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Allen MC, Lookmire S, Avci E. An Alternative Micro-Milling Fabrication Process for Rapid and Low-Cost Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:905. [PMID: 39064416 PMCID: PMC11279306 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an important technology for the biomedical industry and is often utilised in our daily lives. Recent advances in micro-milling technology have allowed for rapid fabrication of smaller and more complex structures, at lower costs, making it a viable alternative to other fabrication methods. The microfluidic chip fabrication developed in this research is a step-by-step process with a self-contained wet milling chamber. Additionally, ethanol solvent bonding is used to allow microfluidic chips to be fully fabricated within approximately an hour. The effect of using this process is tested with quantitative contact profileometery data to determine the expected surface roughness in the microchannels. The effect of surface roughness on the controllability of microparticles is tested in functional microfluidic chips using image processing to calculate particle velocity. This process can produce high-quality channels when compared with similar studies in the literature and surface roughness affects the control of microparticles. Lastly, we discuss how the outcomes of this research can produce rapid and higher-quality microfluidic devices, leading to improvement in the research and development process within the fields of science that utilise microfluidic technology. Such as medicine, biology, chemistry, ecology, and aerospace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Christopher Allen
- College of Sciences, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Simon Lookmire
- College of Sciences, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Ebubekir Avci
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;
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2
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Nwokoye PN, Abilez OJ. Blood vessels in a dish: the evolution, challenges, and potential of vascularized tissues and organoids. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1336910. [PMID: 38938652 PMCID: PMC11210405 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1336910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathologies are prevalent in a broad spectrum of diseases, necessitating a deeper understanding of vascular biology, particularly in overcoming the oxygen and nutrient diffusion limit in tissue constructs. The evolution of vascularized tissues signifies a convergence of multiple scientific disciplines, encompassing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into vascular cells, the development of advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques, and the refinement of bioinks. These technologies are instrumental in creating intricate vascular networks essential for tissue viability, especially in thick, complex constructs. This review provides broad perspectives on the past, current state, and advancements in key areas, including the differentiation of hPSCs into specific vascular lineages, the potential and challenges of 3D bioprinting methods, and the role of innovative bioinks mimicking the native extracellular matrix. We also explore the integration of biophysical cues in vascularized tissues in vitro, highlighting their importance in stimulating vessel maturation and functionality. In this review, we aim to synthesize these diverse yet interconnected domains, offering a broad, multidisciplinary perspective on tissue vascularization. Advancements in this field will help address the global organ shortage and transform patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Nwokoye
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Oscar J. Abilez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric CT Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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3
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Tabatabaei Rezaei N, Kumar H, Liu H, Lee SS, Park SS, Kim K. Recent Advances in Organ-on-Chips Integrated with Bioprinting Technologies for Drug Screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203172. [PMID: 36971091 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the demand for more reliable drug screening devices has made scientists and researchers develop novel potential approaches to offer an alternative to animal studies. Organ-on-chips are newly emerged platforms for drug screening and disease metabolism investigation. These microfluidic devices attempt to recapitulate the physiological and biological properties of different organs and tissues using human-derived cells. Recently, the synergistic combination of additive manufacturing and microfluidics has shown a promising impact on improving a wide array of biological models. In this review, different methods are classified using bioprinting to achieve the relevant biomimetic models in organ-on-chips, boosting the efficiency of these devices to produce more reliable data for drug investigations. In addition to the tissue models, the influence of additive manufacturing on microfluidic chip fabrication is discussed, and their biomedical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Tabatabaei Rezaei
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hitendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hongqun Liu
- Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Simon S Park
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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4
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Colombo M, Chaudhry P, Oberholzer Y, deMello AJ. Integrative modeling of hemodynamic changes and perfusion impairment in coronary microvascular disease. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1204178. [PMID: 37564992 PMCID: PMC10410158 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1204178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coronary microvascular disease is one of the responsible factors for cardiac perfusion impairment. Due to diagnostic and treatment challenges, this pathology (characterized by alterations to microvasculature local hemodynamics) represents a significant yet unsolved clinical problem. Methods: Due to the poor understanding of the onset and progression of this disease, we propose a new and noninvasive strategy to quantify in-vivo hemodynamic changes occurring in the microvasculature. Specifically, we here present a conceptual workflow that combines both in-vitro and in-silico modelling for the analysis of the hemodynamic alterations in the microvasculature. Results: First, we demonstrate a hybrid additive manufacturing process to fabricate circular cross-section, biocompatible fluidic networks in polytetrafluoroethylene. We then use these microfluidic devices and computational fluid dynamics to simulate different degrees of perfusion impairment. Discussion: Ultimately, we show that the developed workflow defines a robust platform for the multiscale analysis of multifactorial events occurring in coronary microvascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Palak Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Oberholzer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Lian H, Zhang L, Chen X, Deng C, Mo Y. Design of a Template-Based Electrophoretically Assisted Micro-Ultrasonic Machining Micro-Channel Machine Tool and Its Machining Experiment. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1360. [PMID: 37512671 PMCID: PMC10386278 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve the high-precision and high-efficiency machining of micro-channels for hard and brittle materials, the authors innovatively proposed a new technology called template-based electrophoretically assisted micro-ultrasonic machining (TBEPAMUSM). This technology transfers the micro-channel shape punch-pin to the workpiece material through micro-ultrasonic machining to form a micro-channel. At the same time, it uses the electrophoretic properties of ultra-fine abrasive particles to ensure the existence of abrasive particles in the machining area by applying a DC electric field. According to the new technology machining principle, a machine tool of TBEPAMUSM was designed and developed. The machine tool hardware adopts a C-shaped structure, including a marble platform, an ultrasonic vibration system, a micro three-dimensional motion platform, a working fluid tank, and a pressure sensor. The machine tool intelligent control system is developed based on LabVIEW, including the initialization module, fast positioning module, constant force tool setting module, constant force control machining module, and real-time coordinate display module. Micro-channels with different structures are machined on single-crystal silicon and soda-lime glass using the designed machine tool and the developed control system. The results show that: when electrophoresis assistance is applied in machining, the edge chipping phenomenon of the micro-channel is significantly reduced, the surface roughness is reduced by about 20%, and the machining efficiency is increased by about 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Lian
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Cuiyuan Deng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuandong Mo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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6
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Zhang Y, Sun K, Xie Y, Liang K, Zhang J, Fan Y. Reversible bonding of microfluidics: Review and applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:061501. [PMID: 37862510 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
With the development of microfluidic technology, new materials and fabrication methods have been constantly invented in the field of microfluidics. Bonding is one of the key steps for the fabrication of enclosed-channel microfluidic chips, which have been extensively explored by researchers globally. The main purpose of bonding is to seal/enclose fabricated microchannels for subsequent fluid manipulations. Conventional bonding methods are usually irreversible, and the forced detachment of the substrate and cover plate may lead to structural damage to the chip. Some of the current microfluidic applications require reversible bonding to reuse the chip or retrieve the contents inside the chip. Therefore, it is essential to develop reversible bonding methods to meet the requirements of various applications. This review introduces the most recent developments in reversible bonding methods in microfluidics and their corresponding applications. Finally, the perspective and outlook of reversible bonding technology were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - K Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Xie
