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Wu X, Min S, Zhan T, Huang Y, Niu H, Xu B. Humidity-enhanced microfluidic plasma separation on Chinese Xuan-papers. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 39157919 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The first step in blood testing necessitates blood separation to obtain an adequate volume of plasma. Traditional centrifugation is bulky, expensive and electricity-powered, which is not suitable for micro-scale blood plasma separation in point-of-care testing (POCT) cases. Microfluidic paper-based plasma separation devices present a promising alternative for plasma separation in such occasions. However, they are limited in terms of plasma yield, which hinders analyte detection. Herein, we proposed a humidity-enhanced paper-based microfluidic plasma separation method to address this issue. Specifically, paper was first treated by blood-typing antibodies, then samples of whole blood were introduced into the prepared paper. After waiting for 5 min for RBC agglutination and plasma wicking under high humidity, micro-scale plasma separation from whole blood was achieved. As a result, an extremely high plasma yield of up to 60.1% could be separated from whole blood through using Xuan-paper. Meanwhile, the purity of plasma could reach 99.99%. Finally, this innovative approach was effortlessly integrated into distance-based glucose concentration detection, enabling rapid determination of blood glucose levels through naked-eye observation. Considering the simplicity and inexpensiveness of this method, we believe that this technology could be integrated to more paper-based microfluidic analytical devices for rapid and accurate detection of plasma analytes in POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Shuqiang Min
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Tonghuan Zhan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Yange Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Hui Niu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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2
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Cai ZX, Jiang MZ, Chuang YJ, Kuo JN. Paper-Based Microfluidic Analytical Device Patterned by Label Printer for Point-of-Care Blood Glucose and Hematocrit Detection Using 3D-Printed Smartphone Cassette. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4792. [PMID: 39123836 PMCID: PMC11314817 DOI: 10.3390/s24154792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a portable, low-cost, point-of-care (POC) system for the simultaneous detection of blood glucose and hematocrit. The system consists of a disposable origami microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for plasma separation, filtration, and reaction functions and a 3D-printed cassette for hematocrit and blood glucose detection using a smartphone. The origami μPAD is patterned using a cost-effective label printing technique instead of the conventional wax printing method. The 3D-printed cassette incorporates an array of LED lights, which mitigates the effects of intensity variations in the ambient light and hence improves the accuracy of the blood glucose and hematocrit concentration measurements. The hematocrit concentration is determined quantitatively by measuring the distance of plasma wicking along the upper layer of the origami μPAD, which is pretreated with sodium chloride and Tween 20 to induce dehydration and aggregation of the red blood cells. The filtered plasma also penetrates to the lower layer of the origami μPAD, where it reacts with embedded colorimetric assay reagents to produce a yellowish-brown complex. A color image of the reaction complex is captured using a smartphone inserted into the 3D-printed cassette. The image is analyzed using self-written RGB software to quantify the blood glucose concentration. The calibration results indicate that the proposed detection platform provides an accurate assessment of the blood glucose level over the range of 45-630 mg/dL (R2 = 0.9958). The practical feasibility of the proposed platform is demonstrated by measuring the blood glucose and hematocrit concentrations in 13 human whole blood samples. Taking the measurements obtained from commercial glucose and hematocrit meters as a benchmark, the proposed system has a differential of no more than 6.4% for blood glucose detection and 9.1% for hematocrit detection. Overall, the results confirm that the proposed μPAD is a promising solution for cost-effective and reliable POC health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Xiao Cai
- Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wenhua Rd., Huwei 63201, Yunlin, Taiwan; (Z.-X.C.); (M.-Z.J.)
| | - Ming-Zhang Jiang
- Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wenhua Rd., Huwei 63201, Yunlin, Taiwan; (Z.-X.C.); (M.-Z.J.)
| | - Ya-Ju Chuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, No. 579, Sec. 2, Yunlin Rd., Douliu 640203, Yunlin, Taiwan;
| | - Ju-Nan Kuo
- Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wenhua Rd., Huwei 63201, Yunlin, Taiwan; (Z.-X.C.); (M.-Z.J.)
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3
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Mortelmans T, Marty B, Kazazis D, Padeste C, Li X, Ekinci Y. Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Capillary Device for Rapid and Multiplexed Immunoassays in Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2455-2464. [PMID: 38687557 PMCID: PMC11129352 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate whole blood immunoassays using a microfluidic device optimized for conducting rapid and multiplexed fluorescence-linked immunoassays. The device is capable of handling whole blood samples without any preparatory treatment. The three-dimensional channels in poly(methyl methacrylate) are designed to passively load bodily fluids and, due to their linearly tapered profile, facilitate size-dependent immobilization of biofunctionalized particles. The channel geometry is optimized to allow for the unimpeded flow of cellular constituents such as red blood cells (RBCs). Additionally, to make the device easier to operate, the biofunctionalized particles are pretrapped in a first step, and the channel is dried under vacuum, after which it can be loaded with the biological sample. This novel approach and design eliminated the need for traditionally laborious steps such as filtering, incubation, and washing steps, thereby substantially simplifying the immunoassay procedures. Moreover, by leveraging the shallow device dimensions, we show that sample loading to read-out is possible within 5 min. Our results also show that the presence of RBCs does not compromise the sensitivity of the assays when compared to those performed in a pure buffer solution. This highlights the practical adaptability of the device for simple and rapid whole-blood assays. Lastly, we demonstrate the device's multiplexing capability by pretrapping particles of different sizes, each functionalized with a different antigen, thus enabling the performance of multiplexed on-chip whole-blood immunoassays, showcasing the device's versatility and effectiveness toward low-cost, simple, and multiplexed sensing of biomarkers and pathogens directly in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mortelmans
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Balz Marty
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Celestino Padeste
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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4
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Jung Y, Kim S, Kim MG, Lee YE, Shin MG, Yang S. One-Step Detection of Vancomycin in Whole Blood Using the Lateral Flow Immunoassay. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:129. [PMID: 38534236 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Vancomycin (VAN) is an effective antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria and the first-line therapy to prevent and treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and severe infections. However, low concentrations of VAN can result in resistant strains. High doses of VAN can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity; thus, VAN is a representative drug for which drug monitoring is recommended. Several methods have been proposed to detect VAN. Among them, lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have advantages, such as simple and user-friendly operation, low sample volume requirement, and cost effectiveness. In this study, we developed an LFIA capable of rapid on-site detection such that the VAN concentration in plasma could be monitored within 20 min by a one-step detection process using whole blood without plasma separation. VAN can be detected in whole blood over a wide range of concentrations (20-10,000 ng/mL), and the LFIA reported here has a detection limit of 18 ng/mL. The applicability of the developed LFIA compared to the results of measuring VAN with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit showed a satisfactory correlation (Spearman's rho, ρ = 0.891). Therefore, the developed LFIA enables rapid and wide-range VAN detection in whole blood and can aid in drug monitoring to evaluate patients' responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyung Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonjong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- GMD Biotech, Inc., Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Accelerator Platform of Precision Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Accelerator Platform of Precision Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (CNUHH), Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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5
