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Hou JH, Kong FY, Mu LT, Gao JS, Sun SY, Zhang Y, Sun CH. A recoverable hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent for efficient extraction of polyphenolic compounds from raspberry root. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39169544 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are widely used to extract bioactive components from plant biomass; however, hydrophilic DES and bioactive component isolation methods have not been developed. In this study, we synthesized hydrophilic DES (CL-CA-DES) using citric acid and choline chloride. We combined this with environmentally friendly anion- and cation-exchange resin column chromatographic isolation methods. This approach extracted and isolated four polyphenolic compounds (catechins, epicatechins, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2) from raspberry root and efficiently recovered the hydrophilic DES. CL-CA-DES extracted significantly higher contents of catechin and procyanidin B2 from raspberry root compared to other solvents. It also extracted substantially higher contents of epicatechin compared to butyl alcohol, 70% ethanol, and water, but there was no significant difference when compared with acetone and ethyl acetate. Additionally, CL-CA-DES extracted significantly higher contents of procyanidin B1 compared to butyl alcohol, water, and ethyl acetate, with no significant difference when compared with 70% ethanol and acetone. The isolation efficiency of the bioactive components in the raspberry root extract by anion- and cation-exchange resin column chromatography was higher than that of the organic solvent extraction and precipitation generation methods, and the method was effective in recovering CL-CA-DES with a recovery rate higher than 60%. In conclusion, this study developed a new method for the efficient recovery of hydrophilic CL-CA-DES, which can be used for isolating polyphenolic compounds from raspberry root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
- School of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan-Yu Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li-Ting Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin-Shuang Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chang-Hai Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
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Ashraf MV, Khan S, Misri S, Gaira KS, Rawat S, Rawat B, Khan MAH, Shah AA, Asgher M, Ahmad S. High-Altitude Medicinal Plants as Promising Source of Phytochemical Antioxidants to Combat Lifestyle-Associated Oxidative Stress-Induced Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:975. [PMID: 39204080 PMCID: PMC11357401 DOI: 10.3390/ph17080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), poses a significant threat to cellular integrity and human health. Generated during mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, UV exposure and pollution, these species damage cells and contribute to pathologies like cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. Lifestyle factors exert a substantial influence on oxidative stress levels, with mitochondria emerging as pivotal players in ROS generation and cellular equilibrium. Phytochemicals, abundant in plants, such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and polyphenols, offer diverse antioxidant mechanisms. They scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and modulate cellular signalling pathways to mitigate oxidative damage. Furthermore, plants thriving in high-altitude regions are adapted to extreme conditions, and synthesize secondary metabolites, like flavonoids and phenolic compounds in bulk quantities, which act to form a robust antioxidant defence against oxidative stress, including UV radiation and temperature fluctuations. These plants are promising sources for drug development, offering innovative strategies by which to manage oxidative stress-related ailments and enhance human health. Understanding and harnessing the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals from high-altitude plants represent crucial steps in combating oxidative stress-induced disorders and promoting overall wellbeing. This study offers a comprehensive summary of the production and physio-pathological aspects of lifestyle-induced oxidative stress disorders and explores the potential of phytochemicals as promising antioxidants. Additionally, it presents an appraisal of high-altitude medicinal plants as significant sources of antioxidants, highlighting their potential for drug development and the creation of innovative antioxidant therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vikas Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Sajid Khan
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Surya Misri
- Section of Microbiology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Kailash S. Gaira
- Sikkim Regional Centre, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India; (K.S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- Sikkim Regional Centre, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India; (K.S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Balwant Rawat
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Era University, Dehradun 24800, Utarakhand, India;
| | - M. A. Hannan Khan
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (M.A.H.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (M.A.H.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Mohd Asgher
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Shoeb Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
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Hałasa R, Turecka K, Mizerska U, Krauze-Baranowska M. Anti- Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Extracts from Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:501. [PMID: 38675162 PMCID: PMC11054215 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infections are still an important health problem and are directly related to the development of gastric ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosal lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and diabetes. At the same time, the number of substances/drugs effective against these bacteria is limited due to increasing resistance. Raw plant materials from various species of the Rubus genus-fruits and shoots-have shown antimicrobial activity in numerous studies against different bacteria, including H. pylori in a planktonic form. Research carried out on a model using fragments of intravenous infusions and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) as a dye showed that the shoot extract of Rubus idaeus 'Willamette', the fruit extract of R. idaeus 'Poranna Rosa', R. idaeus and R. idaeus 'Laszka', and R. occidentalis Litacz' prevent the formation of biofilm by H. pylori. Active concentrations inhibiting biofilm formation were 6.65 mg/mL for shoots and 16.65 mg/mL for fruits. However, in the resulting biofilm, the extract from the shoots of R. idaeus 'Willamette' and the fruit of R. idaeus 'Poranna Rosa' at a concentration of 16.65 mg/mL was active against living bacteria, and the remaining extracts showed such activity at a concentration of 33.3 mg/mL. In studies on the interaction of the extract with antibiotics on biofilm, the extract from the shoots of R. idaeus 'Willamette' showed synergy with doxycycline and levofloxacin, additivity with amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and neutrality with metronidazole. H. pylori biofilm research was carried out in a newly elaborated research model-culture on fragments of intravenous infusions with the addition of TTC as a marker of living bacterial cells. The research results may constitute the basis for the development of new combination therapies for the treatment of H. pylori infections, including its resistant strains. The proposed new biofilm research model, which is cheap and effective, may allow testing of new substances that are potentially more effective against H. pylori and other biofilm-forming bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hałasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Turecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Urszula Mizerska
- Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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Wang G, Su H, Guo Z, Li H, Jiang Z, Cao Y, Li C. Rubus Occidentalis and its bioactive compounds against cancer: From molecular mechanisms to translational advances. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155029. [PMID: 38417241 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death globally, imposing a significant public health burden. The rise in cancer resistance to current therapeutic agents underscores the potential role of phytotherapy. Black raspberry (BRB, Rubus Occidentalis) is a fruit rich in anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and ellagitannins. Accumulating evidence suggests that BRB exhibits promising anticancer effects, positioning it as a viable candidate for phytotherapy. PURPOSE This article aims to review the existing research on BRB regarding its role in cancer prevention and treatment. It further analyzes the effective components of BRB, their metabolic pathways, and the potential mechanisms underlying the fruit's anticancer effects. METHODS Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL were searched through the terms of Black Raspberry, Raspberry, and Rubus Occidentali up to January 2023. Two reviewers performed the study selection by screening the title and abstract. Full texts of potentially eligible studies were retrieved to access the details. RESULTS Out of the 767 articles assessed, 73 papers met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 63 papers investigated the anticancer mechanisms, while 10 conducted clinical trials focusing on cancer treatment or prevention. BRB was found to influence multiple cancer hallmarks by targeting various pathways. Decomposition of free radicals and regulation of estrogen metabolism, BRB can reduce DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species. BRB can also enhance the function of nucleotide excision repair to repair DNA lesions. Through regulation of epigenetics, BRB can enhance the expression of tumor suppressor genes, inducing cell cycle arrest, and promoting apoptosis and pyroptosis. BRB can reduce the energy and nutrients supply to the cancer nest by inhibiting glycolysis and reducing angiogenesis. The immune and inflammatory microenvironment surrounding cancer cells can also be ameliorated by BRB, inhibiting cancer initiation and progression. However, the limited bioavailability of BRB diminishes its anticancer efficacy. Notably, topical applications of BRB, such as gels and suppositories, have demonstrated significant clinical benefits. CONCLUSION BRB inhibits cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis through diverse anticancer mechanisms while exhibiting minimal side effects. Given its potential, BRB emerges as a promising phototherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hengpei Su
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No.29, Jiuyanqiao Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Honglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhishen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu 610041, China.
