DCFH-DA, and lipid peroxidation in human leukocytes, its hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes, and its potential DNA genotoxicity using plasmid DNA in vitro. Furthermore, the compound's ability to reduce the DPPH radical was also measured. Human blood was obtained from healthy volunteers (30 ± 10 years old), and the leukocytes or erythrocytes were immediately isolated and treated with different concentrations of JM-20. A cytoprotective effect was exhibited by 10 μM JM-20 against 1 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-but-OOH) in the leukocytes. However, the highest tested concentrations of the compound (20 and 50 μM) changed the morphology and caused a significant decrease in the cell viability of leukocytes (p < 0.05, in comparison with Control). All tested concentrations of JM-20 also resulted in a significant increase in intracellular RS as measured by DCFH-DA in these cells (p < 0.05, in comparison with Control). On the other hand, the results point out a potent antioxidant effect of JM-20, which was similar to the classical antioxidant α-tocopherol. The IC50 value of JM-20 against the lipid peroxidation induced by (FeII) was 1.051 μM ± 0.21, while the IC50 value of α-tocopherol in this parameter was 1.065 μM ± 0.34. Additionally, 50 and 100 μM JM-20 reduced the DPPH radical in a statistically similar way to the 100 μM α-tocopherol (p < 0.05, in comparison with the control). No significant hemolysis in erythrocytes, no cell cycle changes in leukocytes, and no genotoxic effects in plasmid DNA were induced by JM-20 at any tested concentration. The in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of JM-20, derivatives, and nifedipine were also studied. Here, our findings demonstrate that JM-20 and its putative metabolites exhibit similar characteristics to nifedipine, and the in vitro and in silico data support the low toxicity of JM-20 to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda D'Avila da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda de Andrade Galiciolli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biotecnologia Aplicada a Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Silva Jardim, 1632 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdade Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Iguaçu, 333 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Irioda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biotecnologia Aplicada a Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Silva Jardim, 1632 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdade Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Iguaçu, 333 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Sirlene Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biotecnologia Aplicada a Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Silva Jardim, 1632 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdade Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Iguaçu, 333 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Candia Piccoli
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Souza Prestes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cogo Borin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andre Passaglia Schuch
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Estael Ochoa-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, N° 1605,e /Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP10600 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanier Nuñez-Figueredo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, N° 1605,e /Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP10600 La Habana, Cuba
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Torres-Obreque K, Gonçalves FG, Ferraro RB, Fuentes-León F, Menck CFM, Costa-Silva TA, Monteiro G, Perego P, Rangel-Yagui CDO. Recombinant production of a highly efficient photolyase from Thermus thermophilus. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300325. [PMID: 38385504 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight can damage DNA, inducing mutagenesis and eventually leading to skin cancer. Topical sunscreens are used to avoid the effect of UV irradiation, but the topical application of DNA repair enzymes, such as photolyase, can provide active photoprotection by DNA recovery. Here we produced a recombinant Thermus thermophilus photolyase expressed in Escherichia coli, evaluated the kinetic parameters of bacterial growth and the kinetics and stability of the enzyme. The maximum biomass (𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) of 2.0 g L-1 was reached after 5 h of cultivation, corresponding to 𝑃X = 0.4 g L-1 h. The µ𝑚𝑎𝑥 corresponded to 1.0 h-1 . Photolyase was purified by affinity chromatography and high amounts of pure enzyme were obtained (3.25 mg L-1 of cultivation). Two different methods demonstrated the enzyme activity on DNA samples and very low enzyme concentrations, such as 15 µg mL-1 , already resulted in 90% of CPD photodamage removal. We also determined photolyase kM of 9.5 nM, confirming the potential of the enzyme at very low concentrations, and demonstrated conservation of enzyme activity after freezing (-20°C) and lyophilization. Therefore, we demonstrate T. thermophilus photolyase capacity of CPD damage repair and its potential as an active ingredient to be incorporated in dermatological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Torres-Obreque
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Felipe Gobbi Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bertelli Ferraro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fuentes-León
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Tales Alexandre Costa-Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrizia Perego
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Viana AR, Bottari NB, Oviedo VR, Santos D, Londero JEL, Schetinger MRC, Flores EMM, Pigatto A, Schuch AP, Krause A, Krause LMF. Phytochemical and biological characterization of aqueous extract of Vassobia breviflora on proliferation and viability of melanoma cells: involvement of purinergic pathway. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:632-652. [PMID: 37434435 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2233989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Vassobia breviflora belongs to the Solanaceae family, possessing biological activity against tumor cells and is a promising alternative for therapy. The aim of this investigation was to determine the phytochemical properties V. breviflora using ESI-ToF-MS. The cytotoxic effects of this extract were examined in B16-F10 melanoma cells and the relationship if any to purinergic signaling was involved. The antioxidant activity of total phenols, (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) was analyzed, as well as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) was determined. Genotoxicity was assessed by DNA damage assay. Subsequently, the structural bioactive compounds were docked against purinoceptors P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors. The bioactive compounds found in V. breviflora were N-methyl-(2S,4 R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, calystegine B, 12-O-benzoyl- tenacigenin A and bungoside B. In vitro cytotoxicity was demonstrated at concentration ranges of 0.1-10 mg/ml, and plasmid DNA breaks only at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. V. breviflora extracts affected hydrolysis by ectoenzymes, such as ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) and ectoadenosine deaminase (E-ADA) which control levels of degradation and formation of nucleosides and nucleotides. In the presence of substrates ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine, the activities of E-NTPDase, 5´-NT or E-ADA were significantly modulated by V. breviflora. N-methyl-(2S,4 R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline presented higher binding affinity (according to receptor-ligand complex estimated binding affinity as evidenced by ∆G values) to bind to both P2X7 and P2Y1purinergic receptors.Our results suggest a putative interaction of V. breviflora bioactive compounds with growth inhibitory potential in B16-F10 melanoma and suggest that may be considered as promising compounds in melanoma and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altevir Rossato Viana
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel Santos
- Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aline Pigatto
- Postgraduate Program in Teaching Science and Mathematics, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Krause
- Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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8
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Iglesias BA, Peranzoni NP, Faria SI, Trentin LB, Schuch AP, Chaves OA, Bertoloni RR, Nikolaou S, de Oliveira KT. DNA-Interactive and Damage Study with meso-Tetra(2-thienyl)porphyrins Coordinated with Polypyridyl Pd(II) and Pt(II) Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:5217. [PMID: 37446879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the DNA-binding properties of three porphyrins with peripheral thienyl substituents (TThPor, PdTThPor and PtTThPor). The binding capacity of each porphyrin with DNA was determined by UV-Vis and steady-state fluorescence emission spectroscopy combined with molecular docking calculations. The results suggest that the interaction of these compounds probably occurs via secondary interactions via external grooves (minor grooves) around the DNA macromolecule. Moreover, porphyrins containing peripheral Pd(II) or Pt(II) complexes (PdTThPor and PtTThPor) were able to promote photo-damage in the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoids Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Níckolas Pippi Peranzoni
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Sophia Iwersen Faria
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Belo Trentin
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Otávio Augusto Chaves
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renan Ribeiro Bertoloni
- Laboratory of Biological Activity and Supramolecular Chemical of Coordination Compounds (LABiQSC2), Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Sofia Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Biological Activity and Supramolecular Chemical of Coordination Compounds (LABiQSC2), Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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9
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Santos MBD, Londero JEL, Mainardi ÁA, Cechin SZ, Schuch AP. Genotoxic risk assessment of solar UV radiation in tadpoles from Brazilian wetlands. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 885:503578. [PMID: 36669814 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an environmental genotoxic factor linked to amphibian decline. Here we assessed the genotoxic risk of UVB and UVA exposure for tadpoles from open ponds in southern Brazil, a mid-latitude region influenced by stratospheric ozone depletion. Daily UV doses were measured on the surface of a pond in Taim Ecological Station (TAIM; 32°49'24''S; 52°38'31''W) on a cloudless summer day to predict the worst-case scenario for UV-induced DNA damage. Pond descriptors were related to the use of microhabitats by Boana pulchella tadpoles in two ponds over the climate seasons of 2013 and 2014. Our results indicate that shaded microhabitats were more frequent than unshaded ones in autumn, winter, and spring but not in summer. Hence, the penetration of UV radiation into the water of unshaded microhabitats was evaluated through laboratory experiments with artificial UV sources and pond water samples. Physical and biological sensors were applied in the experiments to measure the incident UV radiation and its genotoxic action. By integrating field and laboratory data, we demonstrate that low doses of biologically effective UV radiation reached the tadpoles in autumn, winter, spring, and early summer due to a high proportion of shaded microhabitats and a high concentration of solids in unshaded microhabitats. However, the relative reduction of shaded microhabitats jointly with a declining water level in late summer may have exposed tadpoles to high UV doses. Our experiments also indicate that solar UVB radiation, but not UVA, is primarily responsible for the induction of DNA pyrimidine dimers in organisms living under the surface of aquatic ecosystems. The present work highlights the determinant role of wetland descriptors for minimizing the genotoxic potential of UV radiation and its consequences for amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Beux Dos Santos
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - James Eduardo Lago Londero
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Augusto Mainardi
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biodiversity, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sonia Zanini Cechin
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biodiversity, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Federal University of Santa Maria, Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biodiversity, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Replication stalling activates SSB for recruitment of DNA damage tolerance factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208875119. [PMID: 36191223 PMCID: PMC9565051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208875119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases bypass DNA lesions that block replicative polymerases, allowing cells to tolerate DNA damage encountered during replication. It is well known that most bacterial TLS polymerases must interact with the sliding-clamp processivity factor to carry out TLS, but recent work in Escherichia coli has revealed that single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) plays a key role in enriching the TLS polymerase Pol IV at stalled replication forks in the presence of DNA damage. It remains unclear how this interaction with SSB enriches Pol IV in a stalling-dependent manner given that SSB is always present at the replication fork. In this study, we use single-molecule imaging in live E. coli cells to investigate this SSB-dependent enrichment of Pol IV. We find that Pol IV is enriched through its interaction with SSB in response to a range of different replication stresses and that changes in SSB dynamics at stalled forks may explain this conditional Pol IV enrichment. Finally, we show that other SSB-interacting proteins are likewise selectively enriched in response to replication perturbations, suggesting that this mechanism is likely a general one for enrichment of repair factors near stalled replication forks.
