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Chen Y, Zhan Q, Zhang J, Wang W, Luan Khoo B, Liu Z, Wei S, Niu J, Xu J, Yu CC, Hu X, Liu Y, Han J, Liu S, Liu L. Accurate prediction of drug-induced heterogeneous response of red cell in vivo using a gravity-driven flow cytometry based on a microfluidic chip. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Matthews K, Lamoureux ES, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Duffy SP, Ma H. Technologies for measuring red blood cell deformability. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1254-1274. [PMID: 35266475 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) are approximately 8 μm in diameter, but must repeatedly deform through capillaries as small as 2 μm in order to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The loss of this capability is associated with the pathology of many diseases, and is therefore a potential biomarker for disease status and treatment efficacy. Measuring RBC deformability is a difficult problem because of the minute forces (∼pN) that must be exerted on these cells, as well as the requirements for throughput and multiplexing. The development of technologies for measuring RBC deformability date back to the 1960s with the development of micropipette aspiration, ektacytometry, and the cell transit analyzer. In the past 10 years, significant progress has been made using microfluidics by leveraging the ability to precisely control fluid flow through microstructures at the size scale of individual RBCs. These technologies have now surpassed traditional methods in terms of sensitivity, throughput, consistency, and ease of use. As a result, these efforts are beginning to move beyond feasibility studies and into applications to enable biomedical discoveries. In this review, we provide an overview of both traditional and microfluidic techniques for measuring RBC deformability. We discuss the capabilities of each technique and compare their sensitivity, throughput, and robustness in measuring bulk and single-cell RBC deformability. Finally, we discuss how these tools could be used to measure changes in RBC deformability in the context of various applications including pathologies caused by malaria and hemoglobinopathies, as well as degradation during storage in blood bags prior to blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erik S Lamoureux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Myrand-Lapierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Dao M, MacDonald I, Asaro RJ. Erythrocyte flow through the interendothelial slits of the splenic venous sinus. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2227-2245. [PMID: 34535857 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The flow patterns of red blood cells through the spleen are intimately linked to clearance of senescent RBCs, with clearance principally occurring within the open flow through the red pulp and slits of the venous sinus system that exists in humans, rats, and dogs. Passage through interendothelial slits (IESs) of the sinus has been shown by MacDonald et al. (Microvasc Res 33:118-134, 1987) to be mediated by the caliber, i.e., slit opening width, of these slits. IES caliber within a given slit of a given sinus section has been shown to operate in an asynchronous manner. Here, we describe a model and simulation results that demonstrate how the supporting forces exerted on the sinus by the reticular meshwork of the red pulp, combined with asymmetrical contractility of stress fibers within the endothelial cells comprising the sinus, describe this vital and intriguing behavior. These results shed light on the function of the sinus slits in species such as humans, rats, and dogs that possess sinusoidal sinuses. Instead of assuming a passive mechanical filtering mechanism of the IESs, our proposed model provides a mechanically consistent explanation for the dynamically modulated IES opening/filtering mechanism observed in vivo. The overall perspective provided is also consistent with the view that IES passage serves as a self-protective mechanism in RBC vesiculation and inclusion removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ian MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - R J Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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4
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Kang YJ. Simultaneous measurement method of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and erythrocyte deformability in resource-limited settings. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:025009. [PMID: 32000147 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab71f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The individual effects of plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) on the biophysical properties of blood can be monitored by measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and RBC deformability simultaneously. However, the previous methods require bulky and expensive facilities (i.e. microscope, high-speed camera, and syringe pump) to deliver blood or capture blood flows. APPROACH To resolve these issues, a simple method for sequential measurement of the ESR and RBC deformability is demonstrated by quantifying the cell-free volume (V CF ), cell-rich volume (V CR ), and blood volume (V B ) inside an air-compressed syringe (ACS). A microfluidic device consists of multiple micropillar channels, an inlet, and outlet. After the ACS is filled with air (V air = 0.4 ml) and a blood sample (V B = 0.6 ml, hematocrit = 30%) sequentially, the ACS is fitted into the inlet. The cavity inside the ACS is compressed to V comp = 0.4 ml after closing the outlet with a stopper. A smartphone camera is employed to capture variations in the V CF , V CR , and V B inside the ACS. The ESR index suggested in this study (ESR PM ) is obtained by dividing the V CF (t = t 1) with an elapse of t 1. By removing the stopper, ΔV B (ΔV B = V B [t = t 1] - V B ) is obtained and fitted as a two-term exponential model ([Formula: see text]. As a performance demonstration, the proposed method is employed to detect an ESR-enhanced blood sample, homogeneous hardened blood sample, and heterogeneous blood sample. MAIN RESULTS From the experimental results, it is found that the proposed method has the ability to detect various bloods by quantifying the ESR PM and two coefficients (a, b) simultaneously. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the present method can be effectively used to measure the ESR and RBC deformability in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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5
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Depond M, Henry B, Buffet P, Ndour PA. Methods to Investigate the Deformability of RBC During Malaria. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1613. [PMID: 32038293 PMCID: PMC6990122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a 30% decline in mortality since 2000, malaria still affected 219 million subjects and caused 435,000 deaths in 2017. Red blood cells (RBC) host Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is the most pathogenic. The deformability of RBC is markedly modified by invasion and development of P. falciparum. Surface membrane area is potentially impacted by parasite entry and development, the cytoskeleton is modified by parasite proteins and cytosol viscosity is altered by parasite metabolism. RBC hosting mature parasites (second half of the asexual erythrocytic cycle) are abnormally stiff but the main reason for their absence from the circulation is their adherence to endothelial cells, mediated by parasite proteins exposed at the infected-RBC surface. By contrast, the circulation of non-adherent rings and gametocytes, depends predominantly on deformability. Altered deformability of rings and of uninfected-RBC altered by malaria infection is an important determinant of malaria pathogenesis. It also impacts the response to antimalarial therapy. Unlike conventional antimalarials that target mature stages, currently recommended first-line artemisinin derivatives and the emerging spiroindolones act on circulating rings. Methods to investigate the deformability of RBC are therefore critical to understand the clearance of infected- and uninfected-RBC in malaria. Herein, we review the main methods to assess the deformability of P. falciparum infected-RBC, and their contribution to the understanding of how P. falciparum infection causes disease, how the parasite is transmitted and how antimalarial drugs induce parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallorie Depond
