1
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Komatsu H, Inasawa S. Propagation of Freezing in Supercooled Water-In-Antifreeze-Oil Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39012055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, in which water droplets are separated by a continuous oil phase, are frequently used in food and cosmetic products. However, the freezing kinetics of W/O emulsions are not yet well understood. In this study, we find that freezing propagates to individual water droplets that are in direct contact with other frozen droplets. When droplets are not in contact, freezing does not propagate even when the emulsions are cooled to -18 °C. Two measures of the perimeter and the area of the frozen droplets in emulsions are defined to evaluate the propagation velocity of freezing using a simple mathematical model. The velocity is highest (4 × 102 μm s-1) at -18 °C, which is lower than the freezing velocity of individual droplets at the same temperature (1.2 × 103 μm s-1). Water-oil interfaces, or a thin layer of oil between droplets, act as a barrier to propagation of freezing. The dependence of the freezing velocity on the degree of supercooling is consistent with results from a previous study; however, the absolute value of the freezing velocity is smaller by a factor of 102. The propagation velocity also depends on the degree of supercooling but its dependence is different from that of the freezing velocity. Features of freezing of water droplets immersed in antifreeze oil are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiiro Komatsu
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Susumu Inasawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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2
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Bieber P, Borduas-Dedekind N. High-speed cryo-microscopy reveals that ice-nucleating proteins of Pseudomonas syringae trigger freezing at hydrophobic interfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6606. [PMID: 38959312 PMCID: PMC11221516 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating proteins (INpro) trigger the freezing of supercooled water droplets relevant to atmospheric, biological, and technological applications. The high ice nucleation activity of INpro isolated from the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae could be linked to the aggregation of proteins at the bacterial membrane or at the air-water interface (AWI) of droplets. Here, we imaged freezing onsets, providing direct evidence of these proposed mechanisms. High-speed cryo-microscopy identified the onset location of freezing in droplets between two protein-repellent glass slides. INpro from sterilized P. syringae (Snomax) statistically favored nucleation at the AWI of the droplets. Removing cellular fragments by filtration or adding surfactants increased the frequency of nucleation events at the AWI. On the other hand, cultivated intact bacteria cells or lipid-free droplets nucleated ice without an affinity to the AWI. Overall, we provide visual evidence that INpro from P. syringae trigger freezing at hydrophobic interfaces, such as the AWI or the bacterial membrane, with important mechanistic implications for applications of INpro.
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3
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Soni A, Patey GN. Using machine learning with atomistic surface and local water features to predict heterogeneous ice nucleation. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124501. [PMID: 38530008 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) has applications in climate science, nanotechnology, and cryopreservation. Ice nucleation on the earth's surface or in the atmosphere usually occurs heterogeneously involving foreign substrates, known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). Experiments identify good INPs but lack sufficient microscopic resolution to answer the basic question: What makes a good INP? We employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with machine learning (ML) to address this question. Often, the large amount of computational cost required to cross the nucleation barrier and observe HIN in MD simulations is a practical limitation. We use information obtained from short MD simulations of atomistic surface and water models to predict the likelihood of HIN. We consider 153 atomistic substrates with some surfaces differing in elemental composition and others only in terms of lattice parameters, surface morphology, or surface charges. A range of water features near the surface (local) are extracted from short MD simulations over a time interval (≤300 ns) where ice nucleation has not initiated. Three ML classification models, Random Forest (RF), support vector machine, and Gaussian process classification are considered, and the accuracies achieved by all three approaches lie within their statistical uncertainties. Including local water features is essential for accurate prediction. The accuracy of our best RF classification model obtained including both surface and local water features is 0.89 ± 0.05. A similar accuracy can be achieved including only local water features, suggesting that the important surface properties are largely captured by the local water features. Some important features identified by ML analysis are local icelike structures, water density and polarization profiles perpendicular to the surface, and the two-dimensional lattice match to ice. We expect that this work, with its strong focus on realistic surface models, will serve as a guide to the identification or design of substrates that can promote or discourage ice nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Soni
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - G N Patey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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4
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Hashimoto S, Uwada T. Melting of a single ice microparticle on exposure to focused near-IR laser beam to yield a supercooled water droplet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1967-1976. [PMID: 38116623 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We observed for the first time that a single ice microparticle supported on a substrate melted photothermally to form a supercooled water droplet on exposure to tightly focused illumination with a 1064-nm laser beam that generated a point heat source. In situ Raman micro-spectroscopy clearly showed the formation of liquid water at the expense of ice. The observation of this melting is only possible when the experiment is performed with micrometer-sized ice particles. A previous attempt to melt millimeter-sized ice through photothermal heating of gold nanoaggregates fell short of expectations because only vapor formation, rather than liquid water formation, has been postulated. Our observation is significant because thermal confinement in a microscale compartment using a water-air interface as a heat-insulated wall can achieve particle temperatures above the melting point of water, whereas, in an unlimited space of ice, heat transfer from the heating center to the surroundings causes steep temperature decays, resulting in limited temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hashimoto
- Advanced Engineering Course, NIT Gunma College, 580 Toriba-machi, Maebashi, Guma 371-8530, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Uwada
- Department of Chemistry, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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5
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Kangas J, Hogan CJ. Prediction of temperature-dependent nucleation and growth rates from crystallization-related heat release. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014617. [PMID: 38366471 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We propose a method for determining the time and, therefore, temperature-dependent relative nucleation and growth rates during crystallization. We do so by linking the partial differential equation governing the time dynamics of the crystal size distribution to kinetic (Avrami) parameters describing heat release. This approach is tested in silico by nucleating and growing diffusion limited aggregates with time-varying morphology and growth rates unhindered by impingement. The associated heat release is analyzed, showing that nucleation and growth rates could be extracted with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kangas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota. 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota. 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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Melnik BS, Glukhova KA, Sokolova (Voronova) EA, Balalaeva IV, Garbuzynskiy SO, Finkelstein AV. Physics of Ice Nucleation and Antinucleation: Action of Ice-Binding Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 14:54. [PMID: 38254654 PMCID: PMC10813080 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins are crucial for the adaptation of various organisms to low temperatures. Some of these, called antifreeze proteins, are usually thought to inhibit growth and/or recrystallization of ice crystals. However, prior to these events, ice must somehow appear in the organism, either coming from outside or forming inside it through the nucleation process. Unlike most other works, our paper is focused on ice nucleation and not on the behavior of the already-nucleated ice, its growth, etc. The nucleation kinetics is studied both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical section, special attention is paid to surfaces that bind ice stronger than water and thus can be "ice nucleators", potent or relatively weak; but without them, ice cannot be nucleated in any way in calm water at temperatures above -30 °C. For experimental studies, we used: (i) the ice-binding protein mIBP83, which is a previously constructed mutant of a spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana antifreeze protein, and (ii) a hyperactive ice-binding antifreeze protein, RmAFP1, from a longhorn beetle Rhagium mordax. We have shown that RmAFP1 (but not mIBP83) definitely decreased the ice nucleation temperature of water in test tubes (where ice originates at much higher temperatures than in bulk water and thus the process is affected by some ice-nucleating surfaces) and, most importantly, that both of the studied ice-binding proteins significantly decreased the ice nucleation temperature that had been significantly raised in the presence of potent ice nucleators (CuO powder and ice-nucleating bacteria Pseudomonas syringae). Additional experiments on human cells have shown that mIBP83 is concentrated in some cell regions of the cooled cells. Thus, the ice-binding protein interacts not only with ice, but also with other sites that act or potentially may act as ice nucleators. Such ice-preventing interaction may be the crucial biological task of ice-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan S. Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (K.A.G.); (S.O.G.)
