ROS mediated Cu[Fe(CN)5NO] nanoparticles for triple negative breast cancer: A detailed study in preclinical mouse model

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of tumor, more prevalent in younger women resulting in poor survival rate (2nd in cancer deaths) because of its asymptomatic existence. The most popular and convenient approach for the treatment of TNBC is chemotherapy which is associated with several limitations. Considering the importance of nanotechnology in health care system, in the present manuscript, we have designed and developed a simple, efficient, cost effective, and ecofriendly method for the synthesis of copper nitroprusside analogue nanoparticles (Cu[Fe(CN)5NO] which is abbreviated as CuNPANP that may be the potential anti-cancer nanomedicine for the treatment of TNBC. Copper (present in CuNPANP) is used because of its affordability, nutritional value and various biomedical applications. The CuNPANP are thoroughly characterized using several analytical techniques. The in vitro cell viability (in normal cells) and the ex vivo hemolysis assay reveal the biocompatible nature of CuNPANP. The anti-cancer activity of the CuNPANP is established in TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) through several in vitro assays along with plausible mechanisms. The intraperitoneal administration of CuNPANP in orthotopic breast tumor model by transplanting 4T1 cells into the mammary fat pad of BALB/c mouse significantly inhibits the growth of breast carcinoma as well as increases the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. These results altogether potentiate the anti-cancer efficacy of CuNPANP as a smart therapeutic nanomedicine for treating TNBC in near future after bio-safety evaluation in large animals.

Microbial nanotechnology for agriculture, food, and environmental sustainability: Current status and future perspective

The field of nanotechnology has the mysterious capacity to reform every subject it touches. Nanotechnology advancements have already altered a variety of scientific and industrial fields. Nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm (nm) are of great scientific and commercial interest. Their functions and characteristics differ significantly from those of bulk metal. Commercial quantities of NPs are synthesized using chemical or physical methods. The use of the physical and chemical approaches remained popular for many years; however, the recognition of their hazardous effects on human well-being and conditions influenced serious world perspectives for the researchers. There is a growing need in this field for simple, non-toxic, clean, and environmentally safe nanoparticle production methods to reduce environmental impact and waste and increase energy productivity. Microbial nanotechnology is relatively a new field. Using various microorganisms, a wide range of nanoparticles with well-defined chemical composition, morphology, and size have been synthesized, and their applications in a wide range of cutting-edge technological areas have been investigated. Green synthesis of the nanoparticles is cost-efficient and requires low maintenance. The present review highlights the synthesis of the nanoparticles by different microbes, their characterization, and their biotechnological potential. It further deals with the applications in biomedical, food, and textile industries as well as its role in biosensing, waste recycling, and biofuel production.

Dynamics of Molecular Self-Assembly of Short Peptides at Liquid-Solid Interfaces - Effect of Charged Amino Acid Point Mutations

Self-organizing solid-binding peptides on atomically flat solid surfaces offer a unique bio/nano hybrid platform, useful for understanding the basic nature of biology/solid coupling and their practical applications. The surface behavior of peptides is determined by their molecular folding, which is influenced by various factors and is challenging to study. Here, the effect of charged amino acids is studied on the self-assembly behavior of a directed evolution selected graphite-binding dodecapeptide on graphite surface. Two mutations, M6 and M8, are designed to introduce negatively and positively charged moieties, respectively, at the anchoring domain of the wild-type (WT) peptide, affecting both binding and assembly. The questions addressed here are whether mutant peptides exhibit molecular crystal formation and demonstrate molecular recognition on the solid surface based on the specific mutations. Frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy is used for observations of the surface processes dynamically in water at molecular resolution over several hours at the ambient. The results indicate that while the mutants display distinct folding and surface behavior, each homogeneously nucleates and forms 2D self-organized patterns, akin to the WT peptide. However, their growth dynamics, domain formation, and crystalline lattice structures differ significantly. The results represent a significant step toward the rational design of bio/solid interfaces, potent facilitators of a variety of future implementations.

Insights into the physico-chemical and biological characterization of sodium lignosulfonate - silver nanosystems designed for wound management

Chronic wounds represent one of the complications that might occur from the disruption of wound healing process. Recently, there has been a rise in interest in employing nanotechnology to develop novel strategies for accelerating wound healing. The aim of the present study was to use a green synthesis method to obtain AgNPs/NaLS systems useful for wounds management and perform an in-depth investigation of their behavior during and post-synthesis as well as of their biological properties. The colloids obtained from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and commercial sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) in a single-pot aqueous procedure have been fully characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, DLS, TEM, XRD, and XPS to evaluate the synthesis efficiency and to provide new insights in the process of AgNPs formation and NaLS behavior in aqueous solutions. The effects of various concentrations of NaLS (0-16 mg/mL) and AgNO3 (0-20 mM) and of two different temperatures on AgNPs formation have been analyzed. Although the room temperature is feasible for AgNPs synthesis, the short mixing at 70 °C significantly increases the speed of nanoparticle formation and storage stability. In all experimental conditions AgNPs of 20-40 nm in size have been obtained. The antimicrobial activity assessed quantitatively on clinical and reference bacterial strains, both in suspension and biofilm growth state, revealed a broad antimicrobial spectrum, the most intensive inhibitory effect being noticed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli strains. The AgNP/NaLS enhanced the NO extracellular release, potentially contributing to the microbicidal and anti-adherence activity by protein oxidation. Both AgNP/NaLS and NaLS were non-hemolytic (hemolytic index<5%, 2.26 ± 0.13% hemolysis) and biocompatible (102.17 ± 3.43 % HaCaT cells viability). The presence of AgNPs increased the antioxidative activity and induced a significant cytotoxicity on non-melanoma skin cancer cells (62.86 ± 8.27% Cal-27 cells viability). Taken together, all these features suggest the multivalent potential of these colloids for the development of novel strategies for wound management, acting by preventing infection-associated complications and supporting the tissue regeneration.

