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Sheridan MS, Pandey P, Hansmann UHE. In Bacterial Membranes Lipid II Changes the Stability of Pores Formed by the Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4741-4750. [PMID: 38696215 PMCID: PMC11104519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to available antibiotics poses a growing challenge to modern medicine, as this often disallows infections to be controlled. This problem can only be alleviated by the development of new drugs. Nisin, a natural lantibiotic with broad antimicrobial activity, has shown promise as a potential candidate for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, nisin is poorly soluble and barely stable at physiological pH, which despite attempts to address these issues through mutant design has restricted its use as an antibacterial drug. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of the antimicrobial effectiveness, which relies in part on its ability to form pores, is crucial for finding innovative ways to manage infections caused by resistant bacteria. Using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we find that the bacterial membrane-specific lipid II increases the stability of pores formed by nisin and that the interplay of nisin and lipid II reduces the overall integrity of bacterial membranes by changing the local thickness and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda S. Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Preeti Pandey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ulrich H. E. Hansmann
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Escobar-Salom M, Barceló IM, Rojo-Molinero E, Jordana-Lluch E, Cabot G, Oliver A, Juan C. In vitro activity of human defensins HNP-1 and hBD-3 against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE Gram-negatives of clinical origin and selected peptidoglycan recycling-defective mutants. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0035824. [PMID: 38441982 PMCID: PMC10986477 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00358-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of immune compounds as antimicrobial adjuvants is a classic idea recovering timeliness in the current antibiotic resistance scenario. However, the activity of certain antimicrobial peptides against ESKAPE Gram-negatives has not been sufficiently investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the activities of human defensins HNP-1 and hBD-3 alone or combined with permeabilizing/peptidoglycan-targeting agents against clinical ESKAPE Gram-negatives [Acinetobacter baumannii (AB), Enterobacter cloacae (EC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), and acute/chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)]. Lethal concentrations (LCs) of HNP-1 and hBD-3 were determined in four collections of multidrug resistant EC, AB, KP, and PA clinical strains (10-36 isolates depending on the collection). These defensins act through membrane permeabilization plus peptidoglycan building blockade, enabling that alterations in peptidoglycan recycling may increase their activity, which is why different recycling-defective mutants were also included. Combinations with physiological lysozyme and subinhibitory colistin for bactericidal activities determination, and with meropenem for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), were also assessed. HNP-1 showed undetectable activity (LC > 32 mg/L for all strains). hBD-3 showed appreciable activities: LC ranges 2-16, 8-8, 8->32, and 8->32 mg/L for AB, EC, KP, and PA, being PA strains from cystic fibrosis significantly more resistant than acute origin ones. None of the peptidoglycan recycling-defective mutants showed greater susceptibility to HNP-1/hBD-3. Combination with colistin or lysozyme did not change their bactericidal power, and virtually neither did meropenem + hBD-3 compared to meropenem MICs. This is the first study comparatively analyzing the HNP-1/hBD-3 activities against the ESKAPE Gram-negatives, and demonstrates interesting bactericidal capacities of hBD-3 mostly against AB and EC. IMPORTANCE In the current scenario of critical need for new antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant bacteria, all options must be considered, including classic ideas such as the use of purified immune compounds. However, information regarding the activity of certain human defensins against ESKAPE Gram-negatives was incomplete. This is the first study comparatively assessing the in vitro activity of two membrane-permeabilizing/peptidoglycan construction-blocking defensins (HNP-1 and hBD-3) against relevant clinical collections of ESKAPE Gram-negatives, alone or in combination with permeabilizers, additional peptidoglycan-targeting attacks, or the blockade of its recycling. Our data suggest that hBD-3 has a notable bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacter cloacae strains that should be considered as potential adjuvant option. Our results suggest for the first time an increased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from chronic infection compared to acute origin ones, and provide new clues about the predominant mode of action of hBD-3 against Gram-negatives (permeabilization rather than peptidoglycan-targeting).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Escobar-Salom
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel María Barceló
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella Rojo-Molinero
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Jordana-Lluch
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Cabot
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
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Gao X, Feng J, Wei L, Dong P, Chen J, Zhang L, Yang Y, Xu L, Wang H, Luo J, Qin M. Defensins: A novel weapon against Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111383. [PMID: 38118315 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious airborne communicable disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex. Although the standard treatment antimicrobials, including isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, have made great progress in the treatment of TB, problems including the rising incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), the severe toxicity and side effects of antimicrobials, and the low immunity of TB patients have become the bottlenecks of the current TB treatments. Therefore, both safe and effective new strategies to prevent and treat TB have become a top priority. As a subfamily of cationic antimicrobial peptides, defensins are rich in cysteine and play a vital role in resisting the invasion of microorganisms and regulating the immune response. Inspired by studies on the roles of defensins in host defence, we describe their research history and then review their structural features and antimicrobial mechanisms, specifically for fighting Mtb in detail. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance, therapeutic potential, and potential challenges of defensins in anti-TB therapy. We further debate the possible solutions of the current application of defensins to provide new insights for eliminating Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Linna Wei
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Pinzhi Dong
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Langlang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
| | - Ming Qin
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
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4
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Ramirez CAB, Mathews PD, Madrid RRM, Garcia ITS, Rigoni VLS, Mertins O. Antibacterial polypeptide-bioparticle for oral administration: Powder formulation, palatability and in vivo toxicity approach. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213525. [PMID: 37352744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The upsurge of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics turned a well-recognized public health threat. The need of developing new biomaterials of effective practical use in order to tackle bacterial resistance became urgent. In this study, a submicrometric bioparticle of known antibacterial activity was produced in powder form with suitable texture and appealing characteristics for effective oral administration. Through complex coacervating a natural-source antimicrobial polypeptide with chitosan-N-arginine and alginate, the bioactive polypeptide was physically incorporated to the bioparticle whose structure positively responds to the pH variations found in gastrointestinal tract. The powder formulation presented high palatability that was evaluated using fish as in vivo animal model. A thorough survey of the fish intestinal tissues, following a systematic oral administration, revealed high penetration potential of the biomaterial through epithelial cells and deeper intestine layers. Despite, no cytotoxic effect was observed in analyzing the tissues through different histology methods. The absence of intestinal damage was corroborated by immune histochemistry, being the integrity of epithelial motor myosin Vb and related traffic proteins preserved. Hematology further endorsed absence of toxicity in blood cells whose morphology was evaluated in detail. The study evidenced the applicability potential of a new biomaterial of appealing and safe oral administration of antibacterial polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A B Ramirez
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick D Mathews
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CP26, 75231 Paris, France.
