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Ciulla MG, Marchini A, Gazzola J, Forouharshad M, Pugliese R, Gelain F. In Situ Transglutaminase Cross-Linking Improves Mechanical Properties of Self-Assembling Peptides for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1723-1734. [PMID: 38346174 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials that mimic natural tissues is required for efficiently restoring physiological functions of injured tissues and organs. In the field of soft hydrogels, self-assembled peptides (SAPs) stand out as distinctive biomimetic scaffolds, offering tunable properties. They have garnered significant attention in nanomedicine due to their innate ability to self-assemble, resulting in the creation of fibrous nanostructures that closely mimic the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This unique feature ensures their biocompatibility and bioactivity, making them a compelling area of study over the past few decades. As they are soft hydrogels, approaches are necessary to enhance the stiffness and resilience of the SAP materials. This work shows an enzymatic strategy to selectively increase the stiffness and resiliency of functionalized SAPs using transglutaminase (TGase) type 2, an enzyme capable of triggering the formation of isopeptide bonds. To this aim, we synthesized a set of SAP sequences and characterized their cross-linking via rheological experiments, atomic force microscopy (AFM), thioflavin-T binding assay, and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) tests. The results showed an improvement of the storage modulus of cross-linked SAPs at no cost of the maximum stress-at-failure. Further, in in vitro tests, we examined and validated the TGase capability to cross-link SAPs without hampering seeded neural stem cells (hNSCs) viability and differentiation, potentially leaving the door open for safe in situ cross-linking reactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Amanda Marchini
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Gazzola
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Mahdi Forouharshad
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pugliese
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
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2
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Ramirez-Labrada A, Santiago L, Pesini C, Arrieta M, Arias M, Calvo Pérez A, Ciulla MG, Forouharshad M, Pardo J, Gálvez EM, Gelain F. Multiparametric in vitro and in vivo analysis of the safety profile of self-assembling peptides. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4395. [PMID: 38388659 PMCID: PMC10883997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have gained significant attention in biomedicine because of their unique properties and ability to undergo molecular self-assembly driven by non-covalent interactions. By manipulating their composition and structure, SAPs can form well-ordered nanostructures with enhanced selectivity, stability and biocompatibility. SAPs offer advantages such as high chemical and biological diversity and the potential for functionalization. However, studies concerning its potentially toxic effects are very scarce, a limitation that compromises its potential translation to humans. This study investigates the potentially toxic effects of six different SAP formulations composed of natural amino acids designed for nervous tissue engineering and amenable to ready cross-linking boosting their biomechanical properties. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. A wound-healing assay was performed to evaluate how SAPs modify cell migration. The results in vitro demonstrated that SAPs did not induce genotoxicity neither skin sensitization. In vivo, SAPs were well-tolerated without any signs of acute systemic toxicity. Interestingly, SAPs were found to promote the migration of endothelial, macrophage, fibroblast, and neuronal-like cells in vitro, supporting a high potential for tissue regeneration. These findings contribute to the development and translation of SAP-based biomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Immunotherapy, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Nanotoxicology and Immunotoxicology Unit (UNATI), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | - Cecilia Pesini
- Immunotherapy, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Arrieta
- WorldPathol Global United S.A. (WGUSA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Immunotherapy, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adanays Calvo Pérez
- Immunotherapy, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Mahdi Forouharshad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Julian Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Gálvez
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB), CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162, Milan, Italy.
- Tissue Engineering Unit-ISBREMIT-IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Via Cappuccini 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
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Mahmoudi N, Mohamed E, Dehnavi SS, Aguilar LMC, Harvey AR, Parish CL, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Calming the Nerves via the Immune Instructive Physiochemical Properties of Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303707. [PMID: 38030559 PMCID: PMC10837390 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for the devastating damage caused by traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are limited. This is in part due to poor drug efficacy to modulate neuroinflammation, angiogenesis and/or promoting neuroprotection and is the combined result of challenges in getting drugs across the blood brain barrier, in a targeted approach. The negative impact of the injured extracellular matrix (ECM) has been identified as a factor in restricting post-injury plasticity of residual neurons and is shown to reduce the functional integration of grafted cells. Therefore, new strategies are needed to manipulate the extracellular environment at the subacute phase to enhance brain regeneration. In this review, potential strategies are to be discussed for the treatment of TBI by using self-assembling peptide (SAP) hydrogels, fabricated via the rational design of supramolecular peptide scaffolds, as an artificial ECM which under the appropriate conditions yields a supramolecular hydrogel. Sequence selection of the peptides allows the tuning of these hydrogels' physical and biochemical properties such as charge, hydrophobicity, cell adhesiveness, stiffness, factor presentation, degradation profile and responsiveness to (external) stimuli. This review aims to facilitate the development of more intelligent biomaterials in the future to satisfy the parameters, requirements, and opportunities for the effective treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ANU College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Elmira Mohamed
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shiva Soltani Dehnavi
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ANU College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lilith M Caballero Aguilar
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, and Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J Williams
- IMPACT, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Li Y, Yang KD, Kong DC, Li XM, Duan HY, Ye JF. Harnessing filamentous phages for enhanced stroke recovery. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1343788. [PMID: 38299142 PMCID: PMC10829096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1343788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke poses a critical global health challenge, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Existing treatments often miss vital timeframes and encounter limitations due to adverse effects, prompting the pursuit of innovative approaches to restore compromised brain function. This review explores the potential of filamentous phages in enhancing stroke recovery. Initially antimicrobial-centric, bacteriophage therapy has evolved into a regenerative solution. We explore the diverse role of filamentous phages in post-stroke neurological restoration, emphasizing their ability to integrate peptides into phage coat proteins, thereby facilitating recovery. Experimental evidence supports their efficacy in alleviating post-stroke complications, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. However, rigorous clinical validation is essential to address challenges like dosing and administration routes. Additionally, genetic modification enhances their potential as injectable biomaterials for complex brain tissue issues. This review emphasizes innovative strategies and the capacity of filamentous phages to contribute to enhanced stroke recovery, as opposed to serving as standalone treatment, particularly in addressing stroke-induced brain tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai-di Yang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - De-cai Kong
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao-meng Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao-yu Duan
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun-feng Ye
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Ciulla MG, Marchini A, Gazzola J, Sambrotta M, Gelain F. Low-power microwaves: a cell-compatible physical treatment to enhance the mechanical properties of self-assembling peptides. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15840-15854. [PMID: 37747054 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials designed for tissue engineering applications should, among other requirements, mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissues to be regenerated, both in terms of biomimetic and mechanical properties. Ideally, the scaffold stiffness and stress resistance should be tuned for each specific implantation therapy. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are promising synthetic bionanomaterials prone to easy multi-functionalization, bestowing biomimetic properties. However, they usually yield soft and fragile hydrogels unsuited for the regeneration of medium-to-hard tissues. For this purpose, chemical cross-linking of SAPs is an option, but it often requires a moderately toxic and expensive chemical compound and/or the presence of specific residues/reactive sites, posing issues for its feasibility and translational potential. In this work, we introduced, characterized by rheology, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Thioflavin-T assay (ThT), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) tests, and optimized (by tuning the power, temperature and treatment time) a novel fast, green and affordable methodology using mild microwave (MW) irradiation to increase the mechanical properties of diverse classes of SAPs. Low-power MWs increase stiffness, resilience, and β-structuration, while high-power MW treatments partially denature the tested SAPs. Our pure-physical methodology does not alter the SAP biomimetic properties (verified via in vitro tests of viability and differentiation of human neural stem cells), is compatible with already seeded cells, and is also synergic with genipin-based cross-linking of SAPs; therefore, it may become the next standard for SAP preparation in tissue engineering applications at hand of all research labs and in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