| | - Ksenia A. Glukhova
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (K.A.G.); (S.O.G.)
| | - Evgeniya A. Sokolova (Voronova)
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (I.V.B.)
| | - Irina V. Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (I.V.B.)
| | - Sergiy O. Garbuzynskiy
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (K.A.G.); (S.O.G.)
| | - Alexei V. Finkelstein
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (K.A.G.); (S.O.G.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Lee JC, Hansen T, Davies PL. Droplet freezing assays using a nanoliter osmometer. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104584. [PMID: 37689130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately record the temperature at which ice nucleation occurs is critical for studying biological ice nucleators. Several instruments have been designed and custom built to make such measurements, but they are not yet on the market. Here we reproducibly measure ice nucleation temperatures down close to the homogeneous nucleation temperature of -38 °C with a commercially available nanoliter osmometer, which we routinely use to assay the thermal hysteresis activity of antifreeze proteins. This instrument has both a wide operating temperature range and fine temperature control, while the oil immersion format on 12-well grids prevents droplet evaporation and surface nucleation events. The results obtained are consistent with those reported on other instruments in common use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn C Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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8
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Aich R, Pal P, Chakraborty S, Jana B. Preferential Ordering and Organization of Hydration Water Favor Nucleation of Ice by Ice-Nucleating Proteins over Antifreeze Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6038-6048. [PMID: 37395194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria containing ice-nucleating proteins (INPs) evolved in nature to nucleate ice at the high sub-zero ambiance. The ability of the INPs to induce order in the hydration layer and their aggregation propensity appear to be key factors of their ice nucleation abilities. However, the mechanism of the process of ice nucleation by INPs is yet to be understood clearly. Here, we have performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and analyzed the structure and dynamics of the hydration layer around the proposed ice-nucleating surface of a model INP. Results are compared with the hydration of a topologically similar non-ice-binding protein (non-IBP) and another ice-growth inhibitory antifreeze protein (sbwAFP). We observed that the hydration structure around the ice-nucleating surface of INP is highly ordered and the dynamics of the hydration water are slower, compared to the non-IBP. Even the ordering of the hydration layer is more evident around the ice-binding surface of INP, compared to the antifreeze protein sbwAFP. Particularly with increasing repeat units of INP, we observe an increased population of ice-like water. Interestingly, the distances between the hydroxyl groups of the threonine ladder and its associated channel water of the ice-binding surface (IBS) of INP in the X and Y direction mimic the oxygen atom distances of the basal plane of hexagonal ice. However, the structural synergies between the hydroxyl group distances of the threonine ladder and its associated channel water of the IBS of sbwAFP and oxygen atom distances of the basal plane are less evident. This difference makes the IBS of the INP a better template for ice nucleation than AFP, although both of them bind to the ice surface efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Aich
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prasun Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sandipan Chakraborty
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institution of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 5000046, India
| | - Biman Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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9
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Yang C, Ladd-Parada M, Nam K, Jeong S, You S, Späh A, Pathak H, Eklund T, Lane TJ, Lee JH, Eom I, Kim M, Amann-Winkel K, Perakis F, Nilsson A, Kim KH. Melting domain size and recrystallization dynamics of ice revealed by time-resolved x-ray scattering. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3313. [PMID: 37316494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The phase transition between water and ice is ubiquitous and one of the most important phenomena in nature. Here, we performed time-resolved x-ray scattering experiments capturing the melting and recrystallization dynamics of ice. The ultrafast heating of ice I is induced by an IR laser pulse and probed with an intense x-ray pulse which provided us with direct structural information on different length scales. From the wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns, the molten fraction, as well as the corresponding temperature at each delay, were determined. The small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns, together with the information extracted from the WAXS analysis, provided the time-dependent change of the size and the number of liquid domains. The results show partial melting (~13%) and superheating of ice occurring at around 20 ns. After 100 ns, the average size of the liquid domains grows from about 2.5 nm to 4.5 nm by the coalescence of approximately six adjacent domains. Subsequently, we capture the recrystallization of the liquid domains, which occurs on microsecond timescales due to the cooling by heat dissipation and results to a decrease of the average liquid domain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Marjorie Ladd-Parada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Chemistry Department, Glyscoscience Division, Kungliga Tekniska Högskola, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 11421, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyeongmin Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonju You
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Späh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harshad Pathak
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Eklund
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Visible light laser direct-writing of high-resolution, biocompatible, super-multifunctional and tough hydrogels without photoinitiators in 30 s. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 147:213318. [PMID: 36746100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the lack of bioinks and long printing time limits the further development of biofabrication. Here we report a novel biocompatible, multi-functional and tough 3D printable hydrogel via visible light photocrosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol bearing styrylpyridinium group (PVA-SbQ). The high-resolution PVA-SbQ hydrogels with different designed shapes can be generated via laser direct-writing in 30 s without extra toxic crosslinkers or photoinitiators, and demonstrates excellent biocompatibility. The rapid laser direct-writing technology also results in a super-strong, tough hydrogel with excellent adhesive, swelling, self-healing, and photo-tunable properties due to the photodimerization of styrylpyridinium (SbQ) groups and the left-over massive amount of free hydroxyl groups in the hydrogel. For example, the maximum tensile strength, elongation, compressive strength adhesive strength of printed PVA-SbQ hydrogels can reach 1.0 MPa, 810 %, 33 MPa, 31 kPa, and 25,000 % respectively. And these properties can be adjusted by controlling the parameters for laser direct-writing. In addition, the introduced nitrogen cations by SbQ groups further endow hydrogels with the potential to develop novel functionality, which is demonstrated by integrating negatively charged nanocelluloses in the PVA-SbQ system to develop underwater adhesives, anti-freezing (-24.9 °C), and anti-bacterial hydrogels. This discovery opens multiple doors for developing PVA-SbQ based multi-functional hydrogel for various applications including biofabrication and tissue engineering.