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Henry
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Papa Alioune Ndour
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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6
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Aifantis KE, Shrivastava S, Pelidou SH, Ngan AHW, Baloyannis SI. Relating the blood-thinning effect of pentoxifylline to the reduction in the elastic modulus of human red blood cells: an in vivo study. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2545-2551. [PMID: 30973560 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood thinning properties of pentoxifylline have been attributed to its ability to increase the deformability of red blood cells and improve their rheological properties. To interpret and substantiate these observations a novel approach is taken by measuring the stiffness of individual red blood cells from healthy humans before and after subscription to pentoxifylline for nine days. Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation experiments reveal that the elastic modulus of the red blood cells decreased by 30%-40%, after pentoxifylline subscription. This decrease in elastic modulus is related to the ability of pentoxifylline to increase the production of ATP and lower Ca2+ concentrations in red blood cells. The present in vivo experiments provide a deeper understanding of the mode of action of pentoxifylline, and pave the way to using indentation in medicine. A further unique advantage of this study is that it was performed on healthy volunteers, rather than requiring in vitro incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina E Aifantis
- Lab of Mechanics and Materials, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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7
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Microfluidic-Based Biosensor for Sequential Measurement of Blood Pressure and RBC Aggregation Over Continuously Varying Blood Flows. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10090577. [PMID: 31480325 PMCID: PMC6780160 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) varies substantially depending on changes of several factors such as hematocrit, membrane deformability, and plasma proteins. Among these factors, hematocrit has a strong influence on the aggregation of RBCs. Thus, while measuring RBCs aggregation, it is necessary to monitor hematocrit or, additionally, the effect of hematocrit (i.e., blood viscosity or pressure). In this study, the sequential measurement method of pressure and RBC aggregation is proposed by quantifying blood flow (i.e., velocity and image intensity) through a microfluidic device, in which an air-compressed syringe (ACS) is used to control the sample injection. The microfluidic device used is composed of two channels (pressure channel (PC), and blood channel (BC)), an inlet, and an outlet. A single ACS (i.e., air suction = 0.4 mL, blood suction = 0.4 mL, and air compression = 0.3 mL) is employed to supply blood into the microfluidic channel. At an initial time (t < 10 s), the pressure index (PI) is evaluated by analyzing the intensity of microscopy images of blood samples collected inside PC. During blood delivery with ACS, shear rates of blood flows vary continuously over time. After a certain amount of time has elapsed (t > 30 s), two RBC aggregation indices (i.e., SEAI: without information on shear rate, and erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI): with information on shear rate) are quantified by analyzing the image intensity and velocity field of blood flow in BC. According to experimental results, PI depends significantly on the characteristics of the blood samples (i.e., hematocrit or base solutions) and can be used effectively as an alternative to blood viscosity. In addition, SEAI and EAI also depend significantly on the degree of RBC aggregation. In conclusion, on the basis of three indices (two RBC aggregation indices and pressure index), the proposed method is capable of measuring RBCs aggregation consistently using a microfluidic device.
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8
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Ren X, Ghassemi P, Strobl JS, Agah M. Biophysical phenotyping of cells via impedance spectroscopy in parallel cyclic deformability channels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044103. [PMID: 31341524 PMCID: PMC6639115 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new microfluidic biosensor with capabilities of studying single cell biophysical properties. The chip contains four parallel sensing channels, where each channel includes two constriction regions separated by a relaxation region. All channels share a pair of electrodes to record the electrical impedance. Single cell impedance magnitudes and phases at different frequencies were obtained. The deformation and transition time information of cells passing through two sequential constriction regions were gained from the time points on impedance magnitude variations. Constriction channels separated by relaxation regions have been proven to improve the sensitivity of distinguishing single cells. The relaxation region between two sequential constriction channels provides extra time stamps that can be identified in the impedance plots. The new chip allows simultaneous measurement of the biophysical attributes of multiple cells in different channels, thereby increasing the overall throughput of the chip. Using the biomechanical parameters represented by the time stamps in the impedance results, breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and the normal epithelial cells (MCF-10A) could be distinguished by 85%. The prediction accuracy at the single-cell level reached 97% when both biomechanical and bioelectrical parameters were utilized. While the new label-free assay has been tested to distinguish between normal and cancer cells, its application can be extended to include cell-drug interactions and circulating tumor cell detection in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masoud Agah
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Telephone: (540) 231-2653
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9
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Lázaro GR, Hernández-Machado A, Pagonabarraga I. Collective behavior of red blood cells in confined channels. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:46. [PMID: 30989403 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the flow properties of red blood cells in confined channels, when the channel width is comparable to the cell size. We focus on the case of intermediate concentrations when hydrodynamic interactions between cells play a dominant role. This regime is different to the case of low concentration in which the cells behave as hydrodynamically isolated. In this last case, the dynamic behavior is entirely controlled by the interplay between the interaction with the wall and the elastic response of the cell membrane. Our results highlight the different fluid properties when collective flow is present. The cells acquire a characteristic slipper shape, and parachute shapes are only observed at very large capillary numbers. We have characterized the spatial ordering and the layering by means of a pairwise correlation function. Focusing effects are observed at the core of the channel instead of at the lateral position typical of the single-train case. These results indicate that at these intermediate concentrations we observed at the microscale the first steps of the well-known macroscopic Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect. The rheological properties of the suspension are studied by means of the effective viscosity, with an expected shear-thinning behavior. Two main differences are obtained with respect to the single-train case. First, a large magnitude of the viscosity is obtained indicating a high resistance to flow. Secondly, the shear-thinning behavior is obtained at larger values of the capillary number respect to the single-train case. These results suggest that the phenomena of ordering in space and orientation occur at higher values of the capillary number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Lázaro