- LK Injection Molding Machine Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - K Liang
- LK Injection Molding Machine Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- College of Electronic Science and Control Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wu CH, Ma HJH, Baessler P, Balanay RK, Ray TR. Skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with spatially engineered 3D fluidics for sweat capture and analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4272. [PMID: 37134158 PMCID: PMC10881187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated microfluidic structures and sensing capabilities offer powerful platforms for monitoring the signals arising from natural physiological processes. This paper introduces a set of strategies, processing approaches, and microfluidic designs that harness recent advances in additive manufacturing [three-dimensional (3D) printing] to establish a unique class of epidermal microfluidic ("epifluidic") devices. A 3D printed epifluidic platform, called a "sweatainer," demonstrates the potential of a true 3D design space for microfluidics through the fabrication of fluidic components with previously inaccessible complex architectures. These concepts support integration of colorimetric assays to facilitate in situ biomarker analysis operating in a mode analogous to traditional epifluidic systems. The sweatainer system enables a new mode of sweat collection, termed multidraw, which facilitates the collection of multiple, independent sweat samples for either on-body or external analysis. Field studies of the sweatainer system demonstrate the practical potential of these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Han Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Howin Jian Hing Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Paul Baessler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Roxanne Kate Balanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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8
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Saikia A, Newar R, Das S, Singh A, Deuri DJ, Baruah A. Scopes and Challenges of Microfluidic Technology for Nanoparticle Synthesis, Photocatalysis and Sensor Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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9
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Choubey A, Dubey K, Bahga SS. Rapid prototyping of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchips using electrohydrodynamic jet printing: Application to electrokinetic assays. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:725-732. [PMID: 36774545 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic devices have found increasing utility for electrophoretic and electrokinetic assays because of their ease of fabrication using replica molding. However, the fabrication of high-resolution molds for replica molding still requires the resource-intensive and time-consuming photolithography process, which precludes quick design iterations and device optimization. We here demonstrate a low-cost, rapid microfabrication process, based on electrohydrodynamic jet printing (EJP), for fabricating non-sacrificial master molds for replica molding of PDMS microfluidic devices. The method is based on the precise deposition of an electrically stretched polymeric solution of polycaprolactone in acetic acid on a silicon wafer placed on a computer-controlled motion stage. This process offers the high-resolution (order 10 μ $\umu$ m) capability of photolithography and rapid prototyping capability of inkjet printing to print high-resolution templates for elastomeric microfluidic devices within a few minutes. Through proper selection of the operating parameters such as solution flow rate, applied electric field, and stage speed, we demonstrate microfabrication of intricate master molds and corresponding PDMS microfluidic devices for electrokinetic applications. We demonstrate the utility of the fabricated PDMS microchips for nonlinear electrokinetic processes such as electrokinetic instability and controlled sample splitting in ITP. The ability to rapid prototype customized reusable master molds with order 10 μ $\umu$ m resolution within a few minutes can help in designing and optimizing microfluidic devices for various electrokinetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Choubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaushlendra Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Supreet Singh Bahga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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10
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Simitian G, Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Beebe DJ, Kosoff D. Microfluidics in vascular biology research: a critical review for engineers, biologists, and clinicians. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3618-3636. [PMID: 36047330 PMCID: PMC9530010 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Neovascularization, the formation of new blood vessels, has received much research attention due to its implications for physiological processes and diseases. Most studies using traditional in vitro and in vivo platforms find challenges in recapitulating key cellular and mechanical cues of the neovascularization processes. Microfluidic in vitro models have been presented as an alternative to these limitations due to their capacity to leverage microscale physics to control cell organization and integrate biochemical and mechanical cues, such as shear stress, cell-cell interactions, or nutrient gradients, making them an ideal option for recapitulating organ physiology. Much has been written about the use of microfluidics in vascular biology models from an engineering perspective. However, a review introducing the different models, components and progress for new potential adopters of these technologies was absent in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to approach the use of microfluidic technologies in vascular biology from a perspective of biological hallmarks to be studied and written for a wide audience ranging from clinicians to engineers. Here we review applications of microfluidics in vascular biology research, starting with design considerations and fabrication techniques. After that, we review the state of the art in recapitulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, according to the hallmarks recapitulated and complexity of the models. Finally, we discuss emerging research areas in neovascularization, such as drug discovery, and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigor Simitian
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David Kosoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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11
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Garg A, Yerneni SS, Campbell P, LeDuc PR, Ozdoganlar OB. Freeform 3D Ice Printing (3D-ICE) at the Micro Scale. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201566. [PMID: 35794454 PMCID: PMC9507341 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is one of the most important elements for life on earth. Water's rapid phase-change ability along with its environmental and biological compatibility also makes it a unique structural material for 3D printing of ice structures reproducibly and accurately. This work introduces the freeform 3D ice printing (3D-ICE) process for high-speed and reproducible fabrication of ice structures with micro-scale resolution. Drop-on-demand deposition of water onto a -35 °C platform rapidly transforms water into ice. The dimension and geometry of the structures are critically controlled by droplet ejection frequency modulation and stage motions. The freeform approach obviates layer-by-layer construction and support structures, even for overhang geometries. Complex and overhang geometries, branched hierarchical structures with smooth transitions, circular cross-sections, smooth surfaces, and micro-scale features (as small as 50 µm) are demonstrated. As a sample application, the ice templates are used as sacrificial geometries to produce resin parts with well-defined internal features. This approach could bring exciting opportunities for microfluidics, biomedical devices, soft electronics, and art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Garg
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15232USA
| | | | - Phil Campbell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15232USA
| | - Philip R. LeDuc
- Departments of Mechanical EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringBiological Sciences and Computational BiologyCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15232USA
| | - O. Burak Ozdoganlar
- Departments of Mechanical EngineeringBiomedical Engineering and Material Science and EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15232USA
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12
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Smith KA, Habibi S, de Beer MP, Pritchard ZD, Burns MA. Dual-wavelength volumetric stereolithography of multilevel microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:044106. [PMID: 35935121 PMCID: PMC9352368 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are typically fabricated in an expensive, multistep process (e.g., photolithography, etching, and bonding). Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a revolutionary technology for simple and inexpensive fabrication of monolithic structures-enabling microfluidic designs that are challenging, if not impossible, to make with existing fabrication techniques. Here, we introduce volumetric stereolithography (vSLA), an AM method in which polymerization is constrained to specific heights within a resin vat, allowing layer-by-layer fabrication without a moving platform. vSLA uses an existing dual-wavelength chemistry that polymerizes under blue light (λ = 458 nm) and inhibits polymerization under UV light (λ = 365 nm). We apply vSLA to fabricate microfluidic channels with different spatial and vertical geometries in less than 10 min. Channel heights ranged from 400 μm to 1 mm and could be controlled with an optical dose, which is a function of blue and UV light intensities and exposure time. Oxygen in the resin was found to significantly increase the amount of dose required for curing (i.e., polymerization to a gelled state), and we recommend that an inert vSLA system is used for rapid and reproducible microfluidic fabrication. Furthermore, we recommend polymerizing far beyond the gel point to form more rigid structures that are less susceptible to damage during post-processing, which can be done by simultaneously increasing the blue and UV light absorbance of the resin with light intensities. We believe that vSLA can simplify the fabrication of complex multilevel microfluidic devices, extending microfluidic innovation and availability to a broader community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee A. