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Russo S, Luján AP, Fraaije MW, Poelarends GJ. Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Arylamines Enabled by a Nitroreductase from Bacillus tequilensis. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300846. [PMID: 38502784 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arylamines are essential building blocks for the manufacture of valuable pharmaceuticals, pigments and dyes. However, their current industrial production involves the use of chemocatalytic procedures with a significant environmental impact. As a result, flavin-dependent nitroreductases (NRs) have received increasing attention as sustainable catalysts for more ecofriendly synthesis of arylamines. In this study, we assessed a novel NR from Bacillus tequilensis, named BtNR, for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant arylamines, including valuable synthons used in the manufacture of blockbuster drugs such as vismodegib, sonidegib, linezolid and sildenafil. After optimizing the enzymatic reaction conditions, high conversion of nitroaromatics to arylamines (up to 97 %) and good product yields (up to 56 %) were achieved. Our results indicate that BtNR has a broad substrate scope, including bulky nitro benzenes, nitro pyrazoles and nitro pyridines. Hence, BtNR is an interesting biocatalyst for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant amine-functionalized aromatics, providing an attractive alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Russo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Prats Luján
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Li X, Zheng S, Li Y, Ding J, Qin W. Effectively facilitating the degradation of chloramphenicol by the synergism of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and the metal-organic framework. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131545. [PMID: 37148794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive bacteria (EAB) and metal oxides are capable of synergistically removing chloramphenicol (CAP). However, the effects of redox-active metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on CAP degradation with EAB are not yet known. This study investigated the synergism of iron-based MOFs (Fe-MIL-101) and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 on CAP degradation. 0.5 g/L Fe-MIL-101 with more possible active sites led to a three-fold higher CAP removal rate in the synergistic system with MR-1 (initial bacterial concentration of 0.2 at OD600), and showed a superior catalytic effect than exogenously added Fe(III)/Fe(II) or magnetite. Mass spectrometry revealed that CAP was transformed into smaller molecular weight and less toxic metabolites in cultures. Transcriptomic analysis showed that Fe-MIL-101 enhanced the expression of genes related to nitro and chlorinated contaminants degradation. Additionally, genes encoding hydrogenases and c-type cytochromes associated with extracellular electron transfer were significantly upregulated, which may contribute to the simultaneous bioreduction of CAP both intracellularly and extracellularly. These results indicated that Fe-MIL-101 can be used as a catalyst to synergize with EAB to effectively facilitate CAP degradation, which might shed new light on the application in the in situ bioremediation of antibiotic-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shiling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
| | - Yinhao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiawang Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China.
| | - Wei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
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Pimviriyakul P, Kapaothong Y, Tangsupatawat T. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a Full-length Protozoan Nitroreductase from Leishmania orientalis isolate PCM2. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:556-569. [PMID: 36042106 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease found in parts of the tropics and subtropics, is caused by Leishmania protozoa infection. Nitroreductases (NTRs), enzymes involved in nitroaromatic prodrug activation, are attractive targets for leishmaniasis treatment development. In this study, a full-length recombinant NTR from the Leishmania orientalis isolate PCM2 (LoNTR), which causes severe leishmaniasis in Thailand, was successfully expressed in soluble form using chaperone co-expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The purified histidine-tagged enzyme (His6-LoNTR) had a subunit molecular mass of 36 kDa with no cofactor bound; however, the addition of exogenous flavin (either FMN or FAD) readily increased its enzyme activity. Bioinformatics analysis found that the unique N-terminal sequences of LoNTR is only present in Leishmania where the addition of this region might result in the loss of flavin binding. Either NADH or NADPH can serve as an electron donor to transfer electrons to nitrofurazone; however, NADPH was preferred. Molecular oxygen was identified as an additional electron acceptor resulting in wasteful electrons from NADPH for the main catalysis. Steady-state kinetic experiments revealed a ping-pong mechanism for His6-LoNTR with Km,NADPH, Km,NFZ, and kcat of 28 µM, 68 µM, and 0.84 min-1, respectively. Besides nitroreductase activity, His6-LoNTR also has the ability to reduce quinone derivatives. The properties of full-length His6-LoNTR were different from previously reported protozoa and bacterial NTRs in many respects. This study provides information of NTR catalysis to be developed as a potential future therapeutic target to treat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Pimviriyakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Yuvarun Kapaothong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Theerapat Tangsupatawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Sviatenko LK, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. NTO Degradation by Nitroreductase: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5991-6006. [PMID: 35926135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NTO (5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one), an energetic material used in military applications, may be released to the environment during manufacturing, transportation, storage, training, and disposal. A detailed investigation of the possible mechanism for all steps of reduction of NTO by oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, as one of the pathways for NTO environmental degradation, was performed by computational study at the PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level. Obtained results reveal an overall sequence for NTO transformation into ATO (5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) with the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor of nitroreductase. Reduction of the nitro group to the nitroso group and the nitroso group to the hydroxylamino group follow a similar mechanism that consists of the sequential electron and proton transfer from the flavin cofactor. The hydride transfer mechanism may contribute to reduction of the nitroso group by the anionic form of the reduced flavin cofactor. Reduction of 5-(hydroxylamino)-1,2,4-triazol-3-one by the neutral form of the reduced flavin is impossible, whereas reduction of the hydroxylamino group to the amino group occurs with the anionic form of the reduced cofactor by a mechanism involving an initial proton transfer from the hydroxonium ion followed by two electrons and one proton transfers from the flavin cofactor. Small activation energies and high exothermicity support the significant contribution of oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase and other enzymes, containing FMN as a cofactor, to NTO degradation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla K Sviatenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Leonid Gorb
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotny Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Cheng D, Liu R, Hu K. Gold nanoclusters: Photophysical properties and photocatalytic applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:958626. [PMID: 35928211 PMCID: PMC9343704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.958626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) have high specific surface area and abundant unsaturated active sites. Traditionally, Au NCs are employed as thermocatalysts for multielectron transfer redox catalysis. Meanwhile, Au NCs also exhibit discrete energy levels, tunable photophysical and electrochemical properties, including visible to near infrared absorption, microsecond long-lived excited-state lifetime, and redox chemistry. In recent years, Au NCs are increasingly employed as visible to near infrared photocatalysts for their high photocatalytic activity and unique selectivity. This review focuses on the photophysical properties of a variety of Au NCs and their employment as photocatalysts in photocatalytic reactions and related applications including solar energy conversion and photodynamic therapies.