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11
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Goyal K, Goel H, Baranwal P, Dixit A, Khan F, Jha NK, Kesari KK, Pandey P, Pandey A, Benjamin M, Maurya A, Yadav V, Sinh RS, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK, Mittan S. Unravelling the molecular mechanism of mutagenic factors impacting human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61993-62013. [PMID: 34410595 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mutagens are chemical and physical substances in the environment that has a potential to induce a wide range of mutations and generate multiple physiological, biochemical, and genetic modifications in humans. Most mutagens are having genotoxic effects on the following generation through germ cells. The influence of germinal mutations on health will be determined by their frequency, nature, and the mechanisms that keep a specific mutation in the population. Early prenatal lethal mutations have less public health consequences than genetic illnesses linked with long-term medical and social difficulties. Physical and chemical mutagens are common mutagens found in the environment. These two environmental mutagens have been associated with multiple neurological disorders and carcinogenesis in humans. Thus in this study, we aim to unravel the molecular mechanism of physical mutagens (UV rays, X-rays, gamma rays), chemical mutagens (dimethyl sulfate (DMS), bisphenol A (BPA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5-chlorocytosine (5ClC)), and several heavy metals (Ar, Pb, Al, Hg, Cd, Cr) implicated in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, chromosomal abnormalities, and oxidative stress which leads to multiple disorders and impacting human health. Biological tests for mutagen detection are crucial; therefore, we also discuss several approaches (Ames test and Mutatox test) to estimate mutagenic factors in the environment. The potential risks of environmental mutagens impacting humans require a deeper basic knowledge of human genetics as well as ongoing research on humans, animals, and their tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Goyal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pritika Baranwal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Avanish Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Maurya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana Suryauday Sinh
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Quintero-Ruiz N, Corradi C, Moreno NC, de Souza TA, Pereira Castro L, Rocha CRR, Menck CFM. Mutagenicity Profile Induced by UVB Light in Human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Cells †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:713-731. [PMID: 34516658 DOI: 10.1111/php.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the main pathways for genome protection against structural DNA damage caused by sunlight, which in turn is extensively related to skin cancer development. The mutation spectra induced by UVB were investigated by whole-exome sequencing of randomly selected clones of NER-proficient and XP-C-deficient human skin fibroblasts. As a model, a cell line unable to recognize and remove lesions (XP-C) was used and compared to the complemented isogenic control (COMP). As expected, a significant increase of mutagenesis was observed in irradiated XP-C cells, mainly C>T transitions, but also CC>TT and C>A base substitutions. Remarkably, the C>T mutations occur mainly at the second base of dipyrimidine sites in pyrimidine-rich sequence contexts, with 5'TC sequence the most mutated. Although T>N mutations were also significantly increased, they were not directly related to pyrimidine dimers. Moreover, the large-scale study of a single UVB irradiation on XP-C cells allowed recovering the typical mutation spectrum found in human skin cancer tumors. Eventually, the data may be used for comparison with the mutational profiles of skin tumors obtained from XP-C patients and may help to understand the mutational process in nonaffected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Quintero-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Corradi
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Cestari Moreno
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Souza
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Tau GC Bioinformatics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Pereira Castro
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Drug resistance and mutagenesis Laboratory, Departmento de Oncologia Clínica e Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Ozel HB, Abo Aisha AES, Cetin M, Sevik H, Zeren Cetin I. The effects of increased exposure time to UV-B radiation on germination and seedling development of Anatolian black pine seeds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:388. [PMID: 34097139 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exhaustion of stratospheric ozone found at a height of 10-30 km around the world causes the solar UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation to penetrate through the atmosphere more, and thus to reach the Earth's surface quicker. The protective ozone layer gets damaged by human activities constantly, and the increasing levels of UV radiation present threats to all life forms, plants, animals, and even microorganisms. However, the studies conducted on the effects of UV radiation on plants, and especially forest trees, are rather limited. In this study, it was aimed to identify the effects of UV-B radiation on some germination and seedling characteristics of Anatolian black pine seeds. Within the scope of the study, seeds were exposed to UV-B radiation for 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min for germination experiments; and the germination speed (GS) was calculated as the ratio of the germinated seeds to the solid seeds at the end of the 7th day, whereas the germination percentage (GP) was calculated as the ratio of the germinated seeds to the solid seeds at the end of the 35th day. The seeds reserved for the seedling experiment were exposed to UV-B radiation for 1, 3, 5, and 7 h. With the measurements made at the end of the day, the seedling length (SL), the terminal bud length (TBL), the branch number (BN), the root collar diameter (RCD), the stem fresh weight (SFW), the root fresh weight (RFW), the stem dry weight (SDW) and the root dry weight (RDW), and the rooting percentage (RP) were determined. Variance analysis and Duncan test were applied to the obtained data with the help of SPSS package program. The study results revealed that the exposure time to increased UV-B radiation significantly affected all characters; the least affected character was RP, and that the most affected characters were RDW, SDW, and RCD. As a result of the study, it was found that even the applications with the lowest intensity took effect in most of the characters, that the seedling development decreased by more than 80% in terms of some characters at the end of 7-h application, and that even the decrease in the RP character, which was the least affected by the 7-h UV-B application, was above 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Baris Ozel
- Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Adel Easa Saad Abo Aisha
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cetin
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Sevik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Zeren Cetin
- Department of Forest Engineering, Institute of Graduate School, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
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14
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Nishimura K, Ikehata H, Douki T, Cadet J, Sugiura S, Mori T. Seasonal Differences in the UVA/UVB Ratio of Natural Sunlight Influence the Efficiency of the Photoisomerization of (6-4) Photoproducts into their Dewar Valence Isomers. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:582-588. [PMID: 33274440 PMCID: PMC8246833 DOI: 10.1111/php.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The UVA and UVB components of sunlight can produce three classes of bipyrimidine DNA photolesions [cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) and related Dewar valence isomers (DewarPPs)]. The UVA/UVB ratio of sunlight is high in winter and low in summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Since UVB radiation produces 6-4PPs and UVA radiation converts them into DewarPPs through photoisomerization, it is expected that there may be differences in the photoisomerization of 6-4PPs between summer and winter, although that has never been documented. To determine that, isolated DNA was exposed to natural sunlight for 8 h in late summer and in winter, and absolute levels of the three classes of photolesions were quantified using calibrated ELISAs. It was found that sunlight produces CPDs and 6-4PPs in DNA at a ratio of about 9:1 and converts approximately 80% of 6-4PPs into DewarPPs within 3 h. Moreover, photoisomerization is more efficient in winter than in late summer after sunlight irradiation for the same duration, at similar solar UV doses and with the same induction level of CPDs. These results demonstrate that seasonal differences in the UVA/UVB ratio influence the efficiency of the photoisomerization of 6-4PPs into DewarPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nishimura
- Medical Genetics Research CenterNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
- Radioisotope Research CenterNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
| | - Hironobu Ikehata
- Department of Medical BiochemistryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Thierry Douki
- Université Grenoble AlpesCEACNRSIRIGSyMMESGrenobleFrance
| | - Jean Cadet
- University of SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Shigeki Sugiura
- Medical Genetics Research CenterNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Medical Genetics Research CenterNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
- Radioisotope Research CenterNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
- Department of Radiation OncologyNara Medical UniversityKashiharaJapan
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15