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sanaz Habibi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Zachary D. Pritchard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mark A. Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Effect of Photo-Mediated Ultrasound Therapy on Nitric Oxide and Prostacyclin from Endothelial Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022; 12. [PMID: 35983461 PMCID: PMC9384428 DOI: 10.3390/app12052617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the effect of photo-mediated ultrasound therapy (PUT) on the treatment of neovascularization. This study explores the impact of PUT on the release of the vasoactive agents nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) from the endothelial cells in an in vitro blood vessel model. In this study, an in vitro vessel model containing RF/6A chorioretinal endothelial cells was used. The vessels were treated with ultrasound-only (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MPa peak negative pressure at 0.5 MHz with 10% duty cycle), laser-only (5, 10, 15 and 20 mJ/cm2 at 532 nm with a pulse width of 5 ns), and synchronized laser and ultrasound (PUT) treatments. Passive cavitation detection was used to determine the cavitation activities during treatment. The levels of NO and PGI2 generally increased when the applied ultrasound pressure and laser fluence were low. The increases in NO and PGI2 levels were significantly reduced by 37.2% and 42.7%, respectively, from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa when only ultrasound was applied. The increase in NO was significantly reduced by 89.5% from 5 to 20 mJ/cm2, when only the laser was used. In the PUT group, for 10 mJ/cm2 laser fluence, the release of NO decreased by 76.8% from 0.1 to 1 MPa ultrasound pressure. For 0.5 MPa ultrasound pressure in the PUT group, the release of PGI2 started to decrease by 144% from 15 to 20 mJ/cm2 laser fluence. The decreases in NO and PGI2 levels coincided with the increased cavitation activities in each group. In conclusion, PUT can induce a significant reduction in the release of NO and PGI2 in comparison with ultrasound-only and laser-only treatments.
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14
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Mohd Asri MA, Nordin AN, Ramli N. Low-cost and cleanroom-free prototyping of microfluidic and electrochemical biosensors: Techniques in fabrication and bioconjugation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:061502. [PMID: 34777677 PMCID: PMC8577868 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrated microfluidic biosensors enable powerful microscale analyses in biology, physics, and chemistry. However, conventional methods for fabrication of biosensors are dependent on cleanroom-based approaches requiring facilities that are expensive and are limited in access. This is especially prohibitive toward researchers in low- and middle-income countries. In this topical review, we introduce a selection of state-of-the-art, low-cost prototyping approaches of microfluidics devices and miniature sensor electronics for the fabrication of sensor devices, with focus on electrochemical biosensors. Approaches explored include xurography, cleanroom-free soft lithography, paper analytical devices, screen-printing, inkjet printing, and direct ink writing. Also reviewed are selected surface modification strategies for bio-conjugates, as well as examples of applications of low-cost microfabrication in biosensors. We also highlight several factors for consideration when selecting microfabrication methods appropriate for a project. Finally, we share our outlook on the impact of these low-cost prototyping strategies on research and development. Our goal for this review is to provide a starting point for researchers seeking to explore microfluidics and biosensors with lower entry barriers and smaller starting investment, especially ones from low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Afiq Mohd Asri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Nurashikin Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Nabilah Ramli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Amadeo F, Mukherjee P, Gao H, Zhou J, Papautsky I. Polycarbonate Masters for Soft Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1392. [PMID: 34832803 PMCID: PMC8622653 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of microfluidic devices by soft lithography is by far the most popular approach due to its simplicity and low cost. The approach relies on casting of elastomers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), on masters fabricated from photoresists on silicon substrates. These masters, however, can be expensive, complicated to fabricate, and fragile. Here we describe an optimized replica molding approach to preserve the original masters by heat molding of polycarbonate (PC) sheets on PDMS molds. The process is faster and simpler than previously reported methods and does not result in a loss of resolution or aspect ratio for the features. The generated PC masters were used to successfully replicate a wide range of microfluidic devices, including rectangular channels with aspect ratios from 0.025 to 7.3, large area spiral channels, and micropost arrays with 5 µm spacing. Moreover, fabrication of rounded features, such as semi-spherical microwells, was possible and easy. Quantitative analysis of the replicated features showed variability of <2%. The approach is low cost, does not require cleanroom setting or hazardous chemicals, and is rapid and simple. The fabricated masters are rigid and survive numerous replication cycles. Moreover, damaged or missing masters can be easily replaced by reproduction from previously cast PDMS replicas. All of these advantages make the PC masters highly desirable for long-term preservation of soft lithography masters for microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (F.A.); (P.M.); (H.G.); (J.Z.)
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16
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Dellaquila A, Le Bao C, Letourneur D, Simon‐Yarza T. In Vitro Strategies to Vascularize 3D Physiologically Relevant Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100798. [PMID: 34351702 PMCID: PMC8498873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of 3D models represents a major challenge of tissue engineering and a key prerequisite for their clinical and industrial application. The use of prevascularized models built from dedicated materials could solve some of the actual limitations, such as suboptimal integration of the bioconstructs within the host tissue, and would provide more in vivo-like perfusable tissue and organ-specific platforms. In the last decade, the fabrication of vascularized physiologically relevant 3D constructs has been attempted by numerous tissue engineering strategies, which are classified here in microfluidic technology, 3D coculture models, namely, spheroids and organoids, and biofabrication. In this review, the recent advancements in prevascularization techniques and the increasing use of natural and synthetic materials to build physiological organ-specific models are discussed. Current drawbacks of each technology, future perspectives, and translation of vascularized tissue constructs toward clinics, pharmaceutical field, and industry are also presented. By combining complementary strategies, these models are envisioned to be successfully used for regenerative medicine and drug development in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dellaquila
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Elvesys Microfluidics Innovation CenterParis75011France
- Biomolecular PhotonicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33615Germany
| | - Chau Le Bao
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Université Sorbonne Paris NordGalilée InstituteVilletaneuseF‐93430France
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17
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Zoupanou S, Volpe A, Primiceri E, Gaudiuso C, Ancona A, Ferrara F, Chiriacò MS. SMILE Platform: An Innovative Microfluidic Approach for On-Chip Sample Manipulation and Analysis in Oral Cancer Diagnosis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080885. [PMID: 34442507 PMCID: PMC8401059 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer belongs to the group of head and neck cancers, and, despite its large diffusion, it suffers from low consideration in terms of prevention and early diagnosis. The main objective of the SMILE platform is the development of a low-cost device for oral cancer early screening with features of high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use, with the aim of reaching a large audience of possible users and realizing real prevention of the disease. To achieve this goal, we realized two microfluidic devices exploiting low-cost materials and processes. They can be used in combination or alone to obtain on-chip sample preparation and/or detection of circulating tumor cells, selected as biomarkers of oral cancer. The realized devices are completely transparent with plug-and-play features, obtained thanks to a highly customized architecture which enables users to easily use them, with potential for a common use among physicians or dentists with minimal training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zoupanou
- Department of Mathematics & Physics E. de Giorgi, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- CNR NANOTEC—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Volpe
- Physics Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.); (A.A.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Council of Research of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Gaudiuso
- Physics Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.); (A.A.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Council of Research of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Ancona
- Physics Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.); (A.A.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Council of Research of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- STMicroelectronics s.r.l., Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Maria Serena Chiriacò
- CNR NANOTEC—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (M.S.C.)