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Hernández-Machado
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Poti KE, Balaban AE, Pal P, Kobayashi T, Goldberg DE, Sinnis P, Sullivan DJ. In vivo compartmental kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II in the blood of humans and in BALB/c mice infected with a transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite expressing histidine-rich protein II. Malar J 2019; 18:78. [PMID: 30866956 PMCID: PMC6416945 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II (PfHRP2) is a common biomarker used in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), but can persist in the blood for up to 40 days following curative treatment. The persistence of PfHRP2 presents a false positive limitation to diagnostic interpretation. However, the in vivo dynamics and compartmentalization underlying PfHRP2 persistence have not been fully characterized in the plasma and erythrocyte (RBC) fraction of the whole blood. Methods The kinetics and persistence of PfHRP2 in the plasma and RBC fractions of the whole blood were investigated post-treatment in human clinical samples and samples isolated from BALB/c mice infected with a novel transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite engineered to express PfHRP2 (PbPfHRP2). Results PfHRP2 levels in human RBCs were consistently 20–40 times greater than plasma levels, even post-parasite clearance. PfHRP2 positive, DNA negative, once-infected RBCs were identified in patients that comprised 0.1–1% of total RBCs for 6 and 12 days post-treatment, even post-atovaquone–proguanil regimens. Transgenic PbPfHRP2 parasites in BALB/c mice produced and exported tgPfHRP2 to the RBC cytosol similar to P. falciparum. As in humans, tgPfHRP2 levels were found to be approximately 20-fold higher within the RBC fraction than the plasma post-treatment. RBC localized tgPfHRP2 persisted longer than tgPfHRP2 in the plasma after curative treatment. tgPfHRP2 positive, but DNA negative once-infected RBCs were also detected in mouse peripheral blood for 7–9 days after curative treatment. Conclusions The data suggest that persistence of PfHRP2 is due to slower clearance of protein from the RBC fraction of the whole blood. This appears to be a result of the presence PfHRP2 in previously infected, pitted cells, as opposed to PfHRP2 binding naïve RBCs in circulation post-treatment. The results thus confirm that the extended duration of RDT positivity after parasite clearance is likely due to pitted, once-infected RBCs that remain positive for PfHRP2. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2712-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Poti
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda E Balaban
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Pal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Reduced red blood cell deformability in Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Blood Adv 2019; 2:433-443. [PMID: 29487058 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017013730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi can cause severe and fatal human malaria. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease. In falciparum malaria, reduced red blood cell deformability (RBC-D) contributes to microvascular obstruction and impaired organ perfusion. In P knowlesi infection, impaired microcirculatory flow has been observed in Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques), unnatural hosts who develop severe and fatal disease. However, RBC-D has not been measured in human infection or in the natural host M fascicularis (long-tailed macaques). Using ektacytometry, we measured RBC-D in adults with severe and non-severe knowlesi and falciparum malaria and in healthy controls. In addition, we used micropipette aspiration to determine the relative stiffness of infected RBCs (iRBCs) and uninfected RBCs (uRBCs) in P knowlesi-infected humans and M fascicularis Ektacytometry demonstrated that RBC-D overall was reduced in human knowlesi malaria in proportion to disease severity, and in severe knowlesi malaria, it was comparable to that of severe falciparum malaria. RBC-D correlated inversely with parasitemia and lactate in knowlesi malaria and HRP2 in falciparum malaria, and it correlated with hemoglobin nadir in knowlesi malaria. Micropipette aspiration confirmed that in humans, P knowlesi infection increased stiffness of both iRBCs and uRBCs, with the latter mostly the result of echinocytosis. In contrast, in the natural host M fascicularis, echinocyte formation was not observed, and the RBC-D of uRBCs was unaffected. In unnatural primate hosts of P knowlesi, including humans, reduced deformability of iRBCs and uRBCs may represent a key pathogenic mechanism leading to microvascular accumulation, impaired organ perfusion, and anemia.
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12
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Quantification of host-mediated parasite clearance during blood-stage Plasmodium infection and anti-malarial drug treatment in mice. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:903-913. [PMID: 30176235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A major mechanism of host-mediated control of blood-stage Plasmodium infection is thought to be removal of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) from circulation by the spleen or phagocytic system. The rate of parasite removal is thought to be further increased by anti-malarial drug treatment, contributing to the effectiveness of drug therapy. It is difficult to directly compare pRBC removal rates in the presence and absence of treatment, since in the absence of treatment the removal rate of parasites is obscured by the extent of ongoing parasite proliferation. Here, we transfused a single generation of fluorescently-labelled Plasmodium berghei pRBCs into mice, and monitored both their disappearance from circulation, and their replication to produce the next generation of pRBCs. In conjunction with a new mathematical model, we directly estimated host removal of pRBCs during ongoing infection, and after drug treatment. In untreated mice, pRBCs were removed from circulation with a half-life of 15.1 h. Treatment with various doses of mefloquine/artesunate did not alter the pRBC removal rate, despite blocking parasite replication effectively. An exception was high dose artesunate, which doubled the rate of pRBC removal (half-life of 9.1 h). Phagocyte depletion using clodronate liposomes approximately halved the pRBC removal rate during untreated infection, indicating a role for phagocytes in clearance. We next assessed the importance of pRBC clearance for the decrease in the parasite multiplication rate after high dose artesunate treatment. High dose artesunate decreased parasite replication ∼46-fold compared with saline controls, with inhibition of replication contributing 23-fold of this, and increased pRBC clearance contributing only a further 2.0-fold. Thus, in our in vivo systems, drugs acted primarily by inhibiting parasite replication, with drug-induced increases in pRBC clearance making only minor contributions to overall drug effect.