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Lapiz-Culqui YK, Meléndez-Mori JB, Tejada-Alvarado JJ, Cortez D, Huaman E, Zarantes VMN, Oliva M. Study of the physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro multiplication of wild blackberry species from the Peruvian highlands. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3863. [PMID: 38365959 PMCID: PMC10873364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peruvian Andes are the natural habitat of several wild blackberry species that are little known and exploited due to the lack of technological and scientific development to support their agricultural potential. In this context, a study was conducted to understand the physicochemical composition, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro multiplication of four wild blackberry (Rubus sp.) species from the northern Peruvian highlands. The results indicate that fruits of R. floribundus presented the highest content of total soluble solids (9.58 ± 1.83°Brix) and titratable acidity (1.88 ± 0.07% citric acid). The fruits of R. weberbaueri recorded the highest total phenolic content (415.06 ± 8.69 mg GAE/100 g Ff). The antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH assay varied significantly among species, with the highest value found in fruits of R. andicola (50.27 ± 0.11 mg TE/100 g Ff). The fruit extracts of R. weberbaueri and R. andicola showed better antimicrobial activity, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most sensitive bacterium. In the in vitro multiplication phase, the results show that BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) has a significant effect at a dose of 1.5 mg l-1 on shoot number, leaf number, and shoot length. The results may help in the management of genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoiner K Lapiz-Culqui
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), 01001, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Jegnes Benjamín Meléndez-Mori
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), 01001, Chachapoyas, Peru.
| | - José Jesús Tejada-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), 01001, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Estación Experimental Agraria Amazonas, Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología (DRGB), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Ex Aeropuerto, Fundo San Juan, 01001, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Denny Cortez
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), 01001, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Eyner Huaman
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), 01001, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, 11315, Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor M Núñez Zarantes
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, AGROSAVIA, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Manuel Oliva
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), 01001, Chachapoyas, Peru
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Davidson M, Louvet F, Meudec E, Landolt C, Grenier K, Périno S, Ouk TS, Saad N. Optimized Single-Step Recovery of Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Compounds from Raspberry, Strawberry and Blackberry Pomaces Using a Simultaneous Ultrasound-Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (UEAE). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1793. [PMID: 37891873 PMCID: PMC10603877 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An ultrasound-enzyme-assisted extraction (UEAE) was optimized to extract, simultaneously, the hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from three berry pomaces (raspberry, strawberry and blackberry). First, an enzyme screening designated a thermostable alkaline protease as the most suitable enzyme to recover, in an aqueous medium, the highest yields of polyphenols and oil in the most efficient way. Secondly, the selected enzyme was coupled to ultrasounds (US) in sequential and simultaneous combinations. The simultaneous US-alkaline enzyme combination was selected as a one-single-step process and was then optimized by definitive screening design (DSD). The optimized parameters were: US amplitude, 20% (raspberry pomace) or 70% (strawberry and blackberry pomaces); pH, 8; E/S ratio, 1% (w/w); S/L ratio, 6% (w/v); extraction time, 30 min; temperature, 60 °C. Compared to conventional extractions using organic solvents, the UEAE extracted all the polyphenols, with around 75% of the active polyphenols (measured by the DPPH● method) and up to 75% of the initial oil from the berry pomaces. Characterized lipophilic compounds were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), tocols and phytosterols. The polyphenolics were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS; characteristic ellagitannins of the Rosaceae family (sanguiin H-6 or agrimoniin, sanguiin H-10, …) and ellagic acid conjugates were found as the major components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag Davidson
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, F-87000 Limoges, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (T.-S.O.)
| | - François Louvet
- ENSIL-ENSCI Formation: Céramique Industrielle, ESTER, Université de Limoges, 87068 Limoges, France;
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- SPO, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France;
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, Polyphenol Analytical Facility, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Cornelia Landolt
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, F-87000 Limoges, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (T.-S.O.)
| | - Karine Grenier
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, F-87000 Limoges, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (T.-S.O.)
| | - Sandrine Périno
- Équipe GREEN, UMR 408 SQPOV, Avignon Université, F-84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Tan-Sothéa Ouk
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, F-87000 Limoges, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (T.-S.O.)
| | - Naïma Saad
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, F-87000 Limoges, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (T.-S.O.)
