1
|
Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Activation of Small Molecules Including Dinitrogen via a Carbene with a σ 0π 2 Electronic Configuration. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39121379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Although the main group species in the s and p blocks have begun to gain prominence in the field of dinitrogen (N2) activation in recent years, reports of carbene-mediated N2 activation remain particularly rare, especially for carbenes with a σ0π2 electronic configuration. Herein, we demonstrate examples of N2 activation initiated by a carbene with a σ0π2 electronic configuration and consequent N2 hydroboration reaction (with a reaction barrier as low as 19.9 kcal/mol) via density functional theory calculations. Meanwhile, the "push-pull" electronic effect upon introduction of a hydroborenium complex facilitates the generation of a thermodynamically and kinetically more stable product. In addition, such a σ0π2 carbene can also activate a series of H-X (X = H, CH3, or Bpin) bonds through an oxidative addition process with activation energies ranging from 6.0 to 18.0 kcal/mol. Our findings highlight the importance of σ0π2 carbenes in the field of small molecule activation, especially N2 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen DT, Helling C, Jones C. Synthesis and Characterization of Bulky 1,3-Diamidopropane Complexes of Group 2 Metals (Be-Sr). Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400498. [PMID: 38760323 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of lithium 1,3-diamidopropane Li2(TripNCN) (TripNCN=[{(Trip)NCH2}2CH2]2-, Trip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) with BeBr2(OEt2)2 gave the diamido beryllium complex, [(TripNCN)Be(OEt2)]. Deprotonation reactions between the bulkier 1,3-diaminopropane (TCHPNCN)H2 (TCHPNCN=[{(TCHP)NCH2}2CH2]2-, TCHP=2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl) and magnesium alkyls afforded the adduct complexes [(TCHPNCN)Mg(OEt2)] and [(TCHPNCN)Mg(THF)2], depending on the reaction conditions employed. Treating [(TCHPNCN)Mg(THF)2] with the N-heterocyclic carbene :C{(MeNCMe)2} (TMC) gave [(TCHPNCN)Mg(TMC)2] via substitution of the THF ligands. Reactions of (ArNCN)H2 (Ar=Trip or TCHP) with Mg{CH2(SiMe3)}2, in the absence of Lewis bases, yielded the N-bridged dimers [{(ArNCN)Mg}2]. Salt metathesis reactions between alkali metal salts M2(TCHPNCN) (M=Li or K) and CaI2 or SrI2 led to the THF adduct compounds [(TCHPNCN)Ca(THF)3] and [(TCHPNCN)Sr(THF)4], the differing number of THF ligands in which is a result of the different sizes of the metals involved. The described complexes hold potential as precursors to kinetically protected, low oxidation state group 2 metal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dat T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bawari D, Toami D, Jaiswal K, Dobrovetsky R. Hydrogen splitting at a single phosphorus centre and its use for hydrogenation. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1261-1266. [PMID: 38937592 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic processes are largely dominated by transition-metal complexes. Main-group compounds that can mimic the behaviour of the transition-metal complexes are of great interest due to their potential to substitute or complement transition metals in catalysis. While a few main-group molecular centres were shown to activate dihydrogen via the oxidative addition process, catalytic hydrogenation using these species has remained challenging. Here we report the synthesis, isolation and full characterization of the geometrically constrained phosphenium cation with the 2,6-bis(o-carborano)pyridine pincer-type ligand. Notably, this cation can activate the H-H bond by oxidative addition to a single PIII cationic centre, producing a dihydrophosphonium cation. This phosphenium cation is also capable of catalysing hydrogenation reactions of C=C double bonds and fused aromatic systems, making it a main-group compound that can both activate H2 at a single molecular main-group centre and be used for catalytic hydrogenation. This finding shows the potential of main-group compounds, in particular phosphorus-based compounds, to serve as metallomimetic hydrogenation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Donia Toami
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krischer F, Gessner VH. Ligand Exchange at Carbon: Synthetic Entry to Elusive Species and Versatile Reagents. JACS AU 2024; 4:1709-1722. [PMID: 38818072 PMCID: PMC11134600 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
How different is carbon compared to other elements in the periodic table? Can carbon compounds be regarded as coordination complexes with carbon as the central element undergoing a facile exchange of its ligands? Although carbon clearly plays a special role among the elements of the periodic table, recent studies have drawn parallels between the bonding situation and the reactivity of carbon compounds to transition metal complexes. This Perspective summarizes recent reports about ylidic and zwitterionic compounds that were shown to exhibit ambiguous bonding situations that can be interpreted as donor-acceptor interactions similar to the bond between a metal and a neutral ligand. Based on this conception, ligand exchange reactions prototypical of transition metal complexes were realized at carbon atoms, enabling new synthetic strategies for the synthesis of reactive species and building blocks. In particular, the exchange of N2, CO, and phosphine ligands led to the development of a mild method for accessing new compounds and reagents with unusual properties, such as vinylidene ketenes or stable ketenyl anions, that open up a diverse but still poorly explored follow-up chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krischer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li W, Li CQ, Leng G, Yan YK, Ma Y, Xu Z, Yang L. Theoretical Investigation on Dialumenes toward Dihydrogen Activation: Mechanism and Ligand Effect. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3273-3284. [PMID: 38635947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a computation study based on the density functional theory calculations to understand the mechanism and ligand effect of the base-stabilized dialumenes toward dihydrogen activation. Among all of the examined modes of dihydrogen activation using the base-stabilized dialumene, we found that the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond is kinetically more preferable. The concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond adopts an electron-transfer model with certain asynchrony. That is, the initial electron donation from the H-H σ bonding orbital to the empty 3p orbital of the Al1 center is followed by the backdonation from the lone pair electron of the Al2 center to the H-H σ antibonding orbital. Combined with the energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond and the topographic steric mapping analysis on the free dialumenes, we ascribe the higher reactivity of the aryl-substituted dialumene over the silyl-substituted analogue in dihydrogen activation to the stronger electron-withdrawing effect of the aryl group, which not only increases the flexibility of the Al═Al double bond but also enhances the Lewis acidity of the Al═Al core. Consequently, the aryl-substituted dialumene fragment suffers less geometric deformation, and the orbital interactions between the dialumene and dihydrogen moieties are more attractive during the 1,2-hydrogenation process. Moreover, our calculations also predict that the Al═Al double bond has a good tolerance with the stronger electron-withdrawing group (-CF3) and the weaker σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogue (e.g., triazol carbene and NHSi). The reactivity of the dialumene in dihydrogen activation can be further improved by introducing these groups as the supporting ligand and the stabilizing base on the Al═Al core, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Qin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, P. R. China