Neuroprotective effect of biogenically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against oxidative stress and β-amyloid toxicity in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans

Amyloid β (Aβ) plaque accumulation-mediated neuronal toxicity has been suggested to cause synaptic damage and consequent degeneration of brain cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD). With the increasing prerequisite of eco-friendly nanoparticles (NPs), research investigators are utilizing green approaches for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs for pharmaceutical applications. In this present study, ZnO NPs were synthesized from Acanthus ilicifolius to assess the neuroprotective properties in the AD model of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strains CL2006 and CL4176 expressing Aβ aggregation. Our findings revealed that the therapeutic effect of green-synthesized ZnO NPs is associated with antioxidant activity. We also found that ZnO NPs significantly enhance the C. elegan's lifespan, locomotion, pharyngeal pumping, chemotaxis behavior also diminish the ROS deposition and intracellular productionMoreover, thioflavin T staining demonstrated that ZnO NPs substantially attenuated the Aβ deposition in the C. elegans strain as compared to untreated worms. With their antioxidant properties, the greenly synthesized ZnO NPs had a significant neuroprotective efficiency on Aβ-induced toxicity by reducing Aβ aggregation and specifically reducing the progression of paralysis in the C. elegans AD model. Our findings suggested that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs could be thought-provoking candidates for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders accompanied by oxidative stress.

Synthesis and characterization of Hypsizygus ulmarius extract mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and test their potentiality on antimicrobial and anticancer effects

The prime aim of this research is to discover new, eco-friendly approaches to reducing agents for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Hu). The confirmation of Hu-mediated AgNPs has been characterized by UV visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM with EDX, HRTEM, AFM, PSA, Zeta poetical and GCMS analysis. The absorption peak of Hu-AgNPs at 430 nm has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy analysis. The findings of the particle size study show that AgNPs have a size distribution with an average of 20 nm. The Zeta potential of NPs reveals a significant build-up of negative charges on their surface. The additional hydrate layers that occurred at the surface of AgNPs are shown in the HR-TEM morphology images. The antibacterial activity results showed that Hu-AgNPs were highly effective against both bacterial pathogens, with gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (-) pathogens having a moderate inhibition effect on K. pneumoniae (5.3 ± 0.3 mm), E. coli (5.3 ± 0.1), and S. aureus (5.2 ± 0.3 mm). Hu-AgNPs (IC50 of 50.78 μg/mL) were found to have dose-dependent cytotoxic action against human lung cancer cell lines (A549). Inhibited cell viability by up to 64.31% after 24 h of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the hand information on the myco-synthesis of AgNPs from the H. ulmarius mushroom extract and the results suggest that it can an excellent source for developing a multipurpose and eco-friendly nano product in future.

Biogenic polymer nanoparticles to remove hydrophobic organic contaminants from water

Soil and water pollution is of significant concern worldwide because of the consequences of environmental degradation and harmful effects on human health. Water bodies are very much polluted by various organic and inorganic pollutants by different human activities, including industrial wastes. Environmental pollution remains high because of urbanization-induced industrial developments and human lifestyle. It accumulates pollutants in the environment including plants and living organisms. Even mothers' milk is poisoned because of the uncontrolled, widespread increase in pollution. The discharge levels of organic hydrophobic contaminants in the water and soil are increasing rapidly. This severe pollution must be remediated to upgrade the environment and ensure the safety of human beings. It is vital to eradicate soil and water pollution to guarantee sufficient food and water. Different techniques available to remove the pollutants vary according to the type of pollutants. Hydrophobic contaminants are more dangerous than heavy metals and other pollutants; they cannot be easily removed, requiring special care. Hydrophobic organoxenobiotics released in the environment pose severe contamination in soil and water. Therefore, developing efficient and cost-effective processes is necessary to remove hydrophobic contaminants from soil and water. With nanoparticle-mediated remediation techniques, the green-synthesized nanoparticles exhibit improved performance. This review consolidates reports on the remediation techniques of hydrophobic contaminants, focusing on green-synthesized remediation agents. The very limited works on green synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles, particularly polyurethane-based materials for organic contaminants removal demand more attention in this area. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Consolidated the effects of hydrophobic organic and plastic contaminants on environment degradation. Summarized the advantages of green synthesized polymer nanoparticles for efficient removal of hydrophobic contaminants. Discussed the different sources of pollution and remediation techniques referring 112 research works.

Green and sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials: Recent advancements and limitations

Nanomaterials have been widely used in diverse fields of research such as engineering, biomedical science, energy, and environment. At present, chemical and physical methods are the main methods for large-scale synthesis of nanomaterials, but these methods have adverse effects on the environment, and health issues, consume more energy, and are expensive. The green synthesis of nanoparticles is a promising and environmentally friendly approach to producing materials with unique properties. Natural reagents such as herbs, bacteria, fungi, and agricultural waste are used in the green synthesis of nanomaterials instead of hazardous chemicals and reduce the carbon footprint of the synthesis process. Green synthesis of nanomaterials is highly beneficial compared to traditional methods due to its low cost, negligible pollution level, and safety for the environment and human health. Nanoparticles possess enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility, making them highly attractive for a range of applications, including catalysis, energy storage, optics, biological labeling, and cancer therapy. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the green synthesis routes of different types of nanomaterials, including metal oxide-based, inert metal-based, carbon-based, and composite-based nanoparticles. Moreover, we discuss the various applications of nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize fields such as medicine, electronics energy, and the environment. The factors affecting the green synthesis of nanomaterials, and their limitations are also pointed out to decide the direction of this research field, Overall, this paper highlights the importance of green synthesis in promoting sustainable development in various industries.

