1
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Tang PC, Eriksson O, Sjögren J, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Kreuger J, Andersson DI. A Microfluidic Chip for Studies of the Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Selection in Bacterial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:896149. [PMID: 35619647 PMCID: PMC9128571 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.896149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are arguably the most important mode of growth of bacteria, but how antibiotic resistance emerges and is selected in biofilms remains poorly understood. Several models to study evolution of antibiotic resistance have been developed, however, their usability varies depending on the nature of the biological question. Here, we developed and validated a microfluidic chip (Brimor) for studying the dynamics of enrichment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in biofilms using real-time monitoring with confocal microscopy. In situ extracellular cellulose staining and physical disruption of the biomass confirmed Escherichia coli growth as biofilms in the chip. We showed that seven generations of growth occur in 16 h when biofilms were established in the growth chambers of Brimor, and that bacterial death and growth rates could be estimated under these conditions using a plasmid with a conditional replication origin. Additionally, competition experiments between antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant bacteria at sub-inhibitory concentrations demonstrated that the antibiotic ciprofloxacin selected for antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms at concentrations 17-fold below the minimal inhibitory concentration of susceptible planktonic bacteria. Overall, the microfluidic chip is easy to use and a relevant model for studying the dynamics of selection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms and we anticipate that the Brimor chip will facilitate basic research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- U-Print, Uppsala University 3D-Printing Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dan I. Andersson, ; Johan Kreuger,
| | - Dan I. Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dan I. Andersson, ; Johan Kreuger,
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2
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Yerrapragada R M, Mampallil D. Interferon-γ detection in point of care diagnostics: Short review. Talanta 2022; 245:123428. [PMID: 35427946 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ is a cytokine secreted by immune cells. The elevated levels of IFN-γ are an early indicator of multiple diseases such as tuberculosis and autoimmune diseases. This short review focuses on different sensing methods based on optical, electrochemical, and mechanical principles. We explain how specific biorecognition molecules such as antibodies and aptamers are employed in the sensing methods. We also compare different surface functionalization methods and their details. Although the review gives an overview of only IFN-γ sensing, the same strategies can be applied to sensing other analytes with appropriate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjoosha Yerrapragada R
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P O, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| | - Dileep Mampallil
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P O, Tirupati, 517507, India.
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3
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Fedi A, Vitale C, Giannoni P, Caluori G, Marrella A. Biosensors to Monitor Cell Activity in 3D Hydrogel-Based Tissue Models. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1517. [PMID: 35214418 PMCID: PMC8879987 DOI: 10.3390/s22041517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture models have gained relevant interest in tissue engineering and drug discovery owing to their suitability to reproduce in vitro some key aspects of human tissues and to provide predictive information for in vivo tests. In this context, the use of hydrogels as artificial extracellular matrices is of paramount relevance, since they allow closer recapitulation of (patho)physiological features of human tissues. However, most of the analyses aimed at characterizing these models are based on time-consuming and endpoint assays, which can provide only static and limited data on cellular behavior. On the other hand, biosensing systems could be adopted to measure on-line cellular activity, as currently performed in bi-dimensional, i.e., monolayer, cell culture systems; however, their translation and integration within 3D hydrogel-based systems is not straight forward, due to the geometry and materials properties of these advanced cell culturing approaches. Therefore, researchers have adopted different strategies, through the development of biochemical, electrochemical and optical sensors, but challenges still remain in employing these devices. In this review, after examining recent advances in adapting existing biosensors from traditional cell monolayers to polymeric 3D cells cultures, we will focus on novel designs and outcomes of a range of biosensors specifically developed to provide real-time analysis of hydrogel-based cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Fedi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Giannoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guido Caluori
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600 Pessac, France;
- INSERM UMR 1045, Cardiothoracic Research Center of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alessandra Marrella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
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4
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Su SH, Song Y, Newstead MW, Cai T, Wu M, Stephens A, Singer BH, Kurabayashi K. Ultrasensitive Multiparameter Phenotyping of Rare Cells Using an Integrated Digital-Molecular-Counting Microfluidic Well Plate. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101743. [PMID: 34170616 PMCID: PMC8349899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrated microfluidic cellular phenotyping platforms provide a promising means of studying a variety of inflammatory diseases mediated by cell-secreted cytokines. However, immunosensors integrated in previous microfluidic platforms lack the sensitivity to detect small signals in the cellular secretion of proinflammatory cytokines with high precision. This limitation prohibits researchers from studying cells secreting cytokines at low abundance or existing at a small population. Herein, the authors present an integrated platform named the "digital Phenoplate (dPP)," which integrates digital immunosensors into a microfluidic chip with on-chip cell assay chambers, and demonstrates ultrasensitive cellular cytokine secretory profile measurement. The integrated sensors yield a limit of detection as small as 0.25 pg mL-1 for mouse tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Each on-chip cell assay chamber confines cells whose population ranges from ≈20 to 600 in arrayed single-cell trapping microwells. Together, these microfluidic features of the dPP simultaneously permit precise counting and image-based cytometry of individual cells while performing parallel measurements of TNF-α released from rare cells under multiple stimulant conditions for multiple samples. The dPP platform is broadly applicable to the characterization of cellular phenotypes demanding high precision and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan-Haur Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yujing Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael W Newstead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tao Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - MengXi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Stephens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin H Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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5
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Kartikasari AER, Huertas CS, Mitchell A, Plebanski M. Tumor-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and the Emerging Diagnostic Devices for Cancer Detection and Prognosis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:692142. [PMID: 34307156 PMCID: PMC8294036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.692142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation generated by the tumor microenvironment is known to drive cancer initiation, proliferation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. The tumor microenvironment promotes the secretion of diverse cytokines, in different types and stages of cancers. These cytokines may inhibit tumor development but alternatively may contribute to chronic inflammation that supports tumor growth in both autocrine and paracrine manners and have been linked to poor cancer outcomes. Such distinct sets of cytokines from the tumor microenvironment can be detected in the circulation and are thus potentially useful as biomarkers to detect cancers, predict disease outcomes and manage therapeutic choices. Indeed, analyses of circulating cytokines in combination with cancer-specific biomarkers have been proposed to simplify and improve cancer detection and prognosis, especially from minimally-invasive liquid biopsies, such as blood. Additionally, the cytokine signaling signatures of the peripheral immune cells, even from patients with localized tumors, are recently found altered in cancer, and may also prove applicable as cancer biomarkers. Here we review cytokines induced by the tumor microenvironment, their roles in various stages of cancer development, and their potential use in diagnostics and prognostics. We further discuss the established and emerging diagnostic approaches that can be used to detect cancers from liquid biopsies, and additionally the technological advancement required for their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apriliana E. R. Kartikasari
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Cesar S. Huertas
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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6
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Advances in Continuous Microfluidics-Based Technologies for the Study of HIV Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090982. [PMID: 32899657 PMCID: PMC7552050 DOI: 10.3390/v12090982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It affects millions of people worldwide and the pandemic persists despite the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A wide spectrum of techniques has been implemented in order to diagnose and monitor AIDS progression over the years. Besides the conventional approaches, microfluidics has provided useful methods for monitoring HIV-1 infection. In this review, we introduce continuous microfluidics as well as the fabrication and handling of microfluidic chips. We provide a review of the different applications of continuous microfluidics in AIDS diagnosis and progression and in the basic study of the HIV-1 life cycle.