| | - Geng Leng
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- TIianfu Co-Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610299, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Kun Yan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Xu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Lingsong Yang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rang M, Heinz M, Halkić A, Weber M, Dewhurst RD, Rempel A, Härterich M, Holthausen MC, Braunschweig H. Trapping of a Terminal Intermediate in the Boron-Mediated Dinitrogen Reduction: Mono-, Tri-, and Tetrafunctionalized Hydrazines in Two Steps from N 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38598273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The addition of chlorotrimethylsilane to a boron-mediated, transition-metal-free N2 activation reaction leads to the isolation of multiple potassium boryl(silyl)hydrazido species, likely trapping products of a terminal dinitrogen complex of boron. One of these silylated N2 species can be protonated or methylated, providing access to mono- to tetrafunctionalized hydrazines in two steps from N2 and in the absence of transition metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anel Halkić
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Weber
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rempel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vermersch F, Wang VT, Abdellaoui M, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Ambiphilicity of ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3707-3710. [PMID: 38455021 PMCID: PMC10915854 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes, such as imidazole-2-ylidenes and imidazolin-2-ylidenes, the popular class of singlet carbenes introduced by Arduengo in 1991 have not been shown to be ambiphilic owing to the two σ-withdrawing, π-donating amino groups flanking the carbene centre. However, our experimental data suggest that ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbenes (RE-NHCs), especially the seven and eight membered rings, are significantly ambiphilic. Our results also show that the steric environment in RE-NHCs can become a determining factor for controlling the E-H bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Vermersch
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Victor T Wang
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Mehdi Abdellaoui
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nayak MK, Elvers BJ, Mehta S, Krummenacher I, Mondal A, Braunschweig H, Schulzke C, Ravat P, Jana A. Bis-[cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene]-derived diradicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1739-1742. [PMID: 38240479 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05779h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Crystalline polymeric structures of trans-1,4-cyclohexylene bridged N-tethered bis-CAACs in the form of their LiOTf adducts were synthesized and isolated. These were further used as building blocks for the synthesis of crystalline (amino)(carboxy)-based diradicals. The triplet diradical character of these compounds was unambiguously confirmed by the presence of a half-field signal in their EPR spectra. Theoretical calculations show that the singlet state is marginally more stable than the triplet state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India.
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sakshi Mehta
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Abhishake Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Liu W, Huangfu X, Wei J, Yu J, Zhang WX. Direct Synthesis of Phosphoryltriacetates from White Phosphorus via Visible Light Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302289. [PMID: 37927193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are widely used in many fields. However, traditional synthetic routes in the industry usually involve multistep and hazardous procedures. Therefore, it's of great significance to construct such compounds in an environmentally-friendly and facile way. Herein, a photoredox catalytic method has been developed to construct novel phosphoryltriacetates. Using fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy=2-phenylpyridine) as the photocatalyst and blue LEDs (456 nm) as the light source, white phosphorus can react with α-bromo esters smoothly to generate phosphoryltriacetates in moderate to good yields. This one-step approach features mild reaction conditions and simple operational process without chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinlei Huangfu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangxi Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds, Key Laboratory of Organometallic New Materials (Hengyang Normal University), College of Hunan Province, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duan C, Cui C. Boryl-substituted low-valent heavy group 14 compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:361-379. [PMID: 38086648 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Low valent group 14 compounds exhibit diverse structures and reactivities. The employment of diazaborolyl anions (NHB anions), isoelectronic analogues to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in group 14 chemistry leads to the exceptional structures and reactivity. The unique combination of σ-electron donation and pronounced steric hindrance impart distinct structural characteristics to the NHB-substituted low valent group 14 compounds. Notably, the modulation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in these compounds with the diazaborolyl substituents results in novel reaction patterns in the activation of small molecules and inert chemical bonds. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances in NHB-substituted low-valent heavy Group 14 compounds, emphasizing their synthesis, structural characteristics and application to small molecule activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Filbeck E, Cremer S, Jansen MCF, Kaifer E, Himmel HJ. Halide-Coupled Double Electron Transfer with Electron-Rich Diboranes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302911. [PMID: 37728170 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The ditriflato-diborane B2 (μ-hpp)2 (OTf)2 (hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidinate) acts as a stable surrogate of the elusive dication [B2 (hpp)2 ]2+ , being both electrophilic (vacant boron p orbitals) and nucleophilic (filled B-B bond orbital). This combination of seemingly contrasting behaviors could be used to develop a metallomimetic diborane chemistry, with Lewis σ-basic and π-acidic substrates being bound and reduced at the diborane. Here, we report on a novel reaction type within this general theme, in which double electron transfer from the diboron unit to the boron-bound organic substrate is coupled with halide transfer in the other direction. Novel diborylated dienamines are synthesized in this way. The scope of this unprecedented reaction motif and the reaction pathways are elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Filbeck
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Cremer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz C F Jansen