Antimicrobial and Apoptotic Efficacy of Plant-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

Phytogenically synthesised nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems have promising potential in the field of biopharmaceuticals. From the point of view of biomedical applications, such systems offer the small size, high surface area, and possible synergistic effects of NPs with embedded biomolecules. This article describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using extracts from the flowers and leaves of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is known as a remedy for many health problems, including cancer. The reducing power of the extracts was confirmed by total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant tests. The Ag-NPs were characterised by various analytical techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) system. The obtained Ag-NPs showed higher cytotoxic activity than the initial extracts against both human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa (ATCC CCL-2) and human melanoma cell lines A375 and SK-MEL-3 by MTT assay. However, the high toxicity to Vero cell culture (ATCC CCL-81) and human fibroblast cell line WS-1 rules out the possibility of their use as anticancer agents. The plant-mediated Ag-NPs were mostly bactericidal against tested strains with MBC/MIC index ≤4. Antifungal bioactivity (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis) was not observed for aqueous extracts (MIC > 8000 mg L^-1), but Ag-NPs synthesised using both the flowers and leaves of tansy were very potent against Candida spp., with MIC 15.6 and 7.8 µg mL^-1, respectively.

Updates on Biogenic Metallic and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Therapy, Drug Delivery and Cytotoxicity

The ambition to combat the issues affecting the environment and human health triggers the development of biosynthesis that incorporates the production of natural compounds by living organisms via eco-friendly nano assembly. Biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have various pharmaceutical applications, such as tumoricidal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobials, antiviral, etc. When combined, bio-nanotechnology and drug delivery give rise to the development of various pharmaceutics with site-specific biomedical applications. In this review, we have attempted to summarize in brief the types of renewable biological systems used for the biosynthesis of metallic and metal oxide NPs and the vital contribution of biogenic NPs as pharmaceutics and drug carriers simultaneously. The biosystem used for nano assembly further affects the morphology, size, shape, and structure of the produced nanomaterial. The toxicity of the biogenic NPs, because of their pharmacokinetic behavior in vitro and in vivo, is also discussed, together with some recent achievements towards enhanced biocompatibility, bioavailability, and reduced side effects. Because of the large biodiversity, the potential biomedical application of metal NPs produced via natural extracts in biogenic nanomedicine is yet to be explored.

Green synthesis of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles using plant extracts and their applications: A review

Magnetic nanoparticles, particularly ZnFe₂O₄ are of enormous significance in biomedical and water treatment fields. However, chemical synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles endures some major limitations, e.g., the use of toxic substances, unsafe procedure, and cost-ineffectiveness. Biological methods are more preferable approaches since they take advantages of biomolecules available in plant extract serving as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. Herein, we review plant-mediated synthesis and properties of ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles for multiple applications in catalytic and adsorption performance, biomedical, catalyst, and others. Effect of several factors such as Zn²⁺/Fe³⁺/extract ratio, and calcination temperature on morphology, surface chemistry, particle size, magnetism and bandgap energy of obtained ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was discussed. The photocatalytic activity and adsorption for removal of toxic dyes, antibiotics, and pesticides were also evaluated. Main results of antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities for biomedical applications were summarized and compared. Several limitations and prospects of green ZnFe₂O₄ as an alternative to traditional luminescent powders have been proposed.

Microwave assisted sol-gel approach for Zr doped TiO2 as a benign photocatalyst for bismark brown red dye pollutant

A microwave supported sol-gel approach was developed in this study to fabricate Zr-doped TiO₂ mesoporous nanostructures for efficient photocatalytic activity on bismark brown red (BBR) dye under visible light illumination. Sophisticated analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance (UV-vis-DRS) spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area analyses were used to obtain their structural, electrical: optical and spectroscopic characteristics. The analysis results revealed that the developed nanostructures exhibited strong broad absorption in the visible region with good adsorption capacity and thus enhanced photocatalytic performance. The average crystallite size was found to be 12.5 nm (UTO), 6.4 nm (ZT₄), and 4.7 nm (ZT₄M₄) respectively. The nanocatalysts (ZT₄M₄) showed a decrease in bandgap and particle size with an increase in the surface area of the Zr-TiO₂ nanoparticles (119 m² g^-1). In comparison to previous studies on the photocatalytic degradation of BBR dye under visible light irradiation employing Ni-S co-doped (110 min), Cu-doped TiO2 (75 min), etc., ZT₄M₄ exhibited a remarkable degradation rate of 99% in 50 minutes. This may be due to the hydroxyl radicals being the principle reactive species responsible for the BBR dye oxidative degradation. The present study showed that ZT₄M₄ was found to be the best photocatalyst for the BBR dye degradation under the optimal conditions.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nostoc sp. and Their Multiple Biomedical Properties

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are the top candidate in the field of biological applications because of their high surface area and excellent catalytic activities. In the present study, the cyanobacteria-mediated biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs using Nostoc sp. extract as a stabilizing, chelating, and reducing agent is reported. ZnONPs were biologically synthesized using an eco-friendly and simple technique with a minimal reaction time and calcination temperature. Various methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the biosynthesized zinc oxide NPs. XRD analysis depicted the crystalline form of zinc oxide NPs, and the Scherrer equation determined a mean crystalline size of ~28.21 nm. The SEM results reveal the spherical shape of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Various functional groups were involved in the capping and stabilization of the zinc oxide NPs, which were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The zinc oxide NPs showed strong UV-vis absorption at 340 nm. Multiple in vitro biological applications showed significant therapeutic potential for zinc oxide NPs. Potential antimicrobial assays were reported for zinc oxide NPs via the disc-diffusion method and food poisoning method, respectively. All other activities mentioned below are described with the concentration and IC50 values. Biocompatibility with human erythrocytes and macrophages (IC50: 433 µg/mL, IC50 > 323 µg/mL) and cytotoxic properties using brine shrimps (IC50: 11.15 µg/mL) and Leishmania tropics (Amastigotes IC50: 43.14 µg mL−1 and Promastigotes IC50: 14.02 µg mL−1) were determined. Enzyme inhibition assays (protein kinase and alpha amylase) were performed and showed strong potential. Free radical scavenging tests showed strong antioxidant capacities. These results indicate that zinc oxide NPs synthesized by Nostoc sp. have strong biological applications and are promising candidates for clinical development.