| | - Amanda Marchini
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Gazzola
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan - Bicocca, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Sambrotta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
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6
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Forouharshad M, Raspa A, Marchini A, Ciulla MG, Magnoni A, Gelain F. Biomimetic Electrospun Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds for Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Neural Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2261. [PMID: 37765230 PMCID: PMC10536048 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord regeneration using stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy for regenerative therapy. Stem cells transplanted onto scaffolds that can mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM) have the potential to significantly improve outcomes. In this study, we strived to develop a cell carrier by culturing neural stem cells (NSCs) onto electrospun 2D and 3D constructs made up of specific crosslinked functionalized self-assembling peptides (SAPs) featuring enhanced biomimetic and biomechanical properties. Morphology, architecture, and secondary structures of electrospun scaffolds in the solid-state and electrospinning solution were studied step by step. Morphological studies showed the benefit of mixed peptides and surfactants as additives to form thinner, uniform, and defect-free fibers. It has been observed that β-sheet conformation as evidence of self-assembling has been predominant throughout the process except for the electrospinning solution. In vitro NSCs seeded on electrospun SAP scaffolds in 2D and 3D conditions displayed desirable proliferation, viability, and differentiation in comparison to the gold standard. In vivo biocompatibility assay confirmed the permissibility of implanted fibrous channels by foreign body reaction. The results of this study demonstrated that fibrous 2D/3D electrospun SAP scaffolds, when shaped as micro-channels, can be suitable to support NSC transplantation for regeneration following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Forouharshad
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Andrea Raspa
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Amanda Marchini
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Alice Magnoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
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Ligorio C, Mata A. Synthetic extracellular matrices with function-encoding peptides. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:1-19. [PMID: 37359773 PMCID: PMC10127181 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The communication of cells with their surroundings is mostly encoded in the epitopes of structural and signalling proteins present in the extracellular matrix (ECM). These peptide epitopes can be incorporated in biomaterials to serve as function-encoding molecules to modulate cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. In this Review, we discuss natural and synthetic peptide epitopes as molecular tools to bioengineer bioactive hydrogel materials. We present a library of functional peptide sequences that selectively communicate with cells and the ECM to coordinate biological processes, including epitopes that directly signal to cells, that bind ECM components that subsequently signal to cells, and that regulate ECM turnover. We highlight how these epitopes can be incorporated in different biomaterials as individual or multiple signals, working synergistically or additively. This molecular toolbox can be applied in the design of biomaterials aimed at regulating or controlling cellular and tissue function, repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Ligorio
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alvaro Mata
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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8
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Buzzaccaro S, Ruzzi V, Gelain F, Piazza R. A Light Scattering Investigation of Enzymatic Gelation in Self-Assembling Peptides. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040347. [PMID: 37102959 PMCID: PMC10137429 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have been increasingly studied as hydrogel-former gelators because they can create biocompatible environments. A common strategy to trigger gelation, is to use a pH variation, but most methods result in a change in pH that is too rapid, leading to gels with hardly reproducible properties. Here, we use the urea-urease reaction to tune gel properties, by a slow and uniform pH increase. We were able to produce very homogeneous and transparent gels at several SAP concentrations, ranging from c=1g/L to c=10g/L. In addition, by exploiting such a pH control strategy, and combining photon correlation imaging with dynamic light scattering measurements, we managed to unravel the mechanism by which gelation occurs in solutions of (LDLK)3-based SAPs. We found that, in diluted and concentrated solutions, gelation follows different pathways. This leads to gels with different microscopic dynamics and capability of trapping nanoparticles. At high concentrations, a strong gel is formed, made of relatively thick and rigid branches that firmly entrap nanoparticles. By contrast, the gel formed in dilute conditions is weaker, characterized by entanglements and crosslinks of very thin and flexible filaments. The gel is still able to entrap nanoparticles, but their motion is not completely arrested. These different gel morphologies can potentially be exploited for controlled multiple drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Buzzaccaro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Science, and Chemical Engineering (CMIC), Politecnico di Milano, Edificio 6, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Science, and Chemical Engineering (CMIC), Politecnico di Milano, Edificio 6, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Piazza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Science, and Chemical Engineering (CMIC), Politecnico di Milano, Edificio 6, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Bui NL, Nguyen MA, Nguyen ML, Bui QC, Chu DT. Phage for regenerative medicine and cosmetics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:241-259. [PMID: 37770175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Phage or bacteriophage is a specific virus with the ability to defeat bacteria. Because of the rising prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the bacteriophage is now receiving interest again, with it application in skin infection or acne treatment. Moreover, bacteriophages also express their efficacy in wound healing or skin regeneration. Thanks to the development of bioengineering technology, phage display, which is a technique using bacteriophage as a tool, has recently been applied in many biotechnological and medical fields, especially in regenerative medicines. Bacteriophages can be used as nanomaterials, delivery vectors, growth factor alternatives, or in several bacteriophage display-derived therapeutics and stem cell technology. Although bacteriophage is no doubt to be a potential and effective alternative in modern medicine, there are still controversial evidence about the antibacterial efficacy as well as the affinity to expected targets of bacteriophage. Future mission is to optimize the specificity, stability, affinity and biodistribution of phage-derived substances. In this chapter, we focused on introducing several mechanisms and applications of bacteriophage and analyzing its future potential in regenerative medicines as well as cosmetics via previous research's results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Le Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai Anh Nguyen
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Manh-Long Nguyen
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Cuong Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee SB, Lim KM, Kim A, Shin HJ, Vellingiri B, Kim YB, Cho SG. Bioactive peptides for boosting stem cell culture platform: Methods and applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114376. [PMID: 36764131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides, short protein fragments, can emulate the functions of their full-length native counterparts. Peptides are considered potent recombinant protein alternatives due to their specificity, high stability, low production cost, and ability to be easily tailored and immobilized. Stem cell proliferation and differentiation processes are orchestrated by an intricate interaction between numerous growth factors and proteins and their target receptors and ligands. Various growth factors, functional proteins, and cellular matrix-derived peptides efficiently enhance stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and directed differentiation. For that, peptides can be immobilized on a culture plate or conjugated to scaffolds, such as hydrogels or synthetic matrices. In this review, we assess the applications of a variety of peptides in stem cell adhesion, culture, organoid assembly, proliferation, and differentiation, describing the shortcomings of recombinant proteins and their full-length counterparts. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges of peptide applications in stem cell culture and materials design, as well as provide a brief outlook on future directions to advance peptide applications in boosting stem cell quality and scalability for clinical applications in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Sun W, Gregory DA, Zhao X. Designed peptide amphiphiles as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102866. [PMID: 36898186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are peptide-based molecules that contain a peptide sequence as a head group covalently conjugated to a hydrophobic segment, such as lipid tails. They can self-assemble into well-ordered supramolecular nanostructures such as micelles, vesicles, twisted ribbons and nanofibers. In addition, the diversity of natural amino acids gives the possibility to produce PAs with different sequences. These properties along with their biocompatibility, biodegradability and a high resemblance to native extracellular matrix (ECM) have resulted in PAs being considered as ideal scaffold materials for tissue engineering (TE) applications. This review introduces the 20 natural canonical amino acids as building blocks followed by highlighting the three categories of PAs: amphiphilic peptides, lipidated peptide amphiphiles and supramolecular peptide amphiphile conjugates, as well as their design rules that dictate the peptide self-assembly process. Furthermore, 3D bio-fabrication strategies of PAs hydrogels are discussed and the recent advances of PA-based scaffolds in TE with the emphasis on bone, cartilage and neural tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo are considered. Finally, future prospects and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - David Alexander Gregory
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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12