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7
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Li YCE, Lee IC. The Current Trends of Biosensors in Tissue Engineering. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E88. [PMID: 32756393 PMCID: PMC7459738 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors constitute selective, sensitive, and rapid tools for disease diagnosis in tissue engineering applications. Compared to standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analytical technology, biosensors provide a strategy to real-time and on-site monitor micro biophysiological signals via a combination of biological, chemical, and physical technologies. This review summarizes the recent and significant advances made in various biosensor technologies for different applications of biological and biomedical interest, especially on tissue engineering applications. Different fabrication techniques utilized for tissue engineering purposes, such as computer numeric control (CNC), photolithographic, casting, and 3D printing technologies are also discussed. Key developments in the cell/tissue-based biosensors, biomolecular sensing strategies, and the expansion of several biochip approaches such as organs-on-chips, paper based-biochips, and flexible biosensors are available. Cell polarity and cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, stimulation response, and metabolism detection are included. Biosensors for diagnosing tissue disease modes such as brain, heart, lung, and liver systems and for bioimaging are discussed. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by current biosensing techniques and highlight future prospects of biosensors for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Ethan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - I-Chi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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8
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Rodriguez-Moncayo R, Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Garcia-Cordero JL. Integrated Microfluidic Device for Functional Secretory Immunophenotyping of Immune Cells. ACS Sens 2020; 5:353-361. [PMID: 31927915 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrated platforms for automatic assessment of cellular functional secretory immunophenotyping could have a widespread use in the diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and therapy evaluation of several pathologies. We present a microfluidic platform with integrated biosensors and culture chambers to measure cytokine secretion from a consistent and uniform number of immune cells. The biosensor relies on a fluorescence sandwich immunoassay enabled by the mechanically induced trapping of molecular interactions method. The platform contains 32 cell culture chambers, each patterned with an array of 492 microwells, to capture and analyze both adherent and nonadherent immune cells. Multiple stimuli can be delivered to a set of culture chambers. Per chamber, we were able to capture consistently 1113 ± 191 of blood-derived monocytes and neutrophils and 348 ± 37 THP-1 monocytes. Good occupancy efficiencies of ∼70% with a uniformity of ∼90% across all of the culture chambers of the device were achieved. Furthermore, we demonstrate that up to 96% of cells remain viable for the first 48 h. The employment of epoxy-modified glass substrates and active mixing enhanced the biosensing performance compared to the use of bare glass and simple diffusion. Finally, we performed functional secretory analysis of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha from human neutrophils and monocytes, stimulated with various doses of lipopolysaccharide and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-ionomycin, respectively. We foresee the employment of our microfluidic platform in the diagnosis of different pathologies where alterations in cytokine secretion patterns can be used as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodriguez-Moncayo
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
| | - Rocio Jimena Jimenez-Valdes
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
| | - Alan Mauricio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
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9
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Dervisevic E, Tuck KL, Voelcker NH, Cadarso VJ. Recent Progress in Lab-On-a-Chip Systems for the Monitoring of Metabolites for Mammalian and Microbial Cell Research. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5027. [PMID: 31752167 PMCID: PMC6891382 DOI: 10.3390/s19225027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip sensing technologies have changed how cell biology research is conducted. This review summarises the progress in the lab-on-a-chip devices implemented for the detection of cellular metabolites. The review is divided into two subsections according to the methods used for the metabolite detection. Each section includes a table which summarises the relevant literature and also elaborates the advantages of, and the challenges faced with that particular method. The review continues with a section discussing the achievements attained due to using lab-on-a-chip devices within the specific context. Finally, a concluding section summarises what is to be resolved and discusses the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Dervisevic
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Kellie L. Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility-Victorian Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Victor J. Cadarso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility-Victorian Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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10
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Hernández Vera R, O'Callaghan P, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Kreuger J. Modular microfluidic systems cast from 3D-printed molds for imaging leukocyte adherence to differentially treated endothelial cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11321. [PMID: 31383888 PMCID: PMC6683170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are very useful for in vitro studies of interactions between blood cells and vascular endothelial cells under flow, and several commercial solutions exist. However, the availability of customizable, user-designed devices is largely restricted to researchers with expertise in photolithography and access to clean room facilities. Here we describe a strategy for producing tailor-made modular microfluidic systems, cast in PDMS from 3D-printed molds, to facilitate studies of leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells. A dual-chamber barrier module was optimized for culturing two endothelial cell populations, separated by a 250 μm wide dividing wall, on a glass slide. In proof-of-principle experiments one endothelial population was activated by TNFα, while the other served as an internal control. The barrier module was thereafter replaced with a microfluidic flow module, enclosing both endothelial populations in a common channel. A suspension of fluorescently-labeled leukocytes was then perfused through the flow module and leukocyte interactions with control and TNFα-treated endothelial populations were monitored in the same field of view. Time-lapse microscopy analysis confirmed the preferential attachment of leukocytes to the TNFα-activated endothelial cells. We conclude that the functionality of these modular microfluidic systems makes it possible to seed and differentially activate adherent cell types, and conduct controlled side-by-side analysis of their capacity to interact with cells in suspension under flow. Furthermore, we outline a number of practical considerations and solutions associated with connecting and switching between the microfluidic modules, and the advantages of simultaneously and symmetrically analyzing control and experimental conditions in such a microfluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikos Fatsis-Kavalopoulos
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Gradientech AB, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Chen Z, Chen JJ, Fan R. Single-Cell Protein Secretion Detection and Profiling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:431-449. [PMID: 30978293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play important roles in mediating various biological processes such as cell-cell communication, differentiation, migration, and homeostasis at the population or tissue level. Here, we review bioanalytical technologies and devices for detecting protein secretions from single cells. We begin by discussing conventional approaches followed by detailing the latest advances in microengineered systems for detecting single-cell protein secretions with an emphasis on multiplex measurement. These platforms include droplet microfluidics, micro-/nanowell-based assays, and microchamber-based assays, among which the advantages and limitations are compared. Microscale systems also enable the tracking of protein secretion dynamics in single cells, further empowering the study of the cell-cell communication network. Looking forward, we discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities that will transform basic research of cellular secretion functions at the systems level and the clinical applications for immune monitoring and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale Stem Cell Center, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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12