Degradation of rhodamine B by persulfate activated with green tea iron nanoparticles

Green iron tea nanoparticles (GT-Fe NPs) were used as persulfate(PS) activators to oxidize rhodamine B (RhB) in this study. Optimized oxidative degradation condition was 0.033 mM Fe, 5 mM PS at pH 3.0 and 298 K with an initial RhB content of 50 mg/L. After 120 min of RhB degradation utilizing GT-Fe NPs activated PS, 99% of RhB reduction was achieved, while 98% RhB reduction with PS activated by citric acid-Fe²⁺(CA-Fe) with the same amount of Fe²⁺. This RhB reduction was due to the delayed release of Fe(II) in the GT-Fe NPs. The addition of GT-Fe NPs enhanced the synthesis of OH· and SO₄^-· while inhibiting the formation of O₂^-·. A possible RhB degradation pathway was the chromophore destruction and ring-opening processes using GT-Fe NPs/PS, which produced a range of low molecular weight carboxylic acids (oxalic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid). GT-Fe NPs seem to be a promising persulfate activator in comparison to common activators such as CA-Fe.

Antibody-modified Gold Nanobiostructures: Advancing Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Improved Cancer Treatment

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, non-invasive method of treating cancer that uses light-activated photosensitizers to create reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, challenges associated with the limited penetration depth of light and the need for precise control over photosensitizer activation have hindered its clinical translation. Nanomedicine, particularly gold nanobiostructures, offers promising solutions to overcome these limitations. This paper reviews the advancements in PDT and nanomedicine, focusing on applying antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures as multifunctional platforms for enhanced PDT efficacy and improved cancer treatment outcomes. The size, shape, and composition of gold nanobiostructures can significantly influence their PDT efficacy, making synthetic procedures crucial. Functionalizing the surface of gold nanobiostructures with various molecules, such as antibodies or targeting agents, bonding agents, PDT agents, photothermal therapy (PTT) agents, chemo-agents, immunotherapy agents, and imaging agents, allows composition modification. Integrating gold nanobiostructures with PDT holds immense potential for targeted cancer therapy. Antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures, in particular, have gained significant attention due to their tunable plasmonic characteristics, biocompatibility, and surface functionalization capabilities. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance the efficacy of PDT, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Passive and active targeting of gold nanobiostructures can enhance their localization near cancer cells, leading to efficient eradication of tumor tissues upon light irradiation. Future research and clinical studies will continue to explore the potential of gold nanobiostructures in PDT for personalized and effective cancer therapy. The synthesis, functionalization, and characterization of gold nanobiostructures, their interaction with light, and their impact on photosensitizers' photophysical and photochemical properties, are important areas of investigation. Strategies to enhance targeting efficiency and the evaluation of gold nanobiostructures in vitro and in vivo studies will further advance their application in PDT. The integrating antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures in PDT represents a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance PDT efficacy, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Continued research and development in this field will contribute to the advancement of personalized and effective cancer treatment approaches.

Biomedical Applications of Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles from Cyanobacteria: an Overview

Recently there had been a great interest in biologically synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) as potential therapeutic agents. The shortcomings of conventional non-biological synthesis methods such as generation of toxic byproducts, energy consumptions, and involved cost have shifted the attention towards green syntheses of NPs. Among noble metal NPs, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are the most extensively used ones, owing to the unique physicochemical properties. AuNPs have potential therapeutic applications, as those are synthesized with biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agent(s). The green method of AuNP synthesis is simple, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective with the use of renewable energy sources. Among all taxa, cyanobacteria have attracted considerable attention as nano-biofactories, due to cellular uptake of heavy metals from the environment. The cellular bioactive pigments, enzymes, and polysaccharides acted as reducing and coating agents during the process of biosynthesis. However, cyanobacteria-mediated AuNPs have potential biomedical applications, namely, targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, antimicrobial agent, biosensors, and imaging.

Mycosynthesis of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles-Fungal Metal Resistance and Mechanisms of Synthesis

In the 21st century, nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in our lives with applications in many sectors, including agriculture, biomedicine, and biosensors. Over the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted to find ways to synthesise nanoparticles (NPs) via mediation with fungi or fungal extracts. Mycosynthesis can potentially be an energy-efficient, highly adjustable, environmentally benign alternative to conventional physico-chemical procedures. This review investigates the role of metal toxicity in fungi on cell growth and biochemical levels, and how their strategies of resistance, i.e., metal chelation, biomineral formation, biosorption, bioaccumulation, compartmentalisation, and efflux of metals from cells, contribute to the synthesis of metal-containing NPs used in different applications, e.g., biomedical, antimicrobial, catalytic, biosensing, and precision agriculture. The role of different synthesis conditions, including that of fungal biomolecules serving as nucleation centres or templates for NP synthesis, reducing agents, or capping agents in the synthesis process, is also discussed. The authors believe that future studies need to focus on the mechanism of NP synthesis, as well as on the influence of such conditions as pH, temperature, biomass, the concentration of the precursors, and volume of the fungal extracts on the efficiency of the mycosynthesis of NPs.

Hemolytic Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Lincomycin or Cefazolin

The overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant bacteria. A good alternative is silver nanoparticles, which have antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Their combination with already known antibiotics has a synergistic effect. In this work, we studied the synthesis of conjugates of silver nanoparticles with two antibiotics, lincomycin and cefazolin. Albumin and glutathione were used as spacer shells with functional groups. The physicochemical properties of the obtained conjugates, their cytotoxicity and synergism of antimicrobial activity were studied. The 50% antimicrobial activity of the obtained samples was shown, which allows them to be recommended for use as topical drug preparations.