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11
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Lin M, Cao H, Li J. Control strategies of ice nucleation, growth, and recrystallization for cryopreservation. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:35-56. [PMID: 36323355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of biomaterials is fundamental to modern biotechnology and biomedicine, but the biggest challenge is the formation of ice, resulting in fatal cryoinjury to biomaterials. To date, abundant ice control strategies have been utilized to inhibit ice formation and thus improve cryopreservation efficiency. This review focuses on the mechanisms of existing control strategies regulating ice formation and the corresponding applications to biomaterial cryopreservation, which are of guiding significance for the development of ice control strategies. Herein, basics related to biomaterial cryopreservation are introduced first. Then, the theoretical bases of ice nucleation, growth, and recrystallization are presented, from which the key factors affecting each process are analyzed, respectively. Ice nucleation is mainly affected by melting temperature, interfacial tension, shape factor, and kinetic prefactor, and ice growth is mainly affected by solution viscosity and cooling/warming rate, while ice recrystallization is inhibited by adsorption or diffusion mechanisms. Furthermore, the corresponding research methods and specific control strategies for each process are summarized. The review ends with an outlook of the current challenges and future perspectives in cryopreservation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ice formation is the major limitation of cryopreservation, which causes fatal cryoinjury to cryopreserved biomaterials. This review focuses on the three processes related to ice formation, called nucleation, growth, and recrystallization. The theoretical models, key influencing factors, research methods and corresponding ice control strategies of each process are summarized and discussed, respectively. The systematic introduction on mechanisms and control strategies of ice formation is instructive for the cryopreservation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haishan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Ren Y, Bertram AK, Patey GN. Influence of pH on Ice Nucleation by Kaolinite: Experiments and Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9227-9243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - G. N. Patey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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13
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Gao K, Koch HC, Zhou CW, Kanji ZA. The dependence of soot particle ice nucleation ability on its volatile content. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2043-2069. [PMID: 36043854 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aviation soot can affect contrail and cirrus cloud formation and impact climate. A product of incomplete combustion, soot particles, are fractal and hydrophobic aggregates comprising carbonaceous spheres with complex physicochemical properties. In the cirrus cloud regime, the surface wettability and pore abundance of soot particles are important determinants for their ice nucleation ability via pore condensation and freezing. In the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo various ageing processes which modify their surface chemistry and porosity, thus acting as ice nucleating particles with varying abilities as a function of ageing. In this study, size-selected soot particles were treated by thermal denuding at 573 K in a pure nitrogen (N2) or synthetic air (N2 + O2) flow and then exposed to varying relative humidity conditions at a fixed temperature in the range from 218 to 243 K, to investigate the role of volatile content in the ice nucleation ability. Both organic-lean and organic-rich propane (C3H8) flame soot particles, as well as two types of commercially available carbon black soot particles with high and low surface wettability, were tested. The size and mass distribution of soot aerosol were monitored during the ice nucleation experiments. Bulk soot samples also prepared in pure N2 or synthetic air environments at 573 K were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic vapour sorption measurements, to reveal the relation between denuding volatile content, associated soot particle property modifications and the ice nucleation ability. Our study shows that thermal denuding induces a change in soot particle porosity playing a dominant role in regulating its ice nucleation via the pore condensation and freezing mechanism. The enrichment in mesopore (2-50 nm) availability may enhance soot ice nucleation. The presence of O2 in the thermal denuding process may introduce new active sites on soot particles for water interaction and increase soot surface wettability. However, these active sites only facilitate soot ice nucleation when mesopore structures are available. We conclude that a change in volatile content modifies both morphological properties and surface chemistry for soot particles, but porosity change plays the dominant role in regulating soot particle ice nucleation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Gao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
- Shenyuan Honours College of Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | | | - Chong-Wen Zhou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zamin A Kanji
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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14
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Abstract
Molecular simulations have provided valuable insight into the microscopic mechanisms underlying homogeneous ice nucleation. While empirical models have been used extensively to study this phenomenon, simulations based on first-principles calculations have so far proven prohibitively expensive. Here, we circumvent this difficulty by using an efficient machine-learning model trained on density-functional theory energies and forces. We compute nucleation rates at atmospheric pressure, over a broad range of supercoolings, using the seeding technique and systems of up to hundreds of thousands of atoms simulated with ab initio accuracy. The key quantity provided by the seeding technique is the size of the critical cluster (i.e., a size such that the cluster has equal probabilities of growing or melting at the given supersaturation), which is used together with the equations of classical nucleation theory to compute nucleation rates. We find that nucleation rates for our model at moderate supercoolings are in good agreement with experimental measurements within the error of our calculation. We also study the impact of properties such as the thermodynamic driving force, interfacial free energy, and stacking disorder on the calculated rates.
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15
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Finkelstein AV, Garbuzynskiy SO, Melnik BS. How Can Ice Emerge at 0 °C? Biomolecules 2022; 12:981. [PMID: 35883537 PMCID: PMC9313213 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical nucleation theory shows that bulk water freezing does not occur at temperatures above ≈ -30 °C, and that at higher temperatures ice nucleation requires the presence of some ice-binding surfaces. The temperature and rate of ice nucleation depend on the size and level of complementarity between the atomic structure of these surfaces and various H-bond-rich/depleted crystal planes. In our experiments, the ice nucleation temperature was within a range from -8 °C to -15 °C for buffer and water in plastic test tubes. Upon the addition of ice-initiating substances (i.e., conventional AgI or CuO investigated here), ice appeared in a range from -3 °C to -7 °C, and in the presence of the ice-nucleating bacterium Pseudomonas syringae from -1 °C to -2 °C. The addition of an antifreeze protein inhibited the action of the tested ice-initiating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V. Finkelstein
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.O.G.); (B.S.M.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergiy O. Garbuzynskiy
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.O.G.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Bogdan S. Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.O.G.); (B.S.M.)