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18
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Guler MT, Inal M, Bilican I. CO2 laser machining for microfluidics mold fabrication from PMMA with applications on viscoelastic focusing, electrospun nanofiber production, and droplet generation. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Sharma BM, Yim SJ, Nikam A, Ahn GN, Kim DP. One-flow upscaling neutralization of an organophosphonate-derived pesticide/nerve agent simulant to value-added chemicals in a novel Teflon microreactor platform. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing value-added products from chemical warfare agents is a concept well beyond the usual notion of simply neutralizing the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh M. Sharma
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Se-Jun Yim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Arun Nikam
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Gwang-Noh Ahn
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
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20
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Wan L, Flegle J, Ozdoganlar B, LeDuc PR. Toward Vasculature in Skeletal Muscle-on-a-Chip through Thermo-Responsive Sacrificial Templates. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100907. [PMID: 33007890 PMCID: PMC7601354 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing new approaches for vascularizing synthetic tissue systems will have a tremendous impact in diverse areas. One area where this is particularly important is developing new skeletal muscle tissue systems, which could be utilized in physiological model studies and tissue regeneration. To develop vascularized approaches a microfluidic on-chip design for creating channels in polymer systems can be pursued. Current microfluidic tissue engineering methods include soft lithography, rapid prototyping, and cell printing; however, these have limitations such as having their scaffolding being inorganic, less desirable planar vasculature geometry, low fabrication efficiency, and limited resolution. Here we successfully developed a circular microfluidic channel embedded in a 3D extracellular matrix scaffolding with 3D myogenesis. We used a thermo-responsive polymer approach with micromilling-molding and designed a mixture of polyester wax and paraffin wax to fabricate the sacrificial template for microfluidic channel generation in the scaffolding. These findings will impact a number of fields including biomaterials, biomimetic structures, and personalized medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (L.W.); (B.O.)
| | - James Flegle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Burak Ozdoganlar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (L.W.); (B.O.)
| | - Philip R. LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (L.W.); (B.O.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Beverung S, Wu J, Steward R. Lab-on-a-Chip for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathology. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E898. [PMID: 32998305 PMCID: PMC7600691 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip technologies have allowed researchers to acquire a flexible, yet relatively inexpensive testbed to study one of the leading causes of death worldwide, cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases, such as peripheral artery disease, arteriosclerosis, and aortic stenosis, for example, have all been studied by lab-on-a-chip technologies. These technologies allow for the integration of mammalian cells into functional structures that mimic vital organs with geometries comparable to those found in vivo. For this review, we focus on microdevices that have been developed to study cardiovascular physiology and pathology. With these technologies, researchers can better understand the electrical-biomechanical properties unique to cardiomyocytes and better stimulate and understand the influence of blood flow on the human vasculature. Such studies have helped increase our understanding of many cardiovascular diseases in general; as such, we present here a review of the current state of the field and potential for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Steward
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (S.B.); (J.W.)
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22
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Azarsa E, Jeyhani M, Ibrahim A, Tsai SSH, Papini M. A novel abrasive water jet machining technique for rapid fabrication of three-dimensional microfluidic components. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:044103. [PMID: 32670461 PMCID: PMC7347392 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices are usually fabricated using replica molding, with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) casting on a mold. Most common techniques used to fabricate microfluidic molds, such as photolithography and soft lithography, require costly facilities such as a cleanroom, and complicated steps, especially for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) features. For example, an often-desired 3D microchannel feature consists of intersecting channels with depth variations. This type of 3D flow focusing geometry has applications in flow cytometry and droplet generation. Various manufacturing techniques have recently been developed for the rapid fabrication of such 3D microfluidic features. In this paper, we describe a new method of mold fabrication that utilizes water jet cutting technology to fabricate free-standing structures on mild steel sheets to make a mold for PDMS casting. As a proof-of-concept, we use this fabrication technique to make a PDMS chip that has a 3D flow focusing junction, an inlet for the sample fluid, two inlets for the sheath fluid, and an outlet. The flow focusing junction is patterned into the PDMS slab with an abrupt, nearly stepwise change to the depth of the microchannel junction. We use confocal microscopy to visualize the 3D flow focusing of a sample flow using this geometry, and we also use the same geometry to generate water-in-oil droplets. This alternative approach to create microfluidic molds is versatile and may find utility in reducing the cost and complexity involved in fabricating 3D features in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Azarsa
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | | | - Amro Ibrahim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | | | - Marcello Papini
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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23
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Geng Y, Ling S, Huang J, Xu J. Multiphase Microfluidics: Fundamentals, Fabrication, and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906357. [PMID: 31913575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase microfluidics enables an alternative approach with many possibilities in studying, analyzing, and manufacturing functional materials due to its numerous benefits over macroscale methods, such as its ultimate controllability, stability, heat and mass transfer capacity, etc. In addition to its immense potential in biomedical applications, multiphase microfluidics also offers new opportunities in various industrial practices including extraction, catalysis loading, and fabrication of ultralight materials. Herein, aiming to give preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds, a comprehensive overview of the formation mechanism, fabrication methods, and emerging applications of multiphase microfluidics using different systems is provided. Finally, major challenges facing the field are illustrated while discussing potential prospects for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - SiDa Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinpei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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24
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Ardeleanu MN, Popescu IN, Udroiu IN, Diaconu EM, Mihai S, Lungu E, Alhalaili B, Vidu R. Novel PDMS-Based Sensor System for MPWM Measurements of Picoliter Volumes in Microfluidic Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4886. [PMID: 31717452 PMCID: PMC6891790 DOI: 10.3390/s19224886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In order for automatic microinjection to serve biomedical and genetic research, we have designed and manufactured a PDMS-based sensor with a circular section channel using the microwire molding technique. For the very precise control of microfluidic transport, we developed a microfluidic pulse width modulation system (MPWM) for automatic microinjections at a picoliter level. By adding a computer-aided detection and tracking of fluid-specific elements in the microfluidic circuit, the PDMS microchannel sensor became the basic element in the automatic control of the microinjection sensor. With the PDMS microinjection sensor, we precise measured microfluidic volumes under visual detection, assisted by very precise computer equipment (with precision below 1 μm) based on image processing. The calibration of the MPWM system was performed to increase the reproducibility of the results and to detect and measure microfluidic volumes. The novel PDMS-based sensor system for MPWM measurements of microfluidic volumes contributes to the advancement of intelligent control methods and techniques, which could lead to new developments in the design, control, and in applications of real-time intelligent sensor system control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihăiţă Nicolae Ardeleanu
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Mechanics, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia Street, Targoviste 130004 Romania;
- S.C. Celteh Mezotronic S.R.L., Calea Câmpulung Street, No. 6A, Targoviste, 130092, Romania
| | - Ileana Nicoleta Popescu
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Mechanics, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia Street, Targoviste 130004 Romania;
| | - Iulian Nicolae Udroiu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Information Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, Targoviste 130004, Romania; (I.N.U.); (E.M.D.)