Click-Chemistry-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle-Supported Polymer-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes: Glucose Sensor and Antibacterial Material

We report a novel approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized on polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes (Ag@polymer/CNTs) for the non-enzymatic glucose sensing and antibacterial activity applications. Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PSM) was functionalized with amino furan to obtain furan-modified poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PSMF), which was later grafted onto the surface of CNTs by Diels-Alder "click" reaction to afford a polymer/CNTs hybrid material. The photo-deposition technique was applied to immobilized small-sized (∼10 nm) AgNPs on the surface of the polymer/CNTs hybrid material using visible light irradiation. The resulting material, Ag@polymer/CNTs, showed promising electrocatalytic activity for the non-enzymatic glucose sensing and antibacterial activity in vitro assays toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus bacteria strains. Covalent-bonded polymer layer-bearing carboxylic pendent groups to the CNTs might be playing a pivot role in not only stabilizing AgNPs but also facile electron-transfer reaction, thus demonstrating better activity.

Electrochemical Metal Recycling: Recovery of Palladium from Solution and In Situ Fabrication of Palladium-Carbon Catalysts via Impact Electrochemistry

Recycling of critical materials, regeneration of waste, and responsible catalyst manufacture have been repeatedly documented as essential for a sustainable future with respect to the environment and energy production. Electrochemical methods have become increasingly recognized as capable of achieving these goals, and “impact” electrochemistry, with the advantages associated with dynamic nanoelectrodes, has recently emerged as a prime candidate for the recovery of metals from solution. In this report, the nanoimpact technique is used to generate carbon-supported palladium catalysts from low-concentration palladium(II) chloride solutions (i.e., a waste stream mimic) as a proof of concept. Subsequently, the catalytic properties of this material in both synthesis (Suzuki coupling reaction) and electrocatalysis (hydrogen evolution) are demonstrated. Transient reductive impact signals are shown and analyzed at potentials negative of +0.4 V (vs SCE) corresponding to the onset of palladium deposition in traditional voltammetry. Direct evidence of Pd modification was obtained through characterization by environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis of impacted particles. This showed the formation of deposits of Pd0 partially covering the 50 nm carbon black particles with approximately 14% Pd (wt %) under the conditions used. This material was then used to demonstrate the conversion of iodobenzene into its biphenyl product (confirmed through nuclear magnetic resonance) and the successful production of hydrogen as an electrocatalyst under acidic conditions (under cyclic voltammetry).

The Effect of Capping Agents on Gold Nanostar Stability, Functionalization, and Colorimetric Biosensing Capability

Capping agents (organic ligands, polymers, and surfactants) are pivotal for stabilizing nanoparticles; however, they may influence the surface chemistry, as well as the physico-chemical and biological characteristics, of gold nanostar (AuNS)-based biosensors. In this study, we proved that various capping agents affected capped and bioconjugated AuNS stability, functionality, biocatalysis, and colorimetric readouts. Capped and bioconjugated AuNSs were applied as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based H2O2 sensors using glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model enzyme. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that the choice of capping agent influenced the properties of the AuNSs, their stability, and their downstream applications. Our analyses provide new insights into factors governing the choice of capping agents for gold nanostars and their influences on downstream applications with conjugated enzymes in confined environments.

Green Synthesis of Metal Oxides Semiconductors for Gas Sensing Applications

During recent decades, metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) have sparked more attention in various applications and industries due to their excellent sensing characteristics, thermal stability, abundance, and ease of synthesis. They are reliable and accurate for measuring and monitoring environmentally important toxic gases, such as NO₂, NO, N₂O, H₂S, CO, NH₃, CH₄, SO₂, and CO₂. Compared to other sensing technologies, MOS sensors are lightweight, relatively inexpensive, robust, and have high material sensitivity with fast response times. Green nanotechnology is a developing branch of nanotechnology and aims to decrease the negative effects of the production and application of nanomaterials. For this purpose, organic solvents and chemical reagents are not used to prepare metal nanoparticles. On the contrary, the synthesis of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles is done by microorganisms, either from plant extracts or fungi, yeast, algae, and bacteria. Thus, this review aims at illustrating the possible green synthesis of different metal oxides such as ZnO, TiO₂, CeO₂, SnO₂, In₂O₃, CuO, NiO, WO_3, and Fe₃O₄, as well as metallic nanoparticles doping.

Plant Extract-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Their Applications, and Safety Concerns

Nanotechnology has attracted the attention of researchers from different scientific fields because of the escalated properties of nanomaterials compared with the properties of macromolecules. Nanomaterials can be prepared through different approaches involving physical and chemical methods. The development of nanomaterials through plant-based green chemistry approaches is more advantageous than other methods from the perspectives of environmental safety, animal, and human health. The biomolecules and metabolites of plants act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of metallic green nanomaterials. Plant-based synthesis is a preferred approach as it is not only cost-effective, easy, safe, clean, and eco-friendly but also provides pure nanomaterials in high yield. Since nanomaterials have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, green nanomaterials synthesized from plants can be used for a variety of biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Past studies have focused mainly on the overall biogenic synthesis of individual or combinations of metallic nanomaterials and their oxides from different biological sources, including microorganisms and biomolecules. Moreover, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, the literature is mainly focusing on synthetic nanomaterials. Herein, we discuss the extraction of green molecules and recent developments in the synthesis of different plant-based metallic nanomaterials, including silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, iron, and carbon. Apart from the biomedical applications of metallic nanomaterials, including antimicrobial, anticancer, diagnostic, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications, their environmental remediation potential is also discussed. Furthermore, safety concerns and safety regulations pertaining to green nanomaterials are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A Critical Review of the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Green-Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) produced by green synthesis using plant extracts have attracted huge interest in the scientific community due to their excellent antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activities. To evaluate these pharmacological properties, several methods or protocols have been successfully developed and implemented. Although these protocols were mostly inspired by the guidelines from national and international regulatory bodies, they suffer from a glaring absence of standardization of the experimental conditions. This situation leads to a lack of reproducibility and comparability of data from different study settings. To minimize these problems, guidelines for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs should be developed by specialists in the field. Being aware of the immensity of the workload and the efforts required to achieve this, we set out to undertake a meticulous literature review of different experimental protocols and laboratory conditions used for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs that could be used as a basis for future guidelines. This review also brings together all the discrepancies resulting from the different experimental designs and emphasizes their impact on the biological activities as well as their interpretation. Finally, the paper proposes a general overview that requires extensive experimental investigations to set the stage for the future development of effective antimicrobial MNPs using green synthesis.