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Londero JEL, Schavinski CR, Silva FDD, Piccoli BC, Schuch AP. Development of a rapid electrophoretic assay for genomic DNA damage quantification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111859. [PMID: 33429319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accuracy, sensitivity, simplicity, reproducibility, and low-cost are desirable requirements for genotoxicity assessment techniques. Here we describe a simple electrophoretic assay for genomic DNA lesions quantification (EAsy-GeL) based on subjecting DNA samples to rapid unwinding/renaturation treatments and neutral agarose gel electrophoresis. The experiments performed in this work involved different biological samples exposed to increasing environmental-simulated doses of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation, such as Escherichia coli, human leukocytes, and isolated human genomic DNA. DNA extraction was carried out using a universal and low-cost protocol, which takes about 4 h. Before electrophoresis migration, DNA samples were kept into a neutral buffer to detect double-strand breaks (DSBs) or subjected to a 5-min step of alkaline unwinding and neutral renaturation to detect single-strand breaks (SSBs) or incubated with the DNA repair enzyme T4-endonuclease V for the detection of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) before the 5-min step of DNA unwinding/renaturation. Then, all DNA samples were separated by neutral agarose gel electrophoresis, the DNA average length of each lane was calculated through the use of free software, and the frequency of DNA breaks per kbp was determined by a simple rule of three. Dose-response experiments allowed the quantification of different levels of DNA damage per electrophoretic run, varying from a constant and low amount of DSBs/SSBs to high and dose-dependent levels of CPDs. Compared with other assays based on alkaline unwinding and gel electrophoresis, EAsy-GeL has important advantages for both environmental monitoring and laboratory testing purposes. The simplicity and applicability of this protocol to other types of DNA lesions, biological models, and agents make it ideal for genotoxicity, DNA repair studies, as well as for assessing exposure risks to ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eduardo Lago Londero
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Ricardo Schavinski
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda D'Avila da Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Candia Piccoli
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Dalcin AJF, Roggia I, Felin S, Vizzotto BS, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP, Schuch AP, Ourique AF, Gomes P. UVB photoprotective capacity of hydrogels containing dihydromyricetin nanocapsules to UV-induced DNA damage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 197:111431. [PMID: 33142255 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate the effect of cationic nanocapsules containing dihydromyricetin (DMY) flavonoid for safe topical use in photoprotection against UV-induced DNA damage. The stability was investigated for feasibility to produce hydrogels containing cationic nanocapsules of the flavonoid DMY (NC-DMY) for 90 days under three different storage conditions (4 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 °C, and 40 ± 2 °C), as well as evaluation of skin permeation and its cytotoxicity in skin cell lines. The physicochemical and rheological characteristics were maintained during the analysis period under the different aforementioned conditions. However, at 25 °C and 40 °C, the formulations indicated yellowish coloration and DMY content reduction. Therefore, the ideal storage condition of 4 °C was adopted. DMY remained in the stratum corneum and the uppermost layers of the skin. Regarding safety, all formulations demonstrated to be safe for topical application. NC-DMY exhibited a 50% Solar Protection Factor (SPF-DNA) against DNA damage caused by UVB radiation and demonstrated 99.9% protection against DNA lesion induction. These findings establish a promising formulation containing nanoencapsulated DMY flavonoids with a photoprotective and antioxidant potential of eliminating reactive oxygen species formed by solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Júlia F Dalcin
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil; Nanosciences Post-Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Roggia
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil; Nanosciences Post-Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Felin
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Bruno S Vizzotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | | | | | - André P Schuch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Aline F Ourique
- Nanosciences Post-Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Gomes
- Nanosciences Post-Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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17
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Fuentes-León F, Peres de Oliveira A, Quintero-Ruiz N, Munford V, Satoru Kajitani G, Coimbra Brum A, Schuch AP, Colepicolo P, Sánchez-Lamar A, Menck CFM. DNA Damage Induced by Late Spring Sunlight in Antarctica. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1215-1220. [PMID: 32614978 DOI: 10.1111/php.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight ultraviolet (UV) radiation constitutes an important environmental genotoxic agent that organisms are exposed to, as it can damage DNA directly, generating pyrimidine dimers, and indirectly, generating oxidized bases and single-strand breaks (SSBs). These lesions can lead to mutations, triggering skin and eye disorders, including carcinogenesis and photoaging. Stratospheric ozone layer depletion, particularly in the Antarctic continent, predicts an uncertain scenario of UV incidence on the Earth in the next decades. This research evaluates the DNA damage caused by environmental exposure to late spring sunlight in the Antarctic Peninsula, where the ozone layer hole is more pronounced. These experiments were performed at the Brazilian Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station, at King's George Island, South Shetlands Islands. For comparison, tropical regions were also analyzed. Samples of plasmid DNA were exposed to sunlight. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), oxidized base damage and SSBs were detected using specific enzymes. In addition, an immunological approach was used to detect CPDs. The results reveal high levels of DNA damage induced by exposure under the Antarctic sunlight, inversely correlated with ozone layer thickness, confirming the high impact of ozone layer depletion on the DNA damaging action of sunlight in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Fuentes-León
- Depto. de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba.,Depto. de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa Peres de Oliveira
- Depto. de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Quintero-Ruiz
- Depto. de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Munford
- Depto. de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Satoru Kajitani
- Depto. de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Depto. de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Depto. de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angel Sánchez-Lamar
- Depto. de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
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18
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Vizzotto BS, Dias RS, Iglesias BA, Krause LF, Viana AR, Schuch AP. DNA photocleavage and melanoma cells cytotoxicity induced by a meso-tetra-ruthenated porphyrin under visible light irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111922. [PMID: 32526689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are used as photosensitizing agents in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for several pathologies. Here we demonstrate the DNA photocleavage and cytotoxicity properties of a free-base meso-tetra-ruthenated porphyrin (H2RuTPyP) in purified DNA samples and in a melanoma cell line, respectively. Cytotoxicity of H2RuTPyP was investigated by the tetrazolium dye (MTT) colorimetric assay and its genotoxic potential by direct plasmid DNA photocleavage after incubation with specific DNA repair enzymes. H2RuTPyP porphyrin efficiently induced DNA damage at the lower concentration of 5.0 μM, whereas it induced complete DNA degradation at 15 μM. The addition of different scavengers for reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the visible light exposures did not decrease the DNA damage formation, suggesting a hydrolytic mechanism for the induction of DNA breaks. Also, H2RuTPyP exhibited a much higher cytotoxicity in melanoma cells in comparison to a keratinocyte cell line. The detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by H2RuTPyP through the DCF-DA assay also suggests that ROS have a minor role in the induction of cytotoxicity. Therefore, H2RuTPyP seems to be a very effective photosensitizer, representing a promising alternative for the development of new skin cancer treatments using PDT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S Vizzotto
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renne S Dias
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Krause
- Department of Health Sciences, Franciscan University - UFN, 97010-032 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Altevir R Viana
- Department of Health Sciences, Franciscan University - UFN, 97010-032 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schuch
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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19
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Moreno NC, de Souza TA, Garcia CCM, Ruiz NQ, Corradi C, Castro LP, Munford V, Ienne S, Alexandrov LB, Menck CFM. Whole-exome sequencing reveals the impact of UVA light mutagenesis in xeroderma pigmentosum variant human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1941-1953. [PMID: 31853541 PMCID: PMC7038989 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UVA-induced mutagenesis was investigated in human pol eta-deficient (XP-V) cells through whole-exome sequencing. In UVA-irradiated cells, the increase in the mutation frequency in deficient cells included a remarkable contribution of C>T transitions, mainly at potential pyrimidine dimer sites. A strong contribution of C>A transversions, potentially due to oxidized bases, was also observed in non-irradiated XP-V cells, indicating that basal mutagenesis caused by oxidative stress may be related to internal tumours in XP-V patients. The low levels of mutations involving T induced by UVA indicate that pol eta is not responsible for correctly replicating T-containing pyrimidine dimers, a phenomenon known as the ‘A-rule’. Moreover, the mutation signature profile of UVA-irradiated XP-V cells is highly similar to the human skin cancer profile, revealing how studies involving cells deficient in DNA damage processing may be useful to understand the mechanisms of environmentally induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Cestari Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Quintero Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Corradi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Pereira Castro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Munford