| | - Emil Mihai Diaconu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Information Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, Targoviste 130004, Romania; (I.N.U.); (E.M.D.)
| | - Simona Mihai
- The Scientific and Technological Multidisciplinary Research Institute (ICSTM-UVT), Valahia University of Targoviste, Targoviste 130004, Romania;
| | - Emil Lungu
- Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Valahia University of Targoviste, Targoviste 130004, Romania;
| | - Badriyah Alhalaili
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Ruxandra Vidu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania
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25
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Yeung C, Chen S, King B, Lin H, King K, Akhtar F, Diaz G, Wang B, Zhu J, Sun W, Khademhosseini A, Emaminejad S. A 3D-printed microfluidic-enabled hollow microneedle architecture for transdermal drug delivery. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064125. [PMID: 31832123 PMCID: PMC6906119 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Embedding microfluidic architectures with microneedles enables fluid management capabilities that present new degrees of freedom for transdermal drug delivery. To this end, fabrication schemes that can simultaneously create and integrate complex millimeter/centimeter-long microfluidic structures and micrometer-scale microneedle features are necessary. Accordingly, three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques are suitable candidates because they allow the rapid realization of customizable yet intricate microfluidic and microneedle features. However, previously reported 3D-printing approaches utilized costly instrumentation that lacked the desired versatility to print both features in a single step and the throughput to render components within distinct length-scales. Here, for the first time in literature, we devise a fabrication scheme to create hollow microneedles interfaced with microfluidic structures in a single step. Our method utilizes stereolithography 3D-printing and pushes its boundaries (achieving print resolutions below the full width half maximum laser spot size resolution) to create complex architectures with lower cost and higher print speed and throughput than previously reported methods. To demonstrate a potential application, a microfluidic-enabled microneedle architecture was printed to render hydrodynamic mixing and transdermal drug delivery within a single device. The presented architectures can be adopted in future biomedical devices to facilitate new modes of operations for transdermal drug delivery applications such as combinational therapy for preclinical testing of biologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haisong Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Kimber King
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Farooq Akhtar
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Diaz
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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26
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Suryawanshi PL, Gumfekar SP, Bhanvase BA, Sonawane SH, Pimplapure MS. A review on microreactors: Reactor fabrication, design, and cutting-edge applications. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Dixit C, Kadimisetty K, Rusling J. 3D-printed miniaturized fluidic tools in chemistry and biology. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 106:37-52. [PMID: 32296252 PMCID: PMC7158885 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
3D printing (3DP), an additive manufacturing (AM) approach allowing for rapid prototyping and decentralized fabrication on-demand, has become a common method for creating parts or whole devices. The wide scope of the AM extends from organized sectors of construction, ornament, medical, and R&D industries to individual explorers attributed to the low cost, high quality printers along with revolutionary tools and polymers. While progress is being made but big manufacturing challenges are still there. Considering the quickly shifting narrative towards miniaturized analytical systems (MAS) we focus on the development/rapid prototyping and manufacturing of MAS with 3DP, and application dependent challenges in engineering designs and choice of the polymeric materials and provide an exhaustive background to the applications of 3DP in biology and chemistry. This will allow readers to perceive the most important features of AM in creating (i) various individual and modular components, and (ii) complete integrated tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.K. Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - K. Kadimisetty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - J. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Centre, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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28
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Raj M K, Chakraborty J, DasGupta S, Chakraborty S. Flow-induced deformation in a microchannel with a non-Newtonian fluid. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:034116. [PMID: 30018695 PMCID: PMC6019333 DOI: 10.1063/1.5036632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have fabricated physiologically relevant polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic phantoms to investigate the fluid-structure interaction that arises from the interaction between a non-Newtonian fluid and the deformable wall. A shear thinning fluid (Xanthan gum solution) is used as the blood analog fluid. We have systematically analyzed the steady flow characteristics of the microfluidic phantom using pressure drop, deformation, and flow visualization using micro-PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) to identify the intricate aspects of the pressure as well as the velocity field. A simple mathematical formulation is introduced to evaluate the flow induced deformation. These results will aid in the design and development of deformable microfluidic systems and provide a deeper understanding of the fluid-structure interaction in microchannels with special emphasis on biomimetic in-vitro models for lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Raj M
- Advanced Technology Development Center, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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29
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3D artificial round section micro-vessels to investigate endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5898. [PMID: 29651108 PMCID: PMC5897395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of xenotransplantation, in ischemia/reperfusion injury as well as in cardiovascular research, the study of the fascinating interplay between endothelial cells (EC) and the plasma cascade systems often requires in vitro models. Blood vessels are hardly reproducible with standard flat-bed culture systems and flow-plate assays are limited in their low surface-to-volume ratio which impedes the study of the anticoagulant properties of the endothelial cells. According to the 3R regulations (reduce, replace and refine animal experimentation) we developed a closed circuit microfluidic in vitro system in which endothelial cells are cultured in 3D round section microchannels and subjected to physiological, pulsatile flow. In this study, a 3D monolayer of porcine aortic EC was perfused with human serum to mimic a xenotransplantation setting. Complement as well as EC activation was assessed in the presence or absence of complement inhibitors showing the versatility of the model for drug testing. Complement activation products as well as E-selectin expression were detected and visualized in situ by high resolution confocal microscopy. Furthermore, porcine pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as soluble complement components in the recirculating fluid phase were detected after human serum perfusion providing a better overview of the artificial vascular environment.