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Adamczuk N, Ośko J, Grembecka M, Konieczyński P, Migas P, Orzeł A, Baj-Wójtowicz B, Krauze-Baranowska M. Evaluation of the Content of Micro- and Macroelements in Raspberries Depending on the Species, Cultivar Variety, and Geographical Environment. Nutrients 2023; 15:3782. [PMID: 37686814 PMCID: PMC10490165 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyse the macro- and micro-nutrient content in fruits of Rubus species (R. idaeus, R. occidentalis, R. chamaemorus, and R. chingii) and their varieties or hybrids from different regions. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry with deuterium background correction was used to measure concentrations of nine essential elements (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, and Cu) and two heavy metals (Pb, Cd). Chemometric analysis compared the elemental profiles. Results confirmed raspberries as a rich source of macroelements (K, Mg) and microelements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr). The 'Bristol' cultivar consistently had the highest Fe content regardless of origin. Cr presence was observed in black raspberries for the first time. Previously observed relationships like K-Na antagonism and Cr/Zn, Fe/Zn synergism were found in raspberry fruits. Factor and cluster analyses demonstrated species and geographical diversity among Polish raspberry samples and clear separation of R. chingii from China. Raspberry fruits, due to the rich complex of polyphenols, are classified as superfoods, and the content of bioelements determined in them guarantees coverage of the daily requirement for macro- and microelements (RDA depending on the element: 5.6-204% for R. idaeus, 8.8-469, 4% for R. occidentalis, and 1.4-67.2% for R. chamaemorus), finally confirming this opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Adamczuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Justyna Ośko
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Grembecka
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Paweł Konieczyński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Migas
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Orzeł
- Niwa Berry Breeding Company, Brzezna 1, 33-386 Podegrodzie, Poland;
| | | | - Mirosława Krauze-Baranowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.A.); (P.M.)
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Tao Y, Bao J, Zhu F, Pan M, Liu Q, Wang P. Ethnopharmacology of Rubus idaeus Linnaeus: A critical review on ethnobotany, processing methods, phytochemicals, pharmacology and quality control. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115870. [PMID: 36341819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rubus idaeus Linnaeus (RI) is a Chinese herbal medicine that has been widely used in China for a long time to reinforce the kidney, nourish the liver, improve vision, and arrest polyuria. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aims to evaluate the recent progress of the chemical composition, pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and quality control and of Rubus idaeus, which focuses on the insufficiency of existing research and will shed light on future studies of Rubus idaeus. METHODS Literatures about "Rubus idaeus","Red raspberry" and "Fupenzi"are retrieved by browsing the database, such as Web of Science (http://www.webofknowledge.com/wos), Pubmed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), CNKI (http://www.cnki.net/), and Wanfang Data (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn). In addition, related textbooks and digital documents are interrogated to provide a holistic and critical review of the topic. The period of the literature covered from 1981 to 2022. RESULTS Approximately 194 compounds have been isolated from Rubus idaeus, which is rich in phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and fatty acids. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that Rubus idaeus exhibits many pharmacological activities, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic, anti-Alzheimer effect, anti-osteoporosis, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-bacteria and skin care, etc. However, it is worth noting that most of the research is not associated with the conventional effect, such as reducing urination and treating opacity of the cornea. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of Rubus idaeus has been proved by its long-term clinical application. The research on the pharmacological activity of Rubus idaeus has flourished. In many pharmacological experiments, only the high-dose group can achieve the corresponding efficacy, so the efficacy of Rubus idaeus needs to be further interrogated. Meanwhile, the relationship between pharmacological activity and specific compounds of Rubus idaeus has not been clarified yet. Last but not least, studies involving toxicology and pharmacokinetics are very limited. Knowledge of bioavailability and toxicological behavior of Rubus idaeus can help understand the herb's pharmacodynamic and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Jiaqi Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Fei Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Meiling Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Kucharski Ł, Cybulska K, Kucharska E, Nowak A, Pełech R, Klimowicz A. Biologically Active Preparations from the Leaves of Wild Plant Species of the Genus Rubus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175486. [PMID: 36080251 PMCID: PMC9457741 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plants of the genus Rubus (R.) are applied as antiseptic agents in the treatment of skin diseases. Despite the great interest in plants of this genus, there are few reports on the antioxidant and biological activities of preparations obtained from the leaves of these plants. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the antioxidant activity of preparations from leaves of wild plant species of the genus Rubus using the frequently applied DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, as well as to determine the total polyphenol content using the Folin−Ciocalteau method and perform qualitative evaluation by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The bactericidal and fungicidal activities of the obtained preparations were evaluated by applying laboratory tests: using the disc and the well methods based on the standards EN 13697:2019, EN 13697:2015, and EN 1500:2013. Microbiological tests of the plant preparations against bacteria, fungi, and yeasts isolated from the environment and against reference strains were performed. Moreover, antimicrobial testing of antibiotics against the tested strains was performed for comparison. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the obtained preparations was determined by the shake-flask method to determine their lipophilicity. According to the results, a high content of polyphenols and other antioxidant and biologically active compounds can be thought of as the parameter responsible for the effective activity of plant preparations obtained from wild plant species of the genus Rubus. The methods for determining bactericidal and fungicidal activity clearly demonstrates that preparations with reduced ethanol content exhibit bactericidal and fungicidal activity on surfaces. Testing of hand disinfection by means of rubbing with the preparations confirmed their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K12 NCTC 10538. The obtained results show that the tested preparations exhibit on average two times lower activity against the reference bacterial strains than comparable antibiotics. The preparations obtained from the leaves of R. idaeus L. and R. fruticosus L. could complement classical antibiotics. While environmental bacteria showed a similar response to the preparations and antibiotics, their sensitivity was about one-third less than that of the reference strains. Our studies have shown that the obtained preparations are highly hydrophilic (logP < 0). Thus, these preparations can only be used in lipid bilayers in the aqueous core of liposomes, not in the lipid envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (Ł.K.); (E.K.); Tel.: +48-660-476-340 (Ł.K.); +48-888-615-273 (E.K.)
| | - Krystyna Cybulska
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, PL-71434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Kucharska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, PL-70322 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (Ł.K.); (E.K.); Tel.: +48-660-476-340 (Ł.K.); +48-888-615-273 (E.K.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Pełech
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, PL-70322 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland
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Geographic Variability of Berry Phytochemicals with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154986. [PMID: 35956934 PMCID: PMC9370609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the variability of several chemical compounds and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of eight types of berries harvested from two different geographical regions in the same year. The analyses were performed on bilberry, black currant, gooseberry, red currant, raspberry, sea buckthorn, strawberry and sour cherry, which were handpicked during the summer of 2019, in the same periods when they are typically harvested for consumer purposes. Total anthocyanins content (TAC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total polyphenolic compounds (TPC), determination of the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), determination of the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (RSA), determination of nine phenolic compounds by HPLC-UV assay and antimicrobial activity were determined for undiluted hydroalcoholic extracts of all the studied berries. The results showed that the berries from Romania were richer in antioxidant compounds than the berries from Russia. The TPC content varied between 4.13-22.2 mg GAE/g d.w., TFC between 3.33-8.87 mg QE/g d.w. and TAC between 0.13-3.94 mg/g d.w. The highest variability was determined for TPC. Regarding the antioxidant activity assessed by FRAP assay, values were between 6.02-57.23 µmols TE/g d.w. and values for the RSA method between 18.44-83.81%. From the eight types of berries analyzed, bilberries and raspberries had the highest antioxidant activity considering both regions and both determination methods. Not only the type, but also the environmental and cultivation conditions in which the berries grow, can lead to variations in their chemical composition. The extracted polyphenolic compounds from the studied berries showed antibacterial properties on pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphyloccocus aureus. The inhibitory action on Salmonella typhi and fungi Candida albicans and Aspegillus niger was absent to very low. The antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts was dependent on the provenance of the berries, too.