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16
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Alpert PA, Boucly A, Yang S, Yang H, Kilchhofer K, Luo Z, Padeste C, Finizio S, Ammann M, Watts B. Ice nucleation imaged with X-ray spectro-microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:335-351. [PMID: 35694137 PMCID: PMC9119033 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is one of the most uncertain microphysical processes, as it occurs in various ways and on many types of particles. To overcome this challenge, we present a heterogeneous ice nucleation study on deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing in a novel cryogenic X-ray experiment with the capability to spectroscopically probe individual ice nucleating and non-ice nucleating particles. Mineral dust type particles composed of either ferrihydrite or feldspar were used and mixed with organic matter of either citric acid or xanthan gum. We observed in situ ice nucleation using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and identified unique organic carbon functionalities and iron oxidation state using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy in the new in situ environmental ice cell, termed the ice nucleation X-ray cell (INXCell). Deposition ice nucleation of ferrihydrite occurred at a relative humidity with respect to ice, RH i, between ∼120-138% and temperatures, T ∼ 232 K. However, we also observed water uptake on ferrihydrite at the same T when deposition ice nucleation did not occur. Although, immersion freezing of ferrihydrite both in pure water droplets and in aqueous citric acid occurred at or slightly below conditions for homogeneous freezing, i.e. the effect of ferrihydrite particles acting as a heterogeneous ice nucleus for immersion freezing was small. Microcline K-rich feldspar mixed with xanthan gum was also used in INXCell experiments. Deposition ice nucleation occurred at conditions when xanthan gum was expected to be highly viscous (glassy). At less viscous conditions, immersion freezing was observed. We extended a model for heterogeneous and homogeneous ice nucleation, named the stochastic freezing model (SFM). It was used to quantify heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients, mimic the competition between homogeneous ice nucleation; water uptake; deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing, and predict the T and RH i at which ice was observed. The importance of ferrihydrite to act as a heterogeneous ice nucleating particle in the atmosphere using the SFM is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Anthony Boucly
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Shuo Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Huanyu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kilchhofer
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Zhaochu Luo
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Celestino Padeste
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Simone Finizio
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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17
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Barma MC, Peng Z, Moghtaderi B, Doroodchi E. Effects of drop size and salt concentration on the freezing temperature of supercooled drops of salt solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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19
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Xue H, Fu Y, Lu Y, Hao D, Li K, Bai G, Ou-Yang ZC, Wang J, Zhou X. Spontaneous Freezing of Water between 233 and 235 K Is Not Due to Homogeneous Nucleation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13548-13556. [PMID: 34406749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous freezing of microdroplets around 233 K has long been regarded as the occurrence of homogeneous ice nucleation. The corresponding temperature has been directly regarded as the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature, which is an intrinsic character of water. However, many recent investigations indicate that the spontaneous freezing may be still induced by surfaces of the water microdroplets or the residual impurities inside. Therefore, it is highly desired to reveal with solid evidence the exact origin of the spontaneous freezing. Here we show with no ambiguity that the spontaneous freezing between 233 and 235 K is actually triggered by the surface of microdroplets, as the nucleation rate is found to be proportional to the surface area of droplets, via systematically investigating the freezing of water droplets with varying sizes under various cooling rates followed by a new approach in data analysis. The conclusion is further consolidated by published experimental data from other groups when using our data analysis approach. This study is critical for understanding the sources of "no-man's land" and features of homogeneous nucleation, as well as studying the structure and properties of deeply supercooled liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xue
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Hao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Bai
- Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Can Ou-Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, People's Republic of China
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20
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Gai S, Peng Z, Moghtaderi B, Yu J, Doroodchi E. A theoretical model for predicting homogeneous ice nucleation rate based on molecular kinetic energy distribution. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Sun T, Ben-Amotz D, Wyslouzil BE. The freezing behavior of aqueous n-alcohol nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9991-10005. [PMID: 33870962 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We generate water-rich aerosols containing 1-propanol and 1-pentanol in a supersonic nozzle to study the effects of these solutes on the freezing behavior of water. Condensation and freezing are characterized by two complementary techniques, pressure trace measurements and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. When 1-pentanol and 1-propanol are present, condensation occurs at higher temperatures because particle formation from the vapor phase is enhanced by the decrease in interfacial free energy of mixed aqueous-alcohol critical clusters relative to those of pure water. FTIR results suggest that when ∼6 nm radius droplets freeze, the tetrahedral structure of the ice is well preserved up to an overall alcohol mole fraction of 0.031 for 1-propanol and 0.043 for 1-pentanol. In this concentration range, the ice nucleation temperature decreases continuously with increasing 1-propanol concentration, whereas the onset of freezing is not significantly perturbed by 1-pentanol up to a mole fraction of 0.03. Furthermore, once freezing starts the ice nucleation rates in the aqueous-alcohol droplets are very close to those for pure water. In contrast, at the highest mole fractions of either alcohol it is not clear whether droplets freeze to form crystalline ice since the final state of the particles cannot be adequately characterized with the available experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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22
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William N, Acker JP. High Sub-Zero Organ Preservation: A Paradigm of Nature-Inspired Strategies. Cryobiology 2021; 102:15-26. [PMID: 33905707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of organ preservation is filled with advancements that have yet to see widespread clinical translation, with some of the more notable strategies deriving their inspiration from nature. While static cold storage (SCS) at 2 °C to 4 °C is the current state-of-the-art, it contributes to the current shortage of transplantable organs due to the limited preservation times it affords combined with the limited ability of marginal grafts (i.e. those at risk for post-transplant dysfunction or primary non-function) to tolerate SCS. The era of storage solution optimization to minimize SCS-induced hypothermic injury has plateaued in its improvements, resulting in a shift towards the use of machine perfusion systems to oxygenate organs at normothermic, sub-normothermic, or hypothermic temperatures, as well as the use of sub-zero storage temperatures to leverage the protection brought forth by a reduction in metabolic demand. Many of the rigors that organs are subjected to at low sub-zero temperatures (-80 °C to -196 °C) commonly used for mammalian cell preservation have yet to be surmounted. Therefore, this article focuses on an intermediate temperature range (0 °C to -20 °C), where much success has been seen in the past two decades. The mechanisms leveraged by organisms capable of withstanding prolonged periods at these temperatures through either avoiding or tolerating the formation of ice has provided a foundation for some of the more promising efforts. This article therefore aims to contextualize the translation of these strategies into the realm of mammalian organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishaka William
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, 8249 114th Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R8, Canada.