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Vloemans D, Van Hileghem L, Ordutowski H, Dal Dosso F, Spasic D, Lammertyn J. Self-Powered Microfluidics for Point-of-Care Solutions: From Sampling to Detection of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2804:3-50. [PMID: 38753138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3850-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Self-powered microfluidics presents a revolutionary approach to address the challenges of healthcare in decentralized and point-of-care settings where limited access to resources and infrastructure prevails or rapid clinical decision-making is critical. These microfluidic systems exploit physical and chemical phenomena, such as capillary forces and surface tension, to manipulate tiny volumes of fluids without the need for external power sources, making them cost-effective and highly portable. Recent technological advancements have demonstrated the ability to preprogram complex multistep liquid operations within the microfluidic circuit of these standalone systems, which enabled the integration of sensitive detection and readout principles. This chapter first addresses how the accessibility to in vitro diagnostics can be improved by shifting toward decentralized approaches like remote microsampling and point-of-care testing. Next, the crucial role of self-powered microfluidic technologies to enable this patient-centric healthcare transition is emphasized using various state-of-the-art examples, with a primary focus on applications related to biofluid collection and the detection of either proteins or nucleic acids. This chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and our vision of the future perspectives in the field of self-powered microfluidic technologies and their use for in vitro diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vloemans
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Henry Ordutowski
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dragana Spasic
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Ardakani F, Hemmateenejad B. Pronounced effect of lamination on plasma separation from whole blood by microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341767. [PMID: 37827667 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases are detected through blood tests. Currently, most blood tests are done on plasma instead of whole blood because of the interference of blood cells on detection results. Here, we developed a laminated microfluidic paper-based analytical device (L-μPAD) for the separation of plasma from whole blood without using plasma separation membrane (PSM). A lateral flow design consisting of a circular sampling zone and rectangular detection zone was patterned on the paper substrate using laser printing technology. The μPAD was then laminated after impregnation with KCl solution. Lamination and electrolyte addition represented synergistic effects on the separation by controlling the pore size of the paper. In addition, by preventing evaporation on one hand and squeezing paper pores on the other hand, lamination caused longer movement of the separated plasma, the longest plasma path reported so far. The separation process was monitored using colorimetric reagent bromocresol green and scanning electron microscopy. The process of separation was completed in less than 90s without significant hemolysis and the separated plasma was far from the interfering effect of red blood cells. We used the device for the determination of serum albumin. However, it represents the potential for point-of-care testing in multi-assay experiments too.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Hemmateenejad
- Chemistry Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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7
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Ijadi Bajestani M, Ahmadzadeh H. Modified polysulfone membrane facilitates rapid separation of plasma from whole blood for an effective anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgM diagnosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13712. [PMID: 37608047 PMCID: PMC10444766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the outbreak of coronavirus, RT-PCR was the premier gold standard method for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) diagnosis. However, the sophisticated procedure of RT-PCR persuades researchers to develop sustainable point-of-need immunoassay methods for tracing unwitting carriers of SARSCoV-2. Herein, by fabricating a modified polysulfone (MPSF) membrane, we developed an integrated radial flow immunoassay (IRFIA) platform as a point-of-care system, capable of multiplying the immunoassays at a short run time. The target molecule is the SARSCoV-2 IgM in separated plasma. Although the lateral flow immunoassay kits for the rapid identification of Covid-19 have already been commercially developed but, the proposed method is superior to the conventional lateral flow immunoassay. In the newly designed membrane system, we have combined the five membranes of prevalent lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips in one polymeric membrane. The MPSF membrane is capable of separating plasma from whole blood sample, which will reduce the interference of red colour of hemoglobin with generated signal and enhance the immunoassay precision. The efficiency of plasma separation, reached the mean value of 97.34 v/v% in 5 s. Furthermore, the gel electrophoresis results of the separated plasma contrasted with centrifuged plasma sample, demonstrated more efficient separation by the membrane. Using the MPSF membrane, signal generation time reduced from about 20 min in conventional rapid test strip for Covid-19 to about 7 min in IRFIA platform. The sensitivity and specificity of the membrane platform were determined to be 89% and 90%, respectively and a Kappa coefficient of 0.79 showed reliable agreement between the RT-PCR and the membrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ijadi Bajestani
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
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8
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Hemmateenejad B, Rafatmah E, Shojaeifard Z. Microfluidic paper and thread-based separations: Chromatography and electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464117. [PMID: 37300912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paper and thread are widely used as the substrates for fabricating low-cost, disposable, and portable microfluidic analytical devices used in clinical, environmental, and food safety monitoring. Concerning separation methods including chromatography and electrophoresis, these substrates provide unique platforms for developing portable devices. This review focuses on summarizing recent research on the miniaturization of the separation techniques using paper and thread. Preconcentration, purification, desalination, and separation of various analytes are achievable using electrophoresis and chromatography methods integrated with modified or unmodified paper/thread wicking channels. A variety of 2D and 3D designs of paper/thread platforms for zone electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, and modified/unmodified chromatography are discussed with emphasis on their limitation and improvements. The current progress in the signal amplification strategies such as isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, ion concentration polarization, isoelectric focusing, and stacking methods in paper-based devices are reviewed. Different strategies for chromatographic separations based on paper/thread will be explained. The separation of target species from complex samples and their determination by integration with other analytical methods like spectroscopy and electrochemistry are well-listed. Furthermore, the innovations for plasma and cell separation from blood as an important human biofluid are presented, and the related paper/thread modification methods are explored.