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Marchini A, Ciulla MG, Antonioli B, Agnoli A, Bovio U, Visnoviz V, Bertuzzi F, Gelain F. Long-term cultures of human pancreatic islets in self-assembling peptides hydrogels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1105157. [PMID: 36911193 PMCID: PMC9995881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pancreatic islets transplantation is an experimental therapeutic treatment for Type I Diabetes. Limited islets lifespan in culture remains the main drawback, due to the absence of native extracellular matrix as mechanical support after their enzymatic and mechanical isolation procedure. Extending the limited islets lifespan by creating a long-term in vitro culture remains a challenge. In this study, three biomimetic self-assembling peptides were proposed as potential candidates to recreate in vitro a pancreatic extracellular matrix, with the aim to mechanically and biologically support human pancreatic islets, by creating a three-dimensional culture system. The embedded human islets were analyzed for morphology and functionality in long-term cultures (14-and 28-days), by evaluating β-cells content, endocrine component, and extracellular matrix constituents. The three-dimensional support provided by HYDROSAP scaffold, and cultured into MIAMI medium, displayed a preserved islets functionality, a maintained rounded islets morphology and an invariable islets diameter up to 4 weeks, with results analogues to freshly-isolated islets. In vivo efficacy studies of the in vitro 3D cell culture system are ongoing; however, preliminary data suggest that human pancreatic islets pre-cultured for 2 weeks in HYDROSAP hydrogels and transplanted under subrenal capsule may restore normoglycemia in diabetic mice. Therefore, engineered self-assembling peptide scaffolds may provide a useful platform for long-term maintenance and preservation of functional human pancreatic islets in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marchini
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Antonioli
- Tissue Bank and Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Bovio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Department of Diabetology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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13
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González P, González-Fernández C, Maqueda A, Pérez V, Escalera-Anzola S, Rodríguez de Lope Á, Arias FJ, Girotti A, Rodríguez FJ. Silk-Elastin-like Polymers for Acute Intraparenchymal Treatment of the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord: A First Systematic Experimental Approach. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122713. [PMID: 36559207 PMCID: PMC9784492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising potential of hydrogel-based therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI), the need for new biomaterials to design effective strategies for SCI treatment and the outstanding properties of silk-elastin-like polymers (SELP), the potential use of SELPs in SCI is currently unknown. In this context, we assessed the effects elicited by the in vivo acute intraparenchymal injection of an SELP named (EIS)2-RGD6 in a clinically relevant model of SCI. After optimization of the injection system, the distribution, structure, biodegradability, and cell infiltration capacity of (EIS)2-RGD6 were assessed. Finally, the effects exerted by the (EIS)2-RGD6 injection-in terms of motor function, myelin preservation, astroglial and microglia/macrophage reactivity, and fibrosis-were evaluated. We found that (EIS)2-RGD6 can be acutely injected in the lesioned spinal cord without inducing further damage, showing a widespread distribution covering all lesioned areas with a single injection and facilitating the formation of a slow-degrading porous scaffold at the lesion site that allows for the infiltration and/or proliferation of endogenous cells with no signs of collapse and without inducing further microglial and astroglial reactivity, as well as even reducing SCI-associated fibrosis. Altogether, these observations suggest that (EIS)2-RGD6-and, by extension, SELPs-could be promising polymers for the design of therapeutic strategies for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Maqueda
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sara Escalera-Anzola
- Smart Devices for NanoMedicine Group University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Arias
- Smart Devices for NanoMedicine Group University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- Smart Devices for NanoMedicine Group University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (F.J.R.)
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (F.J.R.)
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14
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Lv Z, Dong C, Zhang T, Zhang S. Hydrogels in Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:931800. [PMID: 35800332 PMCID: PMC9253563 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.931800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic accidents and falling objects are responsible for most spinal cord injuries (SCIs). SCI is characterized by high disability and tends to occur among the young, seriously affecting patients' lives and quality of life. The key aims of repairing SCI include preventing secondary nerve injury, inhibiting glial scarring and inflammatory response, and promoting nerve regeneration. Hydrogels have good biocompatibility and degradability, low immunogenicity, and easy-to-adjust mechanical properties. While providing structural scaffolds for tissues, hydrogels can also be used as slow-release carriers in neural tissue engineering to promote cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as accelerate the repair of damaged tissue. This review discusses the characteristics of hydrogels and their advantages as delivery vehicles, as well as expounds on the progress made in hydrogel therapy (alone or combined with cells and molecules) to repair SCI. In addition, we discuss the prospects of hydrogels in clinical research and provide new ideas for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Lv
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, 1st Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spine Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Medical Insurance Management Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, 1st Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spine Cord Injury, Changchun, China
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15
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Hao Z, Li H, Wang Y, Hu Y, Chen T, Zhang S, Guo X, Cai L, Li J. Supramolecular Peptide Nanofiber Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering: From Multihierarchical Fabrications to Comprehensive Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103820. [PMID: 35128831 PMCID: PMC9008438 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is becoming an ideal strategy to replace autologous bone grafts for surgical bone repair, but the multihierarchical complexity of natural bone is still difficult to emulate due to the lack of suitable biomaterials. Supramolecular peptide nanofiber hydrogels (SPNHs) are emerging biomaterials because of their inherent biocompatibility, satisfied biodegradability, high purity, facile functionalization, and tunable mechanical properties. This review initially focuses on the multihierarchical fabrications by SPNHs to emulate natural bony extracellular matrix. Structurally, supramolecular peptides based on distinctive building blocks can assemble into nanofiber hydrogels, which can be used as nanomorphology-mimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biochemically, bioactive motifs and bioactive factors can be covalently tethered or physically absorbed to SPNHs to endow various functions depending on physiological and pharmacological requirements. Mechanically, four strategies are summarized to optimize the biophysical microenvironment of SPNHs for bone regeneration. Furthermore, comprehensive applications about SPNHs for bone tissue engineering are reviewed. The biomaterials can be directly used in the form of injectable hydrogels or composite nanoscaffolds, or they can be used to construct engineered bone grafts by bioprinting or bioreactors. Finally, continuing challenges and outlook are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Hao
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Hanke Li
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Yingkun Hu
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Tianhong Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyJiefang Road 1277Wuhan430022China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of OrthopedicsZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDonghu Road 169Wuhan430071China
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16
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Bioactive injectable hydrogels for on demand molecule/cell delivery and for tissue regeneration in the central nervous system. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:88-101. [PMID: 34852302 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are no potential curative therapies that can improve the central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after traumatic injuries or diseases. Indeed, the regeneration of CNS is greatly impaired by limited drug penetration across the blood brain barrier (BBB), poor drug targeting, deficient progenitor neural cells and limited proliferation of mature neural cells. To overcome these limitations, bioengineered injectable hydrogels in combination with drug and cell therapy have been proposed to mimic the complexity of the CNS microenvironment and architecture. Additionally, to enhance relevant CNS regeneration, proper biophysical and biochemical cues are needed. Recently, great efforts have been devoted to tailor stimuli-responsive hydrogels as novel carrier systems which are able to guide neural tissue regeneration. This review provides an extensive overview on the most promising injectable hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. A special emphasis is made to highlight the ability of these hydrogels to deliver bioactive compounds/cells upon the exposure to internal and external stimuli. Bioactive injectable hydrogels have a broad application in central nervous system's (CNS) regeneration. This review gives an overview of the latest pioneering approaches in CNS recovery using stimuli-responsive hydrogels for several neurodegenerative disorders. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review summarizes the latest innovations on bioactive injectable hydrogels, focusing on tailoring internal/external stimuli-responsive hydrogels for the new injectable systems design, able to guide neural tissue response. The purpose is to highlight the advantages and the limitations of thermo-responsive, photo responsive, magnetic responsive, electric responsive, ultrasound responsive and enzymes-triggered injectable hydrogels in developing customizable neurotherapies. We believe that this comprehensive review will help in identifying the strengths and gaps in the existing literature and to further support the use of injectable hydrogels in stimulating CNS regeneration.