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Nawroth JC, Scudder LL, Halvorson RT, Tresback J, Ferrier JP, Sheehy SP, Cho A, Kannan S, Sunyovszki I, Goss JA, Campbell PH, Parker KK. Automated fabrication of photopatterned gelatin hydrogels for organ-on-chips applications. Biofabrication 2018; 10:025004. [PMID: 29337695 PMCID: PMC6221195 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa96de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip platforms aim to improve preclinical models for organ-level responses to novel drug compounds. Heart-on-a-chip assays in particular require tissue engineering techniques that rely on labor-intensive photolithographic fabrication or resolution-limited 3D printing of micropatterned substrates, which limits turnover and flexibility of prototyping. We present a rapid and automated method for large scale on-demand micropatterning of gelatin hydrogels for organ-on-chip applications using a novel biocompatible laser-etching approach. Fast and automated micropatterning is achieved via photosensitization of gelatin using riboflavin-5'phosphate followed by UV laser-mediated photoablation of the gel surface in user-defined patterns only limited by the resolution of the 15 μm wide laser focal point. Using this photopatterning approach, we generated microscale surface groove and pillar structures with feature dimensions on the order of 10-30 μm. The standard deviation of feature height was 0.3 μm, demonstrating robustness and reproducibility. Importantly, the UV-patterning process is non-destructive and does not alter gelatin micromechanical properties. Furthermore, as a quality control step, UV-patterned heart chip substrates were seeded with rat or human cardiac myocytes, and we verified that the resulting cardiac tissues achieved structural organization, contractile function, and long-term viability comparable to manually patterned gelatin substrates. Start-to-finish, UV-patterning shortened the time required to design and manufacture micropatterned gelatin substrates for heart-on-chip applications by up to 60% compared to traditional lithography-based approaches, providing an important technological advance enroute to automated and continuous manufacturing of organ-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna C. Nawroth
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa L. Scudder
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan T. Halvorson
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Tresback
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John P. Ferrier
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean P. Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Cho
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Suraj Kannan
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ilona Sunyovszki
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josue A. Goss
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick H. Campbell
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Liu Y, Xu P, Liang Z, Xie R, Ding M, Liu H, Liang Q. Hydrogel microfibers with perfusable folded channels for tissue constructs with folded morphology. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23475-23480. [PMID: 35540297 PMCID: PMC9081586 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04192j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusable microfibers with folded channels are generated to fabricate small intestine and skeletal muscle constructs for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Peidi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Zhe Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Mingyu Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Hongxia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- The Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
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32
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Rodríguez-Ruiz I, Babenko V, Martínez-Rodríguez S, Gavira JA. Protein separation under a microfluidic regime. Analyst 2017; 143:606-619. [PMID: 29214270 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC), or micro-Total Analysis Systems (μTAS), is recognized as a powerful analytical technology with high capabilities, though end-user products for protein purification are still far from being available on the market. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the separation of nucleic acids and proteins using electrophoretic microfluidic devices, while pintsize devices have been developed for protein isolation according to miniaturized chromatography principles (size, charge, affinity, etc.). In this work, we review the latest advances in the fabrication of components, detection methods and commercial implementation for the separation of biological macromolecules based on microfluidic systems, with some critical remarks on the perspectives of their future development towards standardized microfluidic systems and protocols. An outlook on the current needs and future applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Babenko
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalograficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - S Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology. University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J A Gavira
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalograficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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Wan L, Skoko J, Yu J, Ozdoganlar OB, LeDuc PR, Neumann CA. Mimicking Embedded Vasculature Structure for 3D Cancer on a Chip Approaches through Micromilling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16724. [PMID: 29196753 PMCID: PMC5711800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability for cells to sense and respond to microenvironmental signals is influenced by their three dimensional (3D) surroundings, which includes the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the 3D environment, vascular structures supply cells with nutrients and oxygen thus affecting cell responses such as motility. Interpretation of cell motility studies though is often restricted by the applied approaches such as 2D conventional soft lithography methods that have rectangular channel cross-sectional morphology. To better simulate cell responses to vascular supply in 3D, we developed a cell on a chip system with microfluidic channels with curved cross-sections embedded within a 3D collagen matrix that emulates anatomical vasculature more closely than inorganic polymers, thus to mimic a more physiologically relevant 3D cellular environment. To accomplish this, we constructed perfusable microfluidic channels by embedding sacrificial circular gelatin vascular templates in collagen, which were removed through temperature control. Motile breast cancer cells were pre-seeded into the collagen matrix and when presented with a controlled chemical stimulation from the artificial vasculature, they migrated towards the vasculature structure. We believe this innovative vascular 3D ECM system can be used to provide novel insights into cellular dynamics during multidirectional chemokineses and chemotaxis that exist in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States
| | - J Skoko
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, 15261, United States
| | - J Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States
| | - O B Ozdoganlar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States
| | - P R LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States.
| | - C A Neumann
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, 15261, United States.
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Islam MM, Beverung S, Steward R. Bio-Inspired Microdevices that Mimic the Human Vasculature. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8100299. [PMID: 30400489 PMCID: PMC6190335 DOI: 10.3390/mi8100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels may be found throughout the entire body and their importance to human life is undeniable. This is evident in the fact that a malfunctioning blood vessel can result in mild symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain to more severe symptoms such as a heart attack or stroke, to even death in the severest of cases. Furthermore, there are a host of pathologies that have been linked to the human vasculature. As a result many researchers have attempted to unlock the mysteries of the vasculature by performing studies that duplicate the physiological structural, chemical, and mechanical properties known to exist. While the ideal study would consist of utilizing living, blood vessels derived from human tissue, such studies are not always possible since intact human blood vessels are not readily accessible and there are immense technical difficulties associated with such studies. These limitations have opened the door for the development of microdevices modeled after the human vasculature as it is believed by many researchers in the field that such devices can one day replace tissue models. In this review we present an overview of microdevices developed to mimic various types of vasculature found throughout the human body. Although the human body contains a diverse array of vascular systems for this review we limit our discussion to the cardiovascular system and cerebrovascular system and discuss such systems that have been fabricated in both 2D and 3D configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mydul Islam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Sean Beverung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Robert Steward
- Departments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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Zhou Z, Chen D, Wang X, Jiang J. Milling Positive Master for Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Devices: The Microfabrication and Roughness Issues. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E287. [PMID: 30400477 PMCID: PMC6190291 DOI: 10.3390/mi8100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We provide a facile and low-cost method (F-L) to fabricate a two-dimensional positive master using a milling technique for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchannel molding. This method comprises the following steps: (1) a positive microscale master of the geometry is milled on to an acrylic block; (2) pre-cured PDMS is used to mold the microscale positive master; (3) the PDMS plate is peeled off from the master and punctured with a blunt needle; and (4) the PDMS plate is O₂ plasma bonded to a glass slide. Using this technique, we can fabricate microchannels with very simple protocols quickly and inexpensively. This method also avoids breakage of the end mill (ϕ = 0.4 mm) of the computerized numerical control (CNC) system when fabricating the narrow channels (width < 50 µm). The prominent surface roughness of the milled bottom-layer could be overcomed by pre-cured PDMS with size trade-off in design. Finally, emulsion formation successfully demonstrates the validity of the proposed fabrication protocol. This work represents an important step toward the use of a milling technique for PDMS-based microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jiahuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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36
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Study on the Optimum Cutting Parameters of an Aluminum Mold for Effective Bonding Strength of a PDMS Microfluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8080258. [PMID: 30400448 PMCID: PMC6189940 DOI: 10.3390/mi8080258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Master mold fabricated using micro milling is an easy way to develop the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device. Achieving high-quality micro-milled surface is important for excellent bonding strength between PDMS and glass slide. The aim of our experiment is to study the optimal cutting parameters for micro milling an aluminum mold insert for the production of a fine resolution microstructure with the minimum surface roughness using conventional computer numerical control (CNC) machine systems; we also aim to measure the bonding strength of PDMS with different surface roughnesses. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the cutting parameters in order to obtain high surface smoothness. The cutting parameters were demonstrated with the following combinations: 20,000 rpm spindle speed, 50 mm/min feed rate, depth of cut 5 µm with tool size 200 µm or less; this gives a fine resolution microstructure with the minimum surface roughness and strong bonding strength between PDMS–PDMS and PDMS–glass.