| | - Rafael R M Madrid
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irene T S Garcia
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera L S Rigoni
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omar Mertins
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Nguyen NN, Lamotte O, Alsulaiman M, Ruffel S, Krouk G, Berger N, Demolombe V, Nespoulous C, Dang TMN, Aimé S, Berthomieu P, Dubos C, Wendehenne D, Vile D, Gosti F. Reduction in PLANT DEFENSIN 1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana results in increased resistance to pathogens and zinc toxicity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5374-5393. [PMID: 37326591 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of defensins in plants correlates with their increased capacity to withstand abiotic and biotic stresses. This applies to Arabidopsis thaliana, where some of the seven members of the PLANT DEFENSIN 1 family (AtPDF1) are recognised to improve plant responses to necrotrophic pathogens and increase seedling tolerance to excess zinc (Zn). However, few studies have explored the effects of decreased endogenous defensin expression on these stress responses. Here, we carried out an extensive physiological and biochemical comparative characterization of (i) novel artificial microRNA (amiRNA) lines silenced for the five most similar AtPDF1s, and (ii) a double null mutant for the two most distant AtPDF1s. Silencing of five AtPDF1 genes was specifically associated with increased aboveground dry mass production in mature plants under excess Zn conditions, and with increased plant tolerance to different pathogens - a fungus, an oomycete and a bacterium, while the double mutant behaved similarly to the wild type. These unexpected results challenge the current paradigm describing the role of PDFs in plant stress responses. Additional roles of endogenous plant defensins are discussed, opening new perspectives for their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Nga Nguyen
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Lamotte
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21 000 Dijon, France
| | - Mohanad Alsulaiman
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Berger
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Demolombe
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Claude Nespoulous
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Thi Minh Nguyet Dang
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sébastien Aimé
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21 000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Berthomieu
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21 000 Dijon, France
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2 Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Françoise Gosti
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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Fu J, Zong X, Jin M, Min J, Wang F, Wang Y. Mechanisms and regulation of defensins in host defense. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:300. [PMID: 37574471 PMCID: PMC10423725 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions in innate immunity, as well as their structure and activity relationships, along with their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, have been of great interest in recent years. To highlight the key research into the role of defensins in human and animal health, we first describe their research history, structural features, evolution, and antimicrobial mechanisms. Next, we cover the role of defensins in immune homeostasis, chemotaxis, mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota regulation, intestinal development and regulation of cell death. Further, we discuss their clinical relevance and therapeutic potential in various diseases, including infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, chronic inflammatory lung disease, periodontitis and cancer. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nutrient-dependent regulation of defensins, including fatty acids, amino acids, microelements, plant extracts, and probiotics, while considering the clinical application of such regulation. Together, the review summarizes the various biological functions, mechanism of actions and potential clinical significance of defensins, along with the challenges in developing defensins-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Lin C, Ma Z, Gao Y, Le M, Shi Z, Qi D, Ma JC, Cui ZK, Wang L, Jia YG. Main-Chain Cationic Bile Acid Polymers Mimicking Facially Amphiphilic Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37400427 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections have led to an increased demand for antibacterial agents that do not contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with the facially amphiphilic structures have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness, including the ability to suppress antibiotic resistance during bacterial treatment. Herein, inspired by the facially amphiphilic structure of AMPs, the facially amphiphilic skeletons of bile acids (BAs) are utilized as building blocks to create a main-chain cationic bile acid polymer (MCBAP) with macromolecular facial amphiphilicity via polycondensation and a subsequent quaternization. The optimal MCBAP displays an effective activity against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, fast killing efficacy, superior bactericidal stability in vitro, and potent anti-infectious performance in vivo using the MRSA-infected wound model. MCBAP shows the low possibility to develop drug-resistant bacteria after repeated exposure, which may ascribe to the macromolecular facial amphiphilicity promoting bacterial membrane disruption and the generation of reactive oxygen species. The easy synthesis and low cost of MCBAP, the superior antimicrobial performance, and the therapeutic potential in treating MRSA infection altogether demonstrate that BAs are a promising group of building blocks to mimic the facially amphiphilic structure of AMPs in treating MRSA infection and alleviating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zunwei Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengqi Le
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dawei Qi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Jian-Chao Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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López-Cano A, Martínez-Miguel M, Guasch J, Ratera I, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Exploring the impact of the recombinant Escherichia coli strain on defensins antimicrobial activity: BL21 versus Origami strain. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:77. [PMID: 35527241 PMCID: PMC9082834 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing emergence of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics has prompted the development of alternative antimicrobial therapies. Among them, the antimicrobial peptides produced by innate immunity, which are also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), hold great potential. They have been shown to exert activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including those resistant to antibiotics. These HDPs are classified into three categories: defensins, cathelicidins, and histatins. Traditionally, HDPs have been chemically synthesized, but this strategy often limits their application due to the high associated production costs. Alternatively, some HDPs have been recombinantly produced, but little is known about the impact of the bacterial strain in the recombinant product. This work aimed to assess the influence of the Escherichia coli strain used as cell factory to determine the activity and stability of recombinant defensins, which have 3 disulfide bonds. For that, an α-defensin [human α-defensin 5 (HD5)] and a β-defensin [bovine lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP)] were produced in two recombinant backgrounds. The first one was an E. coli BL21 strain, which has a reducing cytoplasm, whereas the second was an E. coli Origami B, that is a strain with a more oxidizing cytoplasm. The results showed that both HD5 and LAP, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), were successfully produced in both BL21 and Origami B strains. However, differences were observed in the HDP production yield and bactericidal activity, especially for the HD5-based protein. The HD5 protein fused to GFP was not only produced at higher yields in the E. coli BL21 strain, but it also showed a higher quality and stability than that produced in the Origami B strain. Hence, this data showed that the strain had a clear impact on both HDPs quantity and quality.
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Identification and Functional Analysis of a Defensin CcDef2 from Coridius chinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052789. [PMID: 35269935 PMCID: PMC8911331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coridius chinensis belongs to Dinidoridae, Hemiptera. Previous studies have indicated that C. chinensis contains abundant polypeptides with antibacterial and anticancer activities. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as endogenous peptides with immune function, play an indispensable role in the process of biological development and immunity. AMPs have become one of the most potential substitutes for antibiotics due to their small molecular weight and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, a defensin CcDef2 from C. chinensis was characterized based on bioinformatics and functional analyses. The mature peptide of CcDef2 is a typical cationic peptide composed of 43 amino acid residues with five cations, and contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and a typical cysteine-stabilized αβ motif in defensins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcDef2 belongs to the insect defensin family. Analysis of gene expression patterns showed that CcDef2 was expressed throughout developmental stages of C. chinensis with high levels at the nymphal stage and in adult tissues tested with the highest level in the fat body. In addition, the CcDef2 expression was significantly upregulated in adults infected by bacteria. After expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and renatured, the recombinant CcDef2 showed a significant antibacterial effect on three kinds of Gram-positive bacteria. These results indicate that CcDef2 is an excellent antibacterial peptide and a highly effective immune effector in the innate immunity of C. chinensis. This study provides a foundation for further understanding the function of CcDef2 and developing new antimicrobial drugs.