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13
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Chang CC, Wang K, Zhang Y, Chen D, Fan B, Hsieh CH, Wang J, Wu MH, Chen J. Mechanical property characterization of hundreds of single nuclei based on microfluidic constriction channel. Cytometry A 2018; 93:822-828. [PMID: 30063818 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As label-free biomarkers, the mechanical properties of nuclei are widely treated as promising biomechanical markers for cell type classification and cellular status evaluation. However, previously reported mechanical parameters were derived from only around 10 nuclei, lacking statistical significances due to low sample numbers. To address this issue, nuclei were first isolated from SW620 and A549 cells, respectively, using a chemical treatment method. This was followed by aspirating them through two types of microfluidic constriction channels for mechanical property characterization. In this study, hundreds of nuclei were characterized, producing passage times of 0.5 ± 1.2 s for SW620 nuclei in type I constriction channel (n = 153), 0.045 ± 0.047 s for SW620 nuclei in type II constriction channel (n = 215) and 0.50 ± 0.86 s for A549 nuclei in type II constriction channel. In addition, neural network based pattern recognition was used to classify the nuclei isolated from SW620 and A549 cells, producing successful classification rates of 87.2% for diameters of nuclei, 85.5% for passage times of nuclei and 89.3% for both passage times and diameters of nuclei. These results indicate that the characterization of the mechanical properties of nuclei may contribute to the classification of different tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Hsien Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lim H, Back SM, Nam J, Choi H. Determination of red blood cell deformability using centrifugal force in a three-dimensional-printed mini-disk (3D-PMD). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197619. [PMID: 29787582 PMCID: PMC5963765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring red blood cell (RBC) deformability has become important for clinical disease diagnostics. Various methods for measuring RBC deformability have been developed; however, they require costly and large instruments, long measuring time, and skilled personnel. In this study, we present a three-dimensional-printed mini-disk (3D-PMD) for measuring RBC deformability to overcome the previous limitations. For a miniaturized and low-cost setup, the 3D-PMD was fabricated by a 3D printing technique, which had not yet been used for fabricating a lab-on-a-compact disk (LOCD). Using a 3D printing technique, a multi-layered fluidic channel on the mini CD could be fabricated easily. During rotation by a spinning motor, the difference of the length of compressed RBCs in the fluidic channel was measured and analysed as compressibility indices (CIs) of normal and glutaraldehyde-treated hardened RBCs. The rotation speed and time were decided as 3000 rpm and 30 min, respectively, at which the difference of CI values between normal and hardened RBCs was largest (CInormal-CIhardened = 0.195).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Back
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JN); (HC)
| | - Hyuk Choi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JN); (HC)
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15
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Bento D, Rodrigues RO, Faustino V, Pinho D, Fernandes CS, Pereira AI, Garcia V, Miranda JM, Lima R. Deformation of Red Blood Cells, Air Bubbles, and Droplets in Microfluidic Devices: Flow Visualizations and Measurements. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E151. [PMID: 30424085 PMCID: PMC6187860 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Techniques, such as micropipette aspiration and optical tweezers, are widely used to measure cell mechanical properties, but are generally labor-intensive and time-consuming, typically involving a difficult process of manipulation. In the past two decades, a large number of microfluidic devices have been developed due to the advantages they offer over other techniques, including transparency for direct optical access, lower cost, reduced space and labor, precise control, and easy manipulation of a small volume of blood samples. This review presents recent advances in the development of microfluidic devices to evaluate the mechanical response of individual red blood cells (RBCs) and microbubbles flowing in constriction microchannels. Visualizations and measurements of the deformation of RBCs flowing through hyperbolic, smooth, and sudden-contraction microchannels were evaluated and compared. In particular, we show the potential of using hyperbolic-shaped microchannels to precisely control and assess small changes in RBC deformability in both physiological and pathological situations. Moreover, deformations of air microbubbles and droplets flowing through a microfluidic constriction were also compared with RBCs deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bento
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP) Rua Roberto Frias, 4800-058 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel O Rodrigues
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
- LCM-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials-Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP) Rua Roberto Frias, 4800-058 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Faustino
- MEMS-UMinho Research Unit, Universidade do Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pinho
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP) Rua Roberto Frias, 4800-058 Porto, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação em Digitalização e Robótica Inteligente (CeDRI), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Carla S Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Pereira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação em Digitalização e Robótica Inteligente (CeDRI), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Algoritmi R&D Centre, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Valdemar Garcia
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - João M Miranda
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP) Rua Roberto Frias, 4800-058 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Lima
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP) Rua Roberto Frias, 4800-058 Porto, Portugal.
- MEtRiCS, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
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16
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Yang X, Chen Z, Miao J, Cui L, Guan W. High-throughput and label-free parasitemia quantification and stage differentiation for malaria-infected red blood cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:408-414. [PMID: 28711027 PMCID: PMC5558593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a high throughput and label-free microfluidic cell deformability sensor for quantitative parasitemia measurement and stage determination for Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs). The sensor relies on differentiating the RBC deformability (a mechanical biomarker) that is highly correlated with the infection status. The cell deformability is measured by evaluating the transit time when each individual RBC squeezes through a microscale constriction (cross-section ~5µm×5µm). More than 30,000 RBCs can be analyzed for parasitemia quantification in under 1min with a throughput ~500 cells/s. Moreover, the device can also differentiate various malaria stages (ring, trophozoite, and schizont stage) due to their varied deformability. Using Pf-iRBCs at 0.1% parasitemia as a testing sample, the microfluidic deformability sensor achieved an excellent sensitivity (94.29%), specificity (86.67%) and accuracy (92.00%) in a blind test, comparable to the gold standard of the blood smear microscopy. As a supplement technology to the microscopy and flow cytometry, the microfluidic deformability sensor would possibly allow for label-free, rapid and cost-effective parasitemia quantification and stage determination for malaria in remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhuofa Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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17
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Babahosseini H, Strobl JS, Agah M. Microfluidic Iterative Mechanical Characteristics (iMECH) Analyzer for Single-Cell Metastatic Identification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:847-855. [PMID: 29034007 PMCID: PMC5637398 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay03342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development of a microfluidic biosensor called the iterative mechanical characteristics (iMECH) analyzer which enables label-free biomechanical profiling of individual cells for distinction between metastatic and non-metastatic human mammary cell lines. Previous results have demonstrated that pulsed mechanical nanoindentation can modulate the biomechanics of cells resulting in distinctly different biomechanical responses in metastatic and non-metastatic cell lines. The iMECH analyzer aims to move this concept into a microfluidic, clinically more relevant platform. The iMECH analyzer directs a cyclic deformation regimen by pulling cells through a test channel comprised of narrow deformation channels and interspersed with wider relaxation regions which together simulate a dynamic microenvironment. The results of the iMECH analysis of human breast cell lines revealed that cyclic deformations produce a resistance in non-metastatic 184A1 and MCF10A cells as determined by a drop in their average velocity in the iterative deformation channels after each relaxation. In contrast, metastatic MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells exhibit a loss of resistance as measured by a velocity raise after each relaxation. These distinctive modulatory mechanical responses of normal-like non-metastatic and metastatic cancer breast cells to the pulsed indentations paradigm provide a unique bio-signature. The iMECH analyzer represents a diagnostic microchip advance for discriminating metastatic cancer at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Babahosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