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23
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Tarn MD, Sikora SNF, Porter GCE, Shim JU, Murray BJ. Homogeneous Freezing of Water Using Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:223. [PMID: 33672200 PMCID: PMC7926757 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The homogeneous freezing of water is important in the formation of ice in clouds, but there remains a great deal of variability in the representation of the homogeneous freezing of water in the literature. The development of new instrumentation, such as droplet microfluidic platforms, may help to constrain our understanding of the kinetics of homogeneous freezing via the analysis of monodisperse, size-selected water droplets in temporally and spatially controlled environments. Here, we evaluate droplet freezing data obtained using the Lab-on-a-Chip Nucleation by Immersed Particle Instrument (LOC-NIPI), in which droplets are generated and frozen in continuous flow. This high-throughput method was used to analyse over 16,000 water droplets (86 μm diameter) across three experimental runs, generating data with high precision and reproducibility that has largely been unrepresented in the microfluidic literature. Using this data, a new LOC-NIPI parameterisation of the volume nucleation rate coefficient (JV(T)) was determined in the temperature region of -35.1 to -36.9 °C, covering a greater JV(T) compared to most other microfluidic techniques thanks to the number of droplets analysed. Comparison to recent theory suggests inconsistencies in the theoretical representation, further implying that microfluidics could be used to inform on changes to parameterisations. By applying classical nucleation theory (CNT) to our JV(T) data, we have gone a step further than other microfluidic homogeneous freezing examples by calculating the stacking-disordered ice-supercooled water interfacial energy, estimated to be 22.5 ± 0.7 mJ m-2, again finding inconsistencies when compared to theoretical predictions. Further, we briefly review and compile all available microfluidic homogeneous freezing data in the literature, finding that the LOC-NIPI and other microfluidically generated data compare well with commonly used non-microfluidic datasets, but have generally been obtained with greater ease and with higher numbers of monodisperse droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sebastien N. F. Sikora
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
| | - Grace C. E. Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Jung-uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
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24
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Roy P, Liu S, Dutcher CS. Droplet Interfacial Tensions and Phase Transitions Measured in Microfluidic Channels. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:73-97. [PMID: 33607917 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of droplet phase and interfacial tension (IFT) are important in the fields of atmospheric aerosols and emulsion science. Bulk macroscale property measurements with similar constituents cannot capture the effect of microscopic length scales and highly curved surfaces on the transport characteristics and heterogeneous chemistry typical in these applications. Instead, microscale droplet measurements ensure properties are measured at the relevant length scale. With recent advances in microfluidics, customized multiphase fluid flows can be created in channels for the manipulation and observation of microscale droplets in an enclosed setting without the need for large and expensive control systems. In this review, we discuss the applications of different physical principles at the microscale and corresponding microfluidic approaches for the measurement of droplet phase state, viscosity, and IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatanu Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Shihao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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25
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Lukas M, Schwidetzky R, Kunert AT, Backus EHG, Pöschl U, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Bonn M, Meister K. Interfacial Water Ordering Is Insufficient to Explain Ice-Nucleating Protein Activity. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:218-223. [PMID: 33326244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating proteins (INPs) found in bacteria are the most effective ice nucleators known, enabling the crystallization of water at temperatures close to 0 °C. Although their function has been known for decades, the underlying mechanism is still under debate. Here, we show that INPs from Pseudomonas syringae in aqueous solution exhibit a defined solution structure and show no significant conformational changes upon cooling. In contrast, irreversible structural changes are observed upon heating to temperatures exceeding ∼55 °C, leading to a loss of the ice-nucleation activity. Sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy reveals that active and heat-inactivated INPs impose similar structural ordering of interfacial water molecules upon cooling. Our results demonstrate that increased water ordering is not sufficient to explain INPs' high ice-nucleation activity and confirm that intact three-dimensional protein structures are critical for bacterial ice nucleation, supporting a mechanism that depends on the INPs' supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lukas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Anna T Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen H G Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konrad Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
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26
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Goswami A, Singh JK. Homogeneous nucleation of sheared liquids: advances and insights from simulations and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15402-15419. [PMID: 34279013 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most ubiquitous and technologically important phenomena in nature is the nucleation of homogeneous flowing systems. The microscopic effects of shear on a nucleating system are still imperfectly understood, although in recent years a consistent picture has emerged. The opposing effects of shear can be split into two major contributions for simple atomic and molecular liquids: increase of the energetic cost of nucleation, and enhancement of the kinetics. In this perspective, we describe the latest computational and theoretical techniques which have been developed over the past two decades. We collate and unify the overarching influences of shear, temperature, and supersaturation on the process of homogeneous nucleation. Experimental techniques and capabilities are discussed, against the backdrop of results from simulations and theory. Although we primarily focus on simple systems, we also touch upon the sheared nucleation of more complex systems, including glasses and polymer melts. We speculate on the promising directions and possible advances that could come to fruition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Goswami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
| | - Jayant K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
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27
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Borges Sebastião I, Bhatnagar B, Tchessalov S. A Kinetic Model for Spray-Freezing of Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2047-2062. [PMID: 33278411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spray freeze-drying (SFD), which includes spray-freezing into droplets and dynamic vacuum drying, presents a promising alternative approach to manufacture dried pharmaceuticals more efficiently than conventional vial freeze-drying. Without reliable predictive models for the SFD conditions of interest, any respective process development still relies on empirical approaches. In this work, we propose an improved modeling framework to describe the fast freezing (<1 s) that sub-millimeter droplets undergo in the present SFD process. The modeled freezing rate accounts for both the kinetics of ice growth and droplet heat transfer mechanisms. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experiments on bulk spray-freezing are combined to refine and validate the proposed reduced-order model. While this study is limited to water-sucrose solutions, the present modeling approach can be extended to other pharmaceutical excipients. For the cooling rates of interest, model results indicate that droplets with initial sucrose concentration higher than 20% w/w will transit to a glassy state before completion of crystallization and, consequently, devitrification is expected during post spray-freezing manipulation of the bulk material. In practice, such compact model does not only allow quantification of process parameters that cannot be measured in real time but also enable the choice of optimal spraying conditions for production of free-flowing, high-quality frozen droplets that meet the target product profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bakul Bhatnagar
- Pfizer Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Serguei Tchessalov
- Pfizer Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, MA 01810, USA
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28
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Apelt S, Höhne S, Uhlmann P, Bergmann U. Heterogeneous freezing on pyroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) thin films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Apelt