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9
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Ye Z, Yuan Y, Zhan S, Liu W, Fang L, Li T. Paper-based microfluidics in sweat detection: from design to application. Analyst 2023; 148:1175-1188. [PMID: 36861489 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01818g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Sweat, as a sample that includes a lot of biochemical information, is good for non-invasive monitoring. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies on in situ monitoring of sweat. However, there are still some challenges for the continuous analysis of samples. As a hydrophilic, easy-to-process, environmentally friendly, inexpensive and easily accessible material, paper is an ideal substrate material for making in situ sweat analysis microfluidics. This review introduces the development of paper as a sweat analysis microfluidic substrate material, focusing on the advantages of the structural characteristics of paper, trench design and equipment integration applications to expand the design and research ideas for the development of in situ sweat detection technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Yuyang Yuan
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Shaowei Zhan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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10
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Free TJ, Tucker RW, Simonson KM, Smith SA, Lindgren CM, Pitt WG, Bundy BC. Engineering At-Home Dilution and Filtration Methods to Enable Paper-Based Colorimetric Biosensing in Human Blood with Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:104. [PMID: 36671942 PMCID: PMC9855769 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic blood tests can guide the administration of healthcare to save and improve lives. Most clinical biosensing blood tests require a trained technician and specialized equipment to process samples and interpret results, which greatly limits test accessibility. Colorimetric paper-based diagnostics have an equipment-free readout, but raw blood obscures a colorimetric response which has motivated diverse efforts to develop blood sample processing techniques. This work uses inexpensive readily-available materials to engineer user-friendly dilution and filtration methods for blood sample collection and processing to enable a proof-of-concept colorimetric biosensor that is responsive to glutamine in 50 µL blood drop samples in less than 30 min. Paper-based user-friendly blood sample collection and processing combined with CFPS biosensing technology represents important progress towards the development of at-home biosensors that could be broadly applicable to personalized healthcare.
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11
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Anushka, Bandopadhyay A, Das PK. Paper based microfluidic devices: a review of fabrication techniques and applications. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2022; 232:781-815. [PMID: 36532608 PMCID: PMC9743133 DOI: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of applications are possible with paper-based analytical devices, which are low priced, easy to fabricate and operate, and require no specialized equipment. Paper-based microfluidics offers the design of miniaturized POC devices to be applied in the health, environment, food, and energy sector employing the ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free and Deliverable to end users) principle of WHO. Therefore, this field is growing very rapidly and ample research is being done. This review focuses on fabrication and detection techniques reported to date. Additionally, this review emphasises on the application of this technology in the area of medical diagnosis, energy generation, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. This review also presents the theoretical analysis of fluid flow in porous media for the efficient handling and control of fluids. The limitations of PAD have also been discussed with an emphasis to concern on the transformation of such devices from laboratory to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Aditya Bandopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
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12
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Parween S, Asthana A, Nahar P. Fundamentals of Image-Based Assay (IBA) System for Affordable Point of Care Diagnostics. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Biswas SK, Chatterjee S, Laha S, Pakira V, Som NK, Saha S, Chakraborty S. Instrument-free single-step direct estimation of the plasma glucose level from one drop of blood using smartphone-interfaced analytics on a paper strip. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4666-4679. [PMID: 36345815 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated an instrument-free miniaturized adaptation of the laboratory gold standard methodology for the direct estimation of plasma glucose from a drop of whole blood using a low-cost single-user-step paper-strip sensor interfaced with a smartphone. Unlike a majority of the existing glucose meters that use whole blood-based indirect sensing technologies, our direct adaptation of the gold-standard laboratory benchmark could eliminate the possibilities of cross interference with other analytes present in the whole blood by facilitating an in situ plasma separation, capillary flow and colorimetric reaction occurring concomitantly, without incurring additional device complexity or embodiment. The test reagents were dispensed in lyophilized form, and the resulting paper strips were found to be stable over three months stored in a normal freezer, rendering easy adaptability commensurate with the constrained supply chains in extreme resource-poor settings. Quantitative results could be arrived at via a completely-automated mobile-app-based image analytics interface developed using dynamic machine learning, obviating manual interpretation. The tests were demonstrated to be of high efficacy, even when executed by minimally trained frontline personnel having no special skill of drawing precise volume of blood, on deployment at under-resourced community centres having no in-built or accessible healthcare infrastructure. Clinical validation using 220 numbers of human blood samples in a double-blinded manner evidenced sensitivity and specificity of 98.11% and 96.7%, respectively, as compared to the results obtained from a laboratory-benchmarked biochemistry analyser, establishing its efficacy for public health and community disease management in resource-limited settings without any quality compromise of the test outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay K Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Subhamoy Chatterjee
- Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Sampad Laha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Victor Pakira
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Nirmal K Som
- B C Roy Technology Hospital, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Satadal Saha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- B C Roy Institute of Medical Science and Research, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- JSV Innovations Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata, 700025, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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14
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Al-Tamimi M, Altarawneh S, Alsallaq M, Ayoub M. Efficient and Simple Paper-Based Assay for Plasma Separation Using Universal Anti-H Agglutinating Antibody. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40109-40115. [PMID: 36385881 PMCID: PMC9647767 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional laboratory tests require plasma separation using centrifugation by skilled personnel in well-equipped lab. Development of a simple, reliable, and cheap point-of-care (POC) test for plasma separation will overcome these limitations. METHODS Plasma separation was achieved in filter paper using the anti-H agglutinating antibody. Hydrophobic channels were created using a solid ink printer. The reproducibility, efficiency, recovery, and applicability of the assay were validated on a large number of blood samples. RESULTS A simple, fast, cheap, and direct paper-based assay for plasma separation from whole blood using universal anti-H agglutinating antibody was developed without equipment or pretreatment requirements. The purity of plasma separation using anti-H treated paper was confirmed by microscopy and biuret test for plasma albumin detection. Plasma separation was affected by paper structure, antibody concentration, donor gender, and hematocrit. The efficiency of the assay was 72% and the reproducibility was about 90% with minimal interassay and intra-assay variabilities. The assay successfully separated plasma from 116/119 samples, indicating high sensitivity (97.5%). Furthermore, the assay accurately recovers thyroid stimulating hormone from samples compared to standard methods with 107% recovery rate. CONCLUSIONS Paper-based plasma separation using anti-H agglutinating antibodies would have numerous applications in paper-based POC tests and in resource limited areas.