| | - Jeannine S. Strobl
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
| | - Masoud Agah
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
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18
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Kang YJ. Simultaneous measurement of erythrocyte deformability and blood viscoelasticity using micropillars and co-flowing streams under pulsatile blood flows. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:014102. [PMID: 28798838 PMCID: PMC5533506 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical properties of blood provide useful information on the variation in hematological disorders or diseases. In this study, a simultaneous measurement method of RBC (Red Blood Cell) deformability and blood viscoelasticity is proposed by evaluating hemodynamic variations through micropillars and co-flowing streams under sinusoidal blood flow. A disposable microfluidic device is composed of two inlets and two outlets, two upper side channels, and two lower side channels connected to one bridge channel. First, to measure the RBC deformability, the left-lower side channel has a deformability assessment chamber (DAC) with narrow-sized micropillars. Second, to evaluate the blood viscoelasticity in co-flowing streams, a phosphate buffered saline solution is supplied at a constant flow rate. By closing or opening a pinch valve connected to the outlet of DAC, blood flows in forward or back-and-forth mode. A time-resolved micro-particle image velocimetry technique and a digital image processing technique are used to quantify the blood velocity and image intensity. Then, RBC deformability is evaluated by quantifying the blood volume passing through the DAC under forward flow, and quantifying the variations of blood velocity and image intensity in the DAC under back-and-forth flow. Using a discrete circuit model, blood viscoelasticity is obtained by evaluating variations of blood velocity and co-flowing streams. The effect of several factors (period, hematocrit, and base solution) on the performance is quantitatively evaluated. Based on the experimental results, the period of sinusoidal flow and hematocrit are fixed at 30 s and 50%, respectively. As a performance demonstration, the proposed method is employed to detect the homogeneous and heterogeneous blood composed of normal RBCs and hardened RBCs. These experimental results show that the RBC deformability is more effective to detect minor subpopulations of heterogeneous bloods, compared with blood viscoelasticity. Therefore, it leads to the conclusion that the proposed method has the ability to evaluate RBC deformability and blood viscoelasticity under sinusoidal blood flow, with sufficient accuracy and high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
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19
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Tay A, Pavesi A, Yazdi SR, Lim CT, Warkiani ME. Advances in microfluidics in combating infectious diseases. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:404-421. [PMID: 26854743 PMCID: PMC7125941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the important pursuits in science and engineering research today is to develop low-cost and user-friendly technologies to improve the health of people. Over the past decade, research efforts in microfluidics have been made to develop methods that can facilitate low-cost diagnosis of infectious diseases, especially in resource-poor settings. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advances in microfluidic devices for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for infectious diseases and emphasis is placed on malaria, sepsis and AIDS/HIV. Other infectious diseases such as SARS, tuberculosis, and dengue are also briefly discussed. These infectious diseases are chosen as they contribute the most to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The current state of research in this area is evaluated and projection toward future applications and accompanying challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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20
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Alapan Y, Matsuyama Y, Little JA, Gurkan UA. Dynamic deformability of sickle red blood cells in microphysiological flow. TECHNOLOGY 2016; 4:71-79. [PMID: 27437432 PMCID: PMC4947547 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547816400045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), hemoglobin molecules polymerize intracellularly and lead to a cascade of events resulting in decreased deformability and increased adhesion of red blood cells (RBCs). Decreased deformability and increased adhesion of sickle RBCs lead to blood vessel occlusion (vaso-occlusion) in SCD patients. Here, we present a microfluidic approach integrated with a cell dimensioning algorithm to analyze dynamic deformability of adhered RBC at the single-cell level in controlled microphysiological flow. We measured and compared dynamic deformability and adhesion of healthy hemoglobin A (HbA) and homozygous sickle hemoglobin (HbS) containing RBCs in blood samples obtained from 24 subjects. We introduce a new parameter to assess deformability of RBCs: the dynamic deformability index (DDI), which is defined as the time-dependent change of the cell's aspect ratio in response to fluid flow shear stress. Our results show that DDI of HbS-containing RBCs were significantly lower compared to that of HbA-containing RBCs. Moreover, we observed subpopulations of HbS containing RBCs in terms of their dynamic deformability characteristics: deformable and non-deformable RBCs. Then, we tested blood samples from SCD patients and analyzed RBC adhesion and deformability at physiological and above physiological flow shear stresses. We observed significantly greater number of adhered non-deformable sickle RBCs than deformable sickle RBCs at flow shear stresses well above the physiological range, suggesting an interplay between dynamic deformability and increased adhesion of RBCs in vaso-occlusive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Alapan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Y Matsuyama
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J A Little
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Seidman Cancer Center at University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - U A Gurkan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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21
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Nam J, Shin Y, Tan JKS, Lim YB, Lim CT, Kim S. High-throughput malaria parasite separation using a viscoelastic fluid for ultrasensitive PCR detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2086-2092. [PMID: 27160315 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel microfluidic device for high-throughput particle separation using a viscoelastic fluid, which enables the rapid detection of extremely rare malaria parasites by using PCR analysis, is proposed. Our device consists of two segments: the 1st stage for sheathless pre-alignment and the 2nd stage for separation based on size-dependent viscoelasticity-induced lateral migration. The use of a high-aspect ratio channel and a viscoelastic polymer solution with low viscosity enables high-throughput processing. The device performance was first optimized using synthetic particles. A mixture of 2 and 10 μm particles was focused at the center plane in the 1st stage. The smaller particles, serving as surrogates for malaria parasites, were subsequently separated in the 2nd stage with a recovery rate of ∼96% at 400 μl min(-1). Finally, separation of the malaria parasites from the white blood cells was performed. At 400 μl min(-1), almost all white blood cells were removed and the malaria parasites were separated with a ∼94% recovery rate and ∼99% purity. Although the initial concentration of the malaria parasites was too low to be detected by PCR analysis, WBC depletion and buffer removal increased the parasite concentration sufficiently such that PCR detection was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore.
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Kok Soon Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore.
| | - Ying Bena Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore. and Infectious Diseases (ID) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore.
| | - Sangho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore. and Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
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22
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Gene disruption of dematin causes precipitous loss of erythrocyte membrane stability and severe hemolytic anemia. Blood 2016; 128:93-103. [PMID: 27073223 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-692251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dematin is a relatively low abundance actin binding and bundling protein associated with the spectrin-actin junctions of mature erythrocytes. Primary structure of dematin includes a loosely folded core domain and a compact headpiece domain that was originally identified in villin. Dematin's actin binding properties are regulated by phosphorylation of its headpiece domain by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. Here, we used a novel gene disruption strategy to generate the whole body dematin gene knockout mouse model (FLKO). FLKO mice, while born at a normal Mendelian ratio, developed severe anemia and exhibited profound aberrations of erythrocyte morphology and membrane stability. Having no apparent effect on primitive erythropoiesis, FLKO mice show significant enhancement of erythroblast enucleation during definitive erythropoiesis. Using membrane protein analysis, domain mapping, electron microscopy, and dynamic deformability measurements, we investigated the mechanism of membrane instability in FLKO erythrocytes. Although many membrane and cytoskeletal proteins remained at their normal levels, the major peripheral membrane proteins spectrin, adducin, and actin were greatly reduced in FLKO erythrocytes. Our results demonstrate that dematin plays a critical role in maintaining the fundamental properties of the membrane cytoskeleton complex.