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Susan Ienne
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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20
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Kumar N, Moreno NC, Feltes BC, Menck CF, Houten BV. Cooperation and interplay between base and nucleotide excision repair pathways: From DNA lesions to proteins. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190104. [PMID: 32141475 PMCID: PMC7198027 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Base and nucleotide excision repair (BER and NER) pathways are normally associated with removal of specific types of DNA damage: small base modifications (such as those induced by DNA oxidation) and bulky DNA lesions (such as those induced by ultraviolet or chemical carcinogens), respectively. However, growing evidence indicates that this scenario is much more complex and these pathways exchange proteins and cooperate with each other in the repair of specific lesions. In this review, we highlight studies discussing the involvement of NER in the repair of DNA damage induced by oxidative stress, and BER participating in the removal of bulky adducts on DNA. Adding to this complexity, UVA light experiments revealed that oxidative stress also causes protein oxidation, directly affecting proteins involved in both NER and BER. This reduces the cell’s ability to repair DNA damage with deleterious implications to the cells, such as mutagenesis and cell death, and to the organisms, such as cancer and aging. Finally, an interactome of NER and BER proteins is presented, showing the strong connection between these pathways, indicating that further investigation may reveal new functions shared by them, and their cooperation in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kumar
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Natália C Moreno
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Feltes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Informática, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fm Menck
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Formulation induces direct DNA UVA photooxidation. Part I. Role of the formulating cationic surfactant. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Achouri F, BenSaid M, Bousselmi L, Corbel S, Schneider R, Ghrabi A. Comparative study of Gram-negative bacteria response to solar photocatalytic inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18961-18970. [PMID: 29862482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solar photocatalytic inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria with immobilized TiO2-P25 in a fixed-bed reactor was modeled with simplified kinetic equations. The kinetic parameters are the following: the photocatalytic inactivation coefficient (kd,QUV), the initial bacterial reduction rate (A) in the contact with the disinfecting agent, and the threshold level of damage (n) were determined to report the effect of QUV/TiO2-P25 on bacterial cultivability and viability and to compare the response of bacterial strains to photocatalytic treatment. In addition, the integration of the reactivation coefficient (Cr) in the photocatalytic inactivation equation allowed evaluating the ability of bacterial reactivation after photocatalytic stress. Results showed different responses of the bacteria strains to photocatalytic stress and the ability of certain bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC4114 to resuscitate after photocatalytic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Achouri
- Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usees et environnement, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Reactions et Genie des Procedes (LRGP), UMR7274, CNRS, 18 rue Grandville, BP20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France.
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Jarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Myriam BenSaid
- Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usees et environnement, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Latifa Bousselmi
- Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usees et environnement, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Serge Corbel
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Reactions et Genie des Procedes (LRGP), UMR7274, CNRS, 18 rue Grandville, BP20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Raphaël Schneider
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Reactions et Genie des Procedes (LRGP), UMR7274, CNRS, 18 rue Grandville, BP20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Ghrabi
- Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usees et environnement, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunis, Tunisia
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23
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García Forero A, Villamizar Mantilla DA, Núñez LA, Ocazionez RE, Stashenko EE, Fuentes JL. Photoprotective and Antigenotoxic Effects of the Flavonoids Apigenin, Naringenin and Pinocembrin. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1010-1018. [PMID: 30636010 DOI: 10.1111/php.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated the photoprotective and antigenotoxic effects against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation of flavonoid compounds apigenin, naringenin and pinocembrin. The photoprotective efficacy of these compounds was estimated using in vitro photoprotection indices, and the antigenotoxicity against UVB radiation was evaluated using the SOS chromotest and an enzymatic (proteinase K/T4 endonuclease V enzyme) comet assay in UV-treated Escherichia coli and human (HEK-293) cells, respectively. Naringenin and pinocembrin showed maximum UV-absorption peak in UVC and UVB zones, while apigenin showed UV-absorption capability from UVC to UVA range. These compounds acted as UV filters reducing UV-induced genotoxicity, both in bacteria and in human cells. The enzymatic comet assay resulted highly sensitive for detection of UVB-induced DNA damage in HEK-293 cells. In this work, the photoprotective potential of these flavonoids was widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana García Forero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Diego Armando Villamizar Mantilla
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Luis A Núñez
- Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Raquel Elvira Ocazionez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jorge Luis Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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24
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Moreno NC, Garcia CCM, Munford V, Rocha CRR, Pelegrini AL, Corradi C, Sarasin A, Menck CFM. The key role of UVA-light induced oxidative stress in human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:432-442. [PMID: 30553972 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The UVA component of sunlight induces DNA damage, which are basically responsible for skin cancer formation. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant (XP-V) patients are defective in the DNA polymerase pol eta that promotes translesion synthesis after sunlight-induced DNA damage, implying in a clinical phenotype of increased frequency of skin cancer. However, the role of UVA-light in the carcinogenesis of these patients is not completely understood. The goal of this work was to characterize UVA-induced DNA damage and the consequences to XP-V cells, compared to complemented cells. DNA damage were induced in both cells by UVA, but lesion removal was particularly affected in XP-V cells, possibly due to the oxidation of DNA repair proteins, as indicated by the increase of carbonylated proteins. Moreover, UVA irradiation promoted replication fork stalling and cell cycle arrest in the S-phase for XP-V cells. Interestingly, when cells were treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, all these deleterious effects were consistently reverted, revealing the role of oxidative stress in these processes. Together, these results strongly indicate the crucial role of oxidative stress in UVA-induced cytotoxicity and are of interest for the protection of XP-V patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Cestari Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Veridiana Munford
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Luiza Pelegrini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Corradi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Laboratory of Genetic Instability and Oncogenesis, UMR8200 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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25
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Cadet J, Douki T. Formation of UV-induced DNA damage contributing to skin cancer development. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1816-1841. [PMID: 29405222 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UV-induced DNA damage plays a key role in the initiation phase of skin cancer. When left unrepaired or when damaged cells are not eliminated by apoptosis, DNA lesions express their mutagneic properties, leading to the activation of proto-oncogene or the inactivation of tumor suppression genes. The chemical nature and the amount of DNA damage strongly depend on the wavelength of the incident photons. The most energetic part of the solar spectrum at the Earth's surface (UVB, 280-320 nm) leads to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (64PPs). Less energetic but 20-times more intense UVA (320-400 nm) also induces the formation of CPDs together with a wide variety of oxidatively generated lesions such as single strand breaks and oxidized bases. Among those, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) is the most frequent since it can be produced by several mechanisms. Data available on the respective yield of DNA photoproducts in cells and skin show that exposure to sunlight mostly induces pyrimidine dimers, which explains the mutational signature found in skin tumors, with lower amounts of 8-oxoGua and strand breaks. The present review aims at describing the basic photochemistry of DNA and discussing the quantitative formation of the different UV-induced DNA lesions reported in the literature. Additional information on mutagenesis, repair and photoprotection is briefly provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec JIH 5N4, Canada.