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Bettella G, Pozza G, Kroesen S, Zamboni R, Baggio E, Montevecchi C, Zaltron A, Gauthier-Manuel L, Mistura G, Furlan C, Chauvet M, Denz C, Sada C. Lithium Niobate Micromachining for the Fabrication of Microfluidic Droplet Generators. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190006 DOI: 10.3390/mi8060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bettella
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianluca Pozza
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Sebastian Kroesen
- Nonlinear Photonics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 2/4, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.K.); (C.D.)
| | - Riccardo Zamboni
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Enrico Baggio
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Carlo Montevecchi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Annamaria Zaltron
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Ludovic Gauthier-Manuel
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25000 Besançon, France; (L.G.-M.); (M.C.)
| | - Giampaolo Mistura
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Claudio Furlan
- CEASC at University of Padova, Via Jappelli 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mathieu Chauvet
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25000 Besançon, France; (L.G.-M.); (M.C.)
| | - Cornelia Denz
- Nonlinear Photonics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 2/4, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.K.); (C.D.)
| | - Cinzia Sada
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (R.Z.); (E.B.); (C.M.); (A.Z.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8277037
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Yu JZ, Korkmaz E, Berg MI, LeDuc PR, Ozdoganlar OB. Biomimetic scaffolds with three-dimensional undulated microtopographies. Biomaterials 2017; 128:109-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lin TY, Do T, Kwon P, Lillehoj PB. 3D printed metal molds for hot embossing plastic microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:241-247. [PMID: 27934978 PMCID: PMC5706547 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are one of the most commonly used materials for fabricating microfluidic devices. While various methods exist for fabricating plastic microdevices, hot embossing offers several unique advantages including high throughput, excellent compatibility with most thermoplastics and low start-up costs. However, hot embossing requires metal or silicon molds that are fabricated using CNC milling or microfabrication techniques which are time consuming, expensive and required skilled technicians. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the fabrication of plastic microchannels using 3D printed metal molds. Through optimization of the powder composition and processing parameters, we were able to generate stainless steel molds with superior material properties (density and surface finish) than previously reported 3D printed metal parts. Molds were used to fabricate poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) replicas which exhibited good feature integrity and replication quality. Microchannels fabricated using these replicas exhibited leak-free operation and comparable flow performance as those fabricated from CNC milled molds. The speed and simplicity of this approach can greatly facilitate the development (i.e. prototyping) and manufacture of plastic microfluidic devices for research and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Yi Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Truong Do
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Patrick Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Peter B Lillehoj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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40
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Korkmaz E, Onler R, Ozdoganlar OB. Micromilling of Poly(methyl methacrylate, PMMA) Using Single-Crystal Diamond Tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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41
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Liu Z, Xu W, Hou Z, Wu Z. A Rapid Prototyping Technique for Microfluidics with High Robustness and Flexibility. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7110201. [PMID: 30404375 PMCID: PMC6189943 DOI: 10.3390/mi7110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In microfluidic device prototyping, master fabrication by traditional photolithography is expensive and time-consuming, especially when the design requires being repeatedly modified to achieve a satisfactory performance. By introducing a high-performance/cost-ratio laser to the traditional soft lithography, this paper describes a flexible and rapid prototyping technique for microfluidics. An ultraviolet (UV) laser directly writes on the photoresist without a photomask, which is suitable for master fabrication. By eliminating the constraints of fixed patterns in the traditional photomask when the masters are made, this prototyping technique gives designers/researchers the convenience to revise or modify their designs iteratively. A device fabricated by this method is tested for particle separation and demonstrates good properties. This technique provides a flexible and rapid solution to fabricating microfluidic devices for non-professionals at relatively low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wenchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zining Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Ångström Laboratory, Microsystems Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75121, Sweden.
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42
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Oliveira AF, Pessoa ACSN, Bastos RG, de la Torre LG. Microfluidic tools toward industrial biotechnology. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1372-1389. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Oliveira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; 500 Albert Einstein avenue Campinas P.O. Box 6066
| | - Amanda C. S. N. Pessoa
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; 500 Albert Einstein avenue Campinas P.O. Box 6066
| | - Reinaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology and Rural Socioeconomy, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos; Km 174 Anhanguera Highway Araras P.O. Box 153
| | - Lucimara G. de la Torre
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; 500 Albert Einstein avenue Campinas P.O. Box 6066
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43
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Naserifar N, LeDuc PR, Fedder GK. Material Gradients in Stretchable Substrates toward Integrated Electronic Functionality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3584-91. [PMID: 26989814 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The approach toward a stretchable electronic substrate employs multiple soft polymer layers patterned around silicon chips, which act as surrogates for conventional electronics chips, to create a controllable stiffness gradient. Adding just one intermediate polymer layer results in a six-fold increase in the strain failure threshold enabling the substrate to be stretched to over twice its length before delamination occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Naserifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Philip R LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Computational Biology and Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gary K Fedder
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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44
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Schmitt M, Choi J, Hui CM, Chen B, Korkmaz E, Yan J, Margel S, Ozdoganlar OB, Matyjaszewski K, Bockstaller MR. Processing fragile matter: effect of polymer graft modification on the mechanical properties and processibility of (nano-) particulate solids. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3527-3537. [PMID: 26979521 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of polymer modification on the deformation characteristics and processibility of particle assembly structures is analyzed as a function of particle size and degree of polymerization of surface-tethered chains. A pronounced increase of the fracture toughness (by approximately one order of magnitude) is observed as the degree of polymerization exceeds a threshold value that increases with particle size. The threshold value is interpreted as being related to the transition of tethered chains from stretched-to-relaxed conformation (and the associated entanglement of tethered chains) and agrees with predictions from scaling theory. The increase in toughness is reduced with increasing particle size - this effect is rationalized as a consequence of the decrease of entanglement density with increasing dimension of interstitial (void) space in particle array structures. The increased fracture toughness of particle brush materials (with sufficient degree of polymerization of tethered chains) enables the fabrication of ordered colloidal films and even complex 3D shapes by scalable polymer processing techniques, such as spin coating and micromolding. The results, therefore, suggest new opportunities for the processing of colloidal material systems that could find application in the economical fabrication of functional components or systems compromised of colloidal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmitt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Jihoon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chin Min Hui
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - O Burak Ozdoganlar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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45