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Musila JM, Rokita SE. Sequence Conservation Does Not Always Signify a Functional Imperative as Observed in the Nitroreductase Superfamily. Biochemistry 2022; 61:703-711. [PMID: 35319879 PMCID: PMC9018611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consensus sequences have the potential to help classify the structure and function of proteins and highlight key regions that may contribute to their biological properties. Often, the level of significance will track with the extent of sequence conservation, but this should not be considered universal. Arg and Lys dominate a position adjacent to the N1 and C2 carbonyl of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) bound in the proteins of the nitroreductase superfamily. Although this placement satisfies expectations for stabilizing the reduced form of FMN, the substitution of these residues in three subfamilies promoting distinct reactions demonstrates their importance to catalysis as only modest. Replacing Arg34 with Lys, Gln, or Glu enhances FMN binding to a flavin destructase (BluB) by twofold and diminishes FMN turnover by no more than 25%. Similarly, replacing Lys14 with Arg, Gln, or Glu in a nitroreductase (NfsB) does not perturb the binding of the substrate nitrofurazone. The catalytic efficiency does decrease by 21-fold for the K14Q variant, but no change in the midpoint potential of FMN was observed with any of the variants. Equivalent substitution at Arg38 in iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD) affects catalysis even more modestly (<10-fold). While the Arg/Lys to Glu substitution inactivates NfsB and IYD, this change also stabilizes one-electron transfer in IYD contrary to predictions based on other classes of flavoproteins. Accordingly, functional correlations developed in certain structural superfamilies may not necessarily translate well to other superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Musila
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Steven E Rokita
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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7
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Křen V, Kroutil W, Hall M. A Career in Biocatalysis: Kurt Faber. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Luján AP, Bhat MF, Saravanan T, Poelarends GJ. Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Photoenzymatic Ketone Reductions Using a Promiscuous Flavin‐dependent Nitroreductase. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prats Luján
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Mohammad Faizan Bhat
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- University of Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen NETHERLANDS
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Čėnas N, Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Kosychova L. Single- and Two-Electron Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Flavoenzymes: Mechanisms and Implications for Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168534. [PMID: 34445240 PMCID: PMC8395237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2) maintain their importance in relation to industrial processes, environmental pollution, and pharmaceutical application. The manifestation of toxicity/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics may involve their single- or two-electron reduction performed by various flavoenzymes and/or their physiological redox partners, metalloproteins. The pivotal and still incompletely resolved questions in this area are the identification and characterization of the specific enzymes that are involved in the bioreduction of ArNO2 and the establishment of their contribution to cytotoxic/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics. This review addresses the following topics: (i) the intrinsic redox properties of ArNO2, in particular, the energetics of their single- and two-electron reduction in aqueous medium; (ii) the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of reduction in ArNO2 by flavoenzymes of different groups, dehydrogenases-electrontransferases (NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase, ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase and their analogs), mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, bacterial nitroreductases, and disulfide reductases of different origin (glutathione, trypanothione, and thioredoxin reductases, lipoamide dehydrogenase), and (iii) the relationships between the enzymatic reactivity of compounds and their activity in mammalian cells, bacteria, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
| | - Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lidija Kosychova
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Bornadel A, Bisagni S, Pushpanath A, Slabu I, LePaih J, Cherney AH, Mennen SM, Hedley SJ, Tedrow J, Dominguez B. Process Development and Protein Engineering Enhanced Nitroreductase-Catalyzed Reduction of 2-Methyl-5-nitro-pyridine. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bornadel
- Johnson Matthey Plc., 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, U.K
| | - Serena Bisagni
- Johnson Matthey Plc., 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, U.K
| | - Ahir Pushpanath
- Johnson Matthey Plc., 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, U.K
| | - Iustina Slabu
- Johnson Matthey Plc., 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, U.K
| | - Jacques LePaih
- Johnson Matthey Plc., 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, U.K
| | - Alan H. Cherney
- Amgen, Inc., MS 29-1-A, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks 91320-1799, California, United States
| | - Steven M. Mennen
- Amgen, Inc., MS 29-1-A, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks 91320-1799, California, United States
| | - Simon J. Hedley
- Amgen, Inc., MS 29-1-A, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks 91320-1799, California, United States
| | - Jason Tedrow
- Department of Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Beatriz Dominguez
- Johnson Matthey Plc., 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, U.K
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11
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Han H, Zheng Y, Zhou T, Liu P, Li X. Cu(II) nonspecifically binding chromate reductase NfoR promotes Cr(VI) reduction. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:415-430. [PMID: 33201569 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cu(II)-enhanced microbial Cr(VI) reduction is common in the environment, yet its mechanism is unknown. The specific activity of chromate reductase, NfoR, from Staphylococcus aureus sp. LZ-01 was augmented 1.5-fold by Cu(II). Isothermal titration calorimetry and spectral data show that Cu(II) binds to NfoR nonspecifically. Further, Cu(II) stimulates the nitrobenzene reduction of NfoR, indicating that Cu(II) promotes electron transfer. The crystal structure of NfoR in complex with CuSO4 (1.46 Å) was determined. The overall structure of NfoR-Cu(II) complex is a dimer that covalently binds with FMN and Cu(II)-binding pocket is located at the interface of the NfoR dimer. Structural superposition revealed that NfoR resembles the structure of class II chromate reductase. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Leu46 and Phe123 were involved in NADH binding, whereas Trp70 and Ser45 were the key residues for nitrobenzene binding. Furthermore, His100 and Asp171 were preferential affinity sites for Cu(II) and that Cys163 is an active site for FMN binding. Attenuation reductase activity in C163S can be partially restored to 54% wild type by increasing Cu(II) concentration. Partial restoration indicates dual-channel electron transfer of NfoR via Cu(II) and FMN. We propose a catalytic mechanism for Cu(II)-enhanced NfoR activity in which Cu(I) is formed transiently. Together, the current results provide an insight on Cu (II)-induced enhancement and benefit of Cr(VI) bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tuoyu Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Robescu MS, Niero M, Hall M, Cendron L, Bergantino E. Two new ene-reductases from photosynthetic extremophiles enlarge the panel of old yellow enzymes: CtOYE and GsOYE. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2051-2066. [PMID: 31930452 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Looking for new ene-reductases with uncovered features beneficial for biotechnological applications, by mining genomes of photosynthetic extremophile organisms, we identified two new Old Yellow Enzyme homologues: CtOYE, deriving from the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, and GsOYE, from the alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Both enzymes were produced and purified with very good yields and displayed catalytic activity on a broad substrate spectrum by reducing α,β-unsaturated ketones, aldehydes, maleimides and nitroalkenes with good to excellent stereoselectivity. Both enzymes prefer NADPH but demonstrate a good acceptance of NADH as cofactor. CtOYE and GsOYE represent robust biocatalysts showing high thermostability, a wide range of pH optimum and good co-solvent tolerance. High resolution X-ray crystal structures of both enzymes have been determined, revealing conserved features of the classical OYE subfamily as well as unique properties, such as a very long loop entering the active site or an additional C-terminal alpha helix in GsOYE. Not surprisingly, the active site of CtOYE and GsOYE structures revealed high affinity toward anions caught from the mother liquor and trapped in the anion hole where electron-withdrawing groups such as carbonyl group are engaged. Ligands (para-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-methyl-cyclopenten-1-one) added on purpose to study complexes of GsOYE were detected in the enzyme catalytic cavity, stacking on top of the FMN cofactor, and support the key role of conserved residues and FMN cofactor in the catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Simona Robescu
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Niero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bergantino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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A novel cold-adapted nitroreductase from Psychrobactersp. ANT206: Heterologous expression, characterization and nitrobenzene reduction capacity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 131:109434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Sulleiro E, Muñoz-Calderon AQ, Schijman AG. Role of nucleic acid amplification assays in monitoring treatment response in chagas disease: Usefulness in clinical trials. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105120. [PMID: 31376368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease has become a global health problem due to migration of infected people out of Latin America to non-endemic countries. For more than 40 years, only the nitroimidazole compounds Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, have been used for specific treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection with disappointing results, specially due to the long duration of treatment and adverse events in the chronic phase. In the last years, ergosterol inhibitors have been also proposed for specific treatment. Different randomized clinical trials were performed for evaluating their treatment efficacy and safety. One of the greatest concerns in clinical trials is to provide an early surrogate biomarker of response to trypanocidal chemotherapy. Serological response is slow and the classical parasitological tests have poor sensitivity and are time-consuming. Nowadays, PCR is the most helpful tool for assessing treatment response in a short period of time. Different protocols of PCR have been developed, being quantitative real time PCR based on amplification of repetitive satellite or minicircle DNA sequences plus an internal amplification standard, the mostly employed strategies in clinical trials. Standardized protocols and the use of an external quality assessment ensure adequate technical procedures and reliable data. Clinical trials have shown a significant reduction in parasite loads, reaching undetectable DNA levels in bloodstream after specific treatment, however events of treatment failure have also been reported. Treatment failure could be due to inadequate penetrance of the drugs into the affected tissues, to the presence of primary or secondary drug resistance of the infecting strains as well as to the existence of dormant parasite variants reluctant to drug action. The early diagnosis of drug resistance would improve clinical management of Chagas disease patients, allowing dictating alternative therapies with a combination of existing drugs or new anti-T. cruzi agents. The aim of this review was to describe the usefulness of detecting T.cruzi DNA by means of real time PCR assays, as surrogate biomarker in clinical trials for evaluating new drugs for CD or new regimens of available drugs and the possibility to detect treatment failure.
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15
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Kang S, Lee H, Kim TH. Reduction of α,β-unsaturated nitroolefins into nitroalkanes with Hantzsch ester promoted by isothiouronium salts. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1614627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Haney Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Hyeon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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16
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Megarity CF, Timson DJ. Escherichia coli
Modulator of Drug Activity B (MdaB) Has Different Enzymological Properties to Eukaryote Quinone Oxidoreductases. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Megarity
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre 97 Lisburn Road UK-Belfast BT9 7BL United Kingdom
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre 97 Lisburn Road UK-Belfast BT9 7BL United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesThe University of Brighton Huxley Building, Lewes Road UK-Brighton BN2 4GJ United Kingdom
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17
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Crofts TS, Sontha P, King AO, Wang B, Biddy BA, Zanolli N, Gaumnitz J, Dantas G. Discovery and Characterization of a Nitroreductase Capable of Conferring Bacterial Resistance to Chloramphenicol. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:559-570.e6. [PMID: 30799223 PMCID: PMC6474809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Widespread antibiotic resistance has led to the reappraisal of abandoned antibiotics including chloramphenicol. However, enzyme(s) underlying one form of chloramphenicol resistance, nitroreduction, have eluded identification. Here we demonstrate that expression of the Haemophilus influenzae nitroreductase gene nfsB confers chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli. We characterized the enzymatic product of H. influenzae NfsB acting on chloramphenicol and found it to be amino-chloramphenicol. Kinetic analysis revealed reduction of diverse substrates including the incomplete reduction of 5-nitro antibiotics metronidazole and nitrofurantoin, likely resulting in activation of these antibiotic pro-drugs to their cytotoxic forms. We observed that expression of the H. influenzae nfsB gene in E. coli results in significantly increased susceptibility to metronidazole. Finally, we found that in this strain metronidazole attenuates chloramphenicol resistance synergistically, and in vitro metronidazole weakly inhibits chloramphenicol reduction by NfsB. Our findings reveal the underpinnings of a chloramphenicol resistance mechanism nearly 70 years after its description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence S Crofts
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Pratyush Sontha
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amber O King
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brent A Biddy
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole Zanolli
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Gaumnitz
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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18