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu CH, Au-Yeung KC, Liu R, Lee CH, Jiang D, Semagne Aweke B, Wu CH, Wang YJ, Wang TH, Voon Kong K, Yap GPA, Chen WC, Frenking G, Zhao L, Ong TG. Diversification of the Carbodicarbene Class by Embedding an Anionic Component in its Scaffold. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302886. [PMID: 37730960 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbodicarbene (CDC) has become an emerging ligand in many fields due to its strong σ-donating ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Yu
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Ka-Chun Au-Yeung
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Corporate R&D Center, LCY Chemical Corporation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ruiqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Hsien Lee
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Dandan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bamlaku Semagne Aweke
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (R.O.C
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jou Wang
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ting-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Gernot Frenking
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matsuoka M, Nagata K, Ohno R, Matsuo T, Tobita H, Hashimoto H. Neutral Chromium Complex with a Cr≡Si Triple Bond: Synthesis and Photoinduced H-H and Benzene C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2023:e202303765. [PMID: 38088491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A neutral silylyne complex with a Cr≡Si triple bond was prepared by dehydrogenation of a chromium silylene complex with Cr-H and Si-H bonds, and was isolated as monomeric crystals, unlike dimeric forms of its tungsten and molybdenum congeners. The strong Cr(δ-)-Si(δ+) bond polarity was revealed by the reaction with MeOH and DFT calculations. The chromium silylyne complex reacted with H2 under LED (365 nm) irradiation to reproduce the precursor silylene complex with a (H)Cr=Si(H) moiety, as a result of 1,2-H-H addition across the Cr≡Si triple bond. Similarly, the chromium silylyne complex reacted with benzene under irradiation to afford an 1,2-addition product with a (H)Cr=Si(Ph) moiety, via benzene C-H bond activation accompanied by Si-C bond forming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryoma Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi, Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi, Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen M, Zhang Z, Liu J, Li G, Zhao L, Mo Z. Isolation and Reactivity of Homoleptic Diphosphene Lead Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312837. [PMID: 37837247 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their limited capacity for π-backdonation, isolation of π-complexes of main-group elements remains a great challenge. We report herein the synthesis of a homoleptic diphosphene lead complex (2) from the degradation of P4 with a bis(germylene)-stabilized Pb(0) complex. Structural and computational studies showed that 2 possesses significant π bonding interactions between Pb atom and diphosphene ligands, which is reminiscent of transition-metal diphosphene complexes. Consistent with its unique electronic structure, complex 2 can deliver Pb(0) atoms to perform redox reaction with an iminoquinone to produce a cyclic plumbylene (4) and perform 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-dimethylimidazol-1-ylidene (IMe2 Me2 ) induced phosphorus cation abstraction to give an anionic PbP3 complex (6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. A planar per-borylated digermene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16591-16595. [PMID: 37961827 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A tetraboryl digermene synthesized by the reaction between a dianionic digermanide nucleophile and a boron halide electrophile is dimeric both in the solid state and in hydrocarbon solution. It features both a planar 'alkene-like' geometry for the Ge2B4 core, and an exceptionally short GeGe double bond. These structural features are consistent with the known electronic properties of the boryl group, and with lowest energy (in silico) fragmentation into two triplet bis(boryl)germylene fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen J, Wang J, Wang X, Wei D, Duan Z. π-Electron Fluctuation-Induced P + /C - Ambiphilic Interaction for Intramolecular C Ar -H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2023:e202302889. [PMID: 37974486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe how computational mechanistic understanding has led directly to the discovery of new 2H-phosphindole for C-CAr bond activation and dearomatization reaction. We uncover an unexpected intramolecular C-H bond activation with a 2H-phosphindole derivative. This new intriguing experimental observation and further theoretical studies led to an extension of the reaction mechanism with 2H-phosphindole. Through DFT calculations, we confirm that within a five-membered ring, the polarizable PC3 unit orchestrates the formation of an electrophilic phosphorus atom (P+ ) and a nucleophilic carbon atom (C- ). This kinetically accessible ambiphilic phosphorus/carbon couple is spatially separated by geometric constraints, and their reactivity is modulated through structural resonance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Chen
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Park J, Kim J, Jeong GY, Kim Y, Lee E. Uncovering Nitrosyl Reactivity at N-Heterocyclic Carbene Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314978. [PMID: 37917039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have garnered much attention due to their unique properties, such as strong σ-donating and π-accepting abilities, as well as their transition-metal-like reactivity toward small molecules. In 2015, we discovered that NHCs can react with nitric oxide (NO) gas to form radical adducts that resemble transition metal nitrosyl complexes. To elucidate the analogy between NHC and transition metal NO adducts, here we have undertaken a systematic investigation of the electron- and proton-transfer chemistry of [NHC-NO]⋅ (N-heterocyclic carbene nitric oxide radical) compounds. We have accessed a suite of compounds, comprised of [NHC-NO]+ , [NHC-NO]- , [NHC-NOH]0 , and [NHC-NHOH]+ species. In particular, [NHC-NO]- was isolated as potassium and lithium ion adducts. Most interestingly, a monomeric potassium [NHC-NO]- compound was isolated with the assistance of 18-crown-6, which is the first instance of a monomeric alkali N-oxyl compound to the best of our knowledge. Our results demonstrate that [NHC-NO]⋅ exhibits redox behavior broadly similar to metal nitrosyl complexes, which opens up more possibilities for utilizing NHCs to build on the known reactivity of metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbeom Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaelim Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Yoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Loh YK, Melaimi M, Gembicky M, Munz D, Bertrand G. A crystalline doubly oxidized carbene. Nature 2023; 623:66-70. [PMID: 37730995 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbon is governed by the octet rule, which refers to its tendency to have eight electrons in its valence shell. However, a few exceptions do exist, for example, the trityl radical (Ph3C∙) (ref. 1) and carbocation (Ph3C+) (ref. 2) with seven and six valence electrons, respectively, and carbenes (R2C:)-two-coordinate octet-defying species with formally six valence electrons3. Carbenes are now powerful tools in chemistry, and have even found applications in material and medicinal sciences4. Can we undress the carbene further by removing its non-bonding electrons? Here we describe the synthesis of a crystalline doubly oxidized carbene (R2C2+), through a two-electron oxidation/oxide-ion abstraction sequence from an electron-rich carbene5. Despite a cumulenic structure and strong delocalization of the positive charges, the dicoordinate carbon centre maintains significant electrophilicity, and possesses two accessible vacant orbitals. A two-electron reduction/deprotonation sequence regenerates the parent carbene, fully consistent with its description as a doubly oxidized carbene. This work demonstrates that the use of bulky strong electron-donor substituents can simultaneously impart electronic stabilization and steric protection to both vacant orbitals on the central carbon atom, paving the way for the isolation of a variety of doubly oxidized carbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Milan Gembicky