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11
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De Santis D, Carbone K, Garzoli S, Laghezza Masci V, Turchetti G. Bioactivity and Chemical Profile of Rubus idaeus L. Leaves Steam-Distillation Extract. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101455. [PMID: 35627025 PMCID: PMC9140405 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Rubus idaeus L., a by-product of the fruit food industry, are a known source of bioactive molecules, although the chemical composition has only been partially investigated. The main objective of this study was to examine the biological activities and the chemical composition of the extract of leaves of R. idaeus (RH), obtained by steam distillation (SD). The antioxidant capacity; the total phenolic content (TPC); the cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines; and the antibacterial activity, in addition to the study of the chemical fingerprinting, carried out by Gas/Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Headspace (HS)-GC/MS, were established. The extract showed a strong antioxidant capacity and a modest antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, as well as significant cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines (Caco-2 and HL60) and being proliferative on healthy cells. Many of the GC-identified volatile molecules (1,8-cineol, β-linalool, geraniol, caryophyllene, τ-muurolol, citral, α-terpineol, 3- carene, α-terpinen-7-al, etc.) can explain most of the biological properties exhibited by the extract of R. idaeus L. The high biological activity of the RH and the high compatibility with the various matrices suggest good prospects for this extract, both in the food and cosmetic fields or in dietary supplements for improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana De Santis
- Department for Innovation in the Biological, Agrofood and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia Via S. C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (V.L.M.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katya Carbone
- CREA Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, Square Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Laghezza Masci
- Department for Innovation in the Biological, Agrofood and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia Via S. C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (V.L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Turchetti
- Department for Innovation in the Biological, Agrofood and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia Via S. C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (V.L.M.); (G.T.)
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12
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Traditional Medicinal Plants—A Possible Source of Antibacterial Activity on Respiratory Diseases Induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Nowadays, phytotherapy offers viable solutions in managing respiratory infections, disorders known for considerable incidence in both children and adults. In a context in which more and more people are turning to phytotherapy, finding new remedies is a topical goal of researchers in health and related fields. This paper aims to identify those traditional medicinal plants that show potentially antibacterial effects against four Gram-negative germs (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis), which are considered to have high involvement in respiratory infections. Furthermore, a comparison with Romanian folk medicines was performed. Methods. An extensive review of books and databases was undertaken to identify vegetal species of interest in the context of the topic. Results. Some traditional Romanian species (such as Mentha × piperita, Thymus vulgaris, Pinus sylvestris, Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Ocimum basilicum, and Lavandulaangustifolia) were identified and compared with the plants and preparations confirmed as having antibacterial effects against specific germs. Conclusions. The antibacterial effects of some traditionally used Romanian medicinal plants are poorly investigated, and deserve further attention.
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Sanguiin H-6 Fractionated from Cloudberry ( Rubus chamaemorus) Seeds Can Prevent the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development during Wound Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121481. [PMID: 34943693 PMCID: PMC8698471 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of surgical site infections and its treatment is challenging due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Natural berry-derived compounds have shown antimicrobial potential, e.g., ellagitannins such as sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C, the main phenolic compounds in Rubus seeds, have shown antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C fractionated from cloudberry seeds, on the MRSA growth, and as treatment of a MRSA biofilm development in different growth media in vitro and in vivo by using a murine wound infection model where sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C were used to prevent the MRSA infection. Sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C inhibited the in vitro biofilm development and growth of MRSA. Furthermore, sanguiin H-6 showed significant anti-MRSA effect in the in vivo wound model. Our study shows the possible use of sanguiin H-6 as a preventive measure in surgical sites to avoid postoperative infections, whilst lambertianin C showed no anti-MRSA activity.
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Gesek J, Jakimiuk K, Atanasov AG, Tomczyk M. Sanguiins-Promising Molecules with Broad Biological Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12972. [PMID: 34884795 PMCID: PMC8657505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds of natural origin, an infinite treasure of bioactive chemical entities, persist as an inexhaustible resource for discovering new medicines. In this review, we summarize the naturally occurring ellagitannins, sanguiins, which are bioactive constituents of various traditional medicinal plants, especially from the Rosaceae family. In-depth studies of sanguiin H-6 as an antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory agent have led to potent drug candidates. In addition, recently, virtual screening studies have suggested that sanguiin H-6 might increase resistance toward SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages of infection. Further experimental investigations on ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) supplemented with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation are still needed to fully understand sanguiins' mechanism of action. In sum, sanguiins appear to be promising compounds for additional studies, especially for their application in therapies for a multitude of common and debilitating ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Gesek
- Student’s Scientific Association, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Jakimiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland;
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Li X, Wang Y, Jin L, Chen Z, Jiang J, Jackson A. Development of fruit color in Rubus chingii Hu (Chinese raspberry): A story about novel offshoots of anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 311:110996. [PMID: 34482908 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rubus chingii, is widely distributed in many Asian countries and well known for its medicinal and dietary properties. Diversity of fruit color in raspberry has been attributed to the presence of either anthocyanins or carotenoids. In this study, we investigated anthocyanins and carotenoids, and their biosynthesis by LC-MS/MS. Six anthocyanins mainly consisted of flavanol-anthocyanins while five carotenoids mainly consisted of β-citraurin esters. Flavanol-anthocyanins were produced from an offshoot of the anthocyanin biosynthesis, which started with biosynthesis of flavanols and anthocyanidin by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR)/anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS/LDOX) respectively. β-citraurin esters were produced from cleavage of zeaxanthin and esterification by organic acid, which was an offshoot of the carotenoid biosynthesis. The offshoot started with biosynthesis of zeaxanthin and β-citraurin by carotene β-hydroxylase (CHYB/LUT5) and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) respectively. During fruit ripening, biosynthesis of flavanols and anthocyanins was down-regulated by genes/proteins involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, while biosynthesis of β-citraurin esters was up-regulated by imbalanced expression of genes/proteins involved in β,β-ring and β, ε-ring hydroxylation. Thus, β-citraurin esters, instead of anthocyanins imparted reddish color to the ripe fruit. These pigments and their biosynthesis in R. chingii are totally different from what occurs in other raspberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Hangzhou, 311251, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jingyong Jiang