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Claro B, González-Freire E, Granja JR, Garcia-Fandiño R, Gallová J, Uhríková D, Fedorov A, Coutinho A, Bastos M. Partition of antimicrobial D-L-α-cyclic peptides into bacterial model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183729. [PMID: 34506796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is used to characterize the partition of three second-generation D,L-α-cyclic peptides to two lipid model membranes. The peptides have proven antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram positive bacteria, and the model membranes are formed of either with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DMPG) or its mixture with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE), at a molar ratio of (1:1). The peptide's intrinsic fluorescence was used in the Steady State and/or Time Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy experiments, showing that the peptides bind to the membranes, and the extent of their partition is thereof quantified. The peptide-induced membrane leakage was followed using an encapsulated fluorescent dye. Overall, the partition is mainly driven by electrostatics, but also involves hydrophobic interactions. The introduction of a hydrocarbon tail in one of the residues of the parent peptide, CPR, adjacent to the tryptophan (Trp) residue, significantly improves the partition of the modified peptides, CPRT10 and CPRT14, to both membrane systems. Further, we show that the length of the tail is the main distinguishing factor for the extension of the partition process. The parent peptide induces very limited leakage, at odds with the peptides with tail, that promote fast leakage, increasing in most cases with peptide concentration, and being almost complete for the highest peptide concentration and negatively charged membranes. Overall, the results help the unravelling of the antimicrobial action of these peptides and are well in line with their proven high antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Claro
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva González-Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan R Granja
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rebeca Garcia-Fandiño
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jana Gallová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Uhríková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Aleksander Fedorov
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Coutinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Bastos
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Zhu Y, Hao W, Wang X, Ouyang J, Deng X, Yu H, Wang Y. Antimicrobial peptides, conventional antibiotics, and their synergistic utility for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1377-1422. [PMID: 34984699 DOI: 10.1002/med.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), are important effector immune defense molecules in multicellular organisms. AMPs exert their antimicrobial activities through several mechanisms; thus far, induction of drug resistance through AMPs has been regarded as unlikely. Therefore, they have great potential as new generation antimicrobial agents. To date, more than 30 AMP-related drugs are in the clinical trial phase. In recent years, studies show that some AMPs and conventional antibiotics have synergistic effects. The combined use of AMPs and antibiotics can kill drug-resistant pathogens, prevent drug resistance, and significantly improve the therapeutic effects of antibiotics. In this review, we discuss the progress in synergistic studies on AMPs and conventional antibiotics. An overview of the current understanding of the functional scope of AMPs, ongoing clinical trials, and challenges in the development processes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijing Hao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Ouyang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haining Yu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Glenthøj A, Brieghel C, Nardo‐Marino A, Wijk R, Birgens H, Petersen J. Facilitating EMA binding test performance using fluorescent beads combined with next‐generation sequencing. EJHAEM 2021; 2:716-728. [PMID: 35845192 PMCID: PMC9176113 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The eosin‐5′‐maleimide (EMA) binding test is widely used as diagnostic test for hereditary spherocytosis (HS), one of the most common haemolytic disorders in Caucasian populations. We recently described the advantages of replacing the use of healthy control blood samples with fluorescent beads in a modified EMA binding assay. In this study we further explore this novel approach. We performed targeted next‐generation sequencing, modified EMA binding test and osmotic gradient ektacytometry on consecutive individuals referred to our laboratory on the suspicion of HS. In total, 33 of 95 carried a (likely) pathogenic variant, and 24 had variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We identified a total 79 different (likely) pathogenic variants and VUS, including 43 novel mutations. Discarding VUS and recessive mutations in STPA1, we used the occurrence of (likely) pathogenic variants to generate a diagnostic threshold for our modified EMA binding test. Twenty‐one of 23 individuals with non‐SPTA1 (likely) pathogenic variants had EMA ≥ 43.6 AU, which was the optimal threshold in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Accuracy was excellent at 93.4% and close to that of osmotic gradient ektacytometry (98.7%). In conclusion, we were able to simplify the EMA‐binding test by using rainbow beads as reference and (likely) pathogenic variants to define an accurate cut‐off value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Glenthøj
- Centre for Haemoglobinopathies Department of Haematology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Brieghel
- Centre for Haemoglobinopathies Department of Haematology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Amina Nardo‐Marino
- Centre for Haemoglobinopathies Department of Haematology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Richard Wijk
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory‐Research University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Birgens
- Centre for Haemoglobinopathies Department of Haematology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper Petersen
- Centre for Haemoglobinopathies Department of Haematology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
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13
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Luo X, Wu W, Feng L, Treves H, Ren M. Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived AMPs in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11363. [PMID: 34768793 PMCID: PMC8583512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botany-derived antimicrobial peptides (BAMPs), a class of small, cysteine-rich peptides produced in plants, are an important component of the plant immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated their powerful antimicrobial activity. Besides in plants, BAMPs have cross-kingdom applications in human health, with toxic and/or inhibitory effects against a variety of tumor cells and viruses. With their diverse molecular structures, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, multiple mechanisms of action, and low cytotoxicity, BAMPs provide ideal backbones for drug design, and are potential candidates for plant protection and disease treatment. Lots of original research has elucidated the properties and antimicrobial mechanisms of BAMPs, and characterized their surface receptors and in vivo targets in pathogens. In this paper, we review and introduce five kinds of representative BAMPs belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family, dissect their antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer mechanisms, and forecast their prospects in agriculture and global human health. Through the deeper understanding of BAMPs, we provide novel insights for their applications in broad-spectrum and durable plant disease prevention and control, and an outlook on the use of BAMPs in anticancer and antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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14
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Omidvar R, Vosseler N, Abbas A, Gutmann B, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Siddique S, Bohlmann H. Analysis of a gene family for PDF-like peptides from Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18948. [PMID: 34556705 PMCID: PMC8460643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defensins are small, basic peptides that have a characteristic three-dimensional folding pattern which is stabilized by four disulfide bridges. We show here that Arabidopsis contains in addition to the proper plant defensins a group of 9 plant defensin-like (PdfL) genes. They are all expressed at low levels while GUS fusions of the promoters showed expression in most tissues with only minor differences. We produced two of the encoded peptides in E. coli and tested the antimicrobial activity in vitro. Both were highly active against fungi but had lower activity against bacteria. At higher concentrations hyperbranching and swollen tips, which are indicative of antimicrobial activity, were induced in Fusarium graminearum by both peptides. Overexpression lines for most PdfL genes were produced using the 35S CaMV promoter to study their possible in planta function. With the exception of PdfL4.1 these lines had enhanced resistance against F. oxysporum. All PDFL peptides were also transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with agroinfiltration using the pPZP3425 vector. In case of PDFL1.4 this resulted in complete death of the infiltrated tissues after 7 days. All other PDFLs resulted only in various degrees of small necrotic lesions. In conclusion, our results show that at least some of the PdfL genes could function in plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Omidvar
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Nadine Vosseler
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Amjad Abbas
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Birgit Gutmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- RIVIERA Pharma and Cosmetics GmbH, Holzhackerstraße 1, Tulln, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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15