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15
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Xu B, Zhang J, Pan D, Ni J, Yin K, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Li A, Wu D, Shen Z. High-performance blood plasma separation based on a Janus membrane technique and RBC agglutination reaction. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4382-4392. [PMID: 36278889 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Separation of plasma which is full of various biomarkers is critical for clinical diagnosis. However, the point-of-care plasma separation often relies on microfluidic filtration membranes which are usually limited in purity, yield, hemolysis, extraction speed, hematocrit level, and protein recovery. Here, we have developed a high-performance plasma membrane separation technique based on a Janus membrane and red blood cell (RBC) agglutination reaction. The RBC agglutination reaction can form larger RBC aggregates to separate plasma from blood cells. Then, the Janus membrane, serving as a multipore microfilter to block large RBC aggregates, allows the plasma to flow from the hydrophobic side to its hydrophilic side spontaneously. As a result, the separation technique can extract highly-purified plasma (99.99%) from whole blood with an ultra-high plasma yield (∼80%) in ∼80 s. Additionally, the separation technique is independent of the hematocrit level and can avoid hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Deng Pan
- College of Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jincheng Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kun Yin
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 227 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yinlong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Dong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Zuojun Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
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16
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Electrochemical microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for tumor marker detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Baillargeon K, Morbioli GG, Brooks JC, Miljanic PR, Mace CR. Direct Processing and Storage of Cell-Free Plasma Using Dried Plasma Spot Cards. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:457-465. [PMID: 36281294 PMCID: PMC9585636 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasma separation cards represent a viable approach for expanding testing capabilities away from clinical settings by generating cell-free plasma with minimal user intervention. These devices typically comprise a basic structure of the plasma separation membrane, unconstrained porous collection pad, and utilize either (i) lateral or (ii) vertical fluidic pathways for separating plasma. Unfortunately, these configurations are highly susceptible to (i) inconsistent sampling volume due to differences in the patient hematocrit or (ii) severe contamination due to leakage of red blood cells or release of hemoglobin (i.e., hemolysis). Herein, we combine the enhanced sampling of our previously reported patterned dried blood spot cards with an assembly of porous separation materials to produce a patterned dried plasma spot card for direct processing and storage of cell-free plasma. Linking both vertical separation and lateral distribution of plasma yields discrete plasma collection zones that are spatially protected from potential contamination due to hemolysis and an inlet zone enriched with blood cells for additional testing. We evaluate the versatility of this card by quantitation of three classes of analytes and techniques including (i) the soluble transferrin receptor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, (ii) potassium by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and (iii) 18S rRNA by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We achieve quantitative recovery of each class of analyte with no statistically significant difference between dried and liquid reference samples. We anticipate that this sampling approach can be applied broadly to improve access to critical blood testing in resource-limited settings or at the point-of-care.
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18
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Nano-Bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - Niloy Sarkar
- Nano-Bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Nano-Bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - Mahima Kaushik
- Nano-Bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
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20
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Bhardwaj T, Ramana LN, Sharma TK. Current Advancements and Future Road Map to Develop ASSURED Microfluidic Biosensors for Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:357. [PMID: 35624657 PMCID: PMC9139021 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization's (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Bhardwaj
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gujarat International Finance and Tec (GIFT) City, Gandhinagar 382355, India
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21
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Burgos-Flórez F, Rodríguez A, Cervera E, De Ávila M, Sanjuán M, Villalba PJ. Microfluidic Paper-Based Blood Plasma Separation Device as a Potential Tool for Timely Detection of Protein Biomarkers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050706. [PMID: 35630172 PMCID: PMC9142996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A current challenge regarding microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPAD) for blood plasma separation (BPS) and electrochemical immunodetection of protein biomarkers is how to achieve a µPAD that yields enough plasma to retain the biomarker for affinity biosensing in a functionalized electrode system. This paper describes the development of a BPS µPAD to detect and quantify the S100B biomarker from peripheral whole blood. The device uses NaCl functionalized VF2 filter paper as a sample collection pad, an MF1 filter paper for plasma retention, and an optimized microfluidic channel geometry. An inverted light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and image processing software were used for visualizing BPS efficiency. A design of experiments (DOE) assessed the device’s efficacy using an S100B ELISA Kit to measure clinically relevant S100B concentrations in plasma. The BPS device obtained 50 μL of plasma from 300 μL of whole blood after 3.5 min. The statistical correlation of S100B concentrations obtained using plasma from standard centrifugation and the BPS device was 0.98. The BPS device provides a simple manufacturing protocol, short fabrication time, and is capable of S100B detection using ELISA, making one step towards the integration of technologies aimed at low-cost POC testing of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Burgos-Flórez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
- Health and Technological Innovation, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ingenierías, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Rodríguez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Eliana Cervera
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Marcio De Ávila
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Marco Sanjuán
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Villalba
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
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22
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Khan MS, Shadman SA, Khandaker MMR. Advances and current trend of bioactive papers and paper diagnostics for health and biotechnological applications. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Nair KPPR, Veettil TCP, Wood BR, Paul D, Alan T. Haemoprocessor: A Portable Platform Using Rapid Acoustically Driven Plasma Separation Validated by Infrared Spectroscopy for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020119. [PMID: 35200379 PMCID: PMC8924765 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers from blood plasma is at the heart of many diagnostic tests. These tests often need to be conducted frequently and quickly, but the logistics of sample collection and processing not only delays the test result, but also puts a strain on the healthcare system due to the sheer volume of tests that need to be performed. The advent of microfluidics has made the processing of samples quick and reliable, with little or no skill required on the user's part. However, while several microfluidic devices have been demonstrated for plasma separation, none of them have validated the chemical integrity of the sample post-process. Here, we present Haemoprocessor: a portable, robust, open-fluidic system that utilizes Travelling Surface Acoustic Waves (TSAW) with the expression of overtones to separate plasma from 20× diluted human blood within a span of 2 min to achieve 98% RBC removal. The plasma and red blood cell separation quality/integrity was validated through Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analyses to ascertain device performance and reproducibility when compared to centrifugation (the prevailing gold-standard for plasma separation). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a remarkable separation of 92.21% between RBCs and plasma components obtained through both centrifugation and Haemoprocessor methods. Moreover, a close association between plasma isolates acquired by both approaches in PCA validated the potential of the proposed system as an eminent cell enrichment and plasma separation platform. Thus, compared to contemporary acoustic devices, this system combines the ease of operation, low sample requirement of an open system, the versatility of a SAW device using harmonics, and portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Prakash Prasanna Ravindran Nair
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
- IIT Bombay—Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Bayden R. Wood
- Monash Centre for Biospectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.C.P.V.); (B.R.W.)