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Fersing C, Basmaciyan L, Boudot C, Pedron J, Hutter S, Cohen A, Castera-Ducros C, Primas N, Laget M, Casanova M, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Piednoel M, Sournia-Saquet A, Belle Mbou V, Courtioux B, Boutet-Robinet É, Since M, Milne R, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P, Azas N. Nongenotoxic 3-Nitroimidazo[1,2- a]pyridines Are NTR1 Substrates That Display Potent in Vitro Antileishmanial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:34-39. [PMID: 30655943 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty nine original 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, bearing a phenylthio (or benzylthio) moiety at position 8 of the scaffold, were synthesized. In vitro evaluation highlighted compound 5 as an antiparasitic hit molecule displaying low cytotoxicity for the human HepG2 cell line (CC50 > 100 μM) alongside good antileishmanial activities (IC50 = 1-2.1 μM) against L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. major; and good antitrypanosomal activities (IC50 = 1.3-2.2 μM) against T. brucei brucei and T. cruzi, in comparison to several reference drugs such as miltefosine, fexinidazole, eflornithine, and benznidazole (IC50 = 0.6 to 13.3 μM). Molecule 5, presenting a low reduction potential (E° = -0.63 V), was shown to be selectively bioactivated by the L. donovani type 1 nitroreductase (NTR1). Importantly, molecule 5 was neither mutagenic (negative Ames test), nor genotoxic (negative comet assay), in contrast to many other nitroaromatics. Molecule 5 showed poor microsomal stability; however, its main metabolite (sulfoxide) remained both active and nonmutagenic, making 5 a good candidate for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC−CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anita Cohen
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Michèle Laget
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, UMR MD1, U1261,
SSA, MCT, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Casanova
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | | | - Mélanie Piednoel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Valère Belle Mbou
- CHU de Limoges, Service d’anatomopathologie, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Élisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT,
INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Since
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, CERMN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Rachel Milne
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
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19
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Miller AF, Park JT, Ferguson KL, Pitsawong W, Bommarius AS. Informing Efforts to Develop Nitroreductase for Amine Production. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020211. [PMID: 29364838 PMCID: PMC6017928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroreductases (NRs) hold promise for converting nitroaromatics to aromatic amines. Nitroaromatic reduction rate increases with Hammett substituent constant for NRs from two different subgroups, confirming substrate identity as a key determinant of reactivity. Amine yields were low, but compounds yielding amines tend to have a large π system and electron withdrawing substituents. Therefore, we also assessed the prospects of varying the enzyme. Several different subgroups of NRs include members able to produce aromatic amines. Comparison of four NR subgroups shows that they provide contrasting substrate binding cavities with distinct constraints on substrate position relative to the flavin. The unique architecture of the NR dimer produces an enormous contact area which we propose provides the stabilization needed to offset the costs of insertion of the active sites between the monomers. Thus, we propose that the functional diversity included in the NR superfamily stems from the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor in conjunction with a structure that permits tremendous active site variability. These complementary properties make NRs exceptionally promising enzymes for development for biocatalysis in prodrug activation and conversion of nitroaromatics to valuable aromatic amines. We provide a framework for identifying NRs and substrates with the greatest potential to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Frances Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
| | - Jonathan T Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA.
| | - Kyle L Ferguson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA.
| | - Warintra Pitsawong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
| | - Andreas S Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA.
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20
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Mordaka PM, Hall SJ, Minton N, Stephens G. Recombinant expression and characterisation of the oxygen-sensitive 2-enoate reductase from Clostridium sporogenes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 164:122-132. [PMID: 29111967 PMCID: PMC5882074 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
‘Ene’-reductases have attracted significant attention for the preparation of chemical intermediates and biologically active products. To date, research has been focussed primarily on Old Yellow Enzyme-like proteins, due to their ease of handling, whereas 2-enoate reductases from clostridia have received much less attention, because of their oxygen sensitivity and a lack of suitable expression systems. A hypothetical 2-enoate reductase gene, fldZ, was identified in Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795. The encoded protein shares a high degree of homology to clostridial FMN- and FAD-dependent 2-enoate reductases, including the cinnamic acid reductase proposed to be involved in amino acid metabolism in proteolytic clostridia. The gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Successful expression depended on the use of strictly anaerobic conditions for both growth and enzyme preparation, since FldZ was oxygen-sensitive. The enzyme reduced aromatic enoates, such as cinnamic acid or p-coumaric acid, but not short chain unsaturated aliphatic acids. The β,β-disubstituted nitroalkene, (E)-1-nitro-2-phenylpropene, was reduced to enantiopure (R)-1-nitro-2-phenylpropane with a yield of 90 %. By contrast, the α,β-disubstituted nitroalkene, (E)-2-nitro-1-phenylpropene, was reduced with a moderate yield of 56 % and poor enantioselectivity (16 % ee for (S)-2-nitro-1-phenylpropane). The availability of an expression system for this recombinant clostridial 2-enoate reductase will facilitate future characterisation of this unusual class of ‘ene’-reductases, and expand the biocatalytic toolbox available for enantioselective hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Mordaka
- Bioprocess, Environmental and Chemical Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.,Present address: Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen J Hall
- Bioprocess, Environmental and Chemical Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nigel Minton
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gill Stephens
- Bioprocess, Environmental and Chemical Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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21
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Su Q, Boucher PA, Rokita SE. Conversion of a Dehalogenase into a Nitroreductase by Swapping its Flavin Cofactor with a 5-Deazaflavin Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Petrina A. Boucher
- Department of Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Steven E. Rokita
- Department of Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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22