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Antimicrobial Peptides from Plants: A cDNA-Library Based Isolation, Purification, Characterization Approach and Elucidating Their Modes of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168712. [PMID: 34445412 PMCID: PMC8395713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in a natural ecosystem, plants are continuously threatened by various microbial diseases. To save themselves from these diverse infections, plants build a robust, multilayered immune system through their natural chemical compounds. Among the several crucial bioactive compounds possessed by plants’ immune systems, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) rank in the first tier. These AMPs are environmentally friendly, anti-pathogenic, and do not bring harm to humans. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated in several ways, but recombinant protein production has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the Escherichia coli expression system being the most widely used. However, the efficacy of this expression system is compromised due to the difficulty of removing endotoxin from its system. Therefore, this review suggests a high-throughput cDNA library-based plant-derived AMP isolation technique using the Bacillus subtilis expression system. This method can be performed for large-scale screening of plant sources to classify unique or homologous AMPs for the agronomic and applied field of plant studies. Furthermore, this review also focuses on the efficacy of plant AMPs, which are dependent on their numerous modes of action and exceptional structural stability to function against a wide range of invaders. To conclude, the findings from this study will be useful in investigating how novel AMPs are distributed among plants and provide detailed guidelines for an effective screening strategy of AMPs.
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Rodrigues ACJ, Bortoleti BTDS, Carloto ACM, Silva TF, Concato VM, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pelissier F, Detoni MB, Diaz-Roa A, Júnior PIDS, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Bidoia DL, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Larval excretion/secretion of dipters of Lucilia cuprina species induces death in promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6339274. [PMID: 34347083 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world. Larval excretion/secretion (ES) of the larvae of flies of the Calliphoridae family has microbicidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to some species of Leishmania. Our study aimed at assessing the in vitro efficacy of Lucilia cuprina larval ES against the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, elucidating possible microbicidal mechanisms and routes of death involved. Larval ES was able to inhibit the viability of L. amazonensis at all concentrations, induce morphological and ultrastructural changes in the parasite, retraction of the cell body, roughness of the cytoplasmic membrane, leakage of intracellular content, ROS production increase, induction of membrane depolarization, and mitochondrial swelling, the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and phosphatidylserine exposure, thus indicating the possibility of apoptosis-like death. To verify the efficacy of larval ES on amastigote forms, we performed a phagocytic assay, measurement of total ROS, and NO. Treatment using larval ES reduced the percentage of infection and the number of amastigotes per macrophage of lineage J774A.1 at all concentrations, increasing the production of ROS and TNF-α, thus indicating possible pro-inflammatory immunomodulation and oxidative damage. Therefore, treatment using larval ES is effective at inducing the death of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Biotransformation and Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pelissier
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute, (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Diaz-Roa
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Instituto Butantan, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin Bidoia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Struyfs C, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Membrane-Interacting Antifungal Peptides. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649875. [PMID: 33912564 PMCID: PMC8074791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing worldwide, resulting in more than 1.6 million deaths every year. Due to growing antifungal drug resistance and the limited number of currently used antimycotics, there is a clear need for novel antifungal strategies. In this context, great potential is attributed to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are part of the innate immune system of organisms. These peptides are known for their broad-spectrum activity that can be directed toward bacteria, fungi, viruses, and/or even cancer cells. Some AMPs act via rapid physical disruption of microbial cell membranes at high concentrations causing cell leakage and cell death. However, more complex mechanisms are also observed, such as interaction with specific lipids, production of reactive oxygen species, programmed cell death, and autophagy. This review summarizes the structure and mode of action of antifungal AMPs, thereby focusing on their interaction with fungal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Struyfs
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Bartling MT, Thümecke S, Russert JH, Vilcinskas A, Lee KZ. Exposure to low doses of pesticides induces an immune response and the production of nitric oxide in honeybees. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6819. [PMID: 33767272 PMCID: PMC7994568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybees are essential pollinators of many agricultural crops and wild plants. However, the number of managed bee colonies has declined in some regions of the world over the last few decades, probably caused by a combination of factors including parasites, pathogens and pesticides. Exposure to these diverse biotic and abiotic stressors is likely to trigger immune responses and stress pathways that affect the health of individual honeybees and hence their contribution to colony survival. We therefore investigated the effects of an orally administered bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas entomophila) and low-dose xenobiotic pesticides on honeybee survival and intestinal immune responses. We observed stressor-dependent effects on the mean lifespan, along with the induction of genes encoding the antimicrobial peptide abaecin and the detoxification factor cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP9E2. The pesticides also triggered the immediate induction of a nitric oxide synthase gene followed by the delayed upregulation of catalase, which was not observed in response to the pathogen. Honeybees therefore appear to produce nitric oxide as a specific defense response when exposed to xenobiotic stimuli. The immunity-related and stress-response genes we tested may provide useful stressor-dependent markers for ecotoxicological assessment in honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle T Bartling
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Thümecke
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - José Herrera Russert
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwang-Zin Lee
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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19
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Lin C, Wang Y, Le M, Chen KF, Jia YG. Recent Progress in Bile Acid-Based Antimicrobials. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:395-410. [PMID: 33683873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and the formation of biofilms by bacteria and fungi, microbial infections gradually threaten global health. Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have low susceptibility for developing resistance due to the membrane targeted mechanism, but instability and high manufacturing cost limit their applications in clinic. Bile acids, a group of steroids in the human body, with high stability, biocompatibility, and inherent facial amphiphilic structure similar to the characteristics of AMPs, have been applied to the biological field, such as drug delivery systems, self-healing hydrogels, antimicrobials, and so on. In this review, we mainly focus on the different classes of bile acid-based antimicrobials in recent years. Various designs and methods for the preparation of unimolecular antimicrobials with bile acid skeletons are first introduced, including coupling of primary amine, quaternary ammonium, and amino acid units with bile acid skeletons. Some representative oligomeric antimicrobials, including dimers of bile acids, are summarized. Finally, macromolecular antimicrobials bearing some positive charges at the main chain or side chain and interaction mechanisms of these bile acid-based antimicrobials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yushi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengqi Le
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kai-Feng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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20
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Emamifar S, Abolmaali S, Mohsen Sohrabi S, Mohammadi M, Shahmohammadi M. Molecular characterization and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of a plant defensin peptide derived from a gene of oat (Avena sativa L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112586. [PMID: 33232862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant defensins are a group of small disulfide-rich cationic peptides that exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. In the present study, an antibacterial plant defensin peptide was successfully identified and characterized from the transcriptome of the oat (Avena sativa L.), and called AsDef1. The complete nucleotide sequence of AsDef1 was determined (321 bp) and found to contain an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a peptide of 77 aa with a putative 22 aa signal peptide sequence that addresses the mature defensin to the apoplast. Further in silico analyses revealed that the structure of the identified defensin (AsDef1) consists of the Knot1 functional domain with eight conserved cysteine residues and four disulfide bonds. The highest expression of AsDef1 was observed in the developing seeds of the A. sativa plant. AsDef1 also showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 0.15625 μM to 0.625 μM. In this study, we identified and characterized an antibacterial defensin from A. sativa for the first time. The findings of the present study offer insights that can be used in producing pathogen-resistant transgenic plants and in developing potential antibacterial agents in the future using AsDef1 from A. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Emamifar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Shamsozoha Abolmaali
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Mohsen Sohrabi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Maasume Shahmohammadi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense-A Road to Disease Resistance. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121705. [PMID: 33287437 PMCID: PMC7761819 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens.