| | - Debjani Paul
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
- IIT Bombay—Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- IIT Bombay—Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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24
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Faura G, Boix-Lemonche G, Holmeide AK, Verkauskiene R, Volke V, Sokolovska J, Petrovski G. Colorimetric and Electrochemical Screening for Early Detection of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy-Application of Sensor Arrays and Machine Learning. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030718. [PMID: 35161465 PMCID: PMC8839630 DOI: 10.3390/s22030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, a selection of works on the sensing of biomarkers related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are presented, with the scope of helping and encouraging researchers to design sensor-array machine-learning (ML)-supported devices for robust, fast, and cost-effective early detection of these devastating diseases. First, we highlight the social relevance of developing systematic screening programs for such diseases and how sensor-arrays and ML approaches could ease their early diagnosis. Then, we present diverse works related to the colorimetric and electrochemical sensing of biomarkers related to DM and DR with non-invasive sampling (e.g., urine, saliva, breath, tears, and sweat samples), with a special mention to some already-existing sensor arrays and ML approaches. We finally highlight the great potential of the latter approaches for the fast and reliable early diagnosis of DM and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Faura
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (G.F.); (G.B.-L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Boix-Lemonche
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (G.F.); (G.B.-L.)
| | | | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vallo Volke
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Institute of Biomedical and Transplant Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (G.F.); (G.B.-L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-9222-6158
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25
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Sinha A, Basu M, Chandna P. Paper based microfluidics: A forecast toward the most affordable and rapid point-of-care devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:109-158. [PMID: 35033281 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The microfluidic industry has evolved through years with acquired scientific knowledge from different, and already developed industries. Consequently, a wide range of materials like silicon from the electronic industry to all the way, silicone, from the chemical engineering industry, has been spotted to solve similar challenges. Although a typical microfluidic chip, fabricated from glass or polymer substrates offers definite benefits, however, paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) possess numerous special benefits for practical implementation at a lower price. Owing to these features, in recent years, paper microfluidics has drawn immense interest from researchers in industry and academia alike. These devices have wider applications with advantages like lower cost, speedy detection, user-easiness, biocompatibility, sensitivity, and specificity etc. when compared to other microfluidic devices. Therefore, these sensitive but affordable devices fit themselves into point-of-care (POC) testing with features in demand like natural disposability, situational flexibility, and the capability to store and analyze the target at the point of requirement. Gradually, advancements in fabrication technologies, assay development techniques, and improved packaging capabilities, have contributed significantly to the real-time identification and health investigation through paper microfluidics; however, the growth has not been limited to the biomedical field; industries like electronics, energy storage and many more have expanded substantially. Here, we represent an overall state of the paper-based microfluidic technology by covering the fundamentals, working principles, different fabrication procedures, applications for various needs and then to make things more practical, the real-life scenario and practical challenges involved in launching a device into the market have been revealed. To conclude, recent contribution of μPADs in the 2020 pandemic and potential future possibilities have been reviewed.
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Hang Y, Boryczka J, Wu N. Visible-light and near-infrared fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering point-of-care sensing and bio-imaging: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:329-375. [PMID: 34897302 PMCID: PMC9135580 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article deals with the concepts, principles and applications of visible-light and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in in vitro point-of-care testing (POCT) and in vivo bio-imaging. It has discussed how to utilize the biological transparency windows to improve the penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio, and how to use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to amplify fluorescence and SERS signals. This article has highlighted some plasmonic fluorescence and SERS probes. It has also reviewed the design strategies of fluorescent and SERS sensors in the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Particularly, it has provided perspectives on the integration of fluorescent and SERS sensors into microfluidic chips as lab-on-chips to realize point-of-care testing. It has also discussed the design of active microfluidic devices and non-paper- or paper-based lateral flow assays for in vitro diagnostics. In addition, this article has discussed the strategies to design in vivo NIR fluorescence and SERS bio-imaging platforms for monitoring physiological processes and disease progression in live cells and tissues. Moreover, it has highlighted the applications of POCT and bio-imaging in testing toxins, heavy metals, illicit drugs, cancers, traumatic brain injuries, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Jennifer Boryczka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
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27
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Komatsu T, Tokeshi M, Fan SK. Determination of blood lithium-ion concentration using digital microfluidic whole-blood separation and preloaded paper sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113631. [PMID: 34571482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Existing microfluidic technologies for blood tests have several limitations, including difficulties in integrating the sample preparation steps, such as blood dilution, and precise metering of tiny samples (microliter) for accurate downstream analyses on a chip. Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a liquid manipulation technique that can provide precise volume control of micro or nano-liter liquid droplets. Without using sensitive but complex detection methods for tiny droplets involving fluorescence, luminescence, and electrochemistry, this article presents a DMF device with embedded paper-based sensors to detect blood lithium-ion (Li+) concentration by colorimetry. Dielectrophoresis on the DMF device between two parallel planar electrodes separates plasma droplets (from tens to hundreds of nanoliters in volume) from undiluted whole blood (a few microliters) within 4 min with an efficiency exceeding 90%. The embedded paper sensors contain a detection reagent to absorb the DMF-transported plasma droplets. These droplets change the color of the paper sensors in accordance with the Li+ concentration. Subsequently, colorimetry is used to reveal the Li+ concentration via image analysis. The proposed method meets the detection-sensitivity requirement for clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder, making the DMF device a potential therapeutic tool for rapid whole-blood Li+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Komatsu
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan; Innovative Research Centre for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shih-Kang Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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28