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai, 317000, China
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16
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Goodman C, Lyon KN, Scotto A, Smith C, Sebrell TA, Gentry AB, Bala G, Stoner GD, Bimczok D. A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:845. [PMID: 34356766 PMCID: PMC8300682 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. However, since H. pylori is becoming increasingly resistant to standard antibiotic regimens, novel treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that black and red berries may have antibacterial properties. Therefore, we analyzed the antibacterial effects of black and red raspberries and blackberries on H. pylori. Freeze-dried powders and organic extracts from black and red raspberries and blackberries were prepared, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of anthocyanins, which are considered the major active ingredients. To monitor antibiotic effects of the berry preparations on H. pylori, a high-throughput metabolic growth assay based on the Biolog system was developed and validated with the antibiotic metronidazole. Biocompatibility was analyzed using human gastric organoids. All berry preparations tested had significant bactericidal effects in vitro, with MIC90 values ranging from 0.49 to 4.17%. Antimicrobial activity was higher for extracts than powders and appeared to be independent of the anthocyanin concentration. Importantly, human gastric epithelial cell viability was not negatively impacted by black raspberry extract applied at the concentration required for complete bacterial growth inhibition. Our data suggest that black and red raspberry and blackberry extracts may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of H. pylori infection but differ widely in their MICs. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Biolog metabolic assay is suitable for high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility screening of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Katrina N. Lyon
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Aitana Scotto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Cyra Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Thomas A. Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Andrew B. Gentry
- Bozeman Health GI Clinic, Bozeman Health Deaconess Hospital, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA;
| | - Ganesh Bala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Gary D. Stoner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
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17
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Li X, Sun J, Chen Z, Jiang J, Jackson A. Characterization of carotenoids and phenolics during fruit ripening of Chinese raspberry ( Rubus chingii Hu). RSC Adv 2021; 11:10804-10813. [PMID: 35423599 PMCID: PMC8695867 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese raspberry (Rubus chingii Hu) is a fruit valued for it's health benefits, which is indigenous to China. It is a great source of antioxidants. However, the fruit phytochemicals are poorly understood. Phenolics and carotenoids attract much attention for their antioxidant capability, and they dramatically change during fruit ripening, leading to the difference in color, flavor and medicinal components. In this study, we investigated the change of carotenoids, phenolics and antioxidant activity using spectrophotometry during four different ripening phases i.e. mature green (MG), green yellow (GY), yellow orange (YO) and red (RE). The major components of carotenoids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins and flavonols were identified and quantified by LC-MS/MS. As a result, five carotenoids (mainly β-Citraurin and its esters), six anthocyanins (mainly anthocyanins covalently linked to another flavonoid unit), methyl (S)-flavogallonate and rourinoside were first identified in Rubus. In contrast to other known raspberries, R. chingii had a continuous decrease in total phenolics during fruit ripening, which was due to a continuous decrease in flavonoids (including anthocyanin). Total anthocyanin and flavonoid respectively declined from 19.5 to 6.9 mg/100 g FW, and 646.2 to 128.5 mg/100 g FW during fruit maturation and coloration. Accordingly, the components of anthocyanins, ellagitannins and flavonols also declined, thus resulting in a decrease in antioxidant activity (from 41.2 to 10.1 TEAC/100 g FW in ABTS and from 35.3 to 7.7 mmol TEAC/100 g FW in FRAP). In contrast, total carotenoid increased from 184.2 to 305.4 mg/100 g FW. Accordingly, the components of carotenoids also increased, with the exception of lutein. Additionally, kaempferol and quercetin were the main flavonoid aglycones, which were linked to a variety of glycosides. These kaempferol- and quercetin-glycosides mainly accumulated in epidermal hair and placentae. Notably, carotenoids (i.e. β-citraurin esters), instead of anthocyanins, gradually accumulated during fruit ripening, imparting the reddish color to ripe fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou 310021 China
| | - Jian Sun
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd. Hangzhou 310023 China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Jingyong Jiang
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Linhai 317000 China
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18
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JIANG H, YANG J, FAN Y, LIU Y. Synergistic effects of unripe raspberry extracts (Rubus chingii) and antibiotics against three bacteria. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Baenas N, Nuñez-Gómez V, Navarro-González I, Sánchez-Martínez L, García-Alonso J, Periago MJ, González-Barrio R. Raspberry dietary fibre: Chemical properties, functional evaluation and prebiotic in vitro effect. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Extraction of Anthocyanins from Red Raspberry for Natural Food Colorants Development: Processes Optimization and In Vitro Bioactivity. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat (HAE)- and ultrasound (UAE)-assisted extraction methods were implemented to recover anthocyanins from red raspberry. Processing time, ethanol concentration, and temperature or ultrasonic power were the independent variables combined in five-level rotatable central composite designs coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) for processes optimization. The extraction yield and levels of cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside (C3S) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) were monitored by gravimetric and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn methods, respectively, and used as response criteria. The constructed theoretical models were successfully fitted to the experimental data and used to determine the optimal extraction conditions. When maximizing all responses simultaneously, HAE originated slightly higher response values (61% extract weight and 8.7 mg anthocyanins/g extract) but needed 76 min processing at 38 °C, with 21% ethanol (v/v), while the UAE process required 16 min sonication at 466 W, using 38% ethanol (v/v). The predictive models were experimentally validated, and the purple-red extracts obtained under optimal condition showed antioxidant activity through lipid peroxidation and oxidative hemolysis inhibition, and antibacterial effects against food-related microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. These results highlight the potential of red raspberry extracts as natural food colorants with bioactive effects and could be exploited by industries interested in the production of anthocyanin-based products.