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23
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Liu L, Huang S, Xu X, Han J. Study of individual erythrocyte deformability susceptibility to INFeD and ethanol using a microfluidic chip. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22929. [PMID: 26964754 PMCID: PMC4786818 DOI: 10.1038/srep22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) deformability in vitro was assessed during iron dextran (INFeD) loading and/or ethanol co-administration using microfluidic deformability screening. The results showed donor-specific variations in dose dependent deformability shift were revealed below 500 μg/mL iron dextran. Two out of nine blood samples exhibited significant cell stiffening at 500 μg/mL iron dextran loading concentration (p < 0.05, Tukey test). More interestingly, co-administration of moderate amount of ethanol was identified to have significant protective effects on RBC deformability. We also noted that ethanol can reverse the deformability of impaired RBCs. Meanwhile obvious donor dependent response to ethanol administration on RBC deformability was noted using our biomimetic microfluidic chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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24
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Wang Y, You G, Chen P, Li J, Chen G, Wang B, Li P, Han D, Zhou H, Zhao L. The mechanical properties of stored red blood cells measured by a convenient microfluidic approach combining with mathematic model. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024104. [PMID: 27014397 PMCID: PMC4788599 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) are critical to the rheological and hemodynamic behavior of blood. Although measurements of the mechanical properties of RBCs have been studied for many years, the existing methods, such as ektacytometry, micropipette aspiration, and microfluidic approaches, still have limitations. Mechanical changes to RBCs during storage play an important role in transfusions, and so need to be evaluated pre-transfusion, which demands a convenient and rapid detection method. We present a microfluidic approach that focuses on the mechanical properties of single cell under physiological shear flow and does not require any high-end equipment, like a high-speed camera. Using this method, the images of stretched RBCs under physical shear can be obtained. The subsequent analysis, combined with mathematic models, gives the deformability distribution, the morphology distribution, the normalized curvature, and the Young's modulus (E) of the stored RBCs. The deformability index and the morphology distribution show that the deformability of RBCs decreases significantly with storage time. The normalized curvature, which is defined as the curvature of the cell tail during stretching in flow, suggests that the surface charge of the stored RBCs decreases significantly. According to the mathematic model, which derives from the relation between shear stress and the adherent cells' extension ratio, the Young's moduli of the stored RBCs are also calculated and show significant increase with storage. Therefore, the present method is capable of representing the mechanical properties and can distinguish the mechanical changes of the RBCs during storage. The advantages of this method are the small sample needed, high-throughput, and easy-use, which make it promising for the quality monitoring of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guoxing You
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gan Chen
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Penglong Li
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, HaiDian, Beijing 100850, China
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Guo Q, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Deng X, Santoso AT, Islamzada E, Ma H. Deformability based sorting of red blood cells improves diagnostic sensitivity for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:645-654. [PMID: 26768227 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The loss of red blood cell (RBC) deformability is part of the pathology of many diseases. In malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection, metabolism of hemoglobin by the parasite results in progressive reduction in RBC deformability that is directly correlated with the growth and development of the parasite. The ability to sort RBCs based on deformability therefore provides a means to isolate pathological cells and to study biochemical events associated with disease progression. Existing methods have not been able to sort RBCs based on deformability or to effectively enrich for P. falciparum infected RBCs at clinically relevant concentrations. Here, we develop a method to sort RBCs based on deformability and demonstrate the ability to enrich the concentration of ring-stage P. falciparum infected RBCs (Pf-iRBCs) by >100× from clinically relevant parasitemia (<0.01%). Deformability based sorting of RBCs is accomplished using ratchet transport through asymmetrical constrictions using oscillatory flow. This mechanism provides dramatically improved selectivity over previous biophysical methods by preventing the accumulation of cells in the filter microstructure to ensure that consistent filtration forces are applied to each cell. We show that our approach dramatically improves the sensitivity of malaria diagnosis performed using both microscopy and rapid diagnostic test by converting samples with difficult-to-detect parasitemia (<0.01%) into samples with easily detectable parasitemia (>0.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
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Single-Cell Mechanical Properties: Label-Free Biomarkers for Cell Status Evaluation. SERIES IN BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49118-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Differential Spleen Remodeling Associated with Different Levels of Parasite Virulence Controls Disease Outcome in Malaria Parasite Infections. mSphere 2015; 1:mSphere00018-15. [PMID: 27303680 PMCID: PMC4863626 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00018-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by malaria parasites can lead to very different clinical outcomes, ranging from mild symptoms to death. Differences in the ability of the spleen to deal with the infected red blood cells (iRBCs) are linked to differences in virulence. Using virulent and avirulent strains of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii, we investigated how parasite virulence modulates overall spleen function. Following parasite invasion, a difference in parasite virulence was observed in association with different levels of spleen morphology and iRBC rigidity, both of which contributed to enhanced parasite clearance. Moreover, iRBC rigidity as modulated by the spleen was demonstrated to correlate with disease outcome and thus can be used as a robust indicator of virulence. The data indicate that alterations in the biomechanical properties of iRBCs are the result of the complex interaction between host and parasite. Furthermore, we confirmed that early spleen responses are a key factor in directing the clinical outcome of an infection. IMPORTANCE The spleen and its response to parasite infection are important in eliminating parasites in malaria. By comparing P. yoelii parasite lines with different disease outcomes in mice that had either intact spleens or had had their spleens removed, we showed that upon parasite infection, the spleen exhibits dramatic changes that can affect parasite clearance. The spleen itself directly impacts RBC deformability independently of parasite genetics. The data indicated that the changes in the biomechanical properties of malaria parasite-infected RBCs are the result of the complex interaction between host and parasite, and RBC deformability itself can serve as a novel predictor of clinical outcome. The results also suggest that early responses in the spleen are a key factor directing the clinical outcome of an infection.