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Xu J, Khan H, Yang L. Hydrogel Paper-Based Analytical Devices: Separation-Free In Situ Assay of Small-Molecule Targets in Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14755-14763. [PMID: 34709797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While colorimetric-based assays are very convenient to determine biomarkers in point-of-care testing (POCT), they often suffer from pretreatment procedures for separation of plasma or serum from whole blood samples. Here, we report a simple colorimetric paper-based analytical device (c-PAD) that is capable of performing sample-to-answer analysis by directly dropping the whole blood sample on paper. This is accomplished by utilizing sodium alginate hydrogel, which exhibits a nanometer-scale porous structure to effectively prevent the passage of large red blood cells and hemoglobin molecules, to encapsulate enzymes and chromogenic reagents. As the small targets in the blood sample enter the sensing region to trigger a chromogenic reaction, the resulting color signal is recorded by a smartphone. The interference from the red blood to the color signal can be completely avoided without the requirement of any separation process. The analytical performance of the method is evaluated by assaying glucose in real blood samples. The results show that rapid and accurate analysis can be achieved with the limit of detection as low as 0.12 mM. In addition, simultaneous detection of different targets (glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides) in whole blood can be achieved by fabricating c-PAD with multiple sensing regions. Owing to its several essential advantages including an extremely simple procedure for fabrication, sample-to-answer analysis without tedious pretreatment, and capability to perform high-throughput analysis, the proposed c-PAD will be of great value in POCT applications of whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin130024, China
| | - Habib Khan
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin130024, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin130024, China
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Han X, Zhang Y, Tian J, Wu T, Li Z, Xing F, Fu S. Polymer‐based microfluidic devices: A comprehensive review on preparation and applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Jingkun Tian
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Tiange Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Zongwen Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Fei Xing
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Shenggui Fu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
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Qin X, Liu J, Zhang Z, Li J, Yuan L, Zhang Z, Chen L. Microfluidic paper-based chips in rapid detection: Current status, challenges, and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Noviana E, Ozer T, Carrell CS, Link JS, McMahon C, Jang I, Henry CS. Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices: From Design to Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11835-11885. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281
| | - Tugba Ozer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey 34220
| | - Cody S. Carrell
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Catherine McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea 04763
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Ryzhkov NV, Nikolaev KG, Ivanov AS, Skorb EV. Infochemistry and the Future of Chemical Information Processing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:63-95. [PMID: 33909470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-122120-023514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, information processing is based on semiconductor (e.g., silicon) devices. Unfortunately, the performance of such devices has natural limitations owing to the physics of semiconductors. Therefore, the problem of finding new strategies for storing and processing an ever-increasing amount of diverse data is very urgent. To solve this problem, scientists have found inspiration in nature, because living organisms have developed uniquely productive and efficient mechanisms for processing and storing information. We address several biological aspects of information and artificial models mimicking corresponding bioprocesses. For instance, we review the formation of synchronization patterns and the emergence of order out of chaos in model chemical systems. We also consider molecular logic and ion fluxes as information carriers. Finally, we consider recent progress in infochemistry, a new direction at the interface of chemistry, biology, and computer science, considering unconventional methods of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ryzhkov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Konstantin G Nikolaev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Artemii S Ivanov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Ekaterina V Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
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Bandara GC, Unitan LJ, Kremer MH, Shellhammer OT, Bracha S, Remcho VT. Wicking microfluidic approach to separate blood plasma from whole blood to facilitate downstream assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4511-4520. [PMID: 34046699 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation of blood plasma or serum from blood is essential for accurate analysis. Conventional blood separation requires instrumentation, reagents, and large sample volumes, limiting this process to laboratory environments with trained personnel. Full implementation of effective blood separation and analysis on microliter sample volumes for point of care (POC) diagnostics has proven extremely challenging resulting in a growing market demand, with common challenges such as expensive device fabrication processes or devices being comprised of materials which are not easily disposable. We developed a membrane-based wicking microfluidic device which is made using a simple fabrication process. This device uses a unique 3D flow channel geometry, fabricated in a polycaprolactone-filled glass microfiber membrane, to efficiently separate microliter sample volumes of blood. Colorimetric assay chemistries were integrated to demonstrate utility of these devices in POC diagnostics. The devices are capable of separating both fresh and anticoagulant-treated blood at microscale sample volumes (<15.0 μL). Modifications to the base device are also reported herein which increased sample volume capacity and separation efficiency. Integrated colorimetric assay enabled semi-quantitative detection of conjugated bilirubin in real blood samples (1.0-1.5 mg/dL). These blood separation devices, fabricated on polycaprolactone-filled glass microfiber, enabled effective blood plasma (anticoagulant-treated blood) and serum (fresh blood) separation with microscale sample volumes. Sample volume capacity and separation efficiency are customizable for specific applications and devices can be integrated with downstream assay chemistries to develop complete POC devices that offer blood separation and diagnostics at the same time on a single membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan C Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Linus J Unitan
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Matthew H Kremer
- Materials Science Program, College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Owen T Shellhammer
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Shay Bracha
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Vincent T Remcho
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. .,Materials Science Program, College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Yadav S, Sharma NN, Akhtar J. Nucleic acid analysis on paper substrates (NAAPs): an innovative tool for Point of Care (POC) infectious disease diagnosis. Analyst 2021; 146:3422-3439. [PMID: 33904559 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00214g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases is an essential and important factor for curing such diseases in the global public health care picture. Owing to poor infrastructure and lack of sanitation, these diseases have an extreme impact on remote and rural areas, especially in developing countries, and there are unresolved challenges. Molecular diagnosis, such as nucleic acid analysis, plays a key role in the significant treatment of numerous infectious diseases. Current molecular diagnostic assays require a sophisticated laboratory setup with expensive components. Molecular diagnosis on a microfluidic point-of-care (POC) platform is attractive to researchers for disease detection with proper prevention. Compared to various microfluidic substrate materials, paper-based POC technologies offer significant cost-effective solutions over high-cost clinical instruments to fill the gap between the needs of users and affordability. Low-cost paper-based microfluidic POC technologies provide portable and disposable diagnostic systems for multiple disease detection that may be extremely useful in remote areas. This article presents a critical review of paper-based microfluidic device technology which has become an imminent platform to adjust the current health scenario for the detection of diseases using different stages of nucleic acid analysis, such as extraction, amplification and detection of nucleic acid, with future perspectives for paper substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Yadav
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Niti Nipun Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Jamil Akhtar
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India.