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Su Q, Boucher PA, Rokita SE. Conversion of a Dehalogenase into a Nitroreductase by Swapping its Flavin Cofactor with a 5-Deazaflavin Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10862-10866. [PMID: 28666054 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Natural and engineered nitroreductases have rarely supported full reduction of nitroaromatics to their amine products, and more typically, transformations are limited to formation of the hydroxylamine intermediates. Efficient use of these enzymes also requires a regenerating system for NAD(P)H to avoid the costs associated with this natural reductant. Iodotyrosine deiodinase is a member of the same structural superfamily as many nitroreductases but does not directly consume reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H, nor demonstrate nitroreductase activity. However, exchange of its flavin cofactor with a 5-deazaflavin analogue dramatically suppresses its native deiodinase activity and leads to significant nitroreductase activity that supports full reduction to an amine product in the presence of the convenient and inexpensive NaBH4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Petrina A Boucher
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Steven E Rokita
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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23
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Lewkowski J, Morawska M, Kaczmarek A, Rogacz D, Rychter P. Novel N-Arylaminophosphonates Bearing a Pyrrole Moiety and Their Ecotoxicological Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:E1132. [PMID: 28686206 PMCID: PMC6152063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of biological activities of aminophosphonates predisposes them to find applications as anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, or herbicidal agents. Despite a number of positive aspects of the use of aminophosphonates, their applications may cause a risk to the environment, which is well exemplified by the case of glyphosate. Therefore, scientists see a pressing need to rate ecotoxicity of aminophosphonates. Nowadays, it is recommended to use comprehensive tools to carry out appropriate and effective risk assessments of toxic substances. For these purposes, tests based on the acute toxicity of the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri, as well as the measurement of sub-chronic toxicity of the crustacean Heterocypris incongruens seem to be the most convenient. A series of five diphenyl N-arylamino(pyrrole-2-yl)methylphosphonates was synthesized and preliminary evaluation of their ecotoxicological properties was performed. In order to carry out such investigations, we applied the two biotests mentioned above. Results showed that the N-(4-nitrophenyl) derivative was the most toxic for bacteria in comparison to other tested compounds. As for crustaceans, N-phenyl and N-naphthyl derivatives were found to be the most harmful, simultaneously being relatively harmless for bacteria. Such a phenomenon are discussed in correlation with the literature, while its reason is discussed with respect to the aspect of structure of the tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Lewkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marta Morawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Kaczmarek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
- M.Sc. Student at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Diana Rogacz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
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24
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Pesic M, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F. Characterization of the Old Yellow Enzyme Homolog fromBacillus subtilis(YqjM). ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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25
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Castiglione K, Fu Y, Polte I, Leupold S, Meo A, Weuster-Botz D. Asymmetric whole-cell bioreduction of ( R )-carvone by recombinant Escherichia coli with in situ substrate supply and product removal. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Valiauga B, Williams EM, Ackerley DF, Čėnas N. Reduction of quinones and nitroaromatic compounds by Escherichia coli nitroreductase A (NfsA): Characterization of kinetics and substrate specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 614:14-22. [PMID: 27986535 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NfsA, a major FMN-associated nitroreductase of E. coli, reduces nitroaromatic compounds via consecutive two-electron transfers. NfsA has potential applications in the biodegradation of nitroaromatic environment pollutants, e.g. explosives, and is also of interest for the anticancer strategy gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. However, the catalytic mechanism of NfsA is poorly characterized. Here we examined the NADPH-dependent reduction of quinones (n = 16) and nitroaromatic compounds (n = 12) by NfsA. We confirmed a general "ping-pong" reaction scheme, and preliminary rapid reaction studies of the enzyme reduction by NADPH showed that this step is much faster than the steady-state turnover number, i.e., the enzyme turnover is limited by the oxidative half-reaction. The reactivity of nitroaromatic compounds (log kcat/Km) followed a linear dependence on their single-electron reduction potential (E17), indicating a limited role for compound structure or active site flexibility in their reactivity. The reactivity of quinones was lower than that of nitroaromatics having similar E17 values, except for the significantly enhanced reactivity of 2-OH-1,4-naphthoquinones, consistent with observations previously made for the group B nitroreductase of Enterobacter cloacae. We present evidence that the reduction of quinones by NfsA is most consistent with a single-step (H-) hydride transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaminas Valiauga
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Mokslininkų 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elsie M Williams
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Biological Sciences, Kelburn Parade, New Zealand
| | - David F Ackerley
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Biological Sciences, Kelburn Parade, New Zealand
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Mokslininkų 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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27
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Liang C, Lin YT, Shiu JW. Reduction of nitrobenzene with alkaline ascorbic acid: Kinetics and pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:137-143. [PMID: 26453825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline ascorbic acid (AA) exhibits the potential to reductively degrade nitrobenzene (NB), which is the simplest of the nitroaromatic compounds. The nitro group (NO2(-)) of NB has a +III oxidation state of the N atom and tends to gain electrons. The effect of alkaline pH ranging from 9 to 13 was initially assessed and the results demonstrated that the solution pH, when approaching or above the pKa2 of AA (11.79), would increase reductive electron transfer to NB. The rate equation for the reactions between NB and AA at pH 12 can be described as r=((0.89±0.11)×10(-4) mM(1-(a+b))h(-1))×[NB](a=1.35±0.10)[AA](b=0.89±0.01). The GC/MS analytical method identified nitrosobenzene, azoxybenzene, and azobenzene as NB reduction intermediates, and aniline (AN) as a final product. These experimental results indicate that the alkaline AA reduction of NB to AN mainly proceeds via the direct route, consisting of a series of two-electron or four-electron transfers, and the condensation reaction plays a minor route. Preliminary evaluation of the remediation of spiked NB contaminated soils revealed that maintenance of alkaline pH and a higher water to soil ratio are essential for a successful alkaline AA application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenju Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University 250, Kuo-kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ting Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Shiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University 250, Kuo-kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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28
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Mukherjee A, Rokita SE. Single Amino Acid Switch between a Flavin-Dependent Dehalogenase and Nitroreductase. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15342-5. [PMID: 26616824 PMCID: PMC4684082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A single
mutation within a flavoprotein is capable of switching
the catalytic activity of a dehalogenase into a nitroreductase.