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26
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Moreno NC, Garcia CCM, Rocha CRR, Munford V, Menck CFM. ATR/Chk1 Pathway is Activated by Oxidative Stress in Response to UVA Light in Human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:345-354. [PMID: 30362123 DOI: 10.1111/php.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of DNA polymerase eta in protecting against sunlight-induced tumors is evidenced in Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant (XP-V) patients, who carry mutations in this protein and present increased frequency of skin cancer. XP-V cellular phenotypes may be aggravated if proteins of DNA damage response (DDR) pathway are blocked, as widely demonstrated by experiments with UVC light and caffeine. However, little is known about the participation of DDR in XP-V cells exposed to UVA light, the wavelengths patients are mostly exposed. Here, we demonstrate the participation of ATR kinase in protecting XP-V cells after receiving low UVA doses using a specific inhibitor, with a remarkable increase in sensitivity and γH2AX signaling. Corroborating ATR participation in UVA-DDR, a significant increase in Chk1 protein phosphorylation, as well as S-phase cell cycle arrest, is also observed. Moreover, the participation of oxidative stress is supported by the antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which significantly protects XP-V cells from UVA light, even in the presence of the ATR inhibitor. These findings indicate that the ATR/Chk1 pathway is activated to control UVA-induced oxidatively generated DNA damage and emphasizes the role of ATR kinase as a mediator of genomic stability in pol eta defective cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Cestari Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Veridiana Munford
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Tamayo MV, Schuch AP, Yagura T, Gil LB, Menck CFM, Sánchez-Lamar A. Genoprotective Effect of Phyllanthus orbicularis Extract Against UVA, UVB, and Solar Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1026-1031. [PMID: 29768722 DOI: 10.1111/php.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One approach to protect the human skin against harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation was to use natural products as photoprotectors. In this work, the extract from specie Phyllanthus orbicularis K was evaluated as a protective agent against the photodamage by UVB, UVA artificial lamps, and environmental sunlight exposure. The plasmid DNA solutions were exposed to radiations using the DNA dosimeter system in the presence of plant extract. The DNA repair enzymes, Escherichia coli Formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and T4 bacteriophage endonuclease V (T4-endo V), were employed to discriminate oxidized DNA damage and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), respectively. The supercoiled and relaxed forms of DNA were separated through electrophoretic migration in agarose gels. These DNA forms were quantified to determine strand break, representing the types of lesion levels. The results showed that, in the presence of P. orbicularis extract, the CPD and oxidative damage were reduced in irradiated DNA samples. The photoprotective effect of extract was more evident for UVB and sunlight radiation than for UVA. This work documented the UV absorbing properties of P. orbicularis aqueous extract and opened up new vistas in its characterization as protective agent against DNA damage induced by environmental sunlight radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Teiti Yagura
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Baly Gil
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Angel Sánchez-Lamar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de la Habana, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
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28
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Ikehata H, Mori T, Douki T, Cadet J, Yamamoto M. Quantitative analysis of UV photolesions suggests that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers produced in mouse skin by UVB are more mutagenic than those produced by UVC. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:404-413. [PMID: 29464256 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The amount of photolesions produced in DNA after exposure to physiological doses of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can be estimated with high sensitivity and at low cost through an immunological assay, ELISA, which, however, provides only a relative estimate that cannot be used for comparisons between different photolesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproduct (64PP) or for analysis of the genotoxicity of photolesions on a molecular basis. To solve this drawback of ELISA, we introduced a set of UVR-exposed, calibration DNA whose photolesion amounts were predetermined and estimated the absolute molecular amounts of CPDs and 64PPs produced in mouse skin exposed to UVC and UVB. We confirmed previously reported observations that UVC induced more photolesions in the skin than UVB at the same dose, and that both types of UVR produced more CPDs than 64PPs. The UVR protection abilities of the cornified and epidermal layers for the lower tissues were also evaluated quantitatively. We noticed that the values of absorbance obtained in ELISA were not always proportional to the molecular amounts of the lesion, especially for CPD, cautioning against the direct use of ELISA absorbance data for estimation of the photolesion amounts. We further estimated the mutagenicity of a CPD produced by UVC and UVB in the epidermis and dermis using the mutation data from our previous studies with mouse skin and found that CPDs produced in the epidermis by UVB were more than two-fold mutagenic than those by UVC, which suggests that the properties of CPDs produced by UVC and UVB might be different. The difference may originate from the wavelength-dependent methyl CpG preference of CPD formation. In addition, the mutagenicity of CPDs in the dermis was lower than that in the epidermis irrespective of the UVR source, suggesting a higher efficiency in the dermis to reduce the genotoxicity of CPDs produced within it. We also estimated the minimum amount of photolesions required to induce the mutation induction suppression (MIS) response in the epidermis to be around 15 64PPs or 100 CPDs per million bases in DNA as the mean estimate from UVC and UVB-induced MIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Ikehata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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29
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Quinet A, Lerner LK, Martins DJ, Menck CFM. Filling gaps in translesion DNA synthesis in human cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:127-142. [PMID: 30442338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During DNA replication, forks may encounter unrepaired lesions that hamper DNA synthesis. Cells have universal strategies to promote damage bypass allowing cells to survive. DNA damage tolerance can be performed upon template switch or by specialized DNA polymerases, known as translesion (TLS) polymerases. Human cells count on more than eleven TLS polymerases and this work reviews the functions of some of these enzymes: Rev1, Pol η, Pol ι, Pol κ, Pol θ and Pol ζ. The mechanisms of damage bypass vary according to the lesion, as well as to the TLS polymerases available, and may occur directly at the fork during replication. Alternatively, the lesion may be skipped, leaving a single-stranded DNA gap that will be replicated later. Details of the participation of these enzymes are revised for the replication of damaged template. TLS polymerases also have functions in other cellular processes. These include involvement in somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes, direct participation in recombination and repair processes, and contributing to replicating noncanonical DNA structures. The importance of DNA damage replication to cell survival is supported by recent discoveries that certain genes encoding TLS polymerases are induced in response to DNA damaging agents, protecting cells from a subsequent challenge to DNA replication. We retrace the findings on these genotoxic (adaptive) responses of human cells and show the common aspects with the SOS responses in bacteria. Paradoxically, although TLS of DNA damage is normally an error prone mechanism, in general it protects from carcinogenesis, as evidenced by increased tumorigenesis in xeroderma pigmentosum variant patients, who are deficient in Pol η. As these TLS polymerases also promote cell survival, they constitute an important mechanism by which cancer cells acquire resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, the TLS polymerases are new potential targets for improving therapy against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Quinet
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Leticia K Lerner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology,Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Davi J Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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30
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Delinasios GJ, Karbaschi M, Cooke MS, Young AR. Vitamin E inhibits the UVAI induction of "light" and "dark" cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, and oxidatively generated DNA damage, in keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:423. [PMID: 29323251 PMCID: PMC5764969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage has acute, and long-term adverse effects in the skin. This damage arises directly by absorption of UVR, and indirectly via photosensitization reactions. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of vitamin E on UVAI-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes in vitro. Incubation with vitamin E before UVAI exposure decreased the formation of oxidized purines (with a decrease in intracellular oxidizing species), and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). A possible sunscreening effect was excluded when similar results were obtained following vitamin E addition after UVAI exposure. Our data showed that DNA damage by UVA-induced photosensitization reactions can be inhibited by the introduction of vitamin E either pre- or post-irradiation, for both oxidized purines and CPD (including so-called "dark" CPDs). These data validate the evidence that some CPD are induced by UVAI initially via photosensitization, and some via chemoexcitation, and support the evidence that vitamin E can intervene in this pathway to prevent CPD formation in keratinocytes. We propose the inclusion of similar agents into topical sunscreens and aftersun preparations which, for the latter in particular, represents a means to mitigate on-going DNA damage formation, even after sun exposure has ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Delinasios
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, 9th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- International Institute of Anticancer Research, Kapandriti, 19014, Greece
| | - Mahsa Karbaschi
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences; and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, University Park, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Fl, 33199, USA
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences; and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, University Park, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Fl, 33199, USA.