Coating of silver nanoparticles on polyurethane film surface by green chemistry approach and investigation of antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis

Silver nanoparticles with potential antibacterial properties are included in biomaterials for the production of medical devices, which are used for diagnoses or treatment purposes. The aim of the current study was coating the polyurethane (PU) films with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their antibacterial efficacy. PU films were first modified by chitosan (CH), treated with AgNO3 to let CH chelate with silver ions, and then treated with vitamin-C (vit C) or glucose (Glu) to reduce the adsorbed ions to atomic silver to form AgNPs. The surfaces of the films were examined by ATR-FTIR, XPS, XRD, and SEM. Chemical bond formation between CH and Ag ions and AgNPs were determined by ATR-FTIR. Meanwhile, XPS and SEM analyses proved the presence of reduced metallic silver and nanoparticles on the film surfaces, respectively. According to the SEM analyses, a homogeneous distribution of AgNPs, with sizes 99–214 nm and 37–54 nm, on the film surfaces were obtained depending on Glu or vit C reduction, respectively. The films presented excellent antibacterial performance against Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis ( S. epidermidis). These results suggested that the mentioned green technology can be easily applied to obtain AgNP coated polymeric surfaces with very high antibacterial efficacy. Although there are some studies dealing with AgNP formation on PU sponges or fibers, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing AgNP formation on the CH conjugated PU films.

Novel Green Approaches for the Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Promising Potential in Oncology

The difficulty of achieving targeted drug delivery following administration of currently marketed anticancer therapeutics is a still a concern. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) developed through nanotechnology breakthroughs appear to be promising in this regard. Research studies pertaining to gold NPs have indicated their promising applicability in cancer diagnosis, drug delivery and therapy. These NPs have also recently paved the path for precise drug delivery and site-specific targeting. Our review paper thus highlights the scope and impact of biogenetically generated gold nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer therapy. In a critical, constructive, and methodical manner, we compare the advantages offered by gold NPs over other metal NPs. Moreover, we also focus on novel ‘greener’ strategies that have been recently explored for the preparation of gold NPs and shed light on the disadvantages of conventional NP synthesis routes. Future prospects pertaining to the use of gold NPs in oncotherapy and domains that require further investigation are also addressed.

Green Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Eucalyptus globulus Extract and Their Application in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Agricultural Soil

The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is presented as an excellent sustainable alternative for achieving nanostructures, with potential applications. This research provides important information regarding the influence of the type of solvent used in extracting organic reducing agents from E. globulus on the FeO NPs green synthesis protocol. A broad approach to characterization is presented, where UV-vis spectrophotometry suggests the presence of this type of nanoparticulate material. Likewise, the reduction mechanism was evaluated by FT-IR and the magnetic properties were evaluated by PPSM. In addition, characterizations were linked via elemental analysis (EDX), crystallographic characterization (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM/STEM), and Z potential to evaluate colloidal stability. The results show the influence of the type of solvent used for the extraction of organic reducing agents from E. globulus, and the effect on the synthesis of FeO NPs. In addition, the nanostructure material obtained showed excellent efficiency in the remediation of agricultural soil, eliminating metals such as Cr-VI, Cd, and, to a lesser extent, Pb.

In situ green synthesis of lysozyme/silver nanoparticles sol and their antimicrobial properties

Lysozyme/silver nanoparticles sol (LZM/AgNPs) were synthesized in situ with the assistance of ultraviolet irradiation with enhanced antibacterial activity.

Synthesis, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of a PDS-activated MgO nanocatalyst: experimental and theoretical studies

PDS activation of MgO nanoparticles provides the opportunity to explore their applications and activities.

Silver nanomaterials: synthesis and (electro/photo) catalytic applications

In view of their unique characteristics and properties, silver nanomaterials (Ag NMs) have been used not only in the field of nanomedicine but also for diverse advanced catalytic technologies. In this comprehensive review, light is shed on general synthetic approaches encompassing chemical reduction, sonochemical, microwave, and thermal treatment among the preparative methods for the syntheses of Ag-based NMs and their catalytic applications. Additionally, some of the latest innovative approaches such as continuous flow integrated with MW and other benign approaches have been emphasized that ultimately pave the way for sustainability. Moreover, the potential applications of emerging Ag NMs, including sub nanomaterials and single atoms, in the field of liquid-phase catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis as well as a positive role of Ag NMs in catalytic reactions are meticulously summarized. The scientific interest in the synthesis and applications of Ag NMs lies in the integrated benefits of their catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, and recovery. Therefore, the rise and journey of Ag NM-based catalysts will inspire a new generation of chemists to tailor and design robust catalysts that can effectively tackle major environmental challenges and help to replace noble metals in advanced catalytic applications. This overview concludes by providing future perspectives on the research into Ag NMs in the arena of electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.