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22
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Bolatchiev A. Antibacterial activity of human defensins against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10455. [PMID: 33304659 PMCID: PMC7698690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global problem of antibiotic resistance requires the search for and development of new methods of treatment. One of the promising strategies is the use of low doses of antimicrobial peptides, in particular, human defensins HNP-1, hBD-1, and hBD-3, in combination with antibacterial drugs already used in clinical practice. This approach may be used to increase the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. However, this requires thorough study of the effectiveness of defensins in combination with antibiotics against a large number of bacterial strains with known phenotypes of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this work was to study the antibacterial effect of HNP-1, hBD-1 and hBD-3 in combination with rifampicin or amikacin against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (n = 27) and Escherichia coli (n = 24) collected from hospitalized patients. METHODS The standard checkerboard assay was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobials. The combined microbicidal effects of two substances (defensin + conventional antibiotic) were assessed by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). RESULTS The highest anti-staphylococcal activity (including methicillin-resistant strains) among defensins was demonstrated by hBD-3 that had MIC of 1 (0.5-4) mg/L (hereinafter, MIC values are presented as median and interquartile range). The MIC of HNP-1 against S. aureus was 4 (2-8) mg/L; the MIC of hBD-1 was 8 (4-8) mg/L. Against E. coli, the most effective was also found to be hBD-3 that had MIC of 4 (4-8) mg/L; the MIC of HNP-1 was 12 (4-32) mg/L. The combinations of HNP-1 + rifampicin and hBD-3 + rifampicin demonstrated synergistic effects against S. aureus. Against E. coli, combinations of HNP-1 + amikacin and hBD-3 + amikacin also showed synergy of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bolatchiev
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Stavropol State Medical University, Stavropol, Russian Federation
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23
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Petre B. Toward the Discovery of Host-Defense Peptides in Plants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1825. [PMID: 32973760 PMCID: PMC7472956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense peptides protect multicellular eukaryotes from infections. In biomedical sciences, a dominant conceptual framework refers to defense peptides as host-defense peptides (HDPs), which are bifunctional peptides with both direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. No HDP has been reported in plants so far, and the very concept of HDP has not been captured yet by the plant science community. Plant science thus lacks the conceptual framework that would coordinate research efforts aimed at discovering plant HDPs. In this perspective article, I used bibliometric and literature survey approaches to raise awareness about the HDP concept among plant scientists, and to encourage research efforts aimed at discovering plant HDPs. Such discovery would enrich our comprehension of the function and evolution of the plant immune system, and provide us with novel molecular tools to develop innovative strategies to control crop diseases.
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24
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Yang Y, Chen F, Chen HY, Peng H, Hao H, Wang KJ. A Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Scyreprocin From Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain Showing Potent Antifungal and Anti-biofilm Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1589. [PMID: 32849331 PMCID: PMC7396596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential antibiotic alternatives. Marine crustaceans are thought to generate more powerful and various AMPs to protect themselves from infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms in their complex aquatic habitat, thus becoming one of the most promising sources of AMPs or other bioactive substances. In the study, a novel protein was identified as an interacting partner of male-specific AMP SCY2 in Scylla paramamosain and named scyreprocin. The recombinant product of scyreprocin (rScyreprocin) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. rScyreprocin exerted potent, broad-spectrum antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activity (minimum inhibitory concentrations from 0.5 to 32 μM) through differential modes of action, including disruption of cell membrane integrity and induction of cell apoptosis, and has rapid bactericidal (in 0.5–2 h) and fungicidal (in 8–10 h) kinetics. In addition to its fungicidal activity against planktonic fungi, rScyreprocin also prevented the adhesion of fungal cells, inhibited biofilm formation, and eradicated the mature biofilms. Moreover, rScyreprocin showed a profound inhibitory effect on spore germination of Aspergillus spp. (minimum inhibitory concentrations from 4 to 8 μM). This peptide was not cytotoxic to murine and mammalian cells and could increase the survival rate of Oryzias melastigma under the challenge of Vibrio harveyi. Taken together, the novel AMP scyreprocin would be a promising alternative to antibiotics used in aquaculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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25
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King JG. Developmental and comparative perspectives on mosquito immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103458. [PMID: 31377103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases spread by mosquitoes have killed more people than those spread by any other group of arthropod vectors and remain an important factor in determining global health and economic stability. The mosquito innate immune system can act to either modulate infection with human pathogens or fight off entomopathogens and increase the fitness and longevity of infected mosquitoes. While work remains towards understanding the larval immune system and the development of the mosquito immune system, it has recently become clearer that environmental factors heavily shape the developing mosquito immune system and continue to influence the adult immune system as well. The adult immune system has been well-studied and is known to involve multiple tissues and diverse molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is currently understood about the development of the mosquito immune system and includes comparisons of immune components unique to mosquitoes among the blood-feeding arthropods as well as important distinguishing factors between the anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. An explanation is included for how mosquito immunity factors into vector competence and vectorial capacity is presented along with a model for the interrelationships between nutrition, microbiome, pathogen interactions and behavior as they relate to mosquito development, immune status, adult female fitness and ultimately, vectorial capacity. Novel discoveries in the fields of mosquito ecoimmunology, neuroimmunology, and intracellular antiviral responses are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G King
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 32 Creelman Street, Dorman 402, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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26
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Aumer T, Voisin SN, Knobloch T, Landon C, Bulet P. Impact of an Antifungal Insect Defensin on the Proteome of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1131-1146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aumer
- CR Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Sébastien N. Voisin
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, Archamps Technopole, 74166 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Thomas Knobloch
- Bayer SAS, Bayer CropScience, Centre de Recherche de la Dargoire, 69263 Lyon, France
| | - Céline Landon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Bulet
- CR Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, Archamps Technopole, 74166 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
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27
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Aono S, Dennis JC, He S, Wang W, Tao YX, Morrison EE. Exploring Pleiotropic Functions of Canine β-Defensin 103: Nasal Cavity Expression, Antimicrobial Activity, and Melanocortin Receptor Activity. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 304:210-221. [PMID: 31714028 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Canine β-defensin 103 (cBD103) and its common variant cBD103ΔG23 are multitasking polypeptides. As a β-defensin, cBD103 is one of many antimicrobial agents used by the innate immunity to thwart pathogenic colonization. In this study, we showed that cBD103 was expressed throughout the nasal cavity, with primary expression in the nares as well as respiratory and olfactory epithelia. In the rostral nasal concha, cBD103 was expressed in the epithelium, and to a lesser degree in the lamina propria, but was absent in goblet cells. In the main olfactory epithelium, virtually all cells in the epithelial layer and select cells associated with Bowman's glands expressed cBD103. We also showed that the ΔG23 mutation did not appreciably alter the antimicrobial activity of the peptide against several species of microorganisms tested in nutrient-rich or minimal media or minimal media with salt added. Moreover, we showed antimicrobial activity in minimal media did not necessarily predict the inhibitory action of the peptide in nutrient-rich media. Both forms of cBD103 caused ultrastructural changes (membrane blebbing, condensation of intracellular contents and cell wall lysis) in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. As a ligand of the melanocortin receptors, we showed that cBD103ΔG23 increased ERK1/2 activation and cAMP accumulation when bound to the human or canine melanocortin-4 receptor, acting as a weak allosteric agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Aono
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - John C Dennis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Shan He
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Edward E Morrison
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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28
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Wu SC, Yang ZQ, Liu F, Peng WJ, Qu SQ, Li Q, Song XB, Zhu K, Shen JZ. Antibacterial Effect and Mode of Action of Flavonoids From Licorice Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2489. [PMID: 31749783 PMCID: PMC6848462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that causes food poisoning, various infections, and sepsis. Effective strategies and new drugs are needed to control S. aureus associated infections due to the emergence and rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antibacterial activity, potential mode of action, and applications of flavonoids from licorice were investigated. Here, we showed that glabrol, licochalcone A, licochalcone C, and licochalcone E displayed high efficiency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Glabrol, licochalcone A, licochalcone C, and licochalcone E exhibited low cytotoxicity without hemolytic activity based on safety evaluation. Glabrol displayed rapid bactericidal activity with low levels of resistance development in vitro. Meanwhile, glabrol rapidly increased bacterial membrane permeability and dissipated the proton move force. Furthermore, we found that peptidoglycan, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin inhibited the antibacterial activity of glabrol. Molecular docking showed that glabrol binds to phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Lastly, glabrol showed antibacterial activity against MRSA in both in vivo and in vitro models. Altogether, these results suggest that glabrol is a promising lead compound for the design of membrane-active antibacterial agents against MRSA and can be used as a disinfectant candidate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Cheng Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Qi Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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29
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Shcherbakov KV, Artemyeva MA, Burgart YV, Evstigneeva NP, Gerasimova NA, Zilberberg NV, Kungurov NV, Saloutin VI, Chupakhin ON. Transformations of 3-acyl-4H-polyfluorochromen-4-ones under the action of amino acids and biogenic amines. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Nikte S, Gahankari A, Mulla J, Sengupta D, Joshi M, Tamhane V. In vitro and in silico studies on membrane interactions of diverseCapsicum annuumflower γ‐thionin peptides. Proteins 2019; 88:227-236. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhanta Nikte
- Bioinformatics CentreSavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
- Physical Chemistry DivisionNational Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Apurva Gahankari
- Institute of Bioinformatics and BiotechnologySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Javed Mulla
- Institute of Bioinformatics and BiotechnologySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Durba Sengupta
- Physical Chemistry DivisionNational Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics CentreSavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Vaijayanti Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and BiotechnologySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
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31
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Grein F, Schneider T, Sahl HG. Docking on Lipid II-A Widespread Mechanism for Potent Bactericidal Activities of Antibiotic Peptides. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3520-3530. [PMID: 31100388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural product antibiotics usually target the major biosynthetic pathways of bacterial cells and the search for new targets outside these pathways has proven very difficult. Cell wall biosynthesis maybe the most prominent antibiotic target, and ß-lactams are among the clinically most relevant antibiotics. Among cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors, glycopeptide antibiotics are a second group of important drugs, which bind to the peptidoglycan building block lipid II and prevent the incorporation of the monomeric unit into polymeric cell wall. However, lipid II acts as a docking molecule for many more naturally occurring antibiotics from diverse chemical classes and likely is the most targeted molecule in antibacterial mechanisms. We summarize current knowledge on lipid II binding antibiotics and explain, on the levels of mechanisms and resistance development, why lipid II is such a prominent target, and thus provide insights for the design of new antibiotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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32
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Zúñiga E, Luque J, Martos S. Lignin biosynthesis as a key mechanism to repress Polystigma amygdalinum, the causal agent of the red leaf blotch disease in almond. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:96-104. [PMID: 30939334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The red leaf blotch (RLB) of almond, caused by the fungus Polystigma amygdalinum, is considered as one of the most important leaf diseases of this fruit tree. Differential cultivar susceptibility to the RLB has been described based on field observations, while its molecular and biochemical bases remain unknown to date. We aimed to explore the plant defence mechanisms related to the cultivar susceptibility by identifying some relevant physical and chemical strategies for the pathogen control. Thus, we studied the regulation of seven defence-related genes as well as the lignin deposition in two almond cultivars with highly differential response to RLB: the highly tolerant 'Mardía' and the susceptible 'Tarraco' cultivars. 'Mardía' displayed an up-regulation of the CAD and DFN1 genes at early stages of RLB symptom expression, with further lignin deposition in the fungal-colonized area that was visualized by microscopy. Thus, 'Mardía' uses both physical and chemical responses to effectively repress the pathogen. In contrast, 'Tarraco' triggered the up-regulation of HQT and LDOX genes, related to chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, respectively, while lignin deposition was not clearly noticed. This strategy recorded in 'Tarraco' at later stages of RLB symptoms failed to control the fungal infection and colonization. Our results suggested a major role of the phenylpropanoids pathway in the defence response against RLB, by showing that an early production of lignin might be a major mechanism to control the spread of P. amygdalinum within the host leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Zúñiga
- Plant Pathology, IRTA Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; Plant Physiology Laboratory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jordi Luque
- Plant Pathology, IRTA Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain.