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35
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Xu H, Wu Z, Deng J, Qiu J, Hu N, Gao L, Yang J. Microsphere-Based Microfluidic Device for Plasma Separation and Potential Biochemistry Analysis Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050487. [PMID: 33925769 PMCID: PMC8144965 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, portable, and cost-effective plasma separation platform for blood biochemical analysis is of great interest in clinical diagnostics. We represent a plasma separation microfluidic device using microspheres with different sizes as the separation barrier. This plasma separation device, with 18 capillary microchannels, can extract about 3 μL of plasma from a 50 μL blood sample in about 55 min. The effects of evaporation and the microsphere barrier on the plasma biochemical analysis results were studied. Correction factors were applied to compensate for these two effects. The feasibility of the device in plasma biochemical analysis was validated with clinical blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Zhangying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Jinan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Information, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Lihong Gao
- Chongqing Center for Drug Evaluation and Certification, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
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36
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Zhang H, Chen Z, Dai J, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Zhou A. A low-cost mobile platform for whole blood glucose monitoring using colorimetric method. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Yang CC, Lo CT, Luo YL, Venault A, Chang Y. Thermally Stable Bioinert Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Interfaces Tolerated in the Medical Sterilization Process. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1031-1045. [PMID: 33591713 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces a thermally stable zwitterionic structure able to withstand steam sterilization as a general antifouling medical device interface. The sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) monomer and its polymer form are among the most widely used zwitterionic materials. They are easy to synthesize and have good antifouling properties. However, they partially lose their properties after steam sterilization, a common procedure used to sterilize biomedical interfaces. In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was used to analyze and discuss the molecular structure of SBMA before and after a steam sterilization procedure, and a strategy to address the thermal stability issue proposed, using sulfobetaine methacrylamide (SBAA) instead of SBMA. Interestingly, it was found that the chemical structure of SBAA material can withstand the medical sterilization process at 121 °C while maintaining good antifouling properties, tested with proteins (fibrinogen), bacteria (Escherichia coli), and whole blood. On the other hand, SBMA gels failed at maintaining their excellent antifouling properties after sterilization. This study suggests that the SBAA structure can be used to replace SBMA in the bioinert interface of sterilizable medical devices, such as rayon fiber membranes used for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chen Yang
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Research Center for Circular Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tsyr Lo
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Research Center for Circular Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Luo
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Research Center for Circular Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Antoine Venault
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Research Center for Circular Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yung Chang
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Research Center for Circular Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
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38
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Point-of-care testing of plasma free hemoglobin and hematocrit for mechanical circulatory support. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3788. [PMID: 33589647 PMCID: PMC7884396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological analysis is essential for patients who are supported by a mechanical circulatory support (MCS). The laboratory methods used to analyze blood components are conventional and accurate, but they require a mandatory turn-around-time for laboratory results, and because of toxic substances, can also be hazardous to analysis workers. Here, a simple and rapid point-of-care device is developed for the measurement of plasma free hemoglobin (PFHb) and hematocrit (Hct), based on colorimetry. The device consists of camera module, minimized centrifuge system, and the custom software that includes the motor control algorithm for the centrifuge system, and the image processing algorithm for measuring the color components of blood from the images. We show that our device measured PFHb with a detection limit of 0.75 mg/dL in the range of (0–100) mg/dL, and Hct with a detection limit of 2.14% in the range of (20–50)%. Our device had a high correlation with the measurement method generally used in clinical laboratories (PFHb R = 0.999, Hct R = 0.739), and the quantitative analysis resulted in precision of 1.44 mg/dL for PFHb value of 14.5 mg/dL, 1.36 mg/dL for PFHb value of 53 mg/dL, and 1.24% for Hct 30%. Also, the device can be measured without any pre-processing when compared to the clinical laboratory method, so results can be obtained within 5 min (about an 1 h for the clinical laboratory method). Therefore, we conclude that the device can be used for point-of-care measurement of PFHb and Hct for MCS.
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39
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Fang W, Gui L, Zhang J, Wang A, Jin J. Thin film composite structured Janus membrane for fast gravity-driven separation of a trace of blood. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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Prapaporn S, Arisara S, Wunpen C, Wijitar D. Nanocellulose Films to Improve the Performance of Distance-based Glucose Detection in Paper-based Microfluidic Devices. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1447-1452. [PMID: 32713902 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on a simple, cost-effective, instrument-free, and portable distance-based paper device coupled with NFs for the determination of glucose. The analysis reaction is based upon the oxidative etching reaction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the presence of H2O2 that is produced from glucose after a glucose oxidase (GOx) catalytic reaction leading to a morphological transformation of AgNPs. A color band length of AgNPs is coated on to a detection channel and then etched by H2O2, and these were changed from a purple color to colorless as a correlate of the glucose concentration. To improve the performance of the enzyme immobilization, NFs, which are biocompatible without compromising their structure and biological activity, were then placed onto the sample zone. The naked-eye detection limit was 0.1 mM for 40 min of analysis time. The recoveries of glucose spiked in the artificial urine samples and control urine samples were then verified by our device and were in the acceptable range of 96 - 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkaew Prapaporn
- Organic Synthesis, Electrochemistry & Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
| | | | - Chonkaew Wunpen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
| | - Dungchai Wijitar
- Organic Synthesis, Electrochemistry & Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
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41
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Dai J, Zhang H, Huang C, Chen Z, Han A. A Gel-Based Separation-Free Point-of-Care Device for Whole Blood Glucose Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16122-16129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zheyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 United States
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42
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Gao J, Low KHJ, Chen Y, Tai ES, Chung T, Drum CL. High recovery, point‐of‐collection plasma separation from blood using electrospun polyacrylonitrile membranes. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Kwee Hiang Jackson Low
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha China
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Tai‐Shung Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Chester Lee Drum
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
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43