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Su EJ, Jeeawoody S, Herr AE. Protein diffusion from microwells with contrasting hydrogel domains. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:026101. [PMID: 31069338 PMCID: PMC6481738 DOI: 10.1063/1.5078650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling molecular transport in hydrogel materials is important for biomedical tools, including engineered tissues and drug delivery, as well as life sciences tools for single-cell analysis. Here, we scrutinize the ability of microwells-micromolded in hydrogel slabs-to compartmentalize lysate from single cells. We consider both (i) microwells that are "open" to a large fluid (i.e., liquid) reservoir and (ii) microwells that are "closed," having been capped with either a slab of high-density polyacrylamide gel or an impermeable glass slide. We use numerical modeling to gain insight into the sensitivity of time-dependent protein concentration distributions on hydrogel partition and protein diffusion coefficients and open and closed microwell configurations. We are primarily concerned with diffusion-driven protein loss from the microwell cavity. Even for closed microwells, confocal fluorescence microscopy reports that a fluid (i.e., liquid) film forms between the hydrogel slabs (median thickness of 1.7 μm). Proteins diffuse from the microwells and into the fluid (i.e., liquid) layer, yet concentration distributions are sensitive to the lid layer partition coefficients and the protein diffusion coefficient. The application of a glass lid or a dense hydrogel retains protein in the microwell, increasing the protein solute concentration in the microwell by ∼7-fold for the first 15 s. Using triggered release of Protein G from microparticles, we validate our simulations by characterizing protein diffusion in a microwell capped with a high-density polyacrylamide gel lid (p > 0.05, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Here, we establish and validate a numerical model useful for understanding protein transport in and losses from a hydrogel microwell across a range of boundary conditions.
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13
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Piya R, Zhu Y, Soeriyadi AH, Silva SM, Reece PJ, Gooding JJ. Micropatterning of porous silicon Bragg reflectors with poly(ethylene glycol) to fabricate cell microarrays: Towards single cell sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 127:229-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Alam MK, Koomson E, Zou H, Yi C, Li CW, Xu T, Yang M. Recent advances in microfluidic technology for manipulation and analysis of biological cells (2007–2017). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:29-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Varma S, Voldman J. Caring for cells in microsystems: principles and practices of cell-safe device design and operation. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3333-3352. [PMID: 30324208 PMCID: PMC6254237 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00746b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic device designers and users continually question whether cells are 'happy' in a given microsystem or whether they are perturbed by micro-scale technologies. This issue is normally brought up by engineers building platforms, or by external reviewers (academic or commercial) comparing multiple technological approaches to a problem. Microsystems can apply combinations of biophysical and biochemical stimuli that, although essential to device operation, may damage cells in complex ways. However, assays to assess the impact of microsystems upon cells have been challenging to conduct and have led to subjective interpretation and evaluation of cell stressors, hampering development and adoption of microsystems. To this end, we introduce a framework that defines cell health, describes how device stimuli may stress cells, and contrasts approaches to measure cell stress. Importantly, we provide practical guidelines regarding device design and operation to minimize cell stress, and recommend a minimal set of quantitative assays that will enable standardization in the assessment of cell health in diverse devices. We anticipate that as microsystem designers, reviewers, and end-users enforce such guidelines, we as a community can create a set of essential principles that will further the adoption of such technologies in clinical, translational and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Varma
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 36-824
, Cambridge
, USA
.
; Fax: +617 258 5846
; Tel: +617 253 1583
| | - Joel Voldman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 36-824
, Cambridge
, USA
.
; Fax: +617 258 5846
; Tel: +617 253 1583
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16
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Wu C, He J, Li B, Xu Y, Gu D, Liu H, Zhao D, Shao C. Real-time monitoring of T-cell-secreted interferon-γ for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1432416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wu
- Clinical Transfusion Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jianan He
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, PR China
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Boan Li
- Clinical Laboratory, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - YunQing Xu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, PR China
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Dayong Gu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, PR China
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Houming Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chaopeng Shao
- Clinical Transfusion Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
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17
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Sreepadmanabh M, Toley BJ. Investigations into the cancer stem cell niche using in-vitro 3-D tumor models and microfluidics. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1094-1110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions influence intracellular signalling and play an important role in physiologic and pathologic processes. Detachment of cells from the surrounding microenvironment alters intracellular signalling. Here, we demonstrate and characterise an integrated microfluidic device to culture single and clustered cells in tuneable microenvironments and then directly analyse the lysate of each cell in situ, thereby eliminating the need to detach cells prior to analysis. First, we utilise microcontact printing to pattern cells in confined geometries. We then utilise a microscale isoelectric focusing (IEF) module to separate, detect, and analyse lamin A/C from substrate-adhered cells seeded and cultured at varying (500, 2000, and 9000 cells per cm2) densities. We report separation performance (minimum resolvable pI difference of 0.11) that is on par with capillary IEF and independent of cell density. Moreover, we map lamin A/C and β-tubulin protein expression to morphometric information (cell area, circumference, eccentricity, form factor, and cell area factor) of single cells and observe poor correlation with each of these parameters. By eliminating the need for cell detachment from substrates, we enhance detection of cell receptor proteins (CD44 and β-integrin) and dynamic phosphorylation events (pMLCS19) that are rendered undetectable or disrupted by enzymatic treatments. Finally, we optimise protein solubilisation and separation performance by tuning lysis and electrofocusing (EF) durations. We observe enhanced separation performance (decreased peak width) with longer EF durations by 25.1% and improved protein solubilisation with longer lysis durations. Overall, the combination of morphometric analyses of substrate-adhered cells, with minimised handling, will yield important insights into our understanding of adhesion-mediated signalling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine J Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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19
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On-chip immune cell activation and subsequent time-resolved magnetic bead-based cytokine detection. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 18:93. [PMID: 27628061 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine profiling and immunophenotyping offer great potential for understanding many disease mechanisms, personalized diagnosis, and immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrate a time-resolved detection of cytokine from a single cell cluster using an in situ magnetic immune assay. An array of triple-layered microfluidic chambers was fabricated to enable simultaneous cell culture under perfusion flow and detection of the induced cytokines at multiple time-points. Each culture chamber comprises three fluidic compartments which are dedicated to, cell culture, perfusion and immunoassay. The three compartments are separated by porous membranes, which allow the diffusion of fresh nutrient from the perfusion compartment into the cell culture compartment and cytokines secretion from the cell culture compartment into the immune assay compartment. This structure hence enables capturing the released cytokines without disturbing the cell culture and without minimizing benefit gain from perfusion. Functionalized magnetic beads were used as a solid phase carrier for cytokine capturing and quantification. The cytokines released from differential stimuli were quantified in situ in non-differentiated U937 monocytes and differentiated macrophages.