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guthardt R, Jacob HL, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. A complete series of N-heterocyclic tetrylenes (Si-Pb) with a 1,1'-ferrocenediyl backbone enabled by 1,3,2-diazaborolyl N-substituents. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14380-14389. [PMID: 37781741 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of bulky 1,3,2-diazaborolyl N-substituents has allowed the synthesis of the complete series of ferrocene-based N-heterocyclic tetrylenes fc[(N{B})2E] (fc = 1,1'-ferrocenediyl, {B} = (HCNC6H3-2,6-iPr2)2B, E = Si-Pb). The silylene fc[(N{B})2Si] is inert towards NH3, CO2 or N2O under ambient conditions and thus significantly less reactive than the N-aryl homologue fc[(NC6H3-2,6-iPr2)2Si]. In accord with its higher reactivity, computational results indicate a more pronounced ambiphilicity of fc[(NC6H3-2,6-iPr2)2Si]. Our computational investigation of the model compound fc[(NBMe2)2Si] suggests that silylenes of this type may be superior to fc[(NC6H3-2,6-iPr2)2Si] in terms of ambiphilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guthardt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Hannes L Jacob
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pei R, He L, Zhao Y, Wang X. The Dynamic Lewis Acid-Carbene Hybrid: Pushing the Electrophilicity of Carbenes to the Limit. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21733-21737. [PMID: 37774109 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a Lewis-acid-coordination strategy to efficiently enhance the electrophilicity of a carbene beyond structural modification. A hybrid BCF-DAC is formed by the coordination of a Lewis acid, B(C6F5)3 (BCF), to an N,N'-diamidocarbene (DAC), possessing superior low LUMO energy that is indicated by theoretical calculation. This endows the hybridized carbene with a unique reactivity that speeds up the activation of the sp3-hybridized C-H bond of toluene and the [2+1] cycloaddition with C2H2. More strikingly, the hybrid readily undergoes [2+1] cycloaddition with C2H4 under ambient conditions, which is the first example of a stable carbene reacting with ethylene. The Lewis acid approach also features dynamic behavior and electrophilicity tunability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liancheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ghadwal RS. 1,3-Imidazole-Based Mesoionic Carbenes and Anionic Dicarbenes: Pushing the Limit of Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304665. [PMID: 37132480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Classical N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) featuring the carbene center at the C2-position of 1,3-imidazole framework (i.e. C2-carbenes) are well acknowledged as very versatile neutral ligands in molecular as well as in materials sciences. The efficiency and success of NHCs in diverse areas is essentially attributed to their persuasive stereoelectronics, in particular the potent σ-donor property. The NHCs with the carbene center at the unusual C4 (or C5) position, the so-called abnormal NHCs (aNHCs) or mesoionic carbenes (iMICs), are however superior σ-donors than C2-carbenes. Hence, iMICs have substantial potential in sustainable synthesis and catalysis. The main obstacle in this direction is rather demanding synthetic accessibility of iMICs. The aim of this review article is to highlight recent advances, particularly by the author's research group, in accessing stable iMICs, quantifying their properties, and exploring their applications in synthesis and catalysis. In addition, the synthetic viability and use of vicinal C4,C5-anionic dicarbenes (ADCs), also based on an 1,3-imidazole framework, are presented. As will be apparent on following pages, iMICs and ADCs hold potentials in pushing the limit of classical NHCs by enabling access to conceptually new main-group heterocycles, radicals, molecular catalysts, ligands sets, and more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nussbaum BC, Humphries AL, Gange GB, Peryshkov DV. Redox-active carborane clusters in bond activation chemistry and ligand design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9918-9928. [PMID: 37522167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral closo-dodecaboranes have the ability to accept two electrons, opening into a dianionic nido-cluster. This transformation can be utilized to store electrons, drive bond activation, or alter coordination to metal cations. In this feature article, we present cases for each of these applications, wherein the redox activity of carborane facilitates the generation of unique products. We highlight the effects of exohedral substituents on reactivity and the stability of the products through conjugation between the cluster and exohedral substituents. Futher, the utilization of the redox properties and geometry of carborane clusters in the ligand design is detailed, both in the stabilization of low-valent complexes and in the tuning of ligand geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Nussbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Amanda L Humphries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Gayathri B Gange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cao Y, Mieres-Perez J, Lucht K, Ulrich I, Schweer P, Sanchez-Garcia E, Morgenstern K, Sander W. C-C Coupling of Carbene Molecules on a Metal Surface in the Presence of Water. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11544-11552. [PMID: 37207364 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel surface-confined C-C coupling reaction involving two carbene molecules and a water molecule was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy in real space. Carbene fluorenylidene was generated from diazofluorene in the presence of water on a silver surface. While in the absence of water, fluorenylidene covalently binds to the surface to form a surface metal carbene, and water can effectively compete with the silver surface in reacting with the carbene. Water molecules in direct contact with fluorenylidene protonate the carbene to form the fluorenyl cation before the carbene can bind to the surface. In contrast, the surface metal carbene does not react with water. The fluorenyl cation is highly electrophilic and draws electrons from the metal surface to generate the fluorenyl radical which is mobile on the surface at cryogenic temperatures. The final step in this reaction sequence is the reaction of the radical with a remaining fluorenylidene molecule or with diazofluorene to produce the C-C coupling product. Both a water molecule and the metal surface are essential for the consecutive proton and electron transfer followed by C-C coupling. This C-C coupling reaction is unprecedented in solution chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Cao