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Kasukurti A, Eggleton CD, Desai SA, Marr DWM. FACS-style detection for real-time cell viscoelastic cytometry. RSC Adv 2015; 5:105636-105642. [PMID: 26900453 PMCID: PMC4756765 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanical properties have been established as a label-free biophysical marker of cell viability and health; however, real-time methods with significant throughput for accurately and non-destructively measuring these properties remain widely unavailable. Without appropriate labels for use with fluorescence activated cell sorters (FACS), easily implemented real-time technology for tracking cell-level mechanical properties remains a current need. Employing modulated optical forces and enabled by a low-dimensional FACS-style detection method introduced here, we present a viscoelasticity cytometer (VC) capable of real-time and continuous measurements. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by tracking the high-frequency cell physical properties of populations of chemically-modified cells at rates of ~ 1 s-1 and explain observations within the context of a simple theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasukurti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
| | - C D Eggleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | - S A Desai
- Laboratory for Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD
| | - D W M Marr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
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Kang YJ, Ha YR, Lee SJ. Deformability measurement of red blood cells using a microfluidic channel array and an air cavity in a driving syringe with high throughput and precise detection of subpopulations. Analyst 2015; 141:319-30. [PMID: 26616556 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01988e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) deformability has been considered a potential biomarker for monitoring pathological disorders. High throughput and detection of subpopulations in RBCs are essential in the measurement of RBC deformability. In this paper, we propose a new method to measure RBC deformability by evaluating temporal variations in the average velocity of blood flow and image intensity of successively clogged RBCs in the microfluidic channel array for specific time durations. In addition, to effectively detect differences in subpopulations of RBCs, an air compliance effect is employed by adding an air cavity into a disposable syringe. The syringe was equally filled with a blood sample (V(blood) = 0.3 mL, hematocrit = 50%) and air (V(air) = 0.3 mL). Owing to the air compliance effect, blood flow in the microfluidic device behaved transiently depending on the fluidic resistance in the microfluidic device. Based on the transient behaviors of blood flows, the deformability of RBCs is quantified by evaluating three representative parameters, namely, minimum value of the average velocity of blood flow, clogging index, and delivered blood volume. The proposed method was applied to measure the deformability of blood samples consisting of homogeneous RBCs fixed with four different concentrations of glutaraldehyde solution (0%-0.23%). The proposed method was also employed to evaluate the deformability of blood samples partially mixed with normal RBCs and hardened RBCs. Thereafter, the deformability of RBCs infected by human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was measured. As a result, the three parameters significantly varied, depending on the degree of deformability. In addition, the deformability measurement of blood samples was successfully completed in a short time (∼10 min). Therefore, the proposed method has significant potential in deformability measurement of blood samples containing hematological diseases with high throughput and precise detection of subpopulations in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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30
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Chung AJ, Hur SC. High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells. ADVANCED MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527690237.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Constriction Channel Based Single-Cell Mechanical Property Characterization. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Deng X, Duffy SP, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Matthews K, Santoso AT, Du YL, Ryan KS, Ma H. Reduced deformability of parasitized red blood cells as a biomarker for anti-malarial drug efficacy. Malar J 2015; 14:428. [PMID: 26520795 PMCID: PMC4628286 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a challenging and fatal infectious disease in developing nations and the urgency for the development of new drugs is even greater due to the rapid spread of anti-malarial drug resistance. While numerous parasite genetic, protein and metabolite biomarkers have been proposed for testing emerging anti-malarial compounds, they do not universally correspond with drug efficacy. The biophysical character of parasitized cells is a compelling alternative to these conventional biomarkers because parasitized erythrocytes become specifically rigidified and this effect is potentiated by anti-malarial compounds, such as chloroquine and artesunate. This biophysical biomarker is particularly relevant because of the mechanistic link between cell deformability and enhanced splenic clearance of parasitized erythrocytes. Methods Recently a microfluidic mechanism, called the multiplexed fluidic plunger that provides sensitive and rapid measurement of single red blood cell deformability was developed. Here it was systematically used to evaluate the deformability changes of late-stage trophozoite-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) after treatment with established clinical and pre-clinical anti-malarial compounds. Results It was found that rapid and specific iRBC rigidification was a universal outcome of all but one of these drug treatments. The greatest change in iRBC rigidity was observed for (+)-SJ733 and NITD246 spiroindolone compounds, which target the Plasmodium falciparum cation-transporting ATPase ATP4. As a proof-of-principle, compounds of the bisindole alkaloid class were screened, where cladoniamide A was identified based on rigidification of iRBCs and was found to have previously unreported anti-malarial activity with an IC50 lower than chloroquine. Conclusion These results demonstrate that rigidification of iRBCs may be used as a biomarker for anti-malarial drug efficacy, as well as for new drug screening. The novel anti-malarial properties of cladoniamide A were revealed in a proof-of-principle drug screen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0957-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Myrand-Lapierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Aline Teresa Santoso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Amaladoss A, Chen Q, Liu M, Dummler SK, Dao M, Suresh S, Chen J, Preiser PR. De Novo Generated Human Red Blood Cells in Humanized Mice Support Plasmodium falciparum Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129825. [PMID: 26098918 PMCID: PMC4476714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mouse-human chimeras provide a powerful approach to study host specific pathogens like Plasmodium (P.) falciparum that causes human malaria. Existing mouse models of P. falciparum infection require repeated injections of human red blood cells (RBCs). In addition, clodronate lipsomes and anti-neutrophil antibodies are injected to suppress the clearance of human RBCs by the residual immune system of the immunodeficient mice. Engraftment of NOD-scid Il2rg-/- mice with human hematopoietic stem cells leads to reconstitution of human immune cells. Although human B cell reconstitution is robust and T cell reconstitution is reasonable in the recipient mice, human RBC reconstitution is generally poor or undetectable. The poor reconstitution is mainly the result of a deficiency of appropriate human cytokines that are necessary for the development and maintenance of these cell lineages. Delivery of plasmid DNA encoding human erythropoietin and interleukin-3 into humanized mice by hydrodynamic tail-vein injection resulted in significantly enhanced reconstitution of erythrocytes. With this improved humanized mouse, here we show that P. falciparum infects de novo generated human RBCs, develops into schizonts and causes successive reinvasion. We also show that different parasite strains exhibit variation in their ability to infect these humanized mice. Parasites could be detected by nested PCR in the blood samples of humanized mice infected with P. falciparum K1 and HB3 strains for 3 cycles, whereas in other strains such as 3D7, DD2, 7G8, FCR3 and W2mef parasites could only be detected for 1 cycle. In vivo adaptation of K1 strain further improves the infection efficiency and parasites can be detected by microscopy for 3 cycles. The parasitemia ranges between 0.13 and 0.25% at the first cycle of infection, falls between 0.08 and 0.15% at the second cycle, and drops to barely detectable levels at the third cycle of infection. Compared to existing mouse models, our model generates human RBCs de novo and does not require the treatment of mice with immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anburaj Amaladoss
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- Humanised Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Sara K. Dummler
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ming Dao
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (PRP)
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States of America
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Preiser
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MD); (PRP)