Role of different types of nanomaterials against diagnosis, prevention and therapy of COVID-19

In 2019, a novel type of coronavirus emerged in China called SARS-COV-2, known COVID-19, threatens global health and possesses negative impact on people's quality of life, leading to an urgent need for its diagnosis and remedy. On the other hand, the presence of hazardous infectious waste led to the increase of the risk of transmitting the virus by individuals and by hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, in this review, we survey previous researches on nanomaterials that can be effective for guiding strategies to deal with the current COVID-19 pandemic and also decrease the hazardous infectious waste in the environment. We highlight the contribution of nanomaterials that possess potential to therapy, prevention, detect targeted virus proteins and also can be useful for large population screening, for the development of environmental sensors and filters. Besides, we investigate the possibilities of employing the nanomaterials in antiviral research and treatment development, examining the role of nanomaterials in antiviral- drug design, including the importance of nanomaterials in drug delivery and vaccination, and for the production of medical equipment. Nanomaterials-based technologies not only contribute to the ongoing SARS- CoV-2 research efforts but can also provide platforms and tools for the understanding, protection, detection and treatment of future viral diseases.

Green Synthesis of Gold, Silver, and Iron Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater

The green synthesis of nanoscale materials is of special interest to researchers all over the world. We describe a simple, robust, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly approach to the synthesis of gold, silver, and iron nanoparticles using a variety of biomolecules/phytochemicals as potential reducers and stabilizers. The green approach to the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles with different morphologies is based on the use of plant extracts. Green synthesized nanoparticles can be used as catalysts, photocatalysts, adsorbents, or alternative agents for the elimination of various organic dyes. The kinetic enhancement of nanoparticles for the degradation/removal of dyes could provide significant and valuable insights for the application of biochemically functionalized nanoparticles in engineering. In this review, current plant-mediated strategies for preparing nanoparticles of gold, silver, and iron are briefly described, and morphologically dependent nanoparticles for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater are highlighted. Overall, the approach presented in the article supports environmental protection and is a promising alternative to other synthesis techniques.

Green Nanocomposites for Energy Storage

The green nanocomposites have elite features of sustainable polymers and eco-friendly nanofillers. The green or eco-friendly nanomaterials are low cost, lightweight, eco-friendly, and highly competent for the range of energy applications. This article initially expresses the notions of eco-polymers, eco-nanofillers, and green nanocomposites. Afterward, the energy-related applications of the green nanocomposites have been specified. The green nanocomposites have been used in various energy devices such as solar cells, batteries, light-emitting diodes, etc. The main focus of this artifact is the energy storage application of green nanocomposites. The capacitors have been recognized as corporate devices for energy storage, particularly electrical energy. In this regard, high-performance supercapacitors have been proposed based on sustainable nanocomposites. Consequently, this article presents various approaches providing key knowledge for the design and development of multi-functional energy storage materials. In addition, the future prospects of the green nanocomposites towards energy storage have been discussed.

A, Nair AS. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cayratia pedata leaf extract

The synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using a plant-mediated approach is presented in this paper. The nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the Nitrate derivative of Zinc and plant extract of the indigenous medicinal plant Cayratia pedata. 0.1 mM of Zn (NO3)2.6H2O was made to react with the plant extract at different concentrations, and the reaction temperature was maintained at 55 °C, 65 °C, and 75 °C. The yellow coloured paste obtained was wholly dried, collected, and packed for further analysis. In the UV visible spectrometer (UV-Vis) absorption peak was observed at 320 nm, which is specific for Zinc oxide nanoparticles. The characterization carried out using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) reveals the presence of Zinc oxide nanoparticles in its agglomerated form. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, the average size of the nanoparticles was estimated to be 52.24 nm. Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDX) results show the composition of Zinc and Oxygen, giving strong energy signals of 78.32% and 12.78% for Zinc and Oxygen, respectively. Fourier Transform - Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis shows absorption peak of Zn-O bonding between 400 and 600 cm-1. The various characterization methods carried out confirm the formation of nano Zinc oxide. The synthesized nanoparticles were used in the immobilization of the enzyme Glucose oxidase. Relative activity of 60% was obtained when Glucose oxidase was immobilized with the green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. A comparative study of the green synthesized with native ZnO was also carried out. This green method of synthesis was found to be cost-effective and eco-friendly.

Hemolytic Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Effects of Human Albumin- and Polysorbate-80-Coated Silver Nanoparticles

In this study, we aimed to develop a technique for colloidal silver nanoparticle (AgNP) modification in order to increase their stability in aqueous suspensions. For this purpose, 40-nm spherical AgNPs were modified by the addition of either human albumin or Tween-80 (Polysorbate-80). After detailed characterization of their physicochemical properties, the hemolytic activity of the nonmodified and modified AgNPs was investigated, as well as their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects. Both albumin- and Tween-80-coated AgNPs demonstrated excellent stability in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (>12 months) compared to nonmodified AgNPs, characterized by their rapid precipitation. Hemolytic activity of nonmodified and albumin-coated AgNPs was found to be minimal, while Tween-80-modified AgNPs produced significant hemolysis after 1, 2, and 24 h of incubation. In addition, both native and Tween-80-covered AgNPs showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on human adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The albumin-coated AgNPs showed minimal cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial effects of native and albumin-coated AgNPs against S. aureus, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, Corynebacterium spp., and Acinetobacter spp. were statistically significant. We conclude that albumin coating of AgNPs significantly contributes to improve stability, reduce cytotoxicity, and confers potent antimicrobial action.

Oxidative stress cytotoxicity induced by platinum-doped magnesia nanoparticles in cancer cells

The aim of this study was to prepare, characterize, and determine the in vitro anticancer effects of platinum-doped magnesia (Pt/MgO) nanoparticles. The chemical compositions, functional groups, and size of nanoparticles were determined using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Pt/MgO nanoparticles were cuboid and in the nanosize range of 30-50 nm. The cytotoxicity of Pt/MgO nanoparticles was determined via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on the human lung and colonic cancer cells (A549 and HT29 respectively) and normal human lung and colonic fibroblasts cells (MRC-5 and CCD-18Co repectively). The Pt/MgO nanoparticles were relatively innocuous to normal cells. Pt/MgO nanoparticles downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax and p53 tumor suppressor proteins in the cancer cells. Pt/MgO nanoparticles also induced production of reactive oxygen species, decreased cellular glutathione level, and increased lipid peroxidation. Thus, the anticancer effects of Pt/MgO nanoparticles were attributed to the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The study showed the potential of Pt/MgO nanoparticles as an anti-cancer compound.