| | - Soledad Martos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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33
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Ozias‐Akins P, Breiteneder H. The functional biology of peanut allergens and possible links to their allergenicity. Allergy 2019; 74:888-898. [PMID: 30636003 PMCID: PMC6563476 DOI: 10.1111/all.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peanut is one of the most common food triggers of fatal anaphylaxis worldwide although peanut allergy affects only 1%-2% of the general population. Peanuts are the source of highly potent allergenic proteins. It is emerging that the allergenicity of certain proteins is linked to their biological function. Peanut is an unusual crop in that it flowers aboveground but produces its seed-containing pods underground. This so-called geocarpic fruiting habit exposes pods and seeds during their development to soilborne pathogens and pests. Pest damage can also open routes of entry for opportunistic fungi such as Aspergillus. Although seed proteins have primary functions in nutrient reservoirs, lipid storage bodies, or the cytoskeleton, they have also evolved to act as part of the plant's defense system to enhance fitness and survival of the species. When interacting with pathogens or pests, these proteins modify and damage cells' membranes, interact with immune receptors, and modulate signaling pathways. Moreover, following exposure, the immune system of predisposed individuals reacts to these proteins with the production of specific IgE. This review explores the evolutionary biology of peanut and its seed proteins and highlights possible links between the proteins' biological function and their allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Ozias‐Akins
- Genetic & Genomics and Department of Horticulture Institute of Plant Breeding University of Georgia Tifton Georgia
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Zharkova MS, Orlov DS, Golubeva OY, Chakchir OB, Eliseev IE, Grinchuk TM, Shamova OV. Application of Antimicrobial Peptides of the Innate Immune System in Combination With Conventional Antibiotics-A Novel Way to Combat Antibiotic Resistance? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:128. [PMID: 31114762 PMCID: PMC6503114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics leads to inefficiency of traditional approaches of countering infections and determines the urgent need for a search of fundamentally new anti-infective drugs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the innate immune system are promising candidates for a role of such novel antibiotics. However, some cytotoxicity of AMPs toward host cells limits their active implementation in medicine and forces attempts to design numerous structural analogs of the peptides with optimized properties. An alternative route for the successful AMPs introduction may be their usage in combination with conventional antibiotics. Synergistic antibacterial effects have been reported for a number of such combinations, however, the molecular mechanisms of the synergy remain poorly understood and little is known whether AMPs cytotoxicy for the host cells increases upon their application with antibiotics. Our study is directed to examination of a combined action of natural AMPs with different structure and mode of action (porcine protegrin 1, caprine bactenecin ChBac3.4, human alpha- and beta-defensins (HNP-1, HNP-4, hBD-2, hBD-3), human cathelicidin LL-37), and egg white lysozyme with varied antibiotic agents (gentamicin, ofloxacin, oxacillin, rifampicin, polymyxin B, silver nanoparticles) toward selected bacteria, including drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains, as well as toward some mammalian cells (human erythrocytes, PBMC, neutrophils, murine peritoneal macrophages and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells). Using “checkerboard titrations” for fractional inhibitory concentration indexes evaluation, it was found that synergy in antibacterial action mainly occurs between highly membrane-active AMPs (e.g., protegrin 1, hBD-3) and antibiotics with intracellular targets (e.g., gentamicin, rifampcin), suggesting bioavailability increase as the main model of such interaction. In some combinations modulation of dynamics of AMP-bacterial membrane interaction in presence of the antibiotic was also shown. Cytotoxic effects of the same combinations toward normal eukaryotic cells were rarely synergistic. The obtained data approve that combined application of antimicrobial peptides with antibiotics or other antimicrobials is a promising strategy for further development of new approach for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria by usage of AMP-based therapeutics. Revealing the conventional antibiotics that increase the activity of human endogenous AMPs against particular pathogens is also important for cure strategies elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Zharkova
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy S Orlov
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Golubeva
- Laboratory of Nanostructures Research, Institute of Silicate Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg B Chakchir
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor E Eliseev
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana M Grinchuk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Shamova
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Wendler J, Schroeder BO, Ehmann D, Koeninger L, Mailänder-Sánchez D, Lemberg C, Wanner S, Schaller M, Stange EF, Malek NP, Weidenmaier C, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Wehkamp J. Proteolytic Degradation of reduced Human Beta Defensin 1 generates a Novel Antibiotic Octapeptide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3640. [PMID: 30842543 PMCID: PMC6403363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance against clinical used antibiotics is on the rise. Accordingly, there is a high demand for new innovative antimicrobial strategies. The host-defense peptide human beta-defensin 1 (hBD-1) is produced continuously by epithelial cells and exhibits compelling antimicrobial activity after reduction of its disulphide bridges. Here we report that proteolysis of reduced hBD-1 by gastrointestinal proteases as well as human duodenal secretions produces an eight-amino acid carboxy-terminal fragment. The generated octapeptide retains antibiotic activity, yet with distinct characteristics differing from the full-length peptide. We modified the octapeptide by stabilizing its termini and by using non-natural D-amino acids. The native and modified peptide variants showed antibiotic activity against pathogenic as well as antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Moreover, in an in vitro C. albicans infection model the tested peptides demonstrated effective amelioration of C. albicans infection without showing cytotoxity on human cells. In summary, protease degradation of hBD-1 provides a yet unknown mechanism to broaden antimicrobial host defense, which could be used to develop defensin-derived therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wendler
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern O Schroeder
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dirk Ehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Louis Koeninger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Lemberg
- Institute of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Wanner
- Institute of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Institute of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weidenmaier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Mir Drikvand R, Sohrabi SM, Samiei K. Molecular cloning and characterization of six defensin genes from lentil plant ( Lens culinaris L.). 3 Biotech 2019; 9:104. [PMID: 30800615 PMCID: PMC6387662 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Six full-length gene and cDNA sequences of defensin were identified from Lens culinaris L. plant. The identified genes and cDNAs were different in length and their coding sequences contained Knot1 functional domain. Phylogenetic analysis classified the identified defensins into two subfamilies. All defensin genes contained only one intron and had extracellular signal peptides. Secondary structures of identified defensins were completely composed of alpha helix and beta strand. Presence of conserved Cys amino acids and disulfide bridges, interaction with defense and signaling proteins and antimicrobial activity were other common features of these peptides. The identified defensins displayed differential expression pattern in the various tissues. The highest expression level of defensins was observed in seed, pod, and root tissues. Defensin 4 was significantly expressed in all examined tissues, whereas the other defensins were only expressed in some tissues. Also, in the fungal and wounding treatments, lentil defensins showed different expression pattern. Defensin 1 was up-regulated in both fungal and wounding treatments. Defensin 4 showed decreased expression level in both fungal and wounding treatments. Defensins 2 and 6 were up-regulated in wounding and fungal treatments, respectively. In this study, for the first time, six defensin genes were isolated and characterized from lentil. Our results highlighted the role of defensins in lentil plant that can be used for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mir Drikvand
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohsen Sohrabi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kamran Samiei
- Department of Agriculture, Kangavar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kangavar, Iran
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Medicinal Potentialities of Plant Defensins: A Review with Applied Perspectives. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6010029. [PMID: 30791451 PMCID: PMC6473878 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based secondary metabolites with medicinal potentialities such as defensins are small, cysteine-rich peptides that represent an imperative aspect of the inherent defense system. Plant defensins possess broad-spectrum biological activities, e.g., bactericidal and insecticidal actions, as well as antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. The unique structural and functional attributes provide a nonspecific and versatile means of combating a variety of microbial pathogens, i.e., fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and enveloped viruses. Some defensins in plants involved in other functions include the development of metal tolerance and the role in sexual reproduction, while most of the defensins make up the innate immune system of the plants. Defensins are structurally and functionally linked and have been characterized in various eukaryotic microorganisms, mammals, plants, gulls, teleost species of fish, mollusks, insect pests, arachnidan, and crustaceans. This defense mechanism has been improved biotechnologically as it helps to protect plants from fungal attacks in genetically modified organisms (GMO). Herein, we review plant defensins as secondary metabolites with medicinal potentialities. The first half of the review elaborates the origin, structural variations, and mechanism of actions of plant defensins. In the second part, the role of defensins in plant defense, stress response, and reproduction are discussed with suitable examples. Lastly, the biological applications of plant defensins as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents are also deliberated. In summary, plant defensins may open a new prospect in medicine, human health, and agriculture.
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Du ZQ, Wang Y, Ma HY, Shen XL, Wang K, Du J, Yu XD, Fang WH, Li XC. A new crustin homologue (SpCrus6) involved in the antimicrobial and antiviral innate immunity in mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:733-743. [PMID: 30381264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crustins play important roles in defending against bacteria in the innate immunity system of crustaceans. In present study, we identified a crustin gene in Scylla paramamosain, which was named as SpCrus6. The ORF of SpCrus6 possessed a signal peptide sequence (SPS) at the N-terminus and a WAP domain at the C-terminus. And there were 5 Proline residues, 5 Glycine and 4 Cysteine residues between SPS and WAP domain in SpCrus6. These features indicated that SpCrus6 was a new member of crustin family. The SpCrus6 mRNA transcripts were up-regulated obviously after bacteria or virus challenge. These changes showed that SpCrus6 was involved in the antimicrobial and antiviral responses of Scylla paramamosain. Recombinant SpCrus6 (rSpCrus6) showed strong inhibitory abilities against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis). But the inhibitory abilities against four Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi and Escherichia coli) and two fungi (Pichia pastoris and Candida albicans) were not strong enough. Besides, rSpCrus6 could strongly bind to two Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis and B. megaterium) and three Gram-negative bacteria (V. alginolyticus, V. parahemolyticus, and V. harveyi). And the binding levels to S. aureus and two fungi (P. pastoris and C. albicans) were weak. The polysaccharides binding assays' results showed rSpCrus6 had superior binding activities to LPS, LTA, PGN and β-glucan. Through agglutinating assays, we found rSpCrus6 could agglutinate well three Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis and B. megaterium). And the agglutinating activities to Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were not found. In the aspect of antiviral functions, rSpCrus6 could bind specifically to the recombinant envelop protein 26 (rVP26) of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) but not to recombinant envelop protein 28 (rVP28), whereas GST protein could not bind to rVP26 or rVP28. Besides, rSpCrus6 could suppress WSSV reproduction to some extent. Taken together, SpCrus6 was a multifunctional immunity effector in the innate immunity defending response of S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014010, China
| | - Yue Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xiu-Li Shen
- Library, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014010, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014010, China
| | - Jie Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014010, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014010, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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A structural perspective of plant antimicrobial peptides. Biochem J 2018; 475:3359-3375. [PMID: 30413680 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the numerous strategies plants have developed to fend off enemy attack, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) stand out as one of the most prominent defensive barriers that grant direct and durable resistance against a wide range of pests and pathogens. These small proteins are characterized by a compact structure and an overall positive charge. AMPs have an ancient origin and widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom but show an unusually high degree of variation in their amino acid sequences. Interestingly, there is a strikingly conserved topology among the plant AMP families, suggesting that the defensive properties of these peptides are not determined by their primary sequences but rather by their tridimensional structure. To explore and expand this idea, we here discuss the role of AMPs for plant defense from a structural perspective. We show how specific structural properties, such as length, charge, hydrophobicity, polar angle and conformation, are essential for plant AMPs to act as a chemical shield that hinders enemy attack. Knowledge on the topology of these peptides is facilitating the isolation, classification and even structural redesign of AMPs, thus allowing scientists to develop new peptides with multiple agronomical and pharmacological potential.