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20
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Guo Q, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Islamzada E, Ma H. Deformability based Cell Sorting using Microfluidic Ratchets Enabling Phenotypic Separation of Leukocytes Directly from Whole Blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6627. [PMID: 28747668 PMCID: PMC5529452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of leukocytes from whole blood is a prerequisite for many biological assays. Traditional methods require significant sample volumes and are often undesirable because they expose leukocytes to harsh physical or chemical treatment. Existing microfluidic approaches can work with smaller volumes, but lack selectivity. In particular, the selectivity of microfluidic systems based on microfiltration is limited by fouling due to clogging. Here, we developed a method to separate leukocytes from whole blood using the microfluidic ratchet mechanism, which filters the blood sample using a matrix of micrometer-scale tapered constrictions. Deforming single cells through such constrictions requires directionally asymmetrical forces, which enables oscillatory flow to create a ratcheting transport that depends on cell size and deformability. Simultaneously, oscillatory flow continuously agitates the cells to limit the contact time with the filter microstructure to prevent adsorption and clogging. We show this device is capable of isolating leukocytes from whole blood with 100% purity (i.e. no contaminant erythrocytes) and <2% leukocytes loss. We further demonstrate the potential to phenotypically sort leukocytes to enrich for granulocytes and lymphocytes subpopulations. Together, this process provides a sensitive method to isolate and sort leukocytes directly from whole blood based on their biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emel Islamzada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Son KJ, Gheibi P, Stybayeva G, Rahimian A, Revzin A. Detecting cell-secreted growth factors in microfluidic devices using bead-based biosensors. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2017; 3:17025. [PMID: 29963323 PMCID: PMC6023413 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems provide an interesting alternative to standard macroscale cell cultures due to the decrease in the number of cells and reagents as well as the improved physiology of cells confined to small volumes. However, the tools available for cell-secreted molecules inside microfluidic devices remain limited. In this paper, we describe an integrated microsystem composed of a microfluidic device and a fluorescent microbead-based assay for the detection of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 secreted by primary hepatocytes. This microfluidic system is designed to separate a cell culture chamber from sensing chambers using a permeable hydrogel barrier. Cell-secreted HGF and TGF-β1 diffuse through the hydrogel barrier into adjacent sensing channels and are detected using fluorescent microbead-based sensors. The specificity of sensing microbeads is defined by the choice of antibodies; therefore, our microfluidic culture system and sensing microbeads may be applied to a variety of cells and cell-secreted factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Pantea Gheibi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Ali Rahimian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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22
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Berthuy OI, Muldur SK, Rossi F, Colpo P, Blum LJ, Marquette CA. Multiplex cell microarrays for high-throughput screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4248-4262. [PMID: 27731880 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00831c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microarray technology was developed in the early 1990s to measure the transcription levels of thousands of genes in parallel. The basic premise of high-density arraying has since been expanded to create cell microarrays. Cells on chip are powerful experimental tools for high-throughput and multiplex screening of samples or cellular functions. Miniaturization increases assay throughput while reducing both reagent consumption and cell population heterogeneity effect, making these systems attractive for a wide range of assays, from drug discovery to toxicology, stem cell research and therapy. It is usual to functionalize the surface of a substrate to design cell microarrays. One form of cell microarrays, the transfected cell microarray, wherein plasmid DNA or siRNA spotted on the surface of a substrate is reverse-transfected locally into adherent cells, has become a standard tool for parallel cell-based analysis. With the advent of technology, cells can also be directly spotted onto functionalized surfaces using robotic fluid-dispensing devices or printed directly on bio-ink material. We are providing herein an overview of the latest developments in optical cell microarrays allowing high-throughput and high-content analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie I Berthuy
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Sinan K Muldur
- Européen Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Heath and Consumer Protection, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - François Rossi
- Européen Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Heath and Consumer Protection, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Pascal Colpo
- Européen Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Heath and Consumer Protection, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Loïc J Blum
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Christophe A Marquette
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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23
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The Role of Physical Stabilization in Whole Blood Preservation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21023. [PMID: 26876805 PMCID: PMC4753451 DOI: 10.1038/srep21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid degradation of blood ex vivo imposes logistical limitations on the utilization of blood-borne cells in medical diagnostics and scientific investigations. A fundamental but overlooked aspect in the storage of this fluid tissue is blood settling, which induces physical stress and compaction, aggregates blood cells, and causes collateral damage due to leukocyte activation. Here we show that the polymer Ficoll 70 kDa stabilized blood samples and prevented blood settling over the course of 72 hours, primarily by inhibiting depletion-mediated red blood cell aggregation. Physical stabilization decreased echinocyte formation, improved leukocyte viability, and inhibited the release of neutrophil elastase—a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. In addition, Ficoll-stabilized blood was compatible with common leukocyte enrichment techniques including red blood cell lysis and immunomagnetic purification. This study showed for the first time that blood settling can be prevented using polymers and has implications in diagnostics.
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24
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Liu G, Qi M, Hutchinson MR, Yang G, Goldys EM. Recent advances in cytokine detection by immunosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:810-21. [PMID: 26774995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cytokines in body fluids, cells, tissues and organisms continues to attract considerable attention due to the importance of these key cell signaling molecules in biology and medicine. In this review, we describe recent advances in cytokine detection in the course of ongoing pursuit of new analytical approaches for these trace analytes with specific focus on immunosensing. We discuss recent elegant designs of sensing interface with improved performance with respect to sensitivity, selectivity, stability, simplicity, and the absence of sample matrix effects. Various immunosensing approaches based on multifunctional nanomaterials open novel opportunities for ultrasensitive detection of cytokines in body fluids in vitro and in vivo. Methodologies such as suspension arrays also known as bead assays together with optical fiber-based sensors, on their own or in combination with microfluidic devices will continue to have an important role to address the grand challenge of real-time in vivo multiplex cytokine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, Australia
| | - Meng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, Australia.