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Lehrstuhl für Computational Bioengineering, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Karsten Lucht
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Iris Ulrich
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Paul Schweer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Lehrstuhl für Computational Bioengineering, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Xie X, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Insertion of CO 2 and CS 2 into Bi-N bonds enables catalyzed CH-activation and light-induced bismuthinidene transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5214-5219. [PMID: 37206406 PMCID: PMC10189873 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01635h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake and release of small molecules continue to be challenging tasks of utmost importance in synthetic chemistry. The combination of such small molecule activation with subsequent transformations to generate unusual reactivity patterns opens up new prospects for this field of research. Here, we report the reaction of CO2 and CS2 with cationic bismuth(iii) amides. CO2-uptake gives isolable, but metastable compounds, which upon release of CO2 undergo CH activation. These transformations could be transferred to the catalytic regime, which formally corresponds to a CO2-catalyzed CH activation. The CS2-insertion products are thermally stable, but undergo a highly selective reductive elimination under photochemical conditions to give benzothiazolethiones. The low-valent inorganic product of this reaction, Bi(i)OTf, could be trapped, showcasing the first example of light-induced bismuthinidene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Anna Hanft
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Härterich M, Matler A, Dewhurst RD, Sachs A, Oppel K, Stoy A, Braunschweig H. A step-for-step main-group replica of the Fischer carbene synthesis at a borylene carbonyl. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2764. [PMID: 37179413 PMCID: PMC10183005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fischer carbene synthesis, involving the conversion of a transition metal (TM)-bound CO ligand to a carbene ligand of the form [=C(OR')R] (R, R' = organyl groups), is one of the seminal reactions in the history of organometallic chemistry. Carbonyl complexes of p-block elements, of the form [E(CO)n] (E = main-group fragment), are much less abundant than their TM cousins; this scarcity and the general instability of low-valent p-block species means that replicating the historical reactions of TM carbonyls is often very difficult. Here we present a step-for-step replica of the Fischer carbene synthesis at a borylene carbonyl involving nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon followed by electrophilic quenching at the resultant acylate oxygen atom. These reactions provide borylene acylates and alkoxy-/silyloxy-substituted alkylideneboranes, main-group analogues of the archetypal transition metal acylate and Fischer carbene families, respectively. When either the incoming electrophile or the boron center has a modest steric profile, the electrophile instead attacks at the boron atom, leading to carbene-stabilized acylboranes - boron analogues of the well-known transition metal acyl complexes. These results constitute faithful main-group replicas of a number of historical organometallic processes and pave the way to further advances in the field of main-group metallomimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Härterich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Matler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sachs
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Oppel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stoy
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marczyk A, Trzaskowski B. Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts Bearing Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: A Computational Study on Failed Approaches to Their Synthesis. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marczyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kirkland JK, Johnson SK, Vogiatzis KD. Computational investigation of functionalized carbenes on dinitrogen activation. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:832-842. [PMID: 36480003 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the dinitrogen triple bond is a crucial step in the overall fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for industrial and biological applications. Current synthetic catalysts incorporate metal ions to facilitate the activation and cleavage of dinitrogen. The high price of metal-based catalysts and the challenge of catalyst recovery during industrial catalytic processes has led to increasing interest in metal-free catalysts. One step toward metal-free catalysis is the use of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). In this study, we have examined 18 functionalized carbenes as FLPs to elucidate the influence of steric and electronic effects on the activation of dinitrogen. To test the effects of functionalization on dinitrogen activation, we have performed density functional theory (DFT), multireference, non and extended transition state-natural orbital for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) calculations. Our results suggest that functional groups which introduce strong electron-withdrawing effects and/or engage in extended π/π* systems lead to the lowering of the dissociation energy of the dinitrogen bond, which further contributes to greater nitrogen activation. We conjecture that these effects are due to enhanced back-bonding capability of the p orbital of the carbene carbon atoms to the adjacent nitrogen atoms (increasing Lewis basicity of the carbene carbon atom) and enhanced stability of dissociated products. Our concluding remarks include opportunities to extend this activation study to explore the entire catalytic cycle with promising functionalized carbenes for experimental evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Kirkland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sophia K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Loh YK, Melaimi M, Munz D, Bertrand G. An Air-Stable "Masked" Bis(imino)carbene: A Carbon-Based Dual Ambiphile. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2064-2069. [PMID: 36649656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes, once considered laboratory curiosities, now serve as powerful tools in the chemical and material sciences. To date, all stable singlet carbenes are single-site ambiphiles. Here we describe the synthesis of a carbene which is a carbon-based dual ambiphile (both single-site and dual-site). The key is to employ imino substituents derived from a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC), which imparts a 1,3-dipolar character to the carbene. Its dual ambiphilic nature is consistent with the ability to activate simple organic molecules in both 1,1- and 1,3-fashion. Furthermore, its 1,3-ambiphilicity facilitates an unprecedented reversible intramolecular dearomative [3 + 2] cycloaddition with a proximal arene substituent, giving the carbene the ability to "mask" itself as an air-stable cycloadduct. We perceive that the concept of dual ambiphilicity opens a new dimension for future carbene chemistry, expanding the repertoire of applications beyond that known for classical single-site ambiphilic carbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Theoretical Prediction of the Catalytic Efficiency of Non-metalated Pincer-like Phosphorus Compounds for the Hydrogenation of Carbon-monoxide with Ammonia-Borane. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