This change in function correlates with a destabilization of the one-electron-reduced
flavin semiquinone that is differentially expressed in the nitro-FMN
reductase superfamily during redox cycling. The diversity of
function within such a superfamily therefore has the potential
to arise from rapid evolution, and its members should provide a convenient
basis for developing new catalysts with an altered specificity of
choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Steven E Rokita
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Comparative characterisation of two nitroreductases from Giardia lamblia as potential activators of nitro compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 5:37-43. [PMID: 27099829 PMCID: PMC4813764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
G. lamblia has two nitroreductases with substrate specificities not only for nitro compounds, but also for quinones. GlNR1 rather activates nitro drugs by forming toxic intermediates, GlNR2 rather inactivates them.
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a diarrhoeal disease affecting humans and various animal species. Nitro drugs such as the nitroimidazole metronidazole and the nitrothiazolide nitazoxanide are used for treatment of giardiasis. Nitroreductases such as GlNR1 and GlNR2 may play a role in activation or inactivation of these drugs. The aim of this work is to characterise these two enyzmes using functional assays. For respective analyses recombinant analogues from GlNR1 and GlNR2 were produced in Escherichia coli. E. coli expressing GlNR1 and GlNR2 alone or together were grown in the presence of nitro compounds. Furthermore, pull-down assays were performed using HA-tagged GlNR1 and GlNR2 as baits. As expected, E. coli expressing GlNR1 were more susceptible to metronidazole under aerobic and semi-aerobic and to nitazoxanide under semi-aerobic growth conditions whereas E. coli expressing GlNR2 were susceptible to neither drug. Interestingly, expression of both nitroreductases gave the same results as expression of GlNR2 alone. In functional assays, both nitroreductases had their strongest activities on the quinone menadione (vitamin K3) and FAD, but reduction of nitro compounds including the nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide was clearly detected. Full reduction of 7-nitrocoumarin to 7-aminocoumarin was preferentially achieved with GlNR2. Pull-down assays revealed that GlNR1 and GlNR2 interacted in vivo forming a multienzyme complex. These findings suggest that both nitroreductases are multifunctional. Their main biological role may reside in the reduction of vitamin K analogues and FAD. Activation by GlNR1 or inactivation by GlNR2 of nitro drugs may be the consequence of a secondary enzymatic activity either yielding (GlNR1) or eliminating (GlNR2) toxic intermediates after reduction of these compounds.
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Park JT, Gómez Ramos LM, Bommarius AS. Engineering towards Nitroreductase Functionality in Ene-Reductase Scaffolds. Chembiochem 2015; 16:811-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maciel Ferreira I, Coutinho Rocha L, Akinobo Yoshioka S, Nitschke M, Haroldo Jeller A, Pizzuti L, Seleghim MHR, Porto ALM. Chemoselective reduction of chalcones by whole hyphae of marine fungus Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, free and immobilized on biopolymers. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mu S, Niu D, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu D, Liu C. An Improved, Scalable and Impurity-Free Process for Lixivaptan. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Duan Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Dashuai Zhang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Dengke Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Tianjin 300193 China
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Zhang H, Gao X, Ren J, Feng J, Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhu D. Enzymatic hydrogenation of diverse activated alkenes. Identification of two Bacillus old yellow enzymes with broad substrate profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Megarity CF, Looi HK, Timson DJ. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae quinone oxidoreductase Lot6p: stability, inhibition and cooperativity. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:797-807. [PMID: 24866129 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lot6p (EC 1.5.1.39; Ylr011wp) is the sole quinone oxidoreductase in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using hexahistidine tagged, recombinant Lot6p, we determined the steady-state enzyme kinetic parameters with both NADH and NADPH as electron donors; no cooperativity was observed with these substrates. The NQO1 inhibitor curcumin, the NQO2 inhibitor resveratrol, the bacterial nitroreductase inhibitor nicotinamide and the phosphate mimic vanadate all stabilise the enzyme towards thermal denaturation as judged by differential scanning fluorimetry. All except vanadate have no observable effect on the chemical cross-linking of the two subunits of the Lot6p dimer. These compounds all inhibit Lot6p's oxidoreductase activity, and all except nicotinamide exhibit negative cooperativity. Molecular modelling suggests that curcumin, resveratrol and nicotinamide all bind over the isoalloxazine ring of the FMN cofactor in Lot6p. Resveratrol was predicted to contact an α-helix that links the two active sites. Mutation of Gly-142 (which forms part of this helix) to serine does not greatly affect the thermal stability of the enzyme. However, this variant shows less cooperativity towards resveratrol than the wild type. This suggests a plausible hypothesis for the transmission of information between the subunits and, thus, the molecular mechanism of negative cooperativity in Lot6p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Megarity
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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36
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Liang B, Cheng H, Van Nostrand JD, Ma J, Yu H, Kong D, Liu W, Ren N, Wu L, Wang A, Lee DJ, Zhou J. Microbial community structure and function of nitrobenzene reduction biocathode in response to carbon source switchover. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 54:137-148. [PMID: 24565804 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The stress of poised cathode potential condition and carbon source switchover for functional biocathode microbial community influences is poorly understood. Using high-throughput functional gene array (GeoChip v4.2) and Illumina 16S rRNA gene MiSeq sequencing, we investigated the phylogenetic and functional microbial community of the initial inoculum and biocathode for bioelectrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene to less toxic aniline in response to carbon source switchover (from organic glucose to inorganic bicarbonate). Selective transformation of nitrobenzene to aniline maintained in the bicarbonate fed biocathode although nitrobenzene reduction rate and aniline formation rate were significantly decreased compared to those of the glucose-fed biocathode. When the electrical circuit of the glucose-fed biocathode was disconnected, both rates of nitrobenzene reduction and of aniline formation were markedly decreased, confirming the essential role of an applied electric field for the enhancement of nitrobenzene reduction. The stress of poised cathode potential condition led to clear succession of microbial communities from the initial inoculum to biocathode and the carbon source switchover obviously changed the microbial community structure of biocathode. Most of the dominant genera were capable of reducing nitroaromatics to the corresponding aromatic amines regardless of the performance mode. Heterotrophic Enterococcus was dominant in the glucose-fed biocathode while autotrophic Paracoccus and Variovorax were dominant in the bicarbonate-fed biocathode. Relatively higher intensity of diverse multi-heme cytochrome c (putatively involved in electrons transfer) and carbon fixation genes was observed in the biocarbonate-fed biocathode, likely met the requirement of the energy conservation and maintained the nitrobenzene selective reduction capability after carbon source switchover. Extracellular pilin, which are important for biofilm formation and potential conductivity, had a higher gene abundance in the glucose-fed biocathode might explain the enhancement of electro-catalysis activity for nitrobenzene reduction with glucose supply. Dominant nitroaromatics-reducing or electrochemically active bacteria and diverse functional genes related to electrons transfer and nitroaromatics reduction were associated with nitrobenzene reduction efficiency of biocathode communities in response to carbon source switchover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Haoyi Cheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Jincai Ma