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25
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Gao Y, Broussard J, Haque A, Revzin A, Lin T. Functional imaging of neuron-astrocyte interactions in a compartmentalized microfluidic device. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:15045. [PMID: 31057811 PMCID: PMC6444726 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional approaches in cultivating neural cells in a dish without orienting their interactions have had only limited success in revealing neural network properties. To enhance the experimental capabilities of studying neural circuitry in vitro, we designed an experimental system combining concepts of micropatterned surfaces, microfluidic devices and genetically encoded biosensors. Micropatterning was used to position neurons and astrocytes in defined locations and guide interactions between the two cell types. Microfluidic chambers were placed atop micropatterned surfaces to allow delivery of different pharmacological agents or viral vectors to the desired cell types. In this device, astrocytes and neurons communicated through grooves molded into the floor of the microfluidic device. By combining microfluidics with genetically encoded calcium indicators as functional readouts, we further demonstrated the utility of this device for analyzing neuron-neuron and neuron-astrocyte interactions in vitro under both healthy and pathophysiological conditions. We found that both spontaneous and evoked calcium dynamics in astrocytes can be modulated by interactions with neurons. In the future, we foresee employing the microdevices described here for studying mechanisms of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joey Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amranul Haque
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- ()
| | - Tian Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- ()
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26
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Boussommier-Calleja A, Li R, Chen MB, Wong SC, Kamm RD. Microfluidics: A new tool for modeling cancer-immune interactions. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:6-19. [PMID: 26858990 PMCID: PMC4743529 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the enormous potential of immunotherapies against cancer, research into the interactions between tumor and immune cells has accelerated, leading to the recent FDA approval of several drugs that reduce cancer progression. Numerous cellular and molecular interactions have been identified by which immune cells can intervene in the metastatic cascade, leading to the development of several in vivo and in vitro model systems that can recapitulate these processes. Among these, microfluidic technologies hold many advantages in terms of their unique ability to capture the essential features of multiple cell type interactions in three-dimensions while allowing tight control of the microenvironment and real-time monitoring. Here, we review current assays and discuss the development of new microfluidic technologies for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Siew Cheng Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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27
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A Simple Microfluidic Platform for Long-Term Analysis and Continuous Dual-Imaging Detection of T-Cell Secreted IFN-γ and IL-2 on Antibody-Based Biochip. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:750-67. [PMID: 26690235 PMCID: PMC4697143 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization, at the cellular level, of cytokine productions present a high interest for both fundamental research and clinical studies. However, the majority of techniques currently available (ELISA, ELISpot, flow cytometry, etc.) have several shortcomings including, notably, the assessment of several cytokines in relation to individual secreting cells and the monitoring of living cell responses for a long incubation time. In the present work, we describe a system composed of a microfluidic platform coupled with an antibody microarray chip for continuous SPR imaging and immunofluorescence analysis of cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) secreted by T-Lymphocytes, specifically, and stably captured on the biochip under flow upon continued long-term on-chip culture (more than 24 h).
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28
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Abstract
Biosensors first appeared several decades ago to address the need for monitoring physiological parameters such as oxygen or glucose in biological fluids such as blood. More recently, a new wave of biosensors has emerged in order to provide more nuanced and granular information about the composition and function of living cells. Such biosensors exist at the confluence of technology and medicine and often strive to connect cell phenotype or function to physiological or pathophysiological processes. Our review aims to describe some of the key technological aspects of biosensors being developed for cell analysis. The technological aspects covered in our review include biorecognition elements used for biosensor construction, methods for integrating cells with biosensors, approaches to single-cell analysis, and the use of nanostructured biosensors for cell analysis. Our hope is that the spectrum of possibilities for cell analysis described in this review may pique the interest of biomedical scientists and engineers and may spur new collaborations in the area of using biosensors for cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - Kyungjin Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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29
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Vu T, Rahimian A, Stybayeva G, Gao Y, Kwa T, Van de Water J, Revzin A. Reconfigurable microfluidic device with integrated antibody arrays for capture, multiplexed stimulation, and cytokine profiling of human monocytes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:044115. [PMID: 26339315 PMCID: PMC4529433 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes represent a class of immune cells that play a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response against infections. One mechanism employed by monocytes for sensing foreign antigens is via toll-like receptors (TLRs)-transmembrane proteins that distinguish classes of foreign pathogens, for example, bacteria (TLR4, 5, and 9) vs. fungi (TLR2) vs. viruses (TLR3, 7, and 8). Binding of antigens activates a signaling cascade through TLR receptors that culminate in secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Detection of these cytokines can provide valuable clinical data for drug developers and disease investigations, but this usually requires a large sample volume and can be technically inefficient with traditional techniques such as flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or luminex. This paper describes an approach whereby antibody arrays for capturing cells and secreted cytokines are encapsulated within a microfluidic device that can be reconfigured to operate in serial or parallel mode. In serial mode, the device represents one long channel that may be perfused with a small volume of minimally processed blood. Once monocytes are captured onto antibody spots imprinted into the floor of the device, the straight channel is reconfigured to form nine individually perfusable chambers. To prove this concept, the microfluidic platform was used to capture monocytes from minimally processed human blood in serial mode and then to stimulate monocytes with different TLR agonists in parallel mode. Three cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10, were detected using anti-cytokine antibody arrays integrated into each of the six chambers. We foresee further use of this device in applications such as pediatric immunology or drug/vaccine testing where it is important to balance small sample volume with the need for high information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ali Rahimian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yandong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Timothy Kwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
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30
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Hsu H, Chen C, Nenninger A, Holz L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. WC1 is a hybrid γδ TCR coreceptor and pattern recognition receptor for pathogenic bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2280-8. [PMID: 25632007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
WC1 proteins are uniquely expressed on γδ T cells and belong to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. While present in variable, and sometimes high, numbers in the genomes of mammals and birds, in cattle there are 13 distinct genes (WC1-1 to WC1-13). All bovine WC1 proteins can serve as coreceptors for the TCR in a tyrosine phosphorylation dependent manner, and some are required for the γδ T cell response to Leptospira. We hypothesized that individual WC1 receptors encode Ag specificity via coligation of bacteria with the γδ TCR. SRCR domain binding was directly correlated with γδ T cell response, as WC1-3 SRCR domains from Leptospira-responsive cells, but not WC1-4 SRCR domains from Leptospira-nonresponsive cells, bound to multiple serovars of two Leptospira species, L. borgpetersenii, and L. interrogans. Three to five of eleven WC1-3 SRCR domains, but none of the eleven WC1-4 SRCR domains, interacted with Leptospira spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi, but not with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Mutational analysis indicated that the active site for bacterial binding in one of the SRCR domains is composed of amino acids in three discontinuous regions. Recombinant WC1 SRCR domains with the ability to bind leptospires inhibited Leptospira growth. Our data suggest that WC1 gene arrays play a multifaceted role in the γδ T cell response to bacteria, including acting as hybrid pattern recognition receptors and TCR coreceptors, and they may function as antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Hsu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ariel Nenninger