| | - Antony R Young
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, 9th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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31
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Josse G, Douki T, Le Digabel J, Gravier E, Questel E. The use of suction blisters to measure sunscreen protection against UVR-induced DNA damage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 179:1-6. [PMID: 29289926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of DNA photoproducts caused by solar UVR exposure needs to be investigated in-vivo and in particular in order to assess sunscreens' level of protection against solar genotoxicity. The study's purposes were: i) to evaluate if the roof of suction blisters is an appropriate sampling method for measuring photoproducts, and ii) to measure in-vivo sunscreen protection against cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Skin areas on the interior forearms of eight healthy volunteers were exposed in-vivo to 2 MED of simulated solar radiation (SSR) and to 15 MED on a sunscreen protected area. After irradiation, six suction blisters were induced and the blister roofs were collected. Analysis of SSR-induced CPDs was performed by two independent methods: a chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS/MS) approach and a 3D-imaging of CPD immunostaining by multiphoton microscopy on floating epidermal sheets. HPLC-MS/MS analyses showed that SSR-unexposed skin presented no CPD dimers, whereas 2 MED SSR-exposed skin showed a significant number of TT-CPD. The sunscreen covered skin exposed to 15 MED appeared highly protected from DNA damage, as the amount of CPD-dimers remained below the detection limit. The multiphoton-immunostaining analysis consistently showed that no CPD staining was observed on the non-SSR-exposed skin. A significant increase of CPD staining intensity and number of CPD-positive cells were observed on the 2 MED SSR-exposed skin. Sunscreen protected skin presented a very low staining intensity and the number of CPD-positive cells remained very close to non-SSR-exposed skin. This study showed that suction blister samples are very appropriate for measuring CPD dimers in-vivo, and that sunscreens provide high protection against UVR-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendal Josse
- Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SyMMES/CIBEST, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jimmy Le Digabel
- Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Eleonore Gravier
- Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Questel
- Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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Yagura T, Schuch AP, Garcia CCM, Rocha CRR, Moreno NC, Angeli JPF, Mendes D, Severino D, Bianchini Sanchez A, Di Mascio P, de Medeiros MHG, Menck CFM. Direct participation of DNA in the formation of singlet oxygen and base damage under UVA irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:86-93. [PMID: 28323132 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UVA light is hardly absorbed by the DNA molecule, but recent works point to a direct mechanism of DNA lesion by these wavelengths. UVA light also excite endogenous chromophores, which causes DNA damage through ROS. In this study, DNA samples were irradiated with UVA light in different conditions to investigate possible mechanisms involved in the induction of DNA damage. The different types of DNA lesions formed after irradiation were determined through the use of endonucleases, which recognize and cleave sites containing oxidized bases and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), as well as through antibody recognition. The formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine (8-oxodG) was also studied in more detail using electrochemical detection. The results show that high NaCl concentration and concentrated DNA are capable of reducing the induction of CPDs. Moreover, concerning damage caused by oxidative stress, the presence of sodium azide and metal chelators reduce their induction, while deuterated water increases the amounts of oxidized bases, confirming the involvement of singlet oxygen in the generation of these lesions. Curiously, however, high concentrations of DNA also enhanced the formation of oxidized bases, in a reaction that paralleled the increase in the formation of singlet oxygen in the solution. This was interpreted as being due to an intrinsic photosensitization mechanism, depending directly on the DNA molecule to absorb UVA and generate singlet oxygen. Therefore, the DNA molecule itself may act as a chromophore for UVA light, locally producing a damaging agent, which may lead to even greater concerns about the deleterious impact of sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiti Yagura
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97110-970 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Carrião Machado Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas & Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Cestari Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi Mendes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Divinomar Severino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelica Bianchini Sanchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Schuch AP, Moreno NC, Schuch NJ, Menck CFM, Garcia CCM. Sunlight damage to cellular DNA: Focus on oxidatively generated lesions. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:110-124. [PMID: 28109890 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The routine and often unavoidable exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation makes it one of the most significant environmental DNA-damaging agents to which humans are exposed. Sunlight, specifically UVB and UVA, triggers various types of DNA damage. Although sunlight, mainly UVB, is necessary for the production of vitamin D, which is necessary for human health, DNA damage may have several deleterious consequences, such as cell death, mutagenesis, photoaging and cancer. UVA and UVB photons can be directly absorbed not only by DNA, which results in lesions, but also by the chromophores that are present in skin cells. This process leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species, which may indirectly cause DNA damage. Despite many decades of investigation, the discrimination among the consequences of these different types of lesions is not clear. However, human cells have complex systems to avoid the deleterious effects of the reactive species produced by sunlight. These systems include antioxidants, that protect DNA, and mechanisms of DNA damage repair and tolerance. Genetic defects in these mechanisms that have clear harmful effects in the exposed skin are found in several human syndromes. The best known of these is xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), whose patients are defective in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and translesion synthesis (TLS) pathways. These patients are mainly affected due to UV-induced pyrimidine dimers, but there is growing evidence that XP cells are also defective in the protection against other types of lesions, including oxidized DNA bases. This raises a question regarding the relative roles of the various forms of sunlight-induced DNA damage on skin carcinogenesis and photoaging. Therefore, knowledge of what occurs in XP patients may still bring important contributions to the understanding of the biological impact of sunlight-induced deleterious effects on the skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Passaglia Schuch
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97110-970 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Natália Cestari Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natielen Jacques Schuch
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro Universitário Franciscano, 97010-032 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Carrião Machado Garcia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas & Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Prada Medina CA, Aristizabal Tessmer ET, Quintero Ruiz N, Serment-Guerrero J, Fuentes JL. Survival and SOS response induction in ultraviolet B irradiated Escherichia coli cells with defective repair mechanisms. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:321-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Prada Medina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigaciòn en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elke Tatjana Aristizabal Tessmer
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigaciòn en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Nathalia Quintero Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigaciòn en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jorge Serment-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Jorge Luis Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigaciòn en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Schuch AP, Lipinski VM, Santos MB, Santos CP, Jardim SS, Cechin SZ, Loreto ELS. Molecular and sensory mechanisms to mitigate sunlight-induced DNA damage in treefrog tadpoles. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3059-67. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The increased incidence of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation has been proposed as an environmental stressor, which may help to explain the enigmatic decline of amphibian populations worldwide. Despite growing knowledge regarding the UV-induced biological effects in several amphibian models, little is known about the efficacy of DNA repair pathways. In addition, little attention has been given to the interplay between these molecular mechanisms with other physiological strategies that avoid the damage induced by sunlight. Here, DNA lesions induced by environmental doses of solar UVB and UVA radiation were detected in genomic DNA samples of treefrog tadpoles (Hypsiboas pulchellus) and their DNA repair activity was evaluated. These data were complemented by monitoring the induction of apoptosis in blood cells and tadpole survival. Furthermore, the tadpoles’ ability to perceive and escape from UV wavelengths was evaluated as an additional strategy of photoprotection. The results show that tadpoles are very sensitive to UVB light, which could be explained by the slow DNA repair rates for both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6,4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6,4PPs). However, they were resistant to UVA, probably as a result of the activation of photolyases during UVA irradiation. Surprisingly, a sensory mechanism that triggers their escape from UVB and UVA light avoids the generation of DNA damage and helps to maintain the genomic integrity. This work demonstrates the genotoxic impact of both UVB and UVA radiation on tadpoles and emphasizes the importance of the interplay between molecular and sensory mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P. Schuch
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
- Southern Regional Space Research Center, CRS/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, RS 97110-970, Brazil
| | - Victor M. Lipinski
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio B. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline P. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sinara S. Jardim
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sonia Z. Cechin
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Elgion L. S. Loreto