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21
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Vara AL, Pinela J, Dias MI, Petrović J, Nogueira A, Soković M, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L. Compositional Features of the "Kweli" Red Raspberry and Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. Foods 2020; 9:E1522. [PMID: 33114030 PMCID: PMC7690723 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) are increasingly popular foods in contemporary diets due to their freshness, nutritional value and health claims. Among the existing cultivars, "Kweli" is one of the most productive and widely cultivated. In this study, the nutritional value and chemical composition of "Kweli" red raspberry were characterized by the official method of food analysis and chromatographic techniques, and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were tested against biological/biochemical oxidizable substrates and foodborne bacteria and fungi strains, respectively. Carbohydrates (including fructose and glucose, 14.3 and 12.6 g/100 g dw, respectively), proteins (6.8 g/100 g dw), and ashes (3.90 g/100 g dw) were major constituents. The fat content was quite low and constituted mainly by unsaturated fatty acids (58.3%), with a predominance of oleic acid. Fresh red raspberry also contained high levels of citric (2.7 g/100 g) and ascorbic (17 mg/100 g) acids. The anthocyanins (4.51 mg/g extract) cyanidin-O-hexoside and mostly cyanidin-O-sophoroside were identified in the red raspberry hydroethanolic extract, which was able to inhibit thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation (EC50 of 122 µg/mL), oxidative hemolysis (IC50 of 298 µg/mL), and β-carotene bleaching (EC50 of 18.7 µg/mL). In turn, the extract was more effective than the food additive E224 against Bacillus cereus. All these results highlighted the nutritional quality of "Kweli" red raspberry and showed some compositional differences in relation to other cultivars. Therefore, its inclusion in a daily diet can be helpful to obtain nutrients and antioxidants and bring health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Vara
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Jovana Petrović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - António Nogueira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Marina Soković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Pawłowska KA, Hałasa R, Dudek MK, Majdan M, Jankowska K, Granica S. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of bistort (Bistorta officinalis) aqueous extract and its major components. Justification of the usage of the medicinal plant material as a traditional topical agent. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113077. [PMID: 32531411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bistort rhizome (Bistorta officinalis) is a traditionally used plant material popular in Europe and Asia in the treatment of diarrhea and as a topical agent for skin conditions. It contains tannins mostly condensed flavan-3-ol derivatives. However, the in-depth phytochemical investigation of infusions from this plant materials is still lacking. Additionally, the scientific reports supporting the traditional topical application of bistort rhizome are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY The major objective of the present study was to comprehensively investigate the chemical composition of infusion from subterranean parts of common bistort both using hyphenated chromatographic technique and isolation approach. Additionally, the influence of water extract on pro-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils was performed. As bacterial infections play a crucial role in the generation of skin inflammations the antimicrobial activity of the infusion and its major components was established. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chemical composition of the infusion was established using UHPLC-DAD-MS3 method. Major compounds which could not be identified using chromatographic analysis were isolated by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Obtained pure phytochemicals were identified by NMR analysis. The influence of the extract and compounds on the cell viability and apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS stimulation was established by ELISA. Finally, the antimicrobial assays were performed by establishing MIC and MBC values using several bacterial strains. RESULTS The UHPLC analysis revealed the infusion contained mainly, galloyl glucose derivatives, procyanidins and chlorogenic acid. Several compounds were isolated and identified for the first time from the investigated plant material. It was shown that the infusion and its constituents influenced the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 and also affected the viability and apoptosis of healthy cells. Both extract and isolated natural products displayed antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study support that the infusions from common bistort influence key biological processes are crucial for skin conditions with the inflammatory background. The study justifies the traditional topical application of common bistort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A Pawłowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Rafał Hałasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Marta K Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Majdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jankowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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Mohammad Rahimi H, Khosravi M, Hesari Z, Sharifdini M, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Anti- Toxoplasma activity and chemical compositions of aquatic extract of Mentha pulegium L. and Rubus idaeus L.: An in vitro study. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3656-3664. [PMID: 32724628 PMCID: PMC7382105 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chemical compositions of crude aquatic extracts of M. pulegium L. and R. idaeus L., and their anti-Toxoplasma activity. Crude aquatic extraction of aerial parts of R. idaeus L. and M. pulegium L. was performed. GC-MS and HTPLC analyses were carried out. MTT assay was performed on Vero cells treated by different concentrations (Log -10 from 10-1 to 10-6) of the extracts. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of the concentrations was investigated using vital staining. Menthol (99.23%) and limonene (0.227%) were the major compounds of the aquatic extract of M. pulegium L. Phytochemical compositions of R. idaeus L. were terpenoids, esterols, and flavonoids. The cell toxicity of M. pulegium L. was lower than R. idaeus L. (CC50 > 10-2 versus. ≥ 10-4). Aquatic extract of M. pulegium L. showed higher anti-Toxoplasma activity (LC50 ≥ 10-6) than R. idaeus L. (LC50 ≥ 10-5). Statistically significant cell toxicity and anti-Toxoplasma activity (p < .05) were seen regarding the different concentrations of R. idaeus L. and M. pulegium L. Both R. idaeus L. and M. pulegium L. revealed anti-Toxoplasma activities. Cell toxicity of R. idaeus L. was significantly higher than M. pulegium L. M. pulegium L. extract could be more applicable due to its lower cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mojdeh Khosravi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and ParasitologyUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Zahra Hesari
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Mazzei R, Leonti M, Spadafora S, Patitucci A, Tagarelli G. A review of the antimicrobial potential of herbal drugs used in popular Italian medicine (1850s-1950s) to treat bacterial skin diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112443. [PMID: 31790819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Before the advent of modern antibiotics, microbial infections were treated with herbal medicine or cauterization. Literature from the latter half of the nineteenth to the early mid-twentieth century, when antibiotics became widely available, arguably holds the most progressive information about herbal remedies to treat bacterial skin diseases. The corpus of literature produced in Italy during that period is not easily accessible and mostly out of print. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant-based remedies utilized in popular Italian medicine to treat anthrax, boils, erysipelas, impetigo, pustules, and whitlow were sourced from literature indexed in and available through the National Library Service website of the Italian Libraries Network. The remedies are assessed for their antimicrobial potential based on a detailed search of the herbal drug species in scientific databases. RESULTS A considerable part of the reviewed recipes included specific excipients (41 out of 139) and others were produced with fresh plant material (48 out of 139). Out of the 52 identified herbal drug species used in popular Italian medicine against dermatologic infections, extracts of 43 were shown to have moderate in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION The antibacterial activity of the extracts and pure compounds as reported in the reviewed literature is mostly based on in vitro assays and generally does not encourage follow up studies. The effectiveness of the reported recipes, which include fresh plant material and excipients can only be assessed through in vivo studies. Those remedies including herbal drugs with reported antimicrobial activity might have the potential as complementary therapies. The reviewed plant based antimicrobial recipes might serve as inspirations in the search for alternative topical antibacterial strategies and the search for their synergistic and potentiating ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalucia Mazzei