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Deyong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Wenzong Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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37
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Pitsawong W, Hoben JP, Miller AF. Understanding the broad substrate repertoire of nitroreductase based on its kinetic mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15203-14. [PMID: 24706760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.547117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase from Enterobacter cloacae (NR) catalyzes two-electron reduction of nitroaromatics to the corresponding nitroso compounds and, subsequently, to hydroxylamine products. NR has an unusually broad substrate repertoire, which may be related to protein dynamics (flexibility) and/or a simple non-selective kinetic mechanism. To investigate the possible role of mechanism in the broad substrate repertoire of NR, the kinetics of oxidation of NR by para-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA) were investigated using stopped-flow techniques at 4 °C. The results revealed a hyperbolic dependence on the p-NBA concentration with a limiting rate of 1.90 ± 0.09 s(-1), indicating one-step binding before the flavin oxidation step. There is no evidence for a distinct binding step in which specificity might be enforced. The reduction of p-NBA is rate-limiting in steady-state turnover (1.7 ± 0.3 s(-1)). The pre-steady-state reduction kinetics of NR by NADH indicate that NADH reduces the enzyme with a rate constant of 700 ± 20 s(-1) and a dissociation constant of 0.51 ± 0.04 mM. Thus, we demonstrate simple transient kinetics in both the reductive and oxidative half-reactions that help to explain the broad substrate repertoire of NR. Finally, we tested the ability of NR to reduce para-hydroxylaminobenzoic acid, demonstrating that the corresponding amine does not accumulate to significant levels even under anaerobic conditions. Thus E. cloacae NR is not a good candidate for enzymatic production of aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warintra Pitsawong
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055
| | - John P Hoben
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055
| | - Anne-Frances Miller
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055
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38
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Nguyen-Tran HH, Zheng GW, Qian XH, Xu JH. Highly selective and controllable synthesis of arylhydroxylamines by the reduction of nitroarenes with an electron-withdrawing group using a new nitroreductase BaNTR1. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2861-4. [PMID: 24488361 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48590k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new bacterial nitroreductase has been identified and used as a biocatalyst for the controllable reduction of a variety of nitroarenes with an electron-withdrawing group to the corresponding N-arylhydroxylamines under mild reaction conditions with excellent selectivity (>99%). This method therefore represents a green and efficient method for the synthesis of arylhydroxylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu-Huy Nguyen-Tran
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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39
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Winkler CK, Clay D, van Heerden E, Faber K. Overcoming co-product inhibition in the nicotinamide independent asymmetric bioreduction of activated C=C-bonds using flavin-dependent ene-reductases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:3085-92. [PMID: 23794404 PMCID: PMC4034509 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eleven flavoproteins from the old yellow enzyme family were found to catalyze the disproportionation (“dismutation”) of conjugated enones. Incomplete conversions, which were attributed to enzyme inhibition by the co-product phenol could be circumvented via in situ co-product removal by scavenging the phenol using the polymeric adsorbent MP-carbonate. The optimized system allowed to reduce an alkene activated by ester groups in a “coupled-substrate” approach via nicotinamide-free hydrogen transfer with >90% conversion and complete stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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40
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Anusevičius Ž, Misevičienė L, Šarlauskas J, Rouhier N, Jacquot JP, Čėnas N. Quinone- and nitroreductase reactions of Thermotoga maritima peroxiredoxin-nitroreductase hybrid enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:50-6. [PMID: 22982531 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermotoga maritima peroxiredoxin-nitroreductase hybrid enzyme (Prx-NR) consists of a FMN-containing nitroreductase (NR) domain fused to a peroxiredoxin (Prx) domain. These domains seem to function independently as no electron transfer occurs between them. The reduction of quinones and nitroaromatics by NR proceeded in a two-electron manner, and follows a 'ping-pong' scheme with sometimes pronounced inhibition by quinone substrate. The comparison of steady- and presteady-state kinetic data shows that in most cases, the oxidative half-reaction may be rate-limiting in the catalytic cycle of NR. The enzyme was inhibited by dicumarol, a classical inhibitor of oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases. The reduction of quinones and nitroaromatic compounds by Prx-NR was characterized by the linear dependence of their reactivity (logk(cat)/K(m)) on their single-electron reduction potentials E(7)(1), while the reactivity of quinones markedly exceeded the one with nitroaromatics. It shows that NR lacks the specificity for the particular structure of these oxidants, except their single-electron accepting potency and the rate of electron self-exchange. It points to the possibility of a single-electron transfer step in a net two-electron reduction of quinones and nitroaromatics by T. maritima Prx-NR, and to a significant diversity of the structures of flavoenzymes which may perform the two-electron reduction of quinones and nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žilvinas Anusevičius
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Mokslininkų 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
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41