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and
| | - Lauren Holz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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31
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Stenken JA, Poschenrieder AJ. Bioanalytical chemistry of cytokines--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:95-115. [PMID: 25467452 PMCID: PMC4717841 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are bioactive proteins produced by many different cells of the immune system. Due to their role in different inflammatory disease states and maintaining homeostasis, there is enormous clinical interest in the quantitation of cytokines. The typical standard methods for quantitation of cytokines are immunoassay-based techniques including enzyme-linked immusorbent assays (ELISA) and bead-based immunoassays read by either standard or modified flow cytometers. A review of recent developments in analytical methods for measurements of cytokine proteins is provided. This review briefly covers cytokine biology and the analysis challenges associated with measurement of these biomarker proteins for understanding both health and disease. New techniques applied to immunoassay-based assays are presented along with the uses of aptamers, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, optical resonator-based methods. Methods used for elucidating the release of cytokines from single cells as well as in vivo collection methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Stenken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Andreas J Poschenrieder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Street 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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32
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Microfluidic antibody arrays for simultaneous cell separation and stimulus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7867-73. [PMID: 25354890 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip containing stamped antibody arrays was developed for simultaneous cell separation and drug testing. Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) stamping was used to deposit antibodies in a microfluidic channel, forming discrete cell-capture regions on the surface. Cell mixtures were then introduced, resulting in the separation of cells when specific antibodies were used. Anti-CD19 antibody regions resulted in 94 % capture purity for CD19+ Ramos cells. An antibody that captures multiple cell types, for example anti-CD71, can also be used to capture several cell types simultaneously. Cells could also be loaded onto the arrays with spatial control using laminar streams. Both Ramos B cells and HuT 78 T cells were isolated in the chip and exposed to staurosporine in the same channel. Both cell lines had similar responses to the drug, with 2-10 % of cells remaining viable after 20 h of drug treatment, depending on cell type. The chip can also be used to analyze the efficacy of antibody therapy against cancer cells. Anti-CD95 was deposited on the surface and used for simultaneous cell capture and apoptosis induction via the extrinsic pathway. Cells captured on anti-CD95 surfaces had significant viability loss (15 % viability after 24 h) when compared with a control anti-CD71 antibody (81 % viability after 24 h). This chip can be used for a variety of cell separation and/or drug testing studies, enabling researchers to isolate cells and test them against different anti-cancer compounds and to follow cell response using fluorescence or other readout methods.
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Li X, Chen W, Li Z, Li L, Gu H, Fu J. Emerging microengineered tools for functional analysis and phenotyping of blood cells. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:586-594. [PMID: 25283971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The available techniques for assessing blood cell functions are limited considering the various types of blood cell and their diverse functions. In the past decade, rapid advances in microengineering have enabled an array of blood cell functional measurements that are difficult or impossible to achieve using conventional bulk platforms. Such miniaturized blood cell assay platforms also provide the attractive capabilities of reducing chemical consumption, cost, and assay time, as well as exciting opportunities for device integration, automation, and assay standardization. This review summarizes these contemporary microengineered tools and discusses their promising potential for constructing accurate in vitro models and rapid clinical diagnosis using minimal amounts of whole-blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zida Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Micropatterning techniques have gained growing interests from a broad range of engineering and biology researches as it realizes the high-throughput and highly quantitative investigations on miniature biological objects (e.g., cells and bacteria) by spatially defined micropatterns. However, most of the existing techniques rely on expensive instruments or intensive cleanroom access which may not be easy to be utilized in a regular biological laboratory. Here, we present the detailed procedures of a simple versatile microprinting process, referred to as Print-to-Print (P2P), to form multiobject micropatterns for potential biological applications. Only a solid-phase printer and custom-made superhydrophobic (SH) films are utilized for the printing and no thermal or chemical treatment is involved during the entire printing process. Moreover, the noncontact nature of droplet transferring and printing steps can be highly advantageous for sensitive biological uses. By the P2P process, a minimal feature resolution of 229 ± 17 μm has been successfully achieved. What's more, this approach has been applied to form micropatterning on various commonly used substrates in biology as well as multiobject co-patterns. In addition, the SH substrates have also been demonstrated to be reusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xing
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Siwei Zhao
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Matharu Z, Rahimian A, Revzin A. Detecting multiple cell-secreted cytokines from the same aptamer-functionalized electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 64:43-50. [PMID: 25189099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are secreted by immune cells in response to infection or injury. Quantification of multiple cytokines in parallel may help with disease diagnosis by illuminating inflammatory pathways related to disease onset and progression. This paper describes development of an electrochemical aptasensor for simultaneous detection of two important inflammatory cytokines, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). To enable multiplexing, IFN-γ and TNF-α aptamers were labeled with anthraquinone (AQ) and methylene blue (MB) redox reporters respectively. Random immobilization of two aptamer on gold exhibited redox peaks at -0.37 V (AQ) and -0.15 V (MB) vs. Ag/AgCl reference. When challenged with either IFN-γ or TNF-α, redox signal of the appropriate reporter changed in concentration dependent manner. To demonstrate one possible application of this sensing approach, electrodes were integrated into microfluidic devices and used to dynamically monitor cytokine release from immune cells. Two cell types, primary human CD4 T-cells and U937 monocytic cells, were used to compare differences in cytokine secretions upon stimulation. These cells were infused into the microfluidic devices and stimulated to commence cytokine production. Release of IFN-γ and TNF-α was monitored concurrently from the same small group of cells over the course of 2h. The strategy of encoding specific aptamer types with unique redox reporters allows sensitive and specific detection of multiple protein biomarkers from the same electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zimple Matharu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ali Rahimian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Matharu Z, Patel D, Gao Y, Haque A, Zhou Q, Revzin A. Detecting transforming growth factor-β release from liver cells using an aptasensor integrated with microfluidics. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8865-72. [PMID: 25105888 PMCID: PMC4151791 DOI: 10.1021/ac502383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
developed a cell-culture/biosensor platform consisting of aptamer-modified
Au electrodes integrated with reconfigurable microfluidics for monitoring
of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), an important
inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine. Aptamers were thiolated, labeled
with redox reporters, and self-assembled on gold surfaces. The biosensor
was determined to be specific for TGF-β1 with an experimental
detection limit of 1 ng/mL and linear range extending to 250 ng/mL.