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Campos ML, de Souza CM, de Oliveira KBS, Dias SC, Franco OL. The role of antimicrobial peptides in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4997-5011. [PMID: 30099553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective pressure imposed by millions of years of relentless biological attack has led to the development of an extraordinary array of defense strategies in plants. Among these, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) stand out as one of the most prominent components of the plant immune system. These small and usually basic peptides are deployed as a generalist defense strategy that grants direct and durable resistance against biotic stress. Even though their name implies a function against microbes, the range of plant-associated organisms affected by these peptides is much broader. In this review, we highlight the advances in our understanding on the role of AMPs in plant immunity. We demonstrate that the capacity of plant AMPs to act against a large spectrum of enemies relies on their diverse mechanism of action and remarkable structural stability. The efficacy of AMPs as a defense strategy is evidenced by their widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom, an astonishing heterogeneity in host peptide composition, and the extent to which plant enemies have evolved effective counter-measures to evade AMP action. Plant AMPs are becoming an important topic of research due to their significance in allowing plants to thrive and for their enormous potential in agronomical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá/MT, Brazil
| | - Camila Maurmann de Souza
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
| | | | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasilia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande/MS, Brazil
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Sonderegger C, Váradi G, Galgóczy L, Kocsubé S, Posch W, Borics A, Dubrac S, Tóth GK, Wilflingseder D, Marx F. The Evolutionary Conserved γ-Core Motif Influences the Anti- Candida Activity of the Penicillium chrysogenum Antifungal Protein PAF. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1655. [PMID: 30079061 PMCID: PMC6062912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, cysteine-rich and cationic antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) from filamentous ascomycetes represent ideal bio-molecules for the development of next-generation antifungal therapeutics. They are promising candidates to counteract resistance development and may complement or even replace current small molecule-based antibiotics in the future. In this study, we show that a 14 amino acid (aa) long peptide (Pγ) spanning the highly conserved γ-core motif of the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) has antifungal activity against the opportunistic human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. By substituting specific aa we elevated the positive net charge and the hydrophilicity of Pγ and created the peptide variants Pγvar and Pγopt with 10-fold higher antifungal activity than Pγ. Similarly, the antifungal efficacy of the PAF protein could be significantly improved by exchanging the respective aa in the γ-core of the protein by creating the protein variants PAFγvar and PAFγopt. The designed peptides and proteins were investigated in detail for their physicochemical features and mode of action, and were tested for cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. This study proves for the first time the important role of the γ-core motif in the biological function of an AMP from ascomycetes. Furthermore, we provide a detailed phylogenetic analysis that proves the presence and conservation of the γ-core motif in all AMP classes from Eurotiomycetes. We emphasize the potential of this common protein motif for the design of short antifungal peptides and as a protein motif in which targeted aa substitutions enhance antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sonderegger
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florentine Marx
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wang H, Zhang JX, Wang Y, Fang WH, Wang Y, Zhou JF, Zhao S, Li XC. Newly identified type II crustin (SpCrus2) in Scylla paramamosain contains a distinct cysteine distribution pattern exhibiting broad antimicrobial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:1-13. [PMID: 29409789 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Type II crustins are the most abundant type of crustins in shrimps that exhibit remarkable sequence diversities and broad antibacterial activities. This study characterized a novel type II crustin, SpCrus2, in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The SpCrus2 cDNA sequence is 620-bp long with a 495-bp open reading frame encoding a 164-amino acid protein. In the deduced protein, a 17-amino acid signal peptide, a glycine-rich hydrophobic region (GRR), and a cysteine-rich region (CRR) containing a whey acidic protein domain were predicted. SpCrus2 shares high similarity with most type II crustins (types IIa and IIb crustins) in shrimps but has a novel distribution pattern of cysteine residues that is distinct from most crustins. SpCrus2 and PlCrus3 from Pacifastacus leniusculus share high similarity and the same distribution pattern of cysteine residues. Thus, we proposed them as type IIc crustins. SpCrus2 is mainly distributed in the gills and can be up-regulated through Vibrio parahemolyticus or Staphylococcus aureus challenge. To investigate the biological functions of SpCrus2 and the underlying mechanisms, SpCrus2, GRR, CRR, and the mutant of CRR (CRR-M, the cysteine distribution pattern is mutated into that in most conventional crustins) were all overexpressed and purified. SpCrus2 GRR itself, as a glycine-rich amphiphilic peptide, exhibited evident antibacterial ability against Gram-negative bacteria, whereas CRR possessed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Either GRR or CRR exhibited weaker antibacterial activity than the whole protein of SpCrus2, indicating that GRR and CRR synergized to exert their potential antibacterial functions. In addition, CRR exhibited slightly stronger antimicrobial activity than CRR-M, suggesting that SpCrus2 containing this novel cysteine distribution pattern may exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity than most type II crustins with the conventional distribution pattern of cysteine residues. The likely antimicrobial ability of SpCrus2 may result from its microbial polysaccharide-binding and agglutination activities. Overall, this study characterized the first type II crustin in crabs and provided new insights into understanding the sequence and functional diversity of crustins and their immune functions in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; School of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing-Xiao Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yue Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Finkina EI, Ovchinnikova TV. Plant Defensins: Structure, Functions, Biosynthesis, and the Role in the Immune Response. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Peptide-Like Nylon-3 Polymers with Activity against Phylogenetically Diverse, Intrinsically Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Fungi. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00223-18. [PMID: 29794056 PMCID: PMC5967195 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00223-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dimensions of fungal diversity has major implications for the control of diseases in humans, plants, and animals and in the overall health of ecosystems on the planet. One ancient evolutionary strategy organisms use to manage interactions with microbes, including fungi, is to produce host defense peptides (HDPs). HDPs and their synthetic analogs have been subjects of interest as potential therapeutic agents. Due to increases in fungal disease worldwide, there is great interest in developing novel antifungal agents. Here we describe activity of polymeric HDP analogs against fungi from 18 pathogenic genera composed of 41 species and 72 isolates. The synthetic polymers are members of the nylon-3 family (poly-β-amino acid materials). Three different nylon-3 polymers show high efficacy against surprisingly diverse fungi. Across the phylogenetic spectrum (with the exception of Aspergillus species), yeasts, dermatophytes, dimorphic fungi, and molds were all sensitive to the effects of these polymers. Even fungi intrinsically resistant to current antifungal drugs, such as the causative agents of mucormycosis (Rhizopus spp.) and those with acquired resistance to azole drugs, showed nylon-3 polymer sensitivity. In addition, the emerging pathogens Pseudogymnoascus destructans (cause of white nose syndrome in bats) and Candida auris (cause of nosocomial infections of humans) were also sensitive. The three nylon-3 polymers exhibited relatively low toxicity toward mammalian cells. These findings raise the possibility that nylon-3 polymers could be useful against fungi for which there are only limited and/or no antifungal agents available at present.IMPORTANCE Fungi reside in all ecosystems on earth and impart both positive and negative effects on human, plant, and animal health. Fungal disease is on the rise worldwide, and there is a critical need for more effective and less toxic antifungal agents. Nylon-3 polymers are short, sequence random, poly-β-amino acid materials that can be designed to manifest antimicrobial properties. Here, we describe three nylon-3 polymers with potent activity against the most phylogenetically diverse set of fungi evaluated thus far in a single study. In contrast to traditional peptides, nylon-3 polymers are highly stable to proteolytic degradation and can be produced efficiently in large quantities at low cost. The ability to modify nylon-3 polymer composition easily creates an opportunity to tailor efficacy and toxicity, which makes these materials attractive as potential broad-spectrum antifungal therapeutics.