30
|
Muhasina PV, Parameswaran P. σ versus π-radical: Tuning the electronic nature of neutral carbon (I) compounds with three non-bonding electrons. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:422-431. [PMID: 35802539 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bonding and reactivity of the hypo-coordinated compounds with one, two, and four non-bonding electrons namely, carbon-centered free radical, carbenes, and carbones were well earlier established. Here, we report stability, bonding and reactivity of compounds RCL, where R is one-electron donor group (R = CH3 (a), CHO (b), and NO2 (c)) and L is two-electron donor ligand (L = cAAC (1), CO (2), NHC (3) and PMe3 (4)), having three non-bonding electrons. The ground states of molecules exist in a doublet with a lone pair of electrons and an unpaired electron at the central carbon atom (C1). The spin hops over from π- to σ-type orbitals is observed as the π-acceptor strength of the donor ligand increases. The replacement of the methyl group by CHO and NO2 indicate that the cAAC and CHO substituted compounds gives a σ-radical except in compound 2c. These molecules show very high proton affinity and exothermic reaction energy for the hydrogen atom addition indicating dual reactivity namely, radical and lone pair reactivity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. Activation of Ge-H and Sn-H Bonds with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202493. [PMID: 36177710 PMCID: PMC10100474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity of several N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene (cAACMe ) with the group 14 hydrides GeH2 Mes2 and SnH2 Me2 (Me=CH3 , Mes=1,3,5-(CH3 )3 C6 H2 ) is presented. The reaction of GeH2 Mes2 with cAACMe led to the insertion of cAACMe into one Ge-H bond to give cAACMe H-GeHMes2 (1). If 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Me2 ImMe ) was used as the carbene, NHC-mediated dehydrogenative coupling occurred, which led to the NHC-stabilized germylene Me2 ImMe ⋅GeMes2 (2). The reaction of SnH2 Me2 with cAACMe also afforded the insertion product cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3), and reaction of two equivalents Me2 ImMe with SnH2 Me2 gave the NHC-stabilized stannylene Me2 ImMe ⋅SnMe2 (4). If the sterically more demanding NHCs Me2 ImMe , 1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (iPr2 ImMe ) and 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Dipp2 Im) were employed, selective formation of cyclic oligomers (SnMe2 )n (5; n=5-8) in high yield was observed. These cyclic oligomers were also obtained from the controlled decomposition of cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S M Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao X, Szilvási T, Hanusch F, Kelly JA, Fujimori S, Inoue S. Isolation and Reactivity of Tetrylene-Tetrylone-Iron Complexes Supported by Bis(N-Heterocyclic Imine) Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208930. [PMID: 35925668 PMCID: PMC9804675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The germanium iron carbonyl complex 3 was prepared by the reaction of dimeric chloro(imino)germylene [IPrNGeCl]2 (IPrN=bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-iminato) with one equivalent of Collman's reagent (Na2 Fe(CO)4 ) at room temperature. Similarly, the reaction of chloro(imino)stannylene [IPrNSnCl]2 with Na2 Fe(CO)4 (1 equiv) resulted in the Fe(CO)4 -bridged bis(stannylene) complex 4. We observed reversible formation of bis(tetrylene) and tetrylene-tetrylone character in complexes 3 vs. 5 and 4 vs. 6, which was supported by DFT calculations. Moreover, the Li/Sn/Fe trimetallic complex 12 has been isolated from the reaction of [IPrNSnCl]2 with cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl anion. The computational analysis further rationalizes the reduction pathway from these chlorotetrylenes to the corresponding complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan‐Xuan Zhao
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaAL 35487USA
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - John A. Kelly
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ghosh B, Phukan AK. Unravelling the Potential of Ylides in Stabilizing Low-Valent Group 13 Compounds: Theoretical Predictions of Stable, Five-Membered Group 13 (Aluminum and Gallium) Carbenoids Capable of Small-Molecule Activation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14606-14615. [PMID: 36059112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational investigations provide evidence toward the remarkable ability of strongly electron-donating ylidic functionalities in stabilizing singlet group 13 carbenoids with promising ligand properties. All of the proposed carbenoids are found to be considerably nucleophilic and possess significant singlet-triplet energy separation values. The calculated activation barriers and reaction free energies obtained for the cleavage of different enthalpically strong bonds by these carbenoids are found to be either comparable to or lower than those of the experimentally evaluated aluminum and gallium carbenoids, thereby indicating their potential in small-molecule activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Volk J, Heinz M, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Bens T, Sarkar B, Holthausen MC, Siemeling U. A crystalline cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene with a 1,1'-ferrocenylene backbone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10396-10399. [PMID: 36039867 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes with a 1,1'-ferrocenylene backbone (fcCAACs) are established as an original family by the preparation of a crystalline congener. The Ccarbene bond angle is unprecedentedly wide for a CAAC, causing an exceptionally pronounced ambiphilicity. The redox-active backbone opens the door to unconventional metalloradicals and oligoradicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Volk
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Leibold
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 50659 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 50659 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Song H, Pietrasiak E, Lee E. Persistent Radicals Derived from N-Heterocyclic Carbenes for Material Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2213-2223. [PMID: 35849761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals are potential building blocks of novel materials in many fields. Recently, highly stable persistent radicals are considered to be within reach, thanks to several radical stabilization strategies such as spin delocalization and steric protection. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-derived substituents can be attached to a radical center for these purposes, as illustrated by numerous NHC-stabilized radicals reported in the last two decades.This Account describes our recent work on developing NHC-derived persistent radicals, as well as their prospective applications. Considering that NHCs not only stabilize radicals but also reversibly interact with gas molecules, in 2015 our group reported NHC-nitric oxide (NHC-NO) radicals produced by reversibly trapping nitric oxide (NO) radical gas in NHCs. The resultant compounds were loaded into biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) micelles and injected into tumor-bearing mice. Then, NO release was triggered by high-intensity focused ultrasound irradiation of the tumor tissue. Furthermore, the NHC-NO radicals could also serve as a platform to generate other organic radicals such as oxime ether or iminyl radicals. Apart from medicine-related applications, radicals stabilized by NHCs can be used as energy storage materials. In this context, the triazenyl radical containing two NHC units reported by our laboratory could be a cathode active material in batteries, as an organic alternative to LiCoO2. The subsequently prepared unsymmetrical triazenyl radical derivatives were applied as anolytes in nonaqueous all-organic redox flow batteries. In addition, a ferrocene-based redox flow battery anolyte was obtained by introducing NHC-derived substituents that effectively stabilize the ferrocenate derivatives previously reported only at low temperatures. The batteries containing NHC-supported radicals exhibited high energy efficiency and insignificant radical decomposition over multiple cycles. Finally, toward developing air-persistent organic radicals for flexible devices and MRI contrasting agents, we also highlight our recent air- and physiologically stable organic radicals derived from NHCs. Coordination of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane to the NHC-NO radical produced a new radical cation that is stable in an organic solvent under air for several months. The readily accessible 1,2-dicarbonyl radical cations generated by the reaction of NHCs with oxalyl chloride are remarkably persistent even in an aqueous solution for several months. They are also highly stable even under physiological conditions, making them particularly attractive potential candidates for organic MRI contrast agents. We hope that this Account will serve as a guide for the future development of stable NHC-derived organic radicals and draw the attention of the synthetic community to their potential applications in material science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ewa Pietrasiak
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao XX, Szilvási T, Hanusch F, Kelly J, Fujimori S, Inoue S. Isolation and Reactivity of Tetrylene‐Tetrylone‐Iron Complexes Supported by Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Imine) Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Xuan Zhao
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- The University of Alabama Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - John Kelly
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Technische Universität München Fakultät für Chemie Lichtenbergstraße 485748 Garching 85748 Garching bei München GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Banerjee S, Vanka K. Computational insights into hydroboration with acyclic α-Borylamido-germylene and stannylene catalysts: Cooperative dual catalysis the key to system efficiency. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Lapshin IV, Cherkasov AV, Lyssenko KA, Fukin GK, Trifonov AA. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Coordinated M(II) (M = Yb, Sm, Ca) Bisamides: Expanding the Limits of Intermolecular Alkene Hydrophosphination. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9147-9161. [PMID: 35679149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of NHC-stabilized amido compounds (NHC)nM[N(SiMe3)2]2 (M = Yb(II), Sm(II), Ca(II); n = 1, 2) showed remarkable catalytic efficiency in addition of PhPH2 and PH3 to alkenes under mild conditions and low catalyst loading. The effect of σ-donor capacity of NHCs on catalytic activity in hydrophosphination of styrene with PhPH2 and PH3 was revealed. For the series of three-coordinate complexes 1-4M, a tendency to increase the catalytic activity with growth of σ-donating strength of the carbene ligand was clearly demonstrated. The complex (NHC)2Sm[N(SiMe3)2]2 (NHC = 1,3-diisopropyl-2H-imidazole-2-ylidene) (5Sm) proved to be the most efficient catalyst, which enabled hardly realizable transformations such as PhPH2 addition across internal C═C bonds of norbornene and cis- and trans-stilbenes, providing the highest reaction rate for addition of PH3 to styrene. Excellent regio- and chemoselectivities of alkylation of PH3 with styrenes allow for a selective and good-yield synthesis of desired organophosphines─either primary, secondary, or tertiary. Stepwise alkylation of PH3 with various substituted styrenes can be efficiently applied as an approach to nonsymmetric secondary phosphines. The rate equation of the addition of styrene to PH3 promoted by 5Sm was found: rate = k[styrene]1[5Sm]1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Lapshin
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, GSP-445, Nizhny Novgorod 630950, Russia
| | - Anton V Cherkasov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, GSP-445, Nizhny Novgorod 630950, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia.,Chemistry Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Georgy K Fukin
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, GSP-445, Nizhny Novgorod 630950, Russia
| | - Alexander A Trifonov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, GSP-445, Nizhny Novgorod 630950, Russia.,Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Garg P, Dange D, Jiang Y, Jones C. Facile activation of inert small molecules using a 1,2-disilylene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7838-7844. [PMID: 35536565 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the known amidinate stabilised 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si]21 (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar = 4-C6H4But) with a series of inert, unsaturated small molecule substrates have been carried out. Compound 1 reduces ButNC: to give the singlet biradicaloid 1,3-disilacyclobutanediyl [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-CNBut)]23, which can be oxidised by 1,2-dibromoethane to give [{ArC(NDip)2}(Br)Si(μ-CNBut)]24. Disilylene 1 reduces two molecules of ethylene to give an unprecedented disilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexane, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-C2H4)]25. In contrast, only one molecule of ethylene inserts in the Ge-Ge bond of the digermylene analogue of 1, viz. [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]26, leading to the formation of the bis(germylene), [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]2(μ-C2H4) 7. Compound 1 reduces CO2, generating CO, and the oxo/carbonate-bridged disilicon(IV) system, {ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-CO3)2(μ-O)Si{(NDip)2CAr} 10, while its reaction with N2O proceeds via generation of N2, and a hydrogen abstraction process, to give the oxo/hydroxy disilicon(IV) species, [{ArC(NDip)2}(HO)Si(μ-O)]211. This study highlights new small molecule activation chemistry for 1,2-disilylenes, which could lead to further adoption of compound 1 as a potent reducing reagent for the transformation of inert unsaturated molecules into value added products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Garg P, Carpentier A, Douair I, Dange D, Jiang Y, Yuvaraj K, Maron L, Jones C. Activation of CO Using a 1,2-Disilylene: Facile Synthesis of an Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201705. [PMID: 35238149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2 }Si]2 1 (Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar=4-C6 H4 But ), with CO proceeds via insertion of CO into one Si-N bond, and Si-Si bond cleavage, to cleanly give the bis(silylene), {ArC(NDip)2 }Si(:)O C S i ( : ) ( N D i p ) 2 C ‾ Ar 2, under ambient conditions. The reaction can be partially reversed when solutions of 2 are subjected to UV irradiation. The five-membered heterocyclic fragment of 2 represents the first silicon analogue of an "abnormal" N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC), a view which is substantiated by a computational analysis of the compound. Reaction of 2 with [Mo(CO)6 ] under UV light affords the chelate complex, [Mo(CO)4 (κ2 -Si,Si-2)] 3, while reaction with [Fe(CO)5 ] gives the unusual silyleneyl bridged complex, [{Fe2 (CO)6 }{μ-Si[(NDip)2 CAr]}2 ] 4. The same coordination complexes can be accessed by reaction of 1 with [Mo(CO)6 ] or [Fe(CO)5 ] under UV light. As is the case for aNHCs, d-block metal complexes of bis(silylene) 2 could prove useful as bespoke catalysts for organic transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Iskander Douair