Upon determining figures of merit, aptasensor was miniaturized and
integrated with human hepatic stellate cells inside microfluidic devices.
Reconfigurable microfluidics were developed to ensure that seeding
of “sticky” stromal cells did not foul the electrode
and compromise sensor performance. This microsystem with integrated
aptasensors was used to monitor TGF-β1 release from activated
stellate cells over the course of 20 h. The electrochemical response
went down upon infusing anti-TGF-β1 antibodies into the microfluidic
devices containing activated stellate cells. To further validate aptasensor
responses, stellate cells were stained for markers of activation (e.g.,
alpha smooth muscle actin) and were also tested for presence of TGF-β1
using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Given the importance
of TGF-β1 as a fibrogenic signal, a microsystem with integrated
biosensors for local and continuous detection of TGF-β1 may
prove to be an important tool to study fibrosis of the liver and other
organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimple Matharu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Shin DS, You J, Rahimian A, Vu T, Siltanen C, Ehsanipour A, Stybayeva G, Sutcliffe J, Revzin A. Photodegradable hydrogels for capture, detection, and release of live cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8221-4. [PMID: 24931301 PMCID: PMC4380505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells may be captured and released using a photodegradable hydrogel (photogel) functionalized with antibodies. Photogel substrates were used to first isolate human CD4 or CD8 T-cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension and then to release desired cells or groups of cells by UV-induced photodegradation. Flow cytometry analysis of the retrieved cells revealed approximately 95% purity of CD4 and CD8 T-cells, suggesting that this substrate had excellent specificity. To demonstrate the possibility of sorting cells according to their function, photogel substrates that were functionalized with anti-CD4 and anti-TNF-α antibodies were prepared. Single cells captured and stimulated on such substrates were identified by the fluorescence "halo" after immunofluorescent staining and could be retrieved by site-specific exposure to UV light through a microscope objective. Overall, it was demonstrated that functional photodegradable hydrogels enable the capture, analysis, and sorting of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sik Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Jungmok You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Ali Rahimian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Tam Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Christian Siltanen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Arshia Ehsanipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Julie Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
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38
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Jeong Y, Choi J, Lee KH. Technology advancement for integrative stem cell analyses. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:669-82. [PMID: 24874188 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have endeavored to use stem cells for a variety of applications ranging from basic science research to translational medicine. Population-based characterization of such stem cells, while providing an important foundation to further development, often disregard the heterogeneity inherent among individual constituents within a given population. The population-based analysis and characterization of stem cells and the problems associated with such a blanket approach only underscore the need for the development of new analytical technology. In this article, we review current stem cell analytical technologies, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each, followed by applications of these technologies in the field of stem cells. Furthermore, while recent advances in micro/nano technology have led to a growth in the stem cell analytical field, underlying architectural concepts allow only for a vertical analytical approach, in which different desirable parameters are obtained from multiple individual experiments and there are many technical challenges that limit vertically integrated analytical tools. Therefore, we propose--by introducing a concept of vertical and horizontal approach--that there is the need of adequate methods to the integration of information, such that multiple descriptive parameters from a stem cell can be obtained from a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- 1 BK21+ Department of BioNano Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul Campus, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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39
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Shin DS, You J, Rahimian A, Vu T, Siltanen C, Ehsanipour A, Stybayeva G, Sutcliffe J, Revzin A. Photodegradable Hydrogels for Capture, Detection, and Release of Live Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Liu Y, Hu W, Lu Z, Li CM. ZnO nanomulberry and its significant nonenzymatic signal enhancement for protein microarray. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7728-7734. [PMID: 24766196 DOI: 10.1021/am501015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is very challenging to make a highly sensitive protein microarray because of its lack of a universal signal amplification method like PCR used in DNA microarray. The current strategies to improve the sensitivity mainly rely on a unique nanostructured substrate or enzymatically catalyzed signal amplification, of which the former requires a complicated and time-consuming fabrication process while the latter suffers from high cost and poor stability of enzymes as well as downstream biochemical reactions. In this work, an inexpensive ZnO nanomulberry (NMB) decorated glass slide is investigated as a superior substrate to nonenzymatically amplify the signal of protein microarray for sensitive detection, accomplishing a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pg mL(-1) and a broad dynamic range of 1 pg mL(-1) to 1 μg mL(-1) to detect an important cancer biomarker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 10% human serum. The excellent performance is attributed to ZnO NMB possessing high-density loading of capture antibody and intrinsic enhancement of fluorescence emission. The substrate preparation is simple without using any expensive equipment and complicated technique while offering advantages of low autofluorescence, versatility for various fluorophores, and excellent compatibility with existing microarray fabrication techniques. Thus, a ZnO NMB based protein microarray holds great promise for developing a low cost, sensitive, and high throughput protein assay platform for broad applications in both fundamental research and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshuai Liu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, China
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41
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Kim GS, Kim DJ, Hyung JH, Lee MK, Lee SK. Dependence of Filopodia Morphology and the Separation Efficiency of Primary CD4+ T-Lymphocytes on Nanopillars. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Sung Kim
- Basic Research
Laboratory, Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Basic Research
Laboratory, Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Hyung
- Basic Research
Laboratory, Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Kyu Lee
- Bionanotechnology
Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- Department
of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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42
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Kwa T, Zhou Q, Gao Y, Rahimian A, Kwon L, Liu Y, Revzin A. Reconfigurable microfluidics with integrated aptasensors for monitoring intercellular communication. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1695-704. [PMID: 24700096 PMCID: PMC4386869 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a microsystem integrating anti-TNF-α aptasensors with vacuum-actuatable microfluidic devices that may be used to monitor intercellular communications. Actuatable chambers were used to expose to mitogen a group of ~600 cells while not stimulating another group of monocytes only 600 μm away. Co-localizing groups of cells with miniature 300 μm diameter aptamer-modified electrodes enabled monitoring of TNF-α release from each group independently. The microsystem allowed observation of the sequence of events that included 1) mitogenic activation of the first group of monocytes to produce TNF-α, 2) diffusion of TNF-α to the location of the second group of cells and 3) activation of the second group of cells resulting in the production of TNF-α by these cells. Thus, we were able to experimentally verify reciprocal paracrine crosstalk between the two groups of cells secreting the same signalling molecule. Given the prevalence of such cellular communications during injury, cancer or immune response and the dearth of available monitoring techniques, the microsystem described here is envisioned to have significant impact on cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Building, 451 Health Sciences Drive Room 2619, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Yu ZTF, Yong KMA, Fu J. Microfluidic blood cell sorting: now and beyond. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1687-703. [PMID: 24515899 PMCID: PMC4013196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood plays an important role in homeostatic regulation with each of its cellular components having important therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Therefore, separation and sorting of blood cells hasa been of a great interest to clinicians and researchers. However, while conventional methods of processing blood have been successful in generating relatively pure fractions, they are time consuming, labor intensive, and are not optimal for processing small volume blood samples. In recent years, microfluidics has garnered great interest from clinicians and researchers as a powerful technology for separating blood into different cell fractions. As microfluidics involves fluid manipulation at the microscale level, it has the potential for achieving high-resolution separation and sorting of blood cells down to a single-cell level, with an added benefit of integrating physical and biological methods for blood cell separation and analysis on the same single chip platform. This paper will first review the conventional methods of processing and sorting blood cells, followed by a discussion on how microfluidics is emerging as an efficient tool to rapidly change the field of blood cell sorting for blood-based therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeta Tak For Yu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
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44
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Young EWK. Cells, tissues, and organs on chips: challenges and opportunities for the cancer tumor microenvironment. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1096-109. [PMID: 23799587 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transition to increasingly sophisticated microfluidic systems has led to the emergence of "organ-on-chip" technology that can faithfully recapitulate organ-level function. Given the rapid progress at the interface between microfluidics and cell biology, there is need to provide a focused evaluation of the state-of-the-art in microfluidic systems for cancer research to advance development, accelerate discovery of novel insights, and facilitate cooperation between engineers, biologists and oncologists in the clinic. Here, we provide a focused review of microfluidics technology from cells- and tissues- to organs-on-chips with application toward studying the tumor microenvironment. Key aspects of the tumor microenvironment including angiogenesis, hypoxia, biochemical gradients, tumor-stromal interactions, and the extracellular matrix are summarized for both solid tumors and non-solid hematologic malignancies. An overview of microfluidic systems designed specifically to answer questions related to different aspects of the tumor microenvironment is provided, followed by an examination of how these systems offer new opportunities to study outstanding challenges related to the major cancer hallmarks. Challenges also remain for microfluidics engineers, but it is hoped that cooperation between engineers and biologists at the intersection of their respective fields will lead to significant impact on the utility of organs-on-chips in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, MC314B, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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45
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Jiang J, He Y, Yu X, Zhao J, Cui H. A homogeneous hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme based turn-on chemiluminescence aptasensor for interferon-gamma detection via in-situ assembly of luminol functionalized gold nanoparticles, deoxyribonucleic acid, interferon-gamma and hemin. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 791:60-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Zhou Q, Kwa T, Liu Y, Revzin A. Cytokine biosensors: the future of infectious disease diagnosis? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013. [PMID: 23199394 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Chen W, Huang NT, Li X, Yu ZTF, Kurabayashi K, Fu J. Emerging microfluidic tools for functional cellular immunophenotyping: a new potential paradigm for immune status characterization. Front Oncol 2013; 3:98. [PMID: 23626950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, accurate, and quantitative characterization of immune status of patients is of utmost importance for disease diagnosis and prognosis, evaluating efficacy of immunotherapeutics and tailoring drug treatments. Immune status of patients is often dynamic and patient-specific, and such complex heterogeneity has made accurate, real-time measurements of patient immune status challenging in the clinical setting. Recent advances in microfluidics have demonstrated promising applications of the technology for immune monitoring with minimum sample requirements and rapid functional immunophenotyping capability. This review will highlight recent developments of microfluidic platforms that can perform rapid and accurate cellular functional assays on patient immune cells. We will also discuss the future potential of integrated microfluidics to perform rapid, accurate, and sensitive cellular functional assays at a single-cell resolution on different types or subpopulations of immune cells, to provide an unprecedented level of information depth on the distribution of immune cell functionalities. We envision that such microfluidic immunophenotyping tools will allow for comprehensive and systems-level immunomonitoring, unlocking the potential to transform experimental clinical immunology into an information-rich science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
ABSTRACTNew and reemerging infectious diseases, such as pandemic viruses and resistant bacteria, pose a serious threat in the 21st century. Some of these agents represent global security threats. This review provides an overview of diagnostic challenges presented by pandemic influenza and biothreat agents. The article summarizes recent pandemics and disease outbreaks, point-of-care influenza diagnostic tests, biothreat agents, biothreat instrument systems, and technologies in development. It highlights how medical innovation and health care initiatives can help prepare health care professionals and public health personnel to handle future crises. Based on gap analysis for current point-of-care testing deficiencies, it concludes with policy recommendations that will enhance preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S193–S202)
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Kartsova LA, Obedkova EV. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of biologically active compounds for the diagnosis of various diseases. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chen A, Vu T, Stybayeva G, Pan T, Revzin A. Reconfigurable microfluidics combined with antibody microarrays for enhanced detection of T-cell secreted cytokines. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:24105. [PMID: 24404010 PMCID: PMC3612111 DOI: 10.1063/1.4795423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are small proteins secreted by leukocytes in blood in response to infections, thus offering valuable diagnostic information. Given that the same cytokines may be produced by different leukocyte subsets in blood, it is beneficial to connect production of cytokines to specific cell types. In this paper, we describe integration of antibody (Ab) microarrays into a microfluidic device to enable enhanced cytokine detection. The Ab arrays contain spots specific to cell-surface antigens as well as anti-cytokine detection spots. Infusion of blood into a microfluidic device results in the capture of specific leukocytes (CD4 T-cells) and is followed by detection of secreted cytokines on the neighboring Ab spots using sandwich immunoassay. The enhancement of cytokine signal comes from leveraging the concept of reconfigurable microfluidics. A three layer polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device is fabricated so as to contain six microchambers (1 mm × 1 mm × 30 μm) in the ceiling of the device. Once the T-cell capture is complete, the device is reconfigured by withdrawing liquid from the channel, causing the chambers to collapse onto Ab arrays and enclose cell/anti-cytokine spots within a 30 nl volume. In a set of proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrate that ∼90% pure CD4 T-cells can be captured inside the device and that signals for three important T-cell secreted cytokines, tissue necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-2, may be enhanced by 2 to 3 folds through the use of reconfigurable microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tam Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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