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Cavour 4-6, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Santo Spadafora
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Dermatologia -Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Patitucci
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Cavour 4-6, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tagarelli
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Cavour 4-6, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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De R, Sarkar A, Ghosh P, Ganguly M, Karmakar BC, Saha DR, Halder A, Chowdhury A, Mukhopadhyay AK. Antimicrobial activity of ellagic acid against Helicobacter pylori isolates from India and during infections in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1595-1603. [PMID: 29566160 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Because of the rise in antimicrobial resistance, an inexpensive, diet-based treatment against Helicobacter pylori infection would be of great interest. The present study was performed to assess the in vitro effects of ellagic acid against clinical H. pylori strains that were resistant to antibiotics used for therapy and also to observe the morphological structure following treatment with ellagic acid. The effectiveness of ellagic acid in eradicating H. pylori infection in a murine (C57BL/6) infection model, one of the standard inbred mouse lines often used for experimental infection, was also assessed. Methods A total of 55 strains were screened. The agar dilution method was used to determine the susceptibility of isolates to test compounds. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology following treatment with ellagic acid. The antibacterial activity of ellagic acid in an H. pylori SS1-infected mouse model and its effect on gastric mucosal injury were determined by histology and PCR. Results Ellagic acid inhibited the growth of all 55 of the H. pylori strains tested. The MIC of ellagic acid ranged from 5 to 30 mg/L, showing its bactericidal properties in vitro. Ellagic acid also demonstrated anti-H. pylori efficacy in eradication of this organism in an in vivo model, as well as restitution and repair of H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal damage. Conclusions The present study paves the way for the preventive and therapeutic use of ellagic acid against H. pylori infection and, thus, ellagic acid can be considered a promising antibacterial agent against H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronita De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Mou Ganguly
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Bipul Chandra Karmakar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Aniket Halder
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
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Szymanowska U, Baraniak B, Bogucka-Kocka A. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Postulated Cytotoxic Activity of Phenolic and Anthocyanin-Rich Fractions from Polana Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) Fruit and Juice-In Vitro Study. Molecules 2018; 23:E1812. [PMID: 30037097 PMCID: PMC6099503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential of crude extracts (CE), anthocyanin-rich fractions (ARF), and phenolic fractions (PF) from raspberry (R) and raspberry juice (J) were evaluated. The antioxidant properties were evaluated with three complementary assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity, chelating Fe(II) power, and ferric reducing power. The highest antioxidant activity was determined for the crude extract from raspberry pulp (RCE) in the case of all methods used. The anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated by inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in vitro. The highest efficiency in inhibiting the activity of both enzymes was exhibited by RCE, 0.79 and 0.59 mg FW/mL, respectively. In turn, JARF had the lowest ability to inhibit LOX (EC50 = 4.5 mg FW/mL) and JPF caused the lowest COX-2 inhibition (1.75 mg FW/mL). Additionally, we have performed a pilot study of in vitro cytotoxic activity using two human leukemia cell lines: J45 and HL60. All examined extracts inhibited the viability of J45 cells more effectively than HL60. The highest cytotoxic effect was observed in the J45.01 cell line after exposure to RCE (EC50 = 0.0375 mg FW/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Szymanowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Baraniak
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology with Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Str. 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Barbieri R, Coppo E, Marchese A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM. Phytochemicals for human disease: An update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity. Microbiol Res 2016; 196:44-68. [PMID: 28164790 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have shown that phytochemicals exert their antibacterial activity through different mechanisms of action, such as damage to the bacterial membrane and suppression of virulence factors, including inhibition of the activity of enzymes and toxins, and bacterial biofilm formation. In this review, we summarise data from the available literature regarding the antibacterial effects of the main phytochemicals belonging to different chemical classes, alkaloids, sulfur-containing phytochemicals, terpenoids, and polyphenols. Some phytochemicals, besides having direct antimicrobial activity, showed an in vitro synergistic effect when tested in combination with conventional antibiotics, modifying antibiotic resistance. Review of the literature showed that phytochemicals represent a possible source of effective, cheap and safe antimicrobial agents, though much work must still be carried out, especially in in vivo conditions to ensure the selection of effective antimicrobial substances with low side and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Coppo
- Sezione di Microbiologia DISC University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Marchese
- Sezione di Microbiologia DISC-IRCCS San Martino-IST University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Han B, Chen J, Yu YQ, Cao YB, Jiang YY. Antifungal activity of Rubus chingii extract combined with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:82-92. [PMID: 26891940 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of Rubus chingii extract in combination with fluconazole (FLC) against FLC-resistant Candida albicans 100 in vitro. A R. chingii extract and FLC-resistant C. albicans fungus suspension were prepared. The minimum inhibitory concentration and fractional inhibitory concentration index of R. chingii extract combined with FLC against C. albicans were determined, after which growth curves for C. albicans treated with R. chingii extract, FLC alone and a combination of these preparations were constructed. Additionally, the mechanisms of drug combination against C. albicans were explored by flow cytometry, gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and drug efflux pump function detection. R. chingii extract combined with FLC showed significant synergy. Flow cytometry suggested that C. albicans cells mainly arrest in G1 and S phases when they have been treated with the drug combination. The drug combination resulted in a marked decrease in the ergosterol content of the cell membrane. Additionally, efflux of Rhodamine 6G decreased with increasing concentrations of R. chingii extract. R. chingii extract combined with FLC has antifungal activity against FLC-resistant C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199
| | - Yi-qun Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199
| | - Yong-bing Cao
- Research and Development Center for New Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan-ying Jiang