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17
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Yousefifard M, Ramezani F, Vaccaro AR, Hosseini M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. The Role of Intraspinal Administration of Self-Assembled Peptide on Locomotion Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Neuromodulation 2022:S1094-7159(22)00032-0. [PMID: 35227580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment is still a challenge and new treatments that help these patients are being considered. Recent studies showed that the use of self-assembled peptide (SAP) can be useful in SCI treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this meta-analysis, we investigated the effect of SAP administration on locomotion recovery after SCI. Records were obtained from a comprehensive search of data bases. Articles were scrutinized for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed and results were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI. Subgroup analysis was also performed. RESULTS A total of 14 studies and 17 separate experiments were included in the final analysis. Treatment with SAP structures after SCI resulted in a significant improvement in animal motor function (SMD = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.68-1.58; p < 0.0001). SAP treatment facilitated axon sprouting (SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.33-1.18; p < 0.0001) and reduction of glial scar (SMD = -1.02; 95% CI: -1.94 to -0.09; p = 0.03). The difference in SAP type, its concentration, follow-up time, and SCI model had no effect on SAP effectiveness. In addition, SAP administration had a similar effect on improving locomotion in all three immediate, acute, and subacute phases which gives the good news of using this treatment for patients who are in the chronic phase. CONCLUSION SAP treatment can be considered as a potential treatment to help the motor recovery of SCI and axon regeneration.
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18
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Pugliese R, Montuori M, Gelain F. Bioinspired photo-crosslinkable self-assembling peptides with pH-switchable "on-off" luminescence. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:447-456. [PMID: 36132689 PMCID: PMC9418485 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00688f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in peptide self-assembly over the past two decades; however, the in situ cross-linking of self-assembling peptides yielding better performing nanomaterials is still in its infancy. Indeed, self-assembling peptides (SAPs), relying only on non-covalent interactions, are mechanically unstable and susceptible to solvent erosion, greatly hindering their practical application. Herein, drawing inspiration from the biological functions of tyrosine, we present a photo-cross-linking approach for the in situ cross-linking of a tyrosine-containing LDLK12 SAP. This method is based on the ruthenium-complex-catalyzed conversion of tyrosine to dityrosine upon light irradiation. We observed a stable formation of dityrosine cross-linking starting from 5 minutes, with a maximum peak after 1 hour of UV irradiation. Furthermore, the presence of a ruthenium complex among the assembled peptide bundles bestows unusual fluorescence intensity stability up to as high as 42 °C, compared to the bare ruthenium complex. Also, due to a direct deprotonation-protonation process between the ruthenium complex and SAP molecules, the fluorescence of the photo-cross-linked SAP is capable of exhibiting "off-on-off-on" luminescence switchable from acid to basic pH. Lastly, we showed that the photo-cross-linked hydrogel exhibited enhanced mechanical stability with a storage modulus of ∼26 kPa, due to the formation of a densely entangled fibrous network of SAP molecules through dityrosine linkages. As such, this ruthenium-mediated photo-cross-linked SAP hydrogel could be useful in the design of novel tyrosine containing SAP materials with intriguing potential for biomedical imaging, pH sensing, photonics, soft electronics, and bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Pugliese
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo FG Italy
- NeMO Lab, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda 20162 Milan Italy
| | - Monica Montuori
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca 20162 Milan Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo FG Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda 20162 Milan Italy
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19
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Hu XX, Zhang M, Xu F. Benzylic bromide induced peptide cross-linking for nanofiber assembly. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a cross-linking method for the assembly of coiled-coil peptides into long fibers under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
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20
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Ayar Z, Hassannejad Z, Shokraneh F, Saderi N, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Efficacy of hydrogels for repair of traumatic spinal cord injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:1460-1478. [PMID: 34902215 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been used as promising biomaterials for regeneration and control of pathophysiological events after traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI). However, no systematic comparison was conducted to show the effect of hydrogels on pathophysiological events. This study was designed to address this issue and evaluate the regenerative potential of hydrogels after TSCI. From 2857 records found in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (April 23, 2021), 49 articles were included based on our inclusion/exclusion criteria. All studies discussing the effect of hydrogels on at least one of the main pathophysiological events after TSCI, including inflammation, axon growth, remyelination, glial scar formation, cavity size, and locomotor functional recovery were included. For statistical analysis, we used mean difference with 95% confidence intervals for locomotor functional recovery. The results showed that both natural and synthetic hydrogels could reduce the inflammatory response, hinder glial scar formation, and promote axon growth and vascularization. Also, the meta-analysis of the BBB score showed that using the hydrogels can lead to locomotor functional recovery. It was found that hydrogels are more efficient when used in transection and hemisection injuries (SMD: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.26, 2.52; P < .00001) compared to other injury models. The pre-formed implanted hydrogels (SMD: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.34; P < .00001) found to be more effective compared to injection (SMD: 1.58; 95% CI: 0.64, 2.52; P = 0.0009). In conclusion, based on the available evidence, it was concluded that hydrogel composition as well as implantation method are dominant factors affecting tissue regeneration after TSCI and should be chosen according to the injury model in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ayar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Shokraneh
- London Institute of Healthcare Engineering, King's College London, London, UK.,Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Narges Saderi
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Miki T, Hashimoto M, Nakai T, Mihara H. A guide-tag system controlling client enrichment into Y15 peptide-based granules for an in-cell protein recruitment assay. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11338-11341. [PMID: 34642717 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03450b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are valuable building blocks for the fabrication of artificial supramolecules. We developed a guide-tag system that concentrates client proteins into SAP-based scaffolds in cellular environments at various enrichment levels. This system provides a tool to analyse the protein-protein interactions caused by protein clustering in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Hashimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Taichi Nakai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Hisakazu Mihara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
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22
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Marchini A, Gelain F. Synthetic scaffolds for 3D cell cultures and organoids: applications in regenerative medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:468-486. [PMID: 34187261 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1932716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures offer an unparalleled platform to recreate spatial arrangements of cells in vitro. 3D cell culture systems have gained increasing interest due to their evident advantages in providing more physiologically relevant information and more predictive data compared to their two-dimensional (2D) counterpart. Design and well-established fabrication of organoids (a particular type of 3D cell culture system) are nowadays considered a pivotal achievement for their ability to replicate in vitro cytoarchitecture and the functionalities of an organ. In this condition, pluripotent stem cells self-organize into 3D structures mimicking the in vivo microenvironments, architectures and multi-lineage differentiation. Scaffolds are key supporting elements in these 3D constructs, and Matrigel is the most commonly used matrix despite its relevant translation limitations including animal-derived sources, non-defined composition, batch-to-batch variability and poorly tailorable properties. Alternatively, 3D synthetic scaffolds, including self-assembling peptides, show promising biocompatibility and biomimetic properties, and can be tailored on specific target tissue/cells. In this review, we discuss the recent advances on 3D cell culture systems and organoids, promising tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. For this purpose, we will describe the current state-of-the-art on 3D cell culture systems and organoids based on currently available synthetic-based biomaterials (including tailored self-assembling peptides) either tested in in vivo animal models or developed in vitro with potential application in the field of tissue engineering, with the aim to inspire researchers to take on such promising platforms for clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marchini
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Sharma P, Pal VK, Roy S. An overview of latest advances in exploring bioactive peptide hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3911-3938. [PMID: 33973582 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering holds great potential in addressing current challenges faced by medical therapies employed for the functional recovery of the brain. In this context, self-assembling peptides have gained considerable interest owing to their diverse physicochemical properties, which enable them to closely mimic the biophysical characteristics of the native ECM. Additionally, in contrast to synthetic polymers, which lack inherent biological signaling, peptide-based nanomaterials could be easily designed to present essential biological cues to the cells to promote cellular adhesion. Moreover, injectability of these biomaterials further widens their scope in biomedicine. In this context, hydrogels obtained from short bioactive peptide sequences are of particular interest owing to their facile synthesis and highly tunable properties. In spite of their well-known advantages, the exploration of short peptides for neural tissue engineering is still in its infancy and thus detailed discussion is required to evoke interest in this direction. This review provides a general overview of various bioactive hydrogels derived from short peptide sequences explored for neural tissue engineering. The review also discusses the current challenges in translating the benefits of these hydrogels to clinical practices and presents future perspectives regarding the utilization of these hydrogels for advanced biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Knowledge city, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Vijay Kumar Pal
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Knowledge city, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Sangita Roy
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Knowledge city, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
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24
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Gelain F, Luo Z, Rioult M, Zhang S. Self-assembling peptide scaffolds in the clinic. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:9. [PMID: 33597509 PMCID: PMC7889856 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined scaffold hydrogels made of self-assembling peptides have found their way into clinical products. By examining the properties and applications of two self-assembling peptides-EAK16 and RADA16-we highlight the potential for translating designer biological scaffolds into commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBREMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162, Milan, Italy.
| | - Zhongli Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Centre, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | | | - Shuguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA.