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Carugo D, Lee JY, Pora A, Browning RJ, Capretto L, Nastruzzi C, Stride E. Facile and cost-effective production of microscale PDMS architectures using a combined micromilling-replica moulding (μMi-REM) technique. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:4. [PMID: 26747434 PMCID: PMC4706591 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a cost-effective and simple method to fabricate PDMS-based microfluidic devices by combining micromilling with replica moulding technology. It relies on the following steps: (i) microchannels are milled in a block of acrylic; (ii) low-cost epoxy adhesive resin is poured over the milled acrylic block and allowed to cure; (iii) the solidified resin layer is peeled off the acrylic block and used as a mould for transferring the microchannel architecture onto a PDMS layer; finally (iv) the PDMS layer is plasma bonded to a glass surface. With this method, microscale architectures can be fabricated without the need for advanced technological equipment or laborious and time-consuming intermediate procedures. In this manuscript, we describe and validate the microfabrication procedure, and we illustrate its applicability to emulsion and microbubble production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Carugo
- BUBBL, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jeong Yu Lee
- BUBBL, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anne Pora
- BUBBL, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard J Browning
- BUBBL, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lorenzo Capretto
- School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claudio Nastruzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eleanor Stride
- BUBBL, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Glick CC, Srimongkol MT, Schwartz AJ, Zhuang WS, Lin JC, Warren RH, Tekell DR, Satamalee PA, Lin L. Rapid assembly of multilayer microfluidic structures via 3D-printed transfer molding and bonding. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16063. [PMID: 31057842 PMCID: PMC6444730 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A critical feature of state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies is the ability to fabricate multilayer structures without relying on the expensive equipment and facilities required by soft lithography-defined processes. Here, three-dimensional (3D) printed polymer molds are used to construct multilayer poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) devices by employing unique molding, bonding, alignment, and rapid assembly processes. Specifically, a novel single-layer, two-sided molding method is developed to realize two channel levels, non-planar membranes/valves, vertical interconnects (vias) between channel levels, and integrated inlet/outlet ports for fast linkages to external fluidic systems. As a demonstration, a single-layer membrane microvalve is constructed and tested by applying various gate pressures under parametric variation of source pressure, illustrating a high degree of flow rate control. In addition, multilayer structures are fabricated through an intralayer bonding procedure that uses custom 3D-printed stamps to selectively apply uncured liquid PDMS adhesive only to bonding interfaces without clogging fluidic channels. Using integrated alignment marks to accurately position both stamps and individual layers, this technique is demonstrated by rapidly assembling a six-layer microfluidic device. By combining the versatility of 3D printing while retaining the favorable mechanical and biological properties of PDMS, this work can potentially open up a new class of manufacturing techniques for multilayer microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C. Glick
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- *Casey C. Glick ()
| | | | - Aaron J. Schwartz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William S. Zhuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph C. Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roseanne H. Warren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dennis R. Tekell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Panitan A. Satamalee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- ()
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47
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Faustino V, Catarino SO, Lima R, Minas G. Biomedical microfluidic devices by using low-cost fabrication techniques: A review. J Biomech 2015; 49:2280-2292. [PMID: 26671220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most popular methods to fabricate biomedical microfluidic devices is by using a soft-lithography technique. However, the fabrication of the moulds to produce microfluidic devices, such as SU-8 moulds, usually requires a cleanroom environment that can be quite costly. Therefore, many efforts have been made to develop low-cost alternatives for the fabrication of microstructures, avoiding the use of cleanroom facilities. Recently, low-cost techniques without cleanroom facilities that feature aspect ratios more than 20, for fabricating those SU-8 moulds have been gaining popularity among biomedical research community. In those techniques, Ultraviolet (UV) exposure equipment, commonly used in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) industry, replaces the more expensive and less available Mask Aligner that has been used in the last 15 years for SU-8 patterning. Alternatively, non-lithographic low-cost techniques, due to their ability for large-scale production, have increased the interest of the industrial and research community to develop simple, rapid and low-cost microfluidic structures. These alternative techniques include Print and Peel methods (PAP), laserjet, solid ink, cutting plotters or micromilling, that use equipment available in almost all laboratories and offices. An example is the xurography technique that uses a cutting plotter machine and adhesive vinyl films to generate the master moulds to fabricate microfluidic channels. In this review, we present a selection of the most recent lithographic and non-lithographic low-cost techniques to fabricate microfluidic structures, focused on the features and limitations of each technique. Only microfabrication methods that do not require the use of cleanrooms are considered. Additionally, potential applications of these microfluidic devices in biomedical engineering are presented with some illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Faustino
- MEMS-UMinho Research Unit, Universidade do Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana O Catarino
- MEMS-UMinho Research Unit, Universidade do Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Lima
- MEtRiCS, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minho University, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolonia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Graça Minas
- MEMS-UMinho Research Unit, Universidade do Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
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Guckenberger DJ, de Groot TE, Wan AMD, Beebe DJ, Young EWK. Micromilling: a method for ultra-rapid prototyping of plastic microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2364-78. [PMID: 25906246 PMCID: PMC4439323 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review offers protocols, tips, insight, and considerations for practitioners interested in using micromilling to create microfluidic devices. The objective is to provide a potential user with information to guide them on whether micromilling would fill a specific need within their overall fabrication strategy. Comparisons are made between micromilling and other common fabrication methods for plastics in terms of technical capabilities and cost. The main discussion focuses on "how-to" aspects of micromilling, to enable a user to select proper equipment and tools, and obtain usable microfluidic parts with minimal start-up time and effort. The supplementary information provides more extensive discussion on CNC mill setup, alignment, and programming. We aim to reach an audience with minimal prior experience in milling, but with strong interests in fabrication of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Guckenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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49
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Hovell CM, Sei YJ, Kim Y. Microengineered vascular systems for drug development. JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AUTOMATION 2015; 20:251-8. [PMID: 25424383 PMCID: PMC5663643 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214560767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfabrication technologies and advanced biomaterials have allowed for the development of in vitro platforms that recapitulate more physiologically relevant cellular components and function. Microengineered vascular systems are of particular importance for the efficient assessment of drug candidates to physiological barriers lining microvessels. This review highlights advances in the development of microengineered vascular structures with an emphasis on the potential impact on drug delivery studies. Specifically, this article examines the development of models for the study of drug delivery to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. We also discuss current challenges and future prospects of the development of microengineered vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice M Hovell
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoshitaka J Sei
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - YongTae Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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50
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Jang M, Kwon YJ, Lee NY. Non-photolithographic plastic-mold-based fabrication of cylindrical and multi-tiered poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels for biomimetic lab-on-a-chip applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrical and multi-tiered PDMS microchannels were fabricated from two thermoplastic molds having large difference in glass transition temperatures, and were used for constructing LOC platforms mimicking human microvasculature and liver sinusoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Jang
- Department of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of California Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute
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