Bio-electrokinetic remediation of crude oil contaminated soil enhanced by bacterial biosurfactant

The present study evaluating the coupling between bioremediation (BIO) and electrokinetic (EK) remediation of crude oil hydrocarbon by using bio-electrokinetic (BIO-EK) technique. The application of bacterial biosurfactant (BS) may increase the remediation efficiency by increasing the solubility of organic materials. In this work, the potential biosurfactant producing marine bacteria were isolated and identified by 16S rDNA analysis namely Bacillus subtilis AS2, Bacillus licheniformis AS3 and Bacillus velezensis AS4. Biodegradation efficiency of crude oil was found as 88%, 92% and 97% for strain AS2, AS3 and AS4 respectively, with the optimum temperature of 37 °C and pH 7. FTIR confirm the BS belongs to lipopeptide in nature. GCMS reveals that three isolates degraded the lower to higher molecular weight of the crude oil (C₈ to C₂₈) effectively. Results showed that use of BS in electokinetic remediation enhance the biodegradation rate of crude oil contaminated soil about 92% than EK (60%) in 2 days operation. BS enhances the solubilization of hydrocarbon and it leads to the faster electromigration of hydrocarbon to the anodic compartment, which was confirmed by the presence of higher total organic content than the EK. This study proven that the BIO-EK combined with BS can be used to enhance in situ bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils.

Recent Advances in Bio-Templated Metallic Nanomaterial Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Applications

Developing metallic nanocatalysts with high reaction activity, selectivity and practical durability is a promising and active subfield in electrocatalysis. In the classical "bottom-up" approach to synthesize stable nanomaterials by chemical reduction, stabilizing additives such as polymers or organic surfactants must be present to cap the nanoparticle to prevent material bulk aggregation. In recent years, biological systems have emerged as green alternatives to support the uncoated inorganic components. One key advantage of biological templates is their inherent ability to produce nanostructures with controllable composition, facet, size and morphology under ecologically friendly synthetic conditions, which are difficult to achieve with traditional inorganic synthesis. In addition, through genetic engineering or bioconjugation, bio-templates can provide numerous possibilities for surface functionalization to incorporate specific binding sites for the target metals. Therefore, in bio-templated systems, the electrocatalytic performance of the formed nanocatalyst can be tuned by precisely controlling the material surface chemistry. With controlled improvements in size, morphology, facet exposure, surface area and electron conductivity, bio-inspired nanomaterials often exhibit enhanced catalytic activity towards electrode reactions. In this Review, recent research developments are presented in bio-approaches for metallic nanomaterial synthesis and their applications in electrocatalysis for sustainable energy storage and conversion systems.

Nano Metal based Herbal theranostics for Cancer management: coalescing nature's boon with nanotechnological advancement

Cancer is amongst the leading public health problems globally with continuously increasing prevalence rate that demands for extensive and expensive treatment. Despite availability of number of potential cancer therapies, inadequate success has been achieved due to complexity and heterogeneity of tumors. Moreover, late/ terminal stage cancer leads to multidrug resistance, excruciating side effects, recurrence, etc. This is because of low penetrability and deleterious effects of drug on non-target cells/ tissues. This requires for cost effective, efficacious, alternative/ adjunct, complementary medicines with targeted drug delivery approach. A potential strategy to resolve this difficulty is to use theranostics i.e., formulations having both a therapeutic element and an imaging agent. Phytotherapeutics have been extensively used since times immemorial, having wide acceptability, easy availability, minimal side effects and comparatively inexpensive. These herbal formulations are mostly orally administered and thus subjected to adverse pH, enzymatic degradation, poor gut absorption, low bioavailability and non-targeted delivery that ultimately lead to their poor effectiveness. Constraints associated with conventional phyto-pharmaceuticals can be improved by designing and using "Nano Delivery Systems" (NDS). The foremost aim of metal based NDS is to provide sustained drug release, site-specific action, improved patient's compliance and enhanced efficacy. Metal Nanocarriers carrying herbal drugs will avoid these obstructions, so the drug can circulate into the blood for a longer period of time and provide optimal amount of the drug to the site of action. Besides, Herbal drugs with NDS thus would be efficacious as alternative/ complementary cancer theranostics. Present review describes about novel theranostic systems employing metal nanocarriers with diagnostic and therapeutic properties as are an effective strategy for cancer treatment. These systems when conjugated with herbal drugs provide an efficient management strategy for cancer.

The Impact of Nanoparticles on Innate Immune Activation by Live Bacteria

The innate immune system evolved to detect and react against potential dangers such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental particles. The advent of modern technology has exposed innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to a relatively novel type of particulate matter, i.e., engineered nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are not inherently pathogenic, and yet cases have been described in which specific nanoparticle types can either induce innate/inflammatory responses or modulate the activity of activated innate cells. Many of these studies rely upon activation by agonists of toll-like receptors, such as lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan, instead of the more realistic stimulation by whole live organisms. In this review we examine and discuss the effects of nanoparticles on innate immune cells activated by live bacteria. We focus in particular on how nanoparticles may interfere with bacterial processes in the context of innate activation, and confine our scope to the effects due to particles themselves, rather than to molecules adsorbed on the particle surface. Finally, we examine the long-lasting consequences of coexposure to nanoparticles and bacteria, in terms of potential microbiome alterations and innate immune memory, and address nanoparticle-based vaccine strategies against bacterial infection.