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25
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Raspa A, Carminati L, Pugliese R, Fontana F, Gelain F. Self-assembling peptide hydrogels for the stabilization and sustained release of active Chondroitinase ABC in vitro and in spinal cord injuries. J Control Release 2021; 330:1208-1219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Gelain F, Luo Z, Zhang S. Self-Assembling Peptide EAK16 and RADA16 Nanofiber Scaffold Hydrogel. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13434-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, Milan 20162, Italy
| | - Zhongli Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
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27
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Cross-Linked Self-Assembling Peptides and Their Post-Assembly Functionalization via One-Pot and In Situ Gelation System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124261. [PMID: 32549405 PMCID: PMC7353005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular nanostructures formed through peptide self-assembly can have a wide range of applications in the biomedical landscape. However, they often lose biomechanical properties at low mechanical stress due to the non-covalent interactions working in the self-assembling process. Herein, we report the design of cross-linked self-assembling peptide hydrogels using a one-pot in situ gelation system, based on 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (EDC/sulfo–NHS) coupling, to tune its biomechanics. EDC/sulfo–NHS coupling led to limited changes in storage modulus (from 0.9 to 2 kPa), but it significantly increased both the strain (from 6% to 60%) and failure stress (from 19 to 35 Pa) of peptide hydrogel without impairing the spontaneous formation of β-sheet-containing nano-filaments. Furthermore, EDC/sulfo–NHS cross-linking bestowed self-healing and thixotropic properties to the peptide hydrogel. Lastly, we demonstrated that this strategy can be used to incorporate bioactive functional motifs after self-assembly on pre-formed nanostructures by functionalizing an Ac-LDLKLDLKLDLK-CONH2 (LDLK12) self-assembling peptide with the phage display-derived KLPGWSG peptide involved in the modulation of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The incorporation of a functional motif did not alter the peptide’s secondary structure and its mechanical properties. The work reported here offers new tools to both fine tune the mechanical properties of and tailor the biomimetic properties of self-assembling peptide hydrogels while retaining their nanostructures, which is useful for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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28
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Marchini A, Favoino C, Gelain F. Multi-Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptides as Reproducible 3D Cell Culture Systems Enabling Differentiation and Survival of Various Human Neural Stem Cell Lines. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:413. [PMID: 32431590 PMCID: PMC7214803 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells-based therapies have shown great potential for central nervous system regeneration, with three-dimensional (3D) culture systems representing a key technique for tissue engineering applications, as well as disease modeling and drug screenings. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs), providing biomimetic synthetic micro-environments regulating cellular functionality and tissue repair, constitute a suitable tool for the production of complex tissue-like structures in vitro. However, one of the most important drawbacks in 3D cultures, obtained via animal-derived substrates and serum-rich media, is the reproducibility and tunability of a standardized methodology capable to coax neural differentiation of different human cell lines. In this work we cultured four distinct human neural stem cell (hNSC) lines in 3D synthetic multifunctionalized hydrogel (named HYDROSAP) for up to 6 weeks. Three-dimensional cultures of differentiating hNSCs exhibited a progressive differentiation and maturation over time. All hNSCs-derived neurons in 3D culture system exhibited randomly organized entangled networks with increasing expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic phenotypes and presence of cholinergic ones. Oligodendrocytes formed insulating myelin sheaths positive for myelin basic protein (MBP). In summary, results demonstrated a successfully standardized and reproducible 3D cell culture system for hNSC differentiation and maturation in serum-free conditions useful for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marchini
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favoino
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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29
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Ghane N, Beigi MH, Labbaf S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Kiani A. Design of hydrogel-based scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10712-10738. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01842b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based scaffold design approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghane
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology Cell Science Research Center
- Royan Institute for Biotechnology
- ACECR
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Beigi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology Cell Science Research Center
- Royan Institute for Biotechnology
- ACECR
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | | | - Amirkianoosh Kiani
- Silicon Hall: Micro/Nano Manufacturing Facility
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
- Ontario Tech University
- Ontario
- Canada
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30
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Song YH, Agrawal NK, Griffin JM, Schmidt CE. Recent advances in nanotherapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:38-59. [PMID: 30582938 PMCID: PMC6959132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and complicated condition with no cure available. The initial mechanical trauma is followed by a secondary injury characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibitory glial scar formation. Due to the limitations posed by the blood-spinal cord barrier, systemic delivery of therapeutics is challenging. Recent development of various nanoscale strategies provides exciting and promising new means of treating SCI by crossing the blood-spinal cord barrier and delivering therapeutics. As such, we discuss different nanomaterial fabrication methods and provide an overview of recent studies where nanomaterials were developed to modulate inflammatory signals, target inhibitory factors in the lesion, and promote axonal regeneration after SCI. We also review emerging areas of research such as optogenetics, immunotherapy and CRISPR-mediated genome editing where nanomaterials can provide synergistic effects in developing novel SCI therapy regimens, as well as current efforts and barriers to clinical translation of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikunj K Agrawal
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan M Griffin
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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31
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Cao B, Li Y, Yang T, Bao Q, Yang M, Mao C. Bacteriophage-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:73-95. [PMID: 30452949 PMCID: PMC6522342 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage, also called phage, is a human-safe bacteria-specific virus. It is a monodisperse biological nanostructure made of proteins (forming the outside surface) and nucleic acids (encased in the protein capsid). Among different types of phages, filamentous phages have received great attention in tissue regeneration research due to their unique nanofiber-like morphology. They can be produced in an error-free format, self-assemble into ordered scaffolds, display multiple signaling peptides site-specifically, and serve as a platform for identifying novel signaling or homing peptides. They can direct stem cell differentiation into specific cell types when they are organized into proper patterns or display suitable peptides. These unusual features have allowed scientists to employ them to regenerate a variety of tissues, including bone, nerves, cartilage, skin, and heart. This review will summarize the progress in the field of phage-based tissue regeneration and the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binrui Cao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
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32
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Pugliese R, Maleki M, Zuckermann RN, Gelain F. Self-assembling peptides cross-linked with genipin: resilient hydrogels and self-standing electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:76-91. [PMID: 30475373 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are synthetic bioinspired biomaterials that can be feasibly multi-functionalized for applications in surgery, drug delivery, optics and tissue engineering (TE). Despite their promising biocompatibility and biomimetic properties, they have never been considered real competitors of polymers and/or cross-linked extracellular matrix (ECM) natural proteins. Indeed, synthetic SAP-made hydrogels usually feature modest mechanical properties, limiting their potential applications, due to the transient non-covalent interactions involved in the self-assembling phenomenon. Cross-linked SAP-hydrogels have been recently introduced to bridge this gap, but several questions remain open. New strategies leading to stiffer gels of SAPs may allow for a full exploitation of the SAP technology in TE and beyond. We have developed and characterized a genipin cross-linking strategy significantly increasing the stiffness and resiliency of FAQ(LDLK)3, a functionalized SAP already used for nervous cell cultures. We characterized different protocols of cross-linking, analyzing their dose and time-dependent efficiency, influencing stiffness, bioabsorption time and molecular arrangements. We choose the best developed protocol to electrospin into nanofibers, for the first time, self-standing, water-stable and flexible fibrous mats and micro-channels entirely made of SAPs. This work may open the door to the development and tailoring of bioprostheses entirely made of SAPs for different TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Pugliese
- IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG 71013, Italy.