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Passaglia Schuch A, Dos Santos MB, Mendes Lipinski V, Vaz Peres L, Dos Santos CP, Zanini Cechin S, Jorge Schuch N, Kirsh Pinheiro D, da Silva Loreto EL. Identification of influential events concerning the Antarctic ozone hole over southern Brazil and the biological effects induced by UVB and UVA radiation in an endemic treefrog species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 118:190-198. [PMID: 25957080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The increased incidence of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) due to ozone depletion has been affecting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and it may help to explain the enigmatic decline of amphibian populations in specific localities. In this work, influential events concerning the Antarctic ozone hole were identified in a dataset containing 35 years of ozone measurements over southern Brazil. The effects of environmental doses of UVB and UVA radiation were addressed on the morphology and development of Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpole (Anura: Hylidae), as well as on the induction of malformation after the conclusion of metamorphosis. These analyzes were complemented by the detection of micronucleus formation in blood cells. 72 ozone depletion events were identified from 1979 to 2013. Surprisingly, their yearly frequency increased three-fold during the last 17 years. The results clearly show that H. pulchellus tadpole are much more sensitive to UVB than UVA light, which reduces their survival and developmental rates. Additionally, the rates of micronucleus formation by UVB were considerably higher compared to UVA even after the activation of photolyases enzymes by a further photoreactivation treatment. Consequently, a higher occurrence of malformation was observed in UVB-irradiated individuals. These results demonstrate the severe genotoxic impact of UVB radiation on this treefrog species and its importance for further studies aimed to assess the impact of the increased levels of solar UVB radiation on declining species of the Hylidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Passaglia Schuch
- Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Southern Regional Space Research Center, CRS/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas Vaz Peres
- Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Southern Regional Space Research Center, CRS/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nelson Jorge Schuch
- Southern Regional Space Research Center, CRS/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Damaris Kirsh Pinheiro
- Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Southern Regional Space Research Center, CRS/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Braga GUL, Rangel DEN, Fernandes ÉKK, Flint SD, Roberts DW. Molecular and physiological effects of environmental UV radiation on fungal conidia. Curr Genet 2015; 61:405-25. [PMID: 25824285 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conidia are specialized structures produced at the end of the asexual life cycle of most filamentous fungi. They are responsible for fungal dispersal and environmental persistence. In pathogenic species, they are also involved in host recognition and infection. Conidial production, survival, dispersal, germination, pathogenicity and virulence can be strongly influenced by exposure to solar radiation, although its effects are diverse and often species dependent. UV radiation is the most harmful and mutagenic waveband of the solar spectrum. Direct exposure to solar radiation for a few hours can kill conidia of most fungal species. Conidia are killed both by solar UV-A and UV-B radiation. In addition to killing conidia, which limits the size of the fungal population and its dispersion, exposures to sublethal doses of UV radiation can reduce conidial germination speed and virulence. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of solar radiation on conidia and on the major systems involved in protection from and repair of damage induced by solar UV radiation. The efforts that have been made to obtain strains of fungi of interest such as entomopathogens more tolerant to solar radiation will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil,
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Schuch AP, Moraes MCS, Yagura T, Menck CFM. Highly sensitive biological assay for determining the photoprotective efficacy of sunscreen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11584-11590. [PMID: 25216262 DOI: 10.1021/es503721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of sunscreens has been extensively evaluated in vivo as a measure of erythema induced in human skin and is expressed as Sun Protection Factor (SPF). In vitro alternatives that use human cells might overcome the limitations of testing on human beings. Here is proposed a broad and accurate in vitro approach for evaluating the efficacy of commercial sunscreens even under environmental conditions. This Cell dosimeter allowed the determination of Sun Protection Factor for DNA (DNA-SPF), using specific DNA repair enzymes and antibodies, and Sun Protection Factor for Lethal Damage (LD-SPF), by measuring cell viability and apoptosis induced after the irradiation of human cells. The use of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, which are deficient in DNA repair, rendered this assay more sensitive. The results revealed significant protection against the effects elicited by UVB radiation; however, there was no efficient protection from DNA lesions and cell death induced by UVA radiation or natural sunlight. This work demonstrates the environmental application of this biodosimeter for measuring UV-induced biological damage to human cells and supports the need for better evaluation of the UVA protection efficacy conferred by commercial sunscreens, in terms of induction of DNA lesions and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P Schuch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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Schuch AP, Garcia CCM, Makita K, Menck CFM. DNA damage as a biological sensor for environmental sunlight. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1259-72. [PMID: 23525255 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp00004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is widely known as an environmental genotoxic agent that affects ecosystems and the human population, generating concerns and motivating worldwide scientific efforts to better understand the role of sunlight in the induction of DNA damage, cell death, mutagenesis, and ultimately, carcinogenesis. In this review, general aspects of UV radiation at the Earth's surface are reported, considering measurements by physical and biological sensors that monitor solar UV radiation under different environmental conditions. The formation of DNA photoproducts and other types of DNA damage by different UV wavelengths are compared with the present information on their roles in inducing biological effects. Moreover, the use of DNA-based biological dosimeters is presented as a feasible molecular and cellular tool that is focused on the evaluation of DNA lesions induced by natural sunlight. Clearly, direct environmental measurements demonstrate the biological impact of sunlight in different locations worldwide and reveal how this affects the DNA damage profile at different latitudes. These tools are also valuable for the quantification of photoprotection provided by commercial sunscreens against the induction of DNA damage and cell death, employing DNA repair-deficient cells that are hypersensitive to sunlight. Collectively, the data demonstrate the applicability of DNA-based biosensors as alternative, complementary, and reliable methods for registering variations in the genotoxic impact of solar UV radiation and for determining the level of photoprotection sunscreens provided at the level of DNA damage and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Passaglia Schuch
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Douki T. The variety of UV-induced pyrimidine dimeric photoproducts in DNA as shown by chromatographic quantification methods. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1286-302. [PMID: 23572060 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induction of DNA damage is one of the major consequences of exposure to solar UV radiation in living organisms. UV-induced DNA photoproducts are mostly pyrimidine dimers, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts and Dewar valence isomers. In the last few decades, a large number of methods have been developed for the quantification of these pyrimidine dimers. The present review emphasizes the contribution of chromatographic techniques to our better understanding of the basic DNA photochemistry and the better description of damage in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Douki
- Laboratoire 'Lésions des Acides Nucléiques', Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, UMR-E3, Grenoble, France.
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Sproul CD, Mitchell DL, Rao S, Ibrahim JG, Kaufmann WK, Cordeiro-Stone M. Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Density as a Predictive Biomarker of the Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation in Normal Human Fibroblast. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:145-54. [PMID: 24148148 DOI: 10.1111/php.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study compared biological responses of normal human fibroblasts (NHF1) to three sources of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), emitting UVC wavelengths, UVB wavelengths, or a combination of UVA and UVB (solar simulator; emission spectrum, 94.3% UVA and 5.7% UVB). The endpoints measured were cytotoxicity, intra-S checkpoint activation, inhibition of DNA replication and mutagenicity. Results show that the magnitude of each response to the indicated radiation sources was best predicted by the density of DNA cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). The density of 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts was highest in DNA from UVC-irradiated cells (14% of CPD) as compared to those exposed to UVB (11%) or UVA-UVB (7%). The solar simulator source, under the experimental conditions described here, did not induce the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in NHF1 above background levels. Taken together, these results suggest that CPD play a dominant role in DNA damage responses and highlight the importance of using endogenous biomarkers to compare and report biological effects induced by different sources of UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sproul
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David L Mitchell
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park/Research Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shangbang Rao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joseph G Ibrahim
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William K Kaufmann
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Marila Cordeiro-Stone
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Bernal M, Llorens L, Badosa J, Verdaguer D. Interactive effects of UV radiation and water availability on seedlings of six woody Mediterranean species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:234-47. [PMID: 22671961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of UV radiation and its interaction with water availability on Mediterranean plants, we performed an experiment with seedlings of six Mediterranean species (three mesophytes vs three xerophytes) grown in a glasshouse from May to October under three UV conditions (without UV, with UVA and with UVA+UVB) and two irrigation levels (watered to saturation and low watered). Morphological, physiological and biochemical measures were taken. Exposure to UVA+UVB increased the overall leaf mass per area (LMA) and the leaf carotenoids/chlorophyll a + b ratio of plants in relation to plants grown without UV or with UVA, respectively. In contrast, we did not find a general effect of UV on the leaf content of phenols or UVB-absorbing compounds of the studied species. Regarding plant growth, UV inhibited the above-ground biomass production of well-watered plants of Pistacia lentiscus. Conversely, under low irrigation, UVA tended to abolish the reduction in growth experienced by P. lentiscus plants growing in a UV-free environment, in accordance with UVA-enhanced apparent electron transport rate (ETR) values under drought in this species. UVA also induced an overall increase in root biomass when plants of the studied species were grown under a low water supply. In conclusion, while plant exposition to UVA favored root growth under water shortage, UVB addition only gave rise to photoprotective responses, such as the increase in LMA or in the leaf carotenoids/chlorophyll a + b ratio of plants. Species-specific responses to UV were not related with the xerophytic or mesophytic character of the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Bernal
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, E-17071, Girona, Spain.