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Wang Y, Zhang XW, Wang H, Fang WH, Ma H, Zhang F, Wang Y, Li XC. SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 share high similarity in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) exhibiting different antibacterial activities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:139-151. [PMID: 29352984 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I crustins are crucial effectors of crustacean immune system. Various type I crustins with high sequence diversity possess different antimicrobial activities. To date, the mechanism on how the sequence diversity of type I crustins affects their antimicrobial activities is largely unclear, and how different crustins function together against bacterial invasion still remains unknown. In this study, we identified two novel type I crustins, namely, SpCrus3 and SpCrus4, from an economically important crab, Scylla paramamosain. Either SpCrus3 or SpCrus4 was highly expressed in gill. After challenges with Vibrio parahemolyticus or Staphylococcus aureus, SpCrus4 was up-regulated, whereas SpCrus3 was down-regulated. No significant expression change of SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 was observed after white spot syndrome virus injection, suggesting that these two genes may not participate in the antiviral immune responses. SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 had the common 5' terminus and high similarity of 66.06%, but SpCrus4 exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than that of SpCrus3. Microorganism-binding assay results revealed that both SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 exhibited binding ability to all tested microorganisms. Furthermore, the polysaccharide-binding assay showed that these two proteins exhibited strong binding activity to bacterial polysaccharides, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN). SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 exhibited stronger binding activity to LPS or LTA than to PGN. Moreover, SpCrus4 showed stronger binding activity to LTA than that of SpCrus3, which may be responsible for the significantly distinct antimicrobial activity between these two proteins. In addition, SpCrus4 displayed stronger agglutination activity against several kinds of microorganisms than that of SpCrus3. This increased agglutination activity may also contribute to the strong antibacterial activity of SpCrus4. On the basis of all these results, a possible antibacterial mode exerted by SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 was proposed as follows. SpCrus3 was highly expressed in normal crabs to maintain low-level antibacterial activity without bacterial challenges. When crabs were challenged with bacteria, large amount of SpCrus4 was generated to exhibit strong antibacterial activity against bacterial invasion. This study provides new insights to understand the antibacterial functions and mechanisms of type I crustins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Hui Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Department of Arts and Sciences, New York University, Shanghai, 200122, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang H, Ma H, Huang YQ, Lu JX, Li XC, Zhang XW. Involvement of a newly identified atypical type II crustin (SpCrus5) in the antibacterial immunity of mud crab Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:346-356. [PMID: 29462747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crustins, the main AMP family in Crustacea, are generated as isoforms in many species and implicated in innate immune responses, but their detailed molecular mechanisms on susceptible bacteria remain largely unclear. Type II and type I crustins are distinguished by glycine-rich region (GRR), which is a major marker motif, and some type II crustins exhibit stronger antibacterial activities than their GRR deletion mutants. In the present study, a novel crustin, namely, SpCrus5, was functionally characterized from a commercially valuable crab Scylla paramamosain. SpCrus5 contained a typical cysteine-rich domain at the N-terminus, a conserved WAP domain in the center, and a special GRR at the C-terminus, which is located in a site that differs from that of GRRs in typical type II crustins found between signal peptides and cysteine-rich domains. SpCrus5 shared high similarities with most type II crustins, and it was more closely related to type II crustins than to other retrieved crustins. SpCrus5 was predominantly expressed in gills and remarkably upregulated after the crabs were challenged with Vibrio parahemolyticus or Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that SpCrus5 might participate in antibacterial immune responses. To further elucidate how this C-terminal GRR affects the function of SpCrus5, we harvested a GRR deletion mutant (SpCrus5-ΔGRR) by deleting the GRR. Liquid growth inhibition assays demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of SpCrus5 was stronger than that of SpCrus5-ΔGRR, and the antibacterial spectrum of the former toward Gram-negative bacteria was broader than that of the latter. Binding assays revealed that the microorganism-binding ability and polysaccharide-binding activity of SpCrus5 were stronger than those of SpCrus5-ΔGRR. SpCrus5 or SpCrus5-ΔGRR agglutinated all tested Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, the antibacterial activities of SpCrus5 were stronger and broader than those of SpCrus5-ΔGRR, and the binding ability and agglutination activity might contribute to the antimicrobial activity of SpCrus5. These results revealed that the C-terminal GRR was necessary to produce an efficient antibacterial activity of SpCrus5. SpCrus5 was highly identical with most type II crustins and it functioned as many type II crustins did, indicating that SpCrus5 was more likely an atypical type II crustin than a type I crustin. This study revealed that SpCrus5 participated as an essential antimicrobial effector in immune responses and provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of the sequence and function diversity of crustins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Hui Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yan-Qing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jian-Xue Lu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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Parisi K, Shafee TMA, Quimbar P, van der Weerden NL, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA. The evolution, function and mechanisms of action for plant defensins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:107-118. [PMID: 29432955 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant defensins are an extensive family of small cysteine rich proteins characterised by a conserved cysteine stabilised alpha beta protein fold which resembles the structure of insect and vertebrate defensins. However, secondary structure and disulphide topology indicates two independent superfamilies of defensins with similar structures that have arisen via an extreme case of convergent evolution. Defensins from plants and insects belong to the cis-defensin superfamily whereas mammalian defensins belong to the trans-defensin superfamily. Plant defensins are produced by all species of plants and although the structure is highly conserved, the amino acid sequences are highly variable with the exception of the cysteine residues that form the stabilising disulphide bonds and a few other conserved residues. The majority of plant defensins are components of the plant innate immune system but others have evolved additional functions ranging from roles in sexual reproduction and development to metal tolerance. This review focuses on the antifungal mechanisms of plant defensins. The activity of plant defensins is not limited to plant pathogens and many of the described mechanisms have been elucidated using yeast models. These mechanisms are more complex than simple membrane permeabilisation induced by many small antimicrobial peptides. Common themes that run through the characterised mechanisms are interactions with specific lipids, production of reactive oxygen species and induction of cell wall stress. Links between sequence motifs and functions are highlighted where appropriate. The complexity of the interactions between plant defensins and fungi helps explain why this protein superfamily is ubiquitous in plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Parisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas M A Shafee
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro Quimbar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole L van der Weerden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marilyn A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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A Simplified Derivative of Human Defensin 5 with Potent and Efficient Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01504-17. [PMID: 29158275 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01504-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAb) infections worldwide has necessitated the development of novel antibiotics. Human defensin 5 (HD5) is an endogenous peptide with a complex architecture and antibacterial activity against MDRAb In the present study, we attempted to simplify the structure of HD5 by removing disulfide bonds. We found that the Cys2-4 bond was most indispensable for HD5 to inactivate MDRAb, although the antibacterial activity of the derivative was significantly attenuated. We then replaced the noncationic and nonhydrophobic residues with electropositive Arg to increase the antibacterial activity of HD5 derivative that contains a Cys2-4 bond, obtaining another derivative termed HD5d5. The in vitro antibacterial assay and irradiation-wound-infection animal experiment both showed that HD5d5 was much more effective than HD5 at eliminating MDRAb Further investigations revealed that HD5d5 efficiently bound to outer membrane lipid A and penetrated membranes, leading to bacterial collapse and peptide translocation. Compared to HD5, more HD5d5 molecules were located in the cytoplasm of MDRAb, and HD5d5 was more efficient at reducing the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that are detrimental to microbes. In addition, HD5 failed to suppress the pathogenic outer membrane protein A of Acinetobacter baumannii (AbOmpA) at concentrations up to 50 μg/ml, whereas HD5d5 strongly bound to AbOmpA and exhibited a dramatic toxin-neutralizing ability, thus expanding the repertoire of drugs that is available to treat MDRAb infections.
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Pachón-Ibáñez ME, Smani Y, Pachón J, Sánchez-Céspedes J. Perspectives for clinical use of engineered human host defense antimicrobial peptides. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:323-342. [PMID: 28521337 PMCID: PMC5435762 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi are among the leading causes of death worldwide. The emergence of drug-resistance mechanisms, especially among bacteria, threatens the efficacy of all current antimicrobial agents, some of them already ineffective. As a result, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs. Host defense antimicrobial peptides (HDPs) are natural occurring and well-conserved peptides of innate immunity, broadly active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses and fungi. They also are able to exert immunomodulatory and adjuvant functions by acting as chemotactic for immune cells, and inducing cytokines and chemokines secretion. Moreover, they show low propensity to elicit microbial adaptation, probably because of their non-specific mechanism of action, and are able to neutralize exotoxins and endotoxins. HDPs have the potential to be a great source of novel antimicrobial agents. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the advances made in the development of human defensins as well as the cathelicidin LL-37 and their derivatives as antimicrobial agents against bacteria, viruses and fungi for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Pachón-Ibáñez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Younes Smani
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Jerónimo Pachón
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville.,Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Céspedes
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville.,Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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50
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Ergene C, Yasuhara K, Palermo EF. Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers: recent advances in molecular design. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, coupled with the decline in the number of new antibiotic drug approvals, has created a therapeutic gap that portends an emergent public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute for Science and Technology
- Ikoma
- Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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