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Multifunctionalized hydrogels foster hNSC maturation in 3D cultures and neural regeneration in spinal cord injuries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7483-7492. [PMID: 30923117 PMCID: PMC6462084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818392116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells reside in 3D microenvironments in living tissues; consequently, 3D cultures gained great interest because they better mimic the natural conditions of cells. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are synthetic bioabsorbable biomaterials that can provide customized 3D microenvironments regulating cell functionalities and tissue repair. Here we introduce a SAP-hydrogel designed to support human neural stem cell (hNSC) differentiation in 3D serum-free conditions, generating mature and active human neurons in vitro. We also demonstrate its functional neurorigenerative potential in rat spinal cord injuries, peaking when seeded with hNSCs progeny predifferentiated in vitro for 6 weeks. Despite these promising results, this approach should be confirmed in the future with medium-size animal models and with additional and refined behavioral tests before entering a clinical trial. Three-dimensional cell cultures are leading the way to the fabrication of tissue-like constructs useful to developmental biology and pharmaceutical screenings. However, their reproducibility and translational potential have been limited by biomaterial and culture media compositions, as well as cellular sources. We developed a construct comprising synthetic multifunctionalized hydrogels, serum-free media, and densely seeded good manufacturing practice protocol-grade human neural stem cells (hNSC). We tracked hNSC proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurons, showing entangled electrically active neural networks. The neuroregenerative potential of the “engineered tissue” was assessed in spinal cord injuries, where hNSC-derived progenitors and predifferentiated hNSC progeny, embedded in multifunctionalized hydrogels, were implanted. All implants decreased astrogliosis and lowered the immune response, but scaffolds with predifferentiated hNSCs showed higher percentages of neuronal markers, better hNSC engraftment, and improved behavioral recovery. Our hNSC-construct enables the formation of 3D functional neuronal networks in vitro, allowing novel strategies for hNSC therapies in vivo.
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34
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Mehralitabar H, Taghdir M, Naderi-Manesh H. A combination of bioactive and nonbioactive alkyl-peptides form a more stable nanofiber structure for differentiating neural stem cells: a molecular dynamics simulation survey. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3434-3444. [PMID: 30238829 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1516571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling alkyl-peptides are important molecules due to their ability to construct nano-level structures such as nanofibers to be utilized as tissue engineering scaffolds. The bioactive epitope of FAQRVPP which acts as neural stem cells (NSCs) outgrowth inducing factor is used in nanofiber structures. Based on previous experimental studies the density and distribution pattern of the epitopes on the surface of the nanofibers plays an important role in the differentiation function efficiency. We decided to survey and compare the stability of two pre-constructed fiber structures in the forms of all-functionalized nanofiber (containing only bioactive alkyl-peptides) and distributed functionalized nanofiber (a combination of nonbioactive and bioactive alkyl-peptides with ratio 2:1). Our findings reveal that the all-functionalized fiber shows an unstable structure and is split into intermediate micelle-like structures to reduce compactness and steric hindrance of functional epitopes whereas the distributed functionalized fiber shows an integrated stable nanofiber with a more amount of beta sheets that are well-organized and oriented around the hydrophobic core. The hydrogen bonds and energy profiles of the structures indicate the role of hydrophobic interactions during the alkyl-chain core formation and the important role of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bond network in the stability of the final structures. Finally, it seems that the possibility of the presence of intermediate structure is increased in the all-functionalized nanofiber environment, and it can reduce functional efficiency of the scaffolds. These findings can help to design more efficient nanofiber structures with different goals in scaffolds for tissue engineering. Abbreviations MD Molecular Dynamics NSCs Neural Stem Cells PME Particle mesh Ewald RDF Radial Distribution Function RG Radius of gyration RASA Relative Accessible Surface Area RMSD Root Mean Square Deviations SASA Solvent Accessible Surface Area. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Mehralitabar
- a Department of Biological Science , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- a Department of Biological Science , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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35
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Zhang W, Wang W, Yu DX, Xiao Z, He Z. Application of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapy to CNS diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2341-2371. [PMID: 30088440 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke are the most common CNS diseases, all characterized by progressive cellular dysfunction and death in specific areas of the nervous system. Therapeutic development for these diseases has lagged behind other disease areas due to difficulties in early diagnosis, long disease courses and drug delivery challenges, not least due to the blood-brain barrier. Over recent decades, nanotechnology has been explored as a potential tool for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of CNS diseases. In this review, we describe the application of nanotechnology to common CNS diseases, highlighting disease pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms and promising functional outcomes that make nanomaterials ideal candidates for early diagnosis and therapy. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of nanotechnology, and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - David X Yu
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zhiyong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China.,Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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36
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Magnesium lithospermate B promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro and enhances neurogenesis in vivo. Tissue Cell 2018; 53:8-14. [PMID: 30060831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent neural stem cells could generate neurons and glial cells. Wide studies have been conducted to disclose the mechanism underlying neural stem cell differentiation and multiple factors have been identified in this field, one of which is bioactive components including natural herbal medicine. In this study, we found that magnesium lithospermate B is able to promote proliferation of neural stem cell in vitro. Besides, magnesium lithospermate B also induces generation of more neuronal cells and less glial cells. The in vivo studies indicates that magnesium lithospermate B enhances local neurogenesis since more Ki67+ and Thy1+ cells are observed in hippocampal region with injection of magnesium lithospermate B. Interestingly, enhancing proliferation and neurogenesis occurs in medial forebrain bundle of Parkinson's Disease model and behavioral studies demonstrates that motor function is significantly improved in magnesium lithospermate B-treated disease models. Furthermore, we also found that effect of MLB on proliferation and differentiation of NSCs was mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling. Collectively, our study shows the important role of magnesium lithospermate B in neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, accordingly providing a simple and efficient method to induce the neuronal cell generation in neurodegenerative disease model.
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37
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Martin AD, Chua SW, Au CG, Stefen H, Przybyla M, Lin Y, Bertz J, Thordarson P, Fath T, Ke YD, Ittner LM. Peptide Nanofiber Substrates for Long-Term Culturing of Primary Neurons. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25127-25134. [PMID: 29979564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The culturing of primary neurons represents a central pillar of neuroscience research. Primary neurons are derived directly from brain tissue and recapitulate key aspects of neuronal development in an in vitro setting. Unlike neural stem cells, primary neurons do not divide; thus, initial attachment of cells to a suitable substrate is critical. Commonly used polylysine substrates can suffer from batch variability owing to their polymeric nature. Herein, we report the use of chemically well-defined, self-assembling tetrapeptides as substrates for primary neuronal culture. These water-soluble peptides assemble into fibers which facilitate adhesion and development of primary neurons, their long-term survival (>40 days), synaptic maturation, and electrical activity. Furthermore, these substrates are permissive toward neuronal transfection and transduction which, coupled with their uniformity and reproducible nature, make them suitable for a wide variety of applications in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Martin
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , 2052 , Australia
| | - Sook Wern Chua
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Carol G Au
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Holly Stefen
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Neuronal Culture Core Facility , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Yijun Lin
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Josefine Bertz
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , 2052 , Australia
| | - Thomas Fath
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Neuronal Culture Core Facility , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
| | - Yazi D Ke
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia , Sydney , NSW 2031 , Australia
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Tian T, Yu Z, Zhang N, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou S, Zhang C, Feng G, Huang F. Modified acellular nerve-delivering PMSCs improve functional recovery in rats after complete spinal cord transection. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:2480-2492. [PMID: 29106428 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the poor regeneration capacity of neurons and the inhibitory microenvironment, spontaneous regeneration in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains challenging. Tissue engineering is considered a promising approach for enhancing the regeneration of SCI by reconstructing the inherent structure and improving the microenvironment. In this study, the possibility of engineering a nerve complex, which is constructed by acellular nerve delivering placenta mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs), was assessed for the recovery of a transected spinal cord. Modified acellular nerve grafts were developed, and PMSCs labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were seeded on the graft to construct the engineered nerve complex. Then, the engineered nerve complex was implanted into a 2 mm-length transected gap of the spinal cord. Four weeks after the transplantation, numerous surviving PMSCs were observed in the lesion cavity by immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, co-localization between GFP and neurofilament-200 (NF200) and Neuronal Class III β-Tubulin (Tuj1) was observed at the bridge interface. The PMSCs-graft group exhibited significant function improvement as evaluated by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion score and footprint analysis. Eight weeks after surgery, the evoked response was restored in the PMSCs-graft group and numerous thick myelin sheathes were observed compared to that in the control groups. Collectively, our findings suggest that the nerve complex prepared by acellular nerve delivering PMSCs enhanced the structure and function regeneration of the spinal cord after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Shandong Province 264003, China.