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Murray LP, Mace CR. Usability as a guiding principle for the design of paper-based, point-of-care devices - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:236-249. [PMID: 33218486 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to their portability, versatility for supporting multiple assay formats, and potential for resulting in low-cost assays, paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are an increasingly popular format as a platform for the development of point-of-care tests. However, very few PADs have been translated successfully to their intended environments outside of academic settings. Often overlooked as a factor that inhibits translation, usability is a vital characteristic of any successful point-of-care test. Recent advancements in PAD design have demonstrated improved usability by simplifying various aspects of user operation, including sample collection, sample processing, device operation, detection, and readout/interpretation. Field testing at various stages of device design can offer critical feedback about device usability, especially when it involves the proposed end-user or other stakeholders. By highlighting advances in usability, we aim to encourage thoughtful and rigorous design at the academic prototyping stage to address one outstanding hurdle that limits the number of PADs that make it from the benchtop to the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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44
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A versatile microfluidic paper chip platform based on MIPs for rapid ratiometric sensing of dual fluorescence signals. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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45
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Guan Y, Zhang K, Xu F, Guo R, Fang A, Sun B, Meng X, Liu Y, Bai M. An integrated platform for fibrinogen quantification on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2724-2734. [PMID: 32588856 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinogen (FIB) plays a key role in blood coagulation and thrombosis and its concentration in blood can directly reflect health conditions, thus efficient detection of FIB would benefit the treatments of certain diseases such as liver and heart diseases. However, there is a lack of sensitive, simple, rapid and cheap FIB detection device currently, in lieu of expensive and sophisticated approaches in laboratories. Here, we propose a novel plasma separation and FIB detection platform based on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD). It is the first time that dielectrophoretic (DEP) force is combined with capillary force on paper for plasma separation, and the separation efficiency of plasma reaches about 95%, ensuring reliable downstream FIB detection, for which we also propose a new method called the resistance-fibrinogen detection (RFD) method. It not only avoids the use of large-scale instruments for detection, but also possesses high precision and simplicity. The method is found to be reliable in FIB detection for various concentrations ranging from 127.0 to 508.0 mg dL-1. Moreover, the results obtained from the proposed μPAD show an excellent agreement (R2 = 0.9985) with those obtained from an automatic coagulation analyzer with natural human blood samples. Overall, the proposed platform provides a low-cost and reliable approach for FIB detection, especially for clinical use in resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Kuan DH, Huang NT. Recent advancements in microfluidics that integrate electrical sensors for whole blood analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3318-3332. [PMID: 32930218 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood analysis reveals crucial information about various physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis, infection, and immune status, among others. Despite this rich information, the complex composition of whole blood usually required multiple sample preparation steps to purify targeted analytes. Traditionally, whole blood preparation processes, including centrifugation, lysis, dilution, or staining, are usually manually operated by well-trained technicians using bench-top instruments. This preparation can require a large blood volume and cannot be directly integrated with detection systems. Recently, various studies have integrated microfluidics with electrical sensors for whole blood analysis, with a focus on cell-based analysis, such as cell type, number, morphology, phenotype, and secreted molecules. These miniaturized systems require less sample and shorter reaction times. Besides, the sample processing and analysis can be fully integrated and automated with minimal operations. We believe these systems can transfer the current whole blood analysis from hospitals or laboratories into clinics or home settings to enable real-time and continuous health condition monitoring in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Han Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Nien-Tsu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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47
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Li B, Qi J, Fu L, Han J, Choo J, deMello AJ, Lin B, Chen L. Integrated hand-powered centrifugation and paper-based diagnosis with blood-in/answer-out capabilities. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112282. [PMID: 32729467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, 55% of inhabitants of the developing world still live in rural regions and they have a very urgent need to improve the level of disease diagnosis, especially in resource-limited settings. Herein, we present a microfluidic system that centrifuges whole blood and quantifies contained biomarkers in a rapid, feasible and integrated way. Such a device provides a blood-in/answer-out capability and is small enough to be carried by any individual in any environment. The successful integration a hand-powered centrifuge and immunoassay unit within a rotational paper-based device allows for diagnostic application by untrained users and in environments where access to electricity cannot be assumed. In addition, the low cost (~$ 0.5), light weight and small instrumental footprint make the device ideally suited for rapid on-site detection. To validate the applicability of the system in a clinical diagnostic testing, we successfully perform enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha fetoprotein from human blood samples. We expect that this powerful platform technology will provide the opportunities for point-of-care diagnosis in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ji Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Longwen Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jinglong Han
- School of Environment and Materials Engineering and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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48
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Mazurkiewicz W, Podrażka M, Jarosińska E, Kappalakandy Valapil K, Wiloch M, Jönsson‐Niedziółka M, Witkowska Nery E. Paper‐Based Electrochemical Sensors and How to Make Them (Work). ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marta Podrażka
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jarosińska
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Wiloch
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Emilia Witkowska Nery
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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49
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Emerging applications of paper-based analytical devices for drug analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1116:70-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Gao Q, Chang Y, Deng Q, You H. A simple and rapid method for blood plasma separation driven by capillary force with an application in protein detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2560-2570. [PMID: 32930282 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood plasma separation is a vital sample pre-treatment procedure for microfluidic devices in blood diagnostics, and it requires reliability and speediness. In this work, we propose a novel and simple method for microvolume blood plasma separation driven by capillary force. Flat-shaped filter membranes combined with hydrophilic narrow capillaries are introduced into devices, in order to reduce the residual volumes of blood plasma. An interference fit is used to ensure no leakage of blood or cells. There is desired trapping efficiency of blood cells in the devices. The method provides high efficiency with a plasma extraction yield of 71.7% within 6 min, using 60 μL of undiluted whole human blood with 45% haematocrit. The influence from structural parameters on the separation kinetics and the dependence of the haematocrit levels on the separation efficiency are also investigated. The total protein detection shows considerable protein recovery of 82.3% in the extracted plasma. Thus, the plasma separation unit with a very simple structure is suitable for integrating into microfluidic devices, presenting promising prospects for clinical diagnostics as well as for point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Gao
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yongjia Chang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Qingmei Deng
- Department of Laboratory, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Hui You
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
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