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S-Benzyl isothiouronium chloride as a recoverable organocatalyst for the reduction of conjugated nitroalkenes with Hantzsch ester. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Puthucheary SD, Puah SM, Chai HC, Thong KL, Chua KH. Molecular investigation of virulence determinants between a virulent clinical strain and an attenuated strain of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 22:198-204. [PMID: 22846664 DOI: 10.1159/000338985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. We initiated this investigation with a virulent and an attenuated strain of B. pseudomallei. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was carried out initially for macrogenomic comparison of both strains of B. pseudomallei. However, the pulsotypes obtained were identical and therefore we applied a subtractive hybridization technique to distinguish and determine the possible differences between the two strains. Six virulence strain-specific DNA fragments were obtained and the encoding homolog proteins were identified as a xenobiotic-responsive element family of transcriptional regulator, a hypothetical protein, an unknown protein, a plasmid recombination enzyme, a regulatory protein and a putative hemolysin activator protein. A combination of at least three of these determinants was identified in 45 clinical isolates when screening was carried out with self-designed multiplex PCR targeting the six putative virulent determinants. Our data demonstrated that different combinations of the six putative virulence genes were present in the clinical isolates indicating their probable role in the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Puthucheary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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43
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Xiang J, Sun EX, Lian CX, Yuan WC, Zhu J, Wang Q, Deng J. The highly chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of the carbon–carbon double bond of conjugated nitroalkenes by a rhodium complex. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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45
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Kapetanovic IM, Lyubimov AV, Kabirova EV, Kabirov KK, Rasay L, Swezey R, Green C, Kopelovich L. Effects of bacterial and presystemic nitroreductase metabolism of 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide on its mutagenicity and bioavailability. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 197:16-22. [PMID: 22450444 PMCID: PMC3357543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (GW9662), a potent irreversible PPAR-γ antagonist, has shown promise as a cancer chemopreventive agent and is undergoing preclinical evaluations. Studies were initiated to assess its bacterial mutagenicity and pharmacokinetic profile in two animal species prior to subchronic oral toxicity evaluations and the results are reported here. GW9662 was mutagenic in both TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains with and without metabolic activation but was negative in the nitroreductase-deficient strains (TA98NR and TA100NR) also with and without metabolic activation, indicating that GW9662 mutagenicity is dependent on nitroreduction. The mutagenic activity was predominantly via a base-substitution mechanism. Following oral dosing in rats and dogs, the parent compound, GW9662, was virtually absent from plasma samples, but there was chromatographic evidence for the presence of metabolites in the plasma as a result of oral dosing. Metabolite identification studies showed that an amine metabolite ACPB (5-amino-2-chloro-N-phenylbenzamide), a product of nitro reduction, was the predominant species exhibiting large and persistent plasma levels. Thus systemic circulation of GW9662 has been attained largely in the form of its reduced metabolite, probably a product of gut bacterial metabolism. GW9662 was detectable in plasma of rats and dogs after intravenous dose albeit at low concentrations. Pharmacokinetic analysis following intravenous dosing in rats showed a rapid clearance and an extensive tissue distribution which could have accounted for the very low plasma levels. Of note, the amine metabolite was absent following intravenous dosing in both rats and dogs, confirming it being a product of presystemic metabolism. The potential utility of GW9662 as a chemopreventive agent, especially as an Estrogen Receptor-α (ER-α) inducer in an otherwise ER-α negative breast tissue, is of great interest. However, the results shown here suggest that additional animal toxicological and bioavailability studies are required to establish a role of GW9662 as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izet M Kapetanovic
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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46
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Goomeshi Nobary S, Jensen SE. A comparison of the clavam biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces antibioticus Tü1718 and Streptomyces clavuligerus. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:413-25. [PMID: 22435762 DOI: 10.1139/w2012-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of clavam metabolites has been studied previously in Streptomyces clavuligerus , a species that produces clavulanic acid as well as 4 other clavam compounds, but the late steps of the pathway leading to the specific end products are unclear. The present study compared the clavam biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces antibioticus , chosen because it produces only 2 clavam metabolites and no clavulanic acid, with that of S. clavuligerus. A cosmid library of S. antibioticus genomic DNA was screened with a clavaminate synthase-specific probe based on the corresponding genes from S. clavuligerus, and 1 of the hybridizing cosmids was sequenced in full. A clavam gene cluster was identified that shows similarities to that of S. clavuligerus but also contains a number of novel genes. Knock-out mutation of the clavaminate synthase gene abolished clavam production in S. antibioticus, confirming the identity of the gene cluster. Knock-out mutation of a novel gene encoding an apparent oxidoreductase also abolished clavam production. A potential clavam biosynthetic pathway consistent with the genes in the cluster and the metabolites produced by S. antibioticus, and correspondingly different from that of S. clavuligerus, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Goomeshi Nobary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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47
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Yanto Y, Winkler CK, Lohr S, Hall M, Faber K, Bommarius AS. Asymmetric Bioreduction of Alkenes Using Ene–Reductases YersER and KYE1 and Effects of Organic Solvents. Org Lett 2011; 13:2540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200394p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanto Yanto
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephanie Lohr
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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48
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Toogood HS, Fryszkowska A, Hulley M, Sakuma M, Mansell D, Stephens GM, Gardiner JM, Scrutton NS. A Site-Saturated Mutagenesis Study of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase Reveals that Residues 181 and 184 Influence Ligand Binding, Stereochemistry and Reactivity. Chembiochem 2011; 12:738-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Durchschein K, Fabian WMF, Macheroux P, Zangger K, Trimmel G, Faber K. Reductive biotransformation of nitroalkenes via nitroso-intermediates to oxazetes catalyzed by xenobiotic reductase A (XenA). Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3364-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Yanto Y, Yu HH, Hall M, Bommarius AS. Characterization of xenobiotic reductase A (XenA): study of active site residues, substrate spectrum and stability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8809-11. [PMID: 20959917 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02354j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic reductase A (XenA) has broad catalytic activity and reduces various α,β-unsaturated and nitro compounds with moderate to excellent stereoselectivity. Single mutants C25G and C25V are able to reduce nitrobenzene, a non-active substrate for the wild type, to produce aniline. Total turnover is dominated by chemical rather than thermal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanto Yanto
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
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