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Zhang B, Yan W, Zhu Y, Yang W, Le W, Chen B, Zhu R, Cheng L. Nanomaterials in Neural-Stem-Cell-Mediated Regenerative Medicine: Imaging and Treatment of Neurological Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705694. [PMID: 29543350 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients are increasingly being diagnosed with neuropathic diseases, but are rarely cured because of the loss of neurons in damaged tissues. This situation creates an urgent clinical need to develop alternative treatment strategies for effective repair and regeneration of injured or diseased tissues. Neural stem cells (NSCs), highly pluripotent cells with the ability of self-renewal and potential for multidirectional differentiation, provide a promising solution to meet this demand. However, some serious challenges remaining to be addressed are the regulation of implanted NSCs, tracking their fate, monitoring their interaction with and responsiveness to the tissue environment, and evaluating their treatment efficacy. Nanomaterials have been envisioned as innovative components to further empower the field of NSC-based regenerative medicine, because their unique physicochemical characteristics provide unparalleled solutions to the imaging and treatment of diseases. By building on the advantages of nanomaterials, tremendous efforts have been devoted to facilitate research into the clinical translation of NSC-based therapy. Here, recent work on emerging nanomaterials is highlighted and their performance in the imaging and treatment of neurological diseases is evaluated, comparing the strengths and weaknesses of various imaging modalities currently used. The underlying mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Weitao Yang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Wenjun Le
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Bingdi Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
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Zhou Z, Yi Q, Xia T, Yin W, Kadi AA, Li J, Zhang Y. A photo-degradable supramolecular hydrogel for selective delivery of microRNA into 3D-cultured cells. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:2191-2198. [PMID: 28220178 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-functional supramolecular hydrogels have emerged as smart biomaterials for diverse biomedical applications. Here we report a multi-functional supramolecular hydrogel formed by the conjugate of the bioactive GRGDS peptide with biaryltetrazole that is the substrate of photo-click reaction. The hydrogel was used as a biocompatible matrix to encapsulate live cells for 3D culture. The presence of the RGD epitope in the hydrogelator enhanced the interaction of the nanofiber with integrin over-expressing cells, which resulted in the selective enhancement in the miRNA delivery into the encapsulated U87 cells. The intramolecular photo-click reaction of the biaryltetrazole moiety in the hydrogelator leads to a sensitive photo-response of the hydrogel, which allowed photo-degradation of the hydrogel for release of the encapsulated live cells for further bio-assay of the intracellular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qikun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tingting Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wencui Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Pugliese R, Fontana F, Marchini A, Gelain F. Branched peptides integrate into self-assembled nanostructures and enhance biomechanics of peptidic hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:258-271. [PMID: 29128535 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides (SAP) have drawn an increasing interest in the tissue engineering community. They display unquestionable biomimetic properties, tailorability and promising biocompatibility. However their use has been hampered by poor mechanical properties making them fragile soft scaffolds. To increase SAP hydrogel stiffness we introduced a novel strategy based on multiple ramifications of (LDLK)3, a well-known linear SAP, connected with one or multiple "lysine knots". Differently branched SAPs were tested by increasing the number of (LDLK)3-like branches and by adding the neuro-regenerative functional motif BMHP1 as a single branch. While pure branched peptides did not have appealing self-assembling propensity, when mixed with the corresponding linear SAP they increased the stiffness of the overall hydrogel of multiple times. Notably, optimal results (or peak) were obtained 1) at similar molar ratio (between linear and branched peptides) for all tested sequences and 2) for the branched SAPs featuring the highest number of branches made of (LDLK)3. The functional motif BMHP1, as expected, seemed not to contribute to the increase of the storage modulus as efficiently as (LDLK)3. Interestingly, branched SAPs improved the β-sheet self-arrangement of (LDLK)3 and allowed for the formation of assembled nanofibers. Indeed in coarse-grained molecular dynamics we showed they readily integrate in the assembled aggregates providing "molecular connections" among otherwise weakly paired β-structures. Lastly, branched SAPs did not affect the usual response of human neural stem cells cultured on (LDLK)3-like scaffolds in vitro. Hence, branched SAPs may be a valuable new tool to enhance mechanical properties of self-assembling peptide biomaterials harmlessly; as neither chemical nor enzymatic cross-linking reactions are involved. As a consequence, branched SAPs may enlarge the field of application of SAPs in tissue engineering and beyond. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Self-assembling peptides stand at the forefront of regenerative medicine because they feature biomimetic nano-architectures that mimic the complexity of natural peptide-based extracellular matrices of living tissues. Their superior biocompatibility and ease of scale-up production are hampered by weak mechanical properties due to transient non-covalent interactions among and within the self-assembled peptide chains, thus limiting their potential applications. We introduced new branched self-assembling peptides to be used as "molecular connectors" among self-assembled nanostructures made of linear SAPs. Branched SAPs could be mixed with linear SAPs before self-assembling in order to have them intermingled with different β-sheets of linear SAPs after gelation. This strategy caused a manifold increase of the stiffness of the assembled hydrogels (proportional to the number of self-assembling branches), did not affect SAP propensity to form β-sheet but, instead, further stimulated their secondary structure rearrangements. It is now possible to modularly improve SAP scaffold mechanical properties without using harmful chemical reactions. Therefore, branched SAPs represent an additional tool to be adopted for efficient and harmless SAP scaffold customization in tissue engineering.