- Institute of Materials Science Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Susanne Höhne
- Nanostructured Materials Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Nanostructured Materials Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Ute Bergmann
- Institute of Materials Science Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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29
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Tarn MD, Sikora SNF, Porter GCE, Wyld BV, Alayof M, Reicher N, Harrison AD, Rudich Y, Shim JU, Murray BJ. On-chip analysis of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles in continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2889-2910. [PMID: 32661539 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are of atmospheric importance because they catalyse the freezing of supercooled cloud droplets, strongly affecting the lifetime and radiative properties of clouds. There is a need to improve our knowledge of the global distribution of INPs, their seasonal cycles and long-term trends, but our capability to make these measurements is limited. Atmospheric INP concentrations are often determined using assays involving arrays of droplets on a cold stage, but such assays are frequently limited by the number of droplets that can be analysed per experiment, often involve manual processing (e.g. pipetting of droplets), and can be susceptible to contamination. Here, we present a microfluidic platform, the LOC-NIPI (Lab-on-a-Chip Nucleation by Immersed Particle Instrument), for the generation of water-in-oil droplets and their freezing in continuous flow as they pass over a cold plate for atmospheric INP analysis. LOC-NIPI allows the user to define the number of droplets analysed by simply running the platform for as long as required. The use of small (∼100 μm diameter) droplets minimises the probability of contamination in any one droplet and therefore allows supercooling all the way down to homogeneous freezing (around -36 °C), while a temperature probe in a proxy channel provides an accurate measure of temperature without the need for temperature modelling. The platform was validated using samples of pollen extract and Snomax®, with hundreds of droplets analysed per temperature step and thousands of droplets being measured per experiment. Homogeneous freezing of purified water was studied using >10 000 droplets with temperature increments of 0.1 °C. The results were reproducible, independent of flow rate in the ranges tested, and the data compared well to conventional instrumentation and literature data. The LOC-NIPI was further benchmarked in a field campaign in the Eastern Mediterranean against other well-characterised instrumentation. The continuous flow nature of the system provides a route, with future development, to the automated monitoring of atmospheric INP at field sites around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Grace C E Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Bethany V Wyld
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Matan Alayof
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Reicher
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jung-Uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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30
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Schwidetzky R, Kunert AT, Bonn M, Pöschl U, Ramløv H, DeVries AL, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Meister K. Inhibition of Bacterial Ice Nucleators Is Not an Intrinsic Property of Antifreeze Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4889-4895. [PMID: 32437152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cold-adapted organisms use antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice-nucleating proteins (INPs) for the survival in freezing habitats. AFPs have been reported to be able to inhibit the activity of INPs, a property that would be of great physiological relevance. The generality of this effect is not understood, and for the few known examples of INP inhibition by AFPs, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of five different AFPs on the activity of bacterial ice nucleators using a high-throughput ice nucleation assay. We find that bacterial INPs are inhibited by certain AFPs, while others show no effect. Thus, the ability to inhibit the activity of INPs is not an intrinsic property of AFPs, and the interactions of INPs and different AFPs proceed through protein-specific rather than universal molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna T Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Arthur L DeVries
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Konrad Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
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31
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Azimi Yancheshme A, Momen G, Jafari Aminabadi R. Mechanisms of ice formation and propagation on superhydrophobic surfaces: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102155. [PMID: 32305656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Icephobic surfaces, used as passive anti-icing materials, are in high demand due to the costs, damage, and loss of equipment and lives related to ice formation on outdoor surfaces. The proper design of icephobic surfaces is intertwined with the need for a profound understanding of ice formation processes and how ice propagates over a surface. Ice formation (ice nucleation) and interdroplet freezing propagation are processes that determine the onset of freezing and complete ice coverage on a surface, respectively. Evaluating the nature of these phenomena, along with their interactions with substrate and environmental factors, can offer a step toward designing surfaces having an improved icephobic performance. This review paper is organized to discuss ice nucleation and rate, preferable locations of nucleation, and favorable pathways of freezing (desublimation and condensation-freezing) on superhydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, as the propagation of ice over a substrate plays a more deterministic role for the complete freezing coverage of a surface than that of ice formation, this review also elucidates possible mechanisms of ice propagation, theoretical backgrounds, and strategies to control this propagation using surface characteristics.
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32
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Kang T, You Y, Jun S. Supercooling preservation technology in food and biological samples: a review focused on electric and magnetic field applications. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:303-321. [PMID: 32257514 PMCID: PMC7105587 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing has been widely recognized as the most common process for long-term preservation of perishable foods; however, unavoidable damages associated with ice crystal formation lead to unacceptable quality losses during storage. As an alternative, supercooling preservation has a great potential to extend the shelf-life and maintain quality attributes of fresh foods without freezing damage. Investigations for the application of external electric field (EF) and magnetic field (MF) have theorized that EF and MF appear to be able to control ice nucleation by interacting with water molecules in foods and biomaterials; however, many questions remain open in terms of their roles and influences on ice nucleation with little consensus in the literature and a lack of clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This review is focused on understanding of ice nucleation processes and introducing the applications of EF and MF for preservation of food and biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyoung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Youngsang You
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Soojin Jun
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
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33
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Release of Highly Active Ice Nucleating Biological Particles Associated with Rain. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biological particles may play an important role in the climate system by efficiently acting as ice nucleating particles (INPs) at a higher temperature range (e.g., above −20 °C where representative INPs such as mineral dust remain inactive), but there is an obvious lack of direct evidence that these particles serve in this manner. Here, we collected ambient particles under different weather conditions for identifying INPs that are active above −22 °C. The abundance of such efficient INPs increased during or following rainfall events. The extensive characterization of individual particles by three different analyses (particle morphology and composition, heat sensitivity of ice nucleation activities, and biological fingerprinting by DNA staining) revealed that efficient INPs have distinctly biological characteristics, which differ significantly from more abundant, representative, and relatively less active INPs, such as mineral dust. Additionally, by combining the heat-sensitivity experiments and DNA staining techniques, efficient INPs were found to contain heat-sensitive biomaterials and biological cells. Our findings provide direct evidence that biological particles are preferentially released into the atmosphere during rainfall events and act as important atmospheric INPs at higher temperature ranges (warmer than −22 °C), where typical INPs remain inactive.