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu TT, Zhai DD, Guan BT, Shi ZJ. Nitrogen fixation and transformation with main group elements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3846-3861. [PMID: 35481498 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is essential for the maintenance of life and development of society, however, the large bond dissociation energy and nonpolarity of the triple bond constitute a considerable challenge. The transition metals, by virtue of their combination of empty and occupied d orbitals, are prevalent in the nitrogen fixation studies and are continuing to receive a significant focus. The main group metals have always been considered incapable in dinitrogen activation owing to the absence of energetically and symmetrically accessible orbitals. The past decades have witnessed significant breakthroughs in the dinitrogen activation with the main group elements and compounds via either matrix isolation, theoretical calculations or synthetic chemistry. The successful reactions of the low-valent species of the main group elements with inert dinitrogen have been reported via the π back-donation from either the d orbitals (Ca, Sr, Ba) or p orbitals (Be, B, C…). Herein, the significant achievements have been briefly summarized, along with predicting the future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Oxidative Additions of C-F Bonds to the Silanide Anion [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116468. [PMID: 35107847 PMCID: PMC9310575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Compounds exhibiting main group elements in low oxidation states were found to mimic the reactivity of transition metal complexes. Like the latter, such main group species show a proclivity of changing their oxidation state as well as their coordination number by +2, therefore fulfilling the requirements for oxidative additions. Prominent examples of such main group compounds that undergo oxidative additions with organohalides R-X (R=alkyl, aryl, X=F, Cl, Br, I) are carbenes and their higher congeners. Aluminyl anions, which like carbenes and silylenes oxidatively add to strong σ-bonds in R-X species, have been recently discovered. We present the first anion based upon a Group 14 element, namely the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide anion, [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- , which is capable of oxidative additions towards C-F bonds. This enables the isolation of non-chelated tetraorganofluorosilicate salts, which to the best of our knowledge had only been observed as reactive intermediates before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Radius U, Philipp MS. A Versatile Route To Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene‐stabilized Stibinidenes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Radius
- Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GERMANY
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan B, Dutta S, Ma X, Ni C, Koley D, Yang Z, Roesky HW. Organoaluminum hydrides catalyzed hydroboration of carbonates, esters, carboxylic acids, and carbon dioxide. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6756-6765. [PMID: 35420111 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reductive functionalization of the CO unit of carbonates, carboxylic acids, esters, and CO2, respectively has received great attention since its introduction. This method is often used industrially for the synthesis of high value-added energy products in chemistry. This opens up a new way forward to reduce greenhouse gases and the consumption of traditional energy sources. Herein, we report an earth-abundant, cheap, and readily available aluminum dihydride, which can catalyze the reduction of a range of carbonates, esters, carboxylic acids, and CO2, respectively in the presence of pinacolborane as a reducing agent. Moreover, we demonstrate that the reaction can proceed to obtain good yield products under mild conditions, with low catalyst loading and solvent-free reactions. The mechanism of the catalytic reduction of carbonates has been investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Yan
- School of Chemstry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India.
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- School of Chemstry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Congjian Ni
- School of Chemstry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India.
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemstry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Dr. P. H. W. Roesky, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttin-gen, Tammannnstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fantuzzi F, Moral R, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H, Phukan AK. Probing the Potential of Hitherto Unexplored Base‐Stabilized Borylenes in Dinitrogen Binding. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104123. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Physical Sciences Ingram Building University of Kent Park Wood Rd Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rubi Moral
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ashwini K. Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
He X, Zhong K, Heng D, Zeng Z, Ni H, Bai R, Lan Y. Is the metal involved or not? A computational study of Cu(I)-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation of vinyl indole and carbene precursor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Recent Advances in Group 14 and 15 Lewis Acids for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200148. [PMID: 35320614 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) which rely on the cooperative action of Lewis acids and Lewis bases, played a prominent role in the advancement of main-group catalysis. While the early days of FLP chemistry witnessed the dominance of boranes, there is a growing body of reports on alternative Lewis acids derived from groups 14 and 15. This short review focuses on the discovery of such non-boron candidates reported since 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Theoretical Sciences Unit, INDIA
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, New Chemstry Unit, INDIA
| | - Swapan K Pati
- JNCASR, Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur Campus, 560064, Bangalore, INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Garg P, Carpentier A, Douair I, Dange D, Jiang Y, Yuvaraj K, Maron L, Jones C. Activation of CO Using a 1,2‐Disilylene: Facile Synthesis of an Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Iskander Douair
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - K. Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang X, Liu LL. Modulating the Frontier Orbitals of an Aluminylene for Facile Dearomatization of Inert Arenes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Oxidative Addition von C−F‐Bindungen an das Silanid‐Anion [Si(C
2
F
5
)
3
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|