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Yoo SY, Shrestha KR, Jeong SN, Kang JI, Lee SW. Engineered phage nanofibers induce angiogenesis. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17109-17117. [PMID: 29087420 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03332j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we exploited a bioinspired M13 bacteriophage as an angiogenic nanofiber for soft tissue engineering applications. We demonstrated that engineered phage nanofibers induce angiogenesis with specific biochemical and topological cues. Specifically, nanofibrous phage structures provided a novel therapeutic platform for stem cell technologies in ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Novel affinity agents with high specificity are needed to make progress in disease diagnosis and therapy. Over the last several years, peptides have been considered to have fundamental benefits over other affinity agents, such as antibodies, due to their fast blood clearance, low immunogenicity, rapid tissue penetration, and reproducible chemical synthesis. These features make peptides ideal affinity agents for applications in disease diagnostics and therapeutics for a wide variety of afflictions. Virus-derived peptide techniques provide a rapid, robust, and high-throughput way to identify organism-targeting peptides with high affinity and selectivity. Here, we will review viral peptide display techniques, how these techniques have been utilized to select new organism-targeting peptides, and their numerous biomedical applications with an emphasis on targeted imaging, diagnosis, and therapeutic techniques. In the future, these virus-derived peptides may be used as common diagnosis and therapeutics tools in local clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kegan Sunderland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Faccendini A, Vigani B, Rossi S, Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Caramella CM, Ferrari F. Nanofiber Scaffolds as Drug Delivery Systems to Bridge Spinal Cord Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030063. [PMID: 28678209 PMCID: PMC5620607 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) may explain the current lack of an effective therapeutic approach for the regeneration of damaged neuronal cells and the recovery of motor functions. A primary mechanical injury in the spinal cord triggers a cascade of secondary events, which are involved in SCI instauration and progression. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the therapeutic neuro-protective and neuro-regenerative approaches, which involve the use of nanofibers as local drug delivery systems. Drugs released by nanofibers aim at preventing the cascade of secondary damage (neuro-protection), whereas nanofibrous structures are intended to re-establish neuronal connectivity through axonal sprouting (neuro-regeneration) promotion, in order to achieve a rapid functional recovery of spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Faccendini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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45
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Zhou J, Li J, Du X, Xu B. Supramolecular biofunctional materials. Biomaterials 2017; 129:1-27. [PMID: 28319779 PMCID: PMC5470592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses supramolecular biofunctional materials, a novel class of biomaterials formed by small molecules that are held together via noncovalent interactions. The complexity of biology and relevant biomedical problems not only inspire, but also demand effective molecular design for functional materials. Supramolecular biofunctional materials offer (almost) unlimited possibilities and opportunities to address challenging biomedical problems. Rational molecular design of supramolecular biofunctional materials exploit powerful and versatile noncovalent interactions, which offer many advantages, such as responsiveness, reversibility, tunability, biomimicry, modularity, predictability, and, most importantly, adaptiveness. In this review, besides elaborating on the merits of supramolecular biofunctional materials (mainly in the form of hydrogels and/or nanoscale assemblies) resulting from noncovalent interactions, we also discuss the advantages of small peptides as a prevalent molecular platform to generate a wide range of supramolecular biofunctional materials for the applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, immunology, cancer therapy, fluorescent imaging, and stem cell regulation. This review aims to provide a brief synopsis of recent achievements at the intersection of supramolecular chemistry and biomedical science in hope of contributing to the multidisciplinary research on supramolecular biofunctional materials for a wide range of applications. We envision that supramolecular biofunctional materials will contribute to the development of new therapies that will ultimately lead to a paradigm shift for developing next generation biomaterials for medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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46
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Wu J, Xie L, Lin WZY, Chen Q. Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for neural tissue engineering and drug development. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1375-1384. [PMID: 28388393 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering aims to develop functional substitutes for damaged tissues, creating many promising opportunities in regeneration medicine and drug discovery. Biomaterial scaffolds routinely provide nerve cells with a physical support for cell growth and regeneration, yielding 3D extracellular matrix to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment. Among the various types of cellular scaffolds for reconstruction, biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds are recognized as appropriate candidates by precisely controlling morphology and shape. Here, we review the current techniques in fabricating biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for neural tissue engineering, and describe the impact of nanofiber components on the properties of scaffolds and their uses in therapeutic models and drug development. We also discuss the current challenges and future directions of applying 3D printing and microfluidic technologies in neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lili Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.
| | | | - Qiushui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Fabrication of nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds from a heterogeneous library of co- and self-assembling peptides. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:268-278. [PMID: 28093364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling (SAPs) and co-assembling peptides (CAPs) are driving increasing enthusiasm as synthetic but biologically inspired biomaterials amenable of easy functionalization for regenerative medicine. On the other hand, electrospinning (ES) is a versatile technique useful for tailoring the nanostructures of various biomaterials into scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrices found in organs and tissues. The synergistic merging of these two approaches is a long-awaited advance in nanomedicine that has not been deeply documented so far. In the present work, we describe the successful ES of a library of diverse SAPs and CAPs into biomimetic nanofibrous mats. Our results suggest that suitable ES solutions are characterized by high concentrations of peptides, providing backbone physical chain entanglements, and by random coil/α-helical conformations while β-sheet aggregation may be detrimental to spinnability. The resulting peptide fibers feature interconnected seamless mats with nanofibers average diameters ranging from ∼100nm to ∼400nm. Also, peptide chemical nature and ES set up parameters play pivotal roles in determining the conformational transitions and morphological properties of the produced nanofibers. Far from being an exhaustive description of the just-opened novel field of ES-assembled peptides, this seminal work aims at shining a light on a still missing general theory for the production of electrospun peptidic biomaterials bringing together the spatial, biochemical and biomimetic of these two techniques into unique scaffolds for tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Construction of peptide hydrogels has received considerable attention due to their potential as nanostructures amenable of easy functionalization and capable of creating microenvironments suited for culturing cells and triggering tissue regeneration. They display a superior biocompatibility unmatched by other known synthetic biomaterials so far. However, their applications are confined to body fillers because most of them do spontaneously form hydrogels, while effective tissue regeneration often requires well-defined fibrous scaffolds. In this work, we developed electrospun fibers of various peptides (cross-beta self-assembling, hierarchically assembling, functionalized, co-assembling) and we provided a deep understanding of the crucial phenomena to be taken into account when peptides fibers fabrication. These results open new venues for exploring novel regenerative applications of peptide nanofibrous scaffolds.
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48
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Yi DK, Nanda SS, Kim K, Tamil Selvan S. Recent progress in nanotechnology for stem cell differentiation, labeling, tracking and therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9429-9451. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02532g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology advancements for stem cell differentiation, labeling, tracking and therapeutic applications in cardiac repair, bone, and liver regeneration are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kee Yi
- Department of Chemistry
- Myongji University
- Yongin 449-728
- South Korea
| | | | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul
- South Korea
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Krishna L, Dhamodaran K, Jayadev C, Chatterjee K, Shetty R, Khora SS, Das D. Nanostructured scaffold as a determinant of stem cell fate. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:188. [PMID: 28038681 PMCID: PMC5203716 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of stem cells is tightly regulated by cues from the niche, comprising both intrinsic and extrinsic cell signals. Besides chemical and growth factors, biophysical signals are important components of extrinsic signals that dictate the stem cell properties. The materials used in the fabrication of scaffolds provide the chemical cues whereas the shape of the scaffolds provides the biophysical cues. The effect of the chemical composition of the scaffolds on stem cell fate is well researched. Biophysical signals such as nanotopography, mechanical forces, stiffness of the matrix, and roughness of the biomaterial influence the fate of stem cells. However, not much is known about their role in signaling crosstalk, stem cell maintenance, and directed differentiation. Among the various techniques for scaffold design, nanotechnology has special significance. The role of nanoscale topography in scaffold design for the regulation of stem cell behavior has gained importance in regenerative medicine. Nanotechnology allows manipulation of highly advanced surfaces/scaffolds for optimal regulation of cellular behavior. Techniques such as electrospinning, soft lithography, microfluidics, carbon nanotubes, and nanostructured hydrogel are described in this review, along with their potential usage in regenerative medicine. We have also provided a brief insight into the potential signaling crosstalk that is triggered by nanomaterials that dictate a specific outcome of stem cells. This concise review compiles recent developments in nanoscale architecture and its importance in directing stem cell differentiation for prospective therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi Krishna
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamesh Dhamodaran
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chaitra Jayadev
- Vitreoretina Services, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S S Khora
- School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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50
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Martins IM, Reis RL, Azevedo HS. Phage Display Technology in Biomaterials Engineering: Progress and Opportunities for Applications in Regenerative Medicine. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2962-2980. [PMID: 27661443 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has been gaining momentum steadily over the past few years. The emphasis in regenerative medicine is to use various in vitro and in vivo approaches that leverage the intrinsic healing mechanisms of the body to treat patients with disabling injuries and chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, and degenerative disorders of the cardiovascular and central nervous system. Phage display has been successfully employed to identify peptide ligands for a wide variety of targets, ranging from relatively small molecules (enzymes, cell receptors) to inorganic, organic, and biological (tissues) materials. Over the past two decades, phage display technology has advanced tremendously and has become a powerful tool in the most varied fields of research, including biotechnology, materials science, cell biology, pharmacology, and diagnostics. The growing interest in and success of phage display libraries is largely due to its incredible versatility and practical use. This review discusses the potential of phage display technology in biomaterials engineering for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone M. Martins
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, AvePark, 4805-717 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- CEB − Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, AvePark, 4805-717 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, AvePark, 4805-717 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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