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34
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Montero de Hijes P, Espinosa JR, Vega C, Sanz E. Ice growth rate: Temperature dependence and effect of heat dissipation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:044509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Montero de Hijes
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. R. Espinosa
- Maxwell Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C. Vega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Niu H, Yang YI, Parrinello M. Temperature Dependence of Homogeneous Nucleation in Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:245501. [PMID: 31322390 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.245501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is a process of great relevance in physics, chemistry, technology, and environmental sciences; much theoretical effort has been devoted to its understanding, but it still remains a topic of intense research. We shed light on this phenomenon by performing atomistic based simulations. Using metadynamics and a carefully designed set of collective variables, reversible transitions between water and ice are able to be simulated. We find that water freezes into a stacking disordered structure with the all-atom transferable intermolecular potential with 4 points/ice (TIP4P/ice) model, and the features of the critical nucleus of nucleation at the microscopic level are revealed. We have also estimated the ice nucleation rates along with other nucleation parameters at different undercoolings. Our results are in agreement with recent experimental and other theoretical works, and they confirm that nucleation is preceded by a large increase in tetrahedrally coordinated water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Facoltà di Informatica, Instituto di Scienze Computationali, and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials MARVEL, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yi Isaac Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Facoltà di Informatica, Instituto di Scienze Computationali, and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials MARVEL, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Facoltà di Informatica, Instituto di Scienze Computationali, and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials MARVEL, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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36
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Kimmel GA, Xu Y, Brumberg A, Petrik NG, Smith RS, Kay BD. Homogeneous ice nucleation rates and crystallization kinetics in transiently-heated, supercooled water films from 188 K to 230 K. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204509. [PMID: 31153179 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization kinetics of transiently heated, nanoscale water films were investigated for 188 K < Tpulse < 230 K, where Tpulse is the maximum temperature obtained during a heat pulse. The water films, which had thicknesses ranging from approximately 15-30 nm, were adsorbed on a Pt(111) single crystal and heated with ∼10 ns laser pulses, which produced heating and cooling rates of ∼109-1010 K/s in the adsorbed water films. Because the ice growth rates have been measured independently, the ice nucleation rates could be determined by modeling the observed crystallization kinetics. The experiments show that the nucleation rate goes through a maximum at T = 216 K ± 4 K, and the rate at the maximum is 1029±1 m-3 s-1. The maximum nucleation rate reported here for flat, thin water films is consistent with recent measurements of the nucleation rate in nanometer-sized water drops at comparable temperatures. However, the nucleation rate drops rapidly at lower temperatures, which is different from the nearly temperature-independent rates observed for the nanometer-sized drops. At T ∼ 189 K, the nucleation rate for the current experiments is a factor of ∼104-5 smaller than the rate at the maximum. The nucleation rate also decreases for Tpulse > 220 K, but the transiently heated water films are not very sensitive to the smaller nucleation rates at higher temperatures. The crystallization kinetics are consistent with a "classical" nucleation and growth mechanism indicating that there is an energetic barrier for deeply supercooled water to convert to ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Yuntao Xu
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Alexandra Brumberg
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Nikolay G Petrik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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37
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Moreau DW, Atakisi H, Thorne RE. Ice formation and solvent nanoconfinement in protein crystals. IUCRJ 2019; 6:346-356. [PMID: 31098016 PMCID: PMC6503922 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ice formation within protein crystals is a major obstacle to the cryocrystallographic study of protein structure, and has limited studies of how the structural ensemble of a protein evolves with temperature in the biophysically interesting range from ∼260 K to the protein-solvent glass transition near 200 K. Using protein crystals with solvent cavities as large as ∼70 Å, time-resolved X-ray diffraction was used to study the response of protein and internal solvent during rapid cooling. Solvent nanoconfinement suppresses freezing temperatures and ice-nucleation rates so that ice-free, low-mosaicity diffraction data can be reliably collected down to 200 K without the use of cryoprotectants. Hexagonal ice (Ih) forms in external solvent, but internal crystal solvent forms stacking-disordered ice (Isd) with a near-random stacking of cubic and hexagonal planes. Analysis of powder diffraction from internal ice and single-crystal diffraction from the host protein structure shows that the maximum crystallizable solvent fraction decreases with decreasing crystal solvent-cavity size, and that an ∼6 Å thick layer of solvent adjacent to the protein surface cannot crystallize. These results establish protein crystals as excellent model systems for the study of nanoconfined solvent. By combining fast cooling, intense X-ray beams and fast X-ray detectors, complete structural data sets for high-value targets, including membrane proteins and large complexes, may be collected at ∼220-240 K that have much lower mosaicities and comparable B factors, and that may allow more confident identification of ligand binding than in current cryocrystallographic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Moreau
- Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hakan Atakisi
- Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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38
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Qiu Y, Hudait A, Molinero V. How Size and Aggregation of Ice-Binding Proteins Control Their Ice Nucleation Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7439-7452. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0580, United States
| | - Arpa Hudait
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0580, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0580, United States
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39
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Pore condensation and freezing is responsible for ice formation below water saturation for porous particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8184-8189. [PMID: 30948638 PMCID: PMC6486705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813647116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of ice at relative humidity below 100% is assumed to proceed without the presence of liquid water. However, it has been shown that liquid water can exist well below water saturation in narrow cracks and pores. Here we show that the barrier for deposition nucleation of ice directly from the vapor is insurmountable in experiments; liquid water is involved in ice formation on porous particles, regardless of the ambient humidity. Thus, our results render deposition nucleation unlikely for the formation of ice clouds in the atmosphere. Ice nucleation in the atmosphere influences cloud properties, altering precipitation and the radiative balance, ultimately regulating Earth’s climate. An accepted ice nucleation pathway, known as deposition nucleation, assumes a direct transition of water from the vapor to the ice phase, without an intermediate liquid phase. However, studies have shown that nucleation occurs through a liquid phase in porous particles with narrow cracks or surface imperfections where the condensation of liquid below water saturation can occur, questioning the validity of deposition nucleation. We show that deposition nucleation cannot explain the strongly enhanced ice nucleation efficiency of porous compared with nonporous particles at temperatures below −40 °C and the absence of ice nucleation below water saturation at −35 °C. Using classical nucleation theory (CNT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), we show that a network of closely spaced pores is necessary to overcome the barrier for macroscopic ice-crystal growth from narrow cylindrical pores. In the absence of pores, CNT predicts that the nucleation barrier is insurmountable, consistent with the absence of ice formation in MDS. Our results confirm that pore condensation and freezing (PCF), i.e., a mechanism of ice formation that proceeds via liquid water condensation in pores, is a dominant pathway for atmospheric ice nucleation below water saturation. We conclude that the ice nucleation activity of particles in the cirrus regime is determined by the porosity and wettability of pores. PCF represents a mechanism by which porous particles like dust could impact cloud radiative forcing and, thus, the climate via ice cloud formation.
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40
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Heterogeneous Freezing of Liquid Suspensions Including Juices and Extracts from Berries and Leaves from Perennial Plants. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation in the atmosphere is not fully understood. In particular, our knowledge of biological materials and their atmospheric ice nucleation properties remains scarce. Here, we present the results from systematic investigations of the ice nucleation activity of plant materials using cryo-microscopy. We examined berry juices, frozen berries, as well as extracts of leaves and dried berries of plants native to boreal regions. All of our samples possess reasonable ice nucleation activity. Their ice nucleating particle concentrations per unit of water volume vary between 9.7 × 105 and 9.2 × 109 cm−3 when examined within temperatures of −12 to −34 °C. Mean freezing temperatures ranged from −18.5 to −45.6 °C. We show that all samples contained ice nuclei in a size range below 0.2 µm and remain active if separated from coarse plant tissue. The results of examining ice nucleation properties of leaves and dry berry extracts suggests that their ice-nucleating components can be easily suspended in water. Sea buckthorn and black currant were analyzed using subtilisin (a protease) and urea. Results suggest proteinaceous compounds to play an important role in their ice nucleation activity. These results show that separation between ice nucleation particles stemming from microorganisms and those stemming from plants cannot be differentiated solely on proteinaceous features. Further oxidation experiments with ozone showed that black currant is highly stable towards ozone oxidation, indicating a long atmospheric life time.