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Cortat B, Garcia CCM, Quinet A, Schuch AP, de Lima-Bessa KM, Menck CFM. The relative roles of DNA damage induced by UVA irradiation in human cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:1483-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vernhes M, González-Pumariega M, Andrade L, Schuch AP, de Lima-Bessa KM, Menck CFM, Sánchez-Lamar A. Protective effect of a Phyllanthus orbicularis aqueous extract against UVB light in human cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1-7. [PMID: 23249398 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.695800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT One approach to protect human skin against the dangerous effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is the use of natural products, such as photoprotectors. Phyllanthus orbicularis Kunth (Euphorbiaceae) is a Cuban endemic plant used in popular medicine. Its antigenotoxicity effect against some harmful agents has been investigated. However, the effect in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human cells has not been previously assessed. OBJECTIVE The protective effect of a P. orbicularis extract against UVB light-induced damage in human cells was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA repair proficient (MRC5-SV) and deficient (XP4PA, complementation group XPC) cell-lines were used. Damaging effects of UVB light were evaluated by clonogenic assay and apoptosis induction by flow cytometry techniques. The extent of DNA repair itself was determined by the removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). The CPDs were detected and quantified by slot-blot assay. RESULTS Treatment of UVB-irradiated MRC5-SV cells with P. orbicularis extract increased the percentage of colony-forming cells from 36.03 ± 3.59 and 4.42 ± 1.45 to 53.14 ± 8.8 and 14.52 ± 1.97, for 400 and 600 J/m(2), respectively. A decrease in apoptotic cell population was observed in cells maintained within the extract. The P. orbicularis extract enhanced the removal of CPD from genomic DNA. The CPDs remaining were found to be about 27.7 and 1.1%, while with plant extract, treatment these values decreased to 16.1 and 0.2%, for 3 and 24 h, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION P. orbicularis aqueous extract protects human cells against UVB damage. This protective effect is through the modulation of DNA repair effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marioly Vernhes
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
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Abstract
Biologically, light including ultraviolet (UV) radiation is vital for life. However, UV exposure does not come without risk, as it is a major factor in the development of skin cancer. Natural protections against UV damage may have been affected by lifestyle changes over the past century, including changes in our sun exposure due to working environments, and the use of sunscreens. In addition, extended "day time" through the use of artificial light may contribute to the disruption of our circadian rhythms; the daily cycles of changes in critical bio-factors including gene expression. Circadian disruption has been implicated in many health conditions, including cardiovascular, metabolic and psychiatric diseases, as well as many cancers. Interestingly, the pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in both circadian regulation as well as protection from UV skin damage, and is therefore an important factor to consider when studying the impact of UV light. This review discusses the beneficial and deleterious effects of solar exposure, including UV skin damage, Vitamin D production, circadian rhythm disruption and the impact of melatonin. Understanding these benefits and risks is critical for the development of protective strategies against solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Schuch AP, Lago JC, Yagura T, Menck CFM. DNA Dosimetry Assessment for Sunscreen Genotoxic Photoprotection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40344. [PMID: 22768281 PMCID: PMC3387001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the increase of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) incidence over the last few decades, the use of sunscreen has been widely adopted for skin protection. However, considering the high efficiency of sunlight-induced DNA lesions, it is critical to improve upon the current approaches that are used to evaluate protection factors. An alternative approach to evaluate the photoprotection provided by sunscreens against daily UV radiation-induced DNA damage is provided by the systematic use of a DNA dosimeter. Methodology/Principal Findings The Sun Protection Factor for DNA (DNA-SPF) is calculated by using specific DNA repair enzymes, and it is defined as the capacity for inhibiting the generation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and oxidised DNA bases compared with unprotected control samples. Five different commercial brands of sunscreen were initially evaluated, and further studies extended the analysis to include 17 other products representing various formulations and Sun Protection Factors (SPF). Overall, all of the commercial brands of SPF 30 sunscreens provided sufficient protection against simulated sunlight genotoxicity. In addition, this DNA biosensor was useful for rapidly screening the biological protection properties of the various sunscreen formulations. Conclusions/Significance The application of the DNA dosimeter is demonstrated as an alternative, complementary, and reliable method for the quantification of sunscreen photoprotection at the level of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Passaglia Schuch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Teiti Yagura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schuch AP, Yagura T, Makita K, Yamamoto H, Schuch NJ, Agnez-Lima LF, MacMahon RM, Menck CFM. DNA damage profiles induced by sunlight at different latitudes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:198-206. [PMID: 22674547 DOI: 10.1002/em.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing knowledge on the biological effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health and ecosystems, it is still difficult to predict the negative impacts of the increasing incidence of solar UV radiation in a scenario of global warming and climate changes. Hence, the development and application of DNA-based biological sensors to monitor the solar UV radiation under different environmental conditions is of increasing importance. With a mind to rendering a molecular view-point of the genotoxic impact of sunlight, field experiments were undertaken with a DNA-dosimeter system in parallel with physical photometry of solar UVB/UVA radiation, at various latitudes in South America. On applying biochemical and immunological approaches based on specific DNA-repair enzymes and antibodies, for evaluating sunlight-induced DNA damage profiles, it became clear that the genotoxic potential of sunlight does indeed vary according to latitude. Notwithstanding, while induction of oxidized DNA bases is directly dependent on an increase in latitude, the generation of 6-4PPs is inversely so, whereby the latter can be regarded as a biomolecular marker of UVB incidence. This molecular DNA lesion-pattern largely reflects the relative incidence of UVA and UVB energy at any specific latitude. Hereby is demonstrated the applicability of this DNA-based biosensor for additional, continuous field experiments, as a means of registering variations in the genotoxic impact of solar UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Passaglia Schuch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sage E, Girard PM, Francesconi S. Unravelling UVA-induced mutagenesis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:74-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05219e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yagura T, Makita K, Yamamoto H, Menck CF, Schuch AP. Biological sensors for solar ultraviolet radiation. SENSORS 2011; 11:4277-94. [PMID: 22163847 PMCID: PMC3231322 DOI: 10.3390/s110404277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is widely known as a genotoxic environmental agent that affects Earth ecosystems and the human population. As a primary consequence of the stratospheric ozone layer depletion observed over the last decades, the increasing UV incidence levels have heightened the concern regarding deleterious consequences affecting both the biosphere and humans, thereby leading to an increase in scientific efforts to understand the role of sunlight in the induction of DNA damage, mutagenesis, and cell death. In fact, the various UV-wavelengths evoke characteristic biological impacts that greatly depend on light absorption of biomolecules, especially DNA, in living organisms, thereby justifying the increasing importance of developing biological sensors for monitoring the harmful impact of solar UV radiation under various environmental conditions. In this review, several types of biosensors proposed for laboratory and field application, that measure the biological effects of the UV component of sunlight, are described. Basically, the applicability of sensors based on DNA, bacteria or even mammalian cells are presented and compared. Data are also presented showing that on using DNA-based sensors, the various types of damage produced differ when this molecule is exposed in either an aqueous buffer or a dry solution. Apart from the data thus generated, the development of novel biosensors could help in evaluating the biological effects of sunlight on the environment. They also emerge as alternative tools for using live animals in the search for protective sunscreen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiti Yagura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.Y.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Kazuo Makita
- Faculty of Engineering, Takushoku University, Tokyo 193-0985, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Carlos F.M. Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.Y.); (A.P.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7499; Fax: +55-11-3091-7354
| | - André P. Schuch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.Y.); (A.P.S.)
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Girard PM, Francesconi S, Pozzebon M, Graindorge D, Rochette P, Drouin R, Sage E. UVA-induced damage to DNA and proteins: directversusindirect photochemical processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/261/1/012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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