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Huang S, Hou HW, Kanias T, Sertorio JT, Chen H, Sinchar D, Gladwin MT, Han J. Towards microfluidic-based depletion of stiff and fragile human red cells that accumulate during blood storage. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:448-58. [PMID: 25406942 PMCID: PMC4268274 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of prolonged storage on several biophysical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) were investigated. Single cell deformability was used as an important criterion in determining subgroups of RBCs evolved during storage lesion. A deformability-based microfluidic cell sorting technology was applied, which demonstrates the ability to enrich and separate the less deformable subpopulations of stored blood. These less deformable RBC subpopulations were then associated with other important markers such as osmotic fragility indicating cell integrity as well as microparticle content. This work demonstrates a systematic methodology to both monitor and improve banked blood quality, thereby reducing risks related to blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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35
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Du E, Dao M, Suresh S. Quantitative Biomechanics of Healthy and Diseased Human Red Blood Cells using Dielectrophoresis in a Microfluidic System. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2014; 1:35-41. [PMID: 26029737 PMCID: PMC4445737 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental method to quantitatively characterize the mechanical properties of a large number of biological cells by introducing controlled deformation through dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device. We demonstrate the capability of this technique by determining the force versus deformation characteristics of healthy human red blood cells (RBCs) and RBCs infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. These experiments clearly distinguish uninfected and healthy RBCs from infected ones, and the mechanical signatures extracted from these tests are in agreement with data from other independent methods. The method developed here thus provides a potentially helpful tool to characterize quickly and effectively the isolated biomechanical response of cells in a large population, for probing the pathological states of cells, disease diagnostics, and drug efficacy assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: (M. Dao)
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Li X, Chen W, Li Z, Li L, Gu H, Fu J. Emerging microengineered tools for functional analysis and phenotyping of blood cells. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:586-594. [PMID: 25283971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The available techniques for assessing blood cell functions are limited considering the various types of blood cell and their diverse functions. In the past decade, rapid advances in microengineering have enabled an array of blood cell functional measurements that are difficult or impossible to achieve using conventional bulk platforms. Such miniaturized blood cell assay platforms also provide the attractive capabilities of reducing chemical consumption, cost, and assay time, as well as exciting opportunities for device integration, automation, and assay standardization. This review summarizes these contemporary microengineered tools and discusses their promising potential for constructing accurate in vitro models and rapid clinical diagnosis using minimal amounts of whole-blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zida Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Kang YJ, Ha YR, Lee SJ. Microfluidic-based measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate for biophysical assessment of blood in an in vivo malaria-infected mouse. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044114. [PMID: 25379099 PMCID: PMC4189293 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study suggests a new erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measurement method for the biophysical assessment of blood by using a microfluidic device. For an effective ESR measurement, a disposable syringe filled with blood is turned upside down and aligned at 180° with respect to gravitational direction. When the blood sample is delivered into the microfluidic device from the top position of the syringe, the hematocrit of blood flowing in the microfluidic channel decreases because the red blood cell-depleted region is increased from the top region of the syringe. The variation of hematocrit is evaluated by consecutively capturing images and conducting digital image processing technique for 10 min. The dynamic variation of ESR is quantitatively evaluated using two representative parameters, namely, time constant (λ) and ESR-area (AESR). To check the performance of the proposed method, blood samples with various ESR values are prepared by adding different concentrations of dextran solution. λ and AESR are quantitatively evaluated by using the proposed method and a conventional method, respectively. The proposed method can be used to measure ESR with superior reliability, compared with the conventional method. The proposed method can also be used to quantify ESR of blood collected from malaria-infected mouse under in vivo condition. To indirectly compare with the results obtained by the proposed method, the viscosity and velocity of the blood are measured using the microfluidic device. As a result, the biophysical properties, including ESR and viscosity of blood, are significantly influenced by the parasitemia level. These experimental demonstrations support the notion that the proposed method is capable of effectively monitoring the biophysical properties of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University , Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young-Ran Ha
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, South Korea
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In vivo splenic clearance correlates with in vitro deformability of red blood cells from Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2532-41. [PMID: 24686065 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01525-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest a crucial role of mechanical splenic filtration in the host's defense against malaria parasites. Subtle changes in red blood cell (RBC) deformability, caused by infection or drug treatment, could influence the pathophysiological outcome. However, in vitro deformability measurements have not been directly linked in vivo with the splenic clearance of RBCs. In this study, mice infected with malaria-inducing Plasmodium yoelii revealed that chloroquine treatment could lead to significant alterations to RBC deformability and increase clearance of both infected and uninfected RBCs in vivo. These results have clear implications for the mechanism of human malarial anemia, a severe pathological condition affecting malaria patients.
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Dudani JS, Gossett DR, Tse HTK, Di Carlo D. Pinched-flow hydrodynamic stretching of single-cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3728-34. [PMID: 23884381 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50649e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of cytoskeletal networks, condensation and decondensation of chromatin, and other whole cell structural changes often accompany changes in cell state and can reflect underlying disease processes. As such, the observable mechanical properties, or mechanophenotype, which is closely linked to intracellular architecture, can be a useful label-free biomarker of disease. In order to make use of this biomarker, a tool to measure cell mechanical properties should accurately characterize clinical specimens that consist of heterogeneous cell populations or contain small diseased subpopulations. Because of the heterogeneity and potential for rare populations in clinical samples, single-cell, high-throughput assays are ideally suited. Hydrodynamic stretching has recently emerged as a powerful method for carrying out mechanical phenotyping. Importantly, this method operates independently of molecular probes, reducing cost and sample preparation time, and yields information-rich signatures of cell populations through significant image analysis automation, promoting more widespread adoption. In this work, we present an alternative mode of hydrodynamic stretching where inertially-focused cells are squeezed in flow by perpendicular high-speed pinch flows that are extracted from the single inputted cell suspension. The pinched-flow stretching method reveals expected differences in cell deformability in two model systems. Furthermore, hydraulic circuit design is used to tune stretching forces and carry out multiple stretching modes (pinched-flow and extensional) in the same microfluidic channel with a single fluid input. The ability to create a self-sheathing flow from a single input solution should have general utility for other cytometry systems and the pinched-flow design enables an order of magnitude higher throughput (65,000 cells s(-1)) compared to our previously reported deformability cytometry method, which will be especially useful for identification of rare cell populations in clinical body fluids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep S Dudani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Krishna S, Kremsner PG. Antidogmatic approaches to artemisinin resistance: reappraisal as treatment failure with artemisinin combination therapy. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:313-7. [PMID: 23623760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The definition of artemisinin resistance is becoming one of a prolonged parasite clearance phenotype, although this variable is a complex function of both host and parasite characteristics. We discuss some of the limitations of this definition of artemisinin resistance, particularly because of its potential global impact. This opinion article reviews the mechanisms underlying parasite clearance after artemisinin treatment and how these might relate to in vitro methods to assay for resistance. It revisits criteria for defining artemisinin resistance that are not currently being applied and suggests the term 'treatment failure of artemisinin combination therapy' (TFACT) as a more accurate description of most cases of 'artemisinin resistance'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Krishna
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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