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41
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Espinosa JR, Diez AL, Vega C, Valeriani C, Ramirez J, Sanz E. Ice Ih vs. ice III along the homogeneous nucleation line. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5655-5660. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The melting and the homogeneous nucleation lines of the TIP4P/Ice water model closely resemble the experimental ones. Computer simulations show that a change in the nucleating ice polymorph from ice Ih to ice III justifies the slope sign inversion of the homogeneous nucleation line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R. Espinosa
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Angel L. Diez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia
- Fisica Termica y Electronica
- Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
| | - Jorge Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica Industrial y Medio Ambiente
- Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales
- Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
- 28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
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42
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Tanaka KK, Kimura Y. Theoretical analysis of crystallization by homogeneous nucleation of water droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2410-2418. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06650g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel method for analyzing the crystallization process from supercooled water droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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43
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Sayer T, Cox SJ. Stabilization of AgI's polar surfaces by the aqueous environment, and its implications for ice formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14546-14555. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AgI is a potent inorganic ice nucleating particle, a feature often attributed to the lattice match between its {0001} surfaces and ice. Dissolved ions are found to be essential to the stability of these polar surfaces, and crucial to ice formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sayer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Stephen J. Cox
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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44
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Späh A, Pathak H, Kim KH, Perakis F, Mariedahl D, Amann-Winkel K, Sellberg JA, Lee JH, Kim S, Park J, Nam KH, Katayama T, Nilsson A. Apparent power-law behavior of water's isothermal compressibility and correlation length upon supercooling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05862h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apparent power-law analysis of water's isothermal compressibility and correlation length in the temperature range from 280 K to 229 K.
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45
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Abstract
Analytical solutions and Monte Carlo simulation agree well with experimental ice nucleation temperature distributions for water droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kubota
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences
- Iwate University
- Morioka
- Japan
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46
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Weng L, Swei A, Toner M. Role of synthetic antifreeze agents in catalyzing ice nucleation. Cryobiology 2018; 84:91-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Development, Characterization, and Validation of a Cold Stage-Based Ice Nucleation Array (PKU-INA). ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A drop-freeze array (PeKing University Ice Nucleation Array, PKU-INA) was developed based on the cold-stage method to investigate heterogeneous ice nucleation properties of atmospheric particles in the immersion freezing mode from −30 to 0 °C. The instrumental details as well as characterization and performance evaluation are described in this paper. A careful temperature calibration protocol was developed in our work. The uncertainties in the reported temperatures were found to be less than 0.4 °C at various cooling rates after calibration. We also measured the ice nucleation activities of droplets containing different mass concentrations of illite NX, and the results obtained in our work show good agreement with those reported previously using other instruments with similar principles. Overall, we show that our newly developed PKU-INA is a robust and reliable instrument for investigation of heterogeneous ice nucleation in the immersion freezing mode.
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48
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Huang H, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. Long-term deep-supercooling of large-volume water and red cell suspensions via surface sealing with immiscible liquids. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3201. [PMID: 30097570 PMCID: PMC6086840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercooling of aqueous solutions is a fundamentally and practically important physical phenomenon with numerous applications in biopreservation and beyond. Under normal conditions, heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms critically prohibit the simultaneous long-term (> 1 week), large volume (> 1 ml), and low temperatures (< -10 °C) supercooling of aqueous solutions. Here, we report on the use of surface sealing of water by an oil phase to significantly diminish the primary heterogeneous nucleation at the water/air interface. We achieve deep supercooling (down to -20 °C) of large volumes of water (up to 100 ml) for long periods (up to 100 days) simultaneously via this approach. Since oils are mixtures of various hydrocarbons we also report on the use of pure alkanes and primary alcohols of various lengths to achieve the same. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of deep supercooling via preliminary studies on extended (100 days) preservation of human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishui Huang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States.
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States.
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49
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Soria GD, Espinosa JR, Ramirez J, Valeriani C, Vega C, Sanz E. A simulation study of homogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled salty water. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222811. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5008889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar D. Soria
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge R. Espinosa
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Espinosa JR, Navarro C, Sanz E, Valeriani C, Vega C. On the time required to freeze water. J Chem Phys 2018; 145:211922. [PMID: 28799362 DOI: 10.1063/1.4965427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By using the seeding technique the nucleation rate for the formation of ice at room pressure will be estimated for the TIP4P/ICE model using longer runs and a smaller grid of temperatures than in the previous work. The growth rate of ice will be determined for TIP4P/ICE and for the mW model of water. Although TIP4P/ICE and mW have a similar melting point and melting enthalpy, they differ significantly in the dynamics of freezing. The nucleation rate of mW is lower than that of TIP4P/ICE due to its higher interfacial free energy. Experimental results for the nucleation rate of ice are between the predictions of these two models when obtained from the seeding technique, although closer to the predictions of TIP4P/ICE. The growth rate of ice for the mW model is four orders of magnitude larger than for TIP4P/ICE. Avrami's expression is used to estimate the crystallization time from the values of the nucleation and growth rates. For mW the minimum in the crystallization time is found at approximately 85 K below the melting point and its value is of about a few ns, in agreement with the results obtained from brute force simulations by Moore and Molinero. For the TIP4P/ICE the minimum is found at about 55 K below the melting point, but its value is about ten microseconds. This value is compatible with the minimum cooling rate required to avoid the formation of ice and obtaining a glass phase. The crossover from the nucleation controlled crystallization to the growth controlled crystallization will be discussed for systems of finite size. This crossover could explain the apparent discrepancy between the values of J obtained by different experimental groups for temperatures below 230 K and should be considered as an alternative hypothesis to the two previously suggested: internal pressure and/or surface freezing effects. A maximum in the compressibility was found for the TIP4P/ICE model in supercooled water. The relaxation time is much smaller than the crystallization time at the temperature at which this maximum occurs, so this maximum is a real thermodynamic feature of the model. At the temperature of minimum crystallization time, the crystallization time is larger than the relaxation time by just two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Espinosa
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Navarro
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Sanz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Valeriani
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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