- Research and Development Center for New Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Kula M, Majdan M, Głód D, Krauze-Baranowska M. Phenolic composition of fruits from different cultivars of red and black raspberries grown in Poland. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Choi GJ, Kang H, Kim WJ, Baek CW, Jung YH, Woo YC, Kwon JW. Rubus occidentalis alleviates hyperalgesia induced by repeated intramuscular injection of acidic saline in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:202. [PMID: 27400712 PMCID: PMC4940828 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) fruit extract (ROE) in a rat model of chronic muscle pain and examine the mechanisms involved. Methods Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were used, and chronic muscle pain was induced by two injections of acidic saline into one gastrocnemius muscle. For the first experiment, 50 rats were randomly assigned to five groups. After the development of hyperalgesia, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9 % saline or ROE (10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg). For the second experiment, 70 rats were randomly assigned to seven groups. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline, yohimbine, dexmedetomidine, prazosin, atropine, mecamylamine, or naloxone after the development of hyperalgesia. Ten minutes later, ROE (300 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. For both experiments, the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was evaluated with von Frey filaments before the first acidic saline injection, 24 h after the second injection, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min, 24 and 48 h after the drug administration. Results Compared with the control group, the MWT significantly increased up to 45 min after injection of ROE 100 mg/kg and up to 60 min after injection of ROE 300 mg/kg, respectively. Injection of ROE together with yohimbine or mecamylamine significantly decreased the MWT compared with the effect of ROE alone, while ROE together with dexmedetomidine significantly increased the MWT. Conclusions ROE showed antinociceptive activity against induced chronic muscle pain, which may be mediated by α2-adrenergic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1192-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hariri BM, Payne SJ, Chen B, Mansfield C, Doghramji LJ, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Niv MY, Lee RJ. In vitro effects of anthocyanidins on sinonasal epithelial nitric oxide production and bacterial physiology. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30:261-8. [PMID: 27456596 PMCID: PMC4953345 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T2R bitter taste receptors play a crucial role in sinonasal innate immunity by upregulating mucociliary clearance and nitric oxide (NO) production in response to bitter gram-negative quorum-sensing molecules in the airway surface liquid. Previous studies showed that phytochemical flavonoid metabolites, known as anthocyanidins, taste bitter and have antibacterial effects. Our objectives were to examine the effects of anthocyanidins on NO production by human sinonasal epithelial cells and ciliary beat frequency, and their impact on common sinonasal pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Ciliary beat frequency and NO production were measured by using digital imaging of differentiated air-liquid interface cultures prepared from primary human cells isolated from residual surgical material. Plate-based assays were used to determine the effects of anthocyanidins on bacterial swimming and swarming motility. Biofilm formation and planktonic growth were also assessed. RESULTS Anthocyanidin compounds triggered epithelial cells to produce NO but not through T2R receptors. However, anthocyanidins did not impact ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, they did not reduce biofilm formation or planktonic growth of P. aeruginosa. In S. aureus, they did not reduce planktonic growth, and only one compound had minimal antibiofilm effects. The anthocyanidin delphinidin and anthocyanin keracyanin were found to promote bacterial swimming, whereas anthocyanidin cyanidin and flavonoid myricetin did not. No compounds that were tested inhibited bacterial swarming. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicated that, although anthocyanidins may elicited an innate immune NO response from human cells, they do not cause an increase in ciliary beating and they may also cause a pathogenicity-enhancing effect in P. aeruginosa. Additional studies are necessary to understand how this would affect the use of anthocyanidins as therapeutics. This study emphasized the usefulness of in vitro screening of candidate compounds against multiple parameters of both epithelial and bacterial physiologies to prioritize candidates for in vivo therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Hariri
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sakeena J. Payne
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Bei Chen
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Laurel J. Doghramji
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N. Palmer
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David W. Kennedy
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masha Y. Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and
| | - Robert J. Lee
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Selected Wild Berries (Rubus moluccanus L., R. fraxinifolius Poir., and R. alpestris Blume). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2482930. [PMID: 27437023 PMCID: PMC4942585 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2482930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Berries, from the genus Rubus, are among the vital components in a healthy diet. In this study, 80% methanol extracts from the three wild Rubus species (Rubus moluccanus L., Rubus fraxinifolius Poir., and Rubus alpestris Blume) were evaluated for their phytochemical contents (total phenolics, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content), antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays), antiacetylcholinesterase, and antibacterial activities. GC-MS was used for quantification of naturally occurring phytochemicals. The results showed that R. alpestris contained the highest total phenolic [24.25 ± 0.1 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g] and carotenoid content [21.86 ± 0.63 mg β-carotene equivalents (BC)/g], as well as the highest DPPH scavenging and FRAP activities. The highest total flavonoid [18.17 ± 0.20 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g] and anthocyanin content [36.96 ± 0.39 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (c-3-gE)/g] have been shown by R. moluccanus. For antibacterial assays, R. moluccanus and R. alpestris extracts showed mild inhibition towards Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis. Anticholinesterase activity for all extracts was in the range of 23-26%. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of at least 12, 21, and 7 different organic compounds in 80% methanol extracts of R. alpestris, R. moluccanus, and R. fraxinifolius, respectively, which might contribute to the bioactivity.
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) of phenolic compounds from the shoots of Rubus idaeus ‘Glen Ample’ cultivar variety. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kula M, Krauze-Baranowska M. Rubus occidentalis: The black raspberry—its potential in the prevention of cancer. Nutr Cancer 2015; 68:18-28. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1115095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Krivokuća M, Niketić M, Milenković M, Golić N, Masia C, Scaltrito MM, Sisto F, Kundaković T. Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity of Four Alchemilla Species (Rosaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti- Helicobacter pylori activity of Alchemilla glabra Neygenf. ( A. sect. Alchemilla), A. monticola Opiz ( A. sect. Plicatae S.E. Fröhner), A. fissa Günther & Schummel ( A. sect. Calycinae (Buser) Buser) and A. viridiflora Rothm. ( A. sect. Calycinae), and identified ellagic acid and quercetin-3- O-β-D-glucoside. Anti- H. pylori activity was tested against ten clinical isolates and one reference strain (ATCC 43504). The methanol extracts were more active than the dichloromethane and cyclohexane extracts. The ranges of concentrations were between 4 μg/mL for methanol extracts of A. viridiflora, A. glabra and A. monticola, and 256 μg/mL for cyclohexane extracts of A. viridiflora, A. glabra and A. fissa. The best overall activity was obtained with A. monticola extracts. No significant difference was found in the ellagic acid contents of the methanol extracts of the tested Alchemilla species (0.2–0.3 mg/mL), and anti- H. pylori activity was similar (4–32 μg/mL). Ellagic acid exhibited strong activity at very low concentrations (0.125–0.5 μg/mL), while the second identified compound, quercetin-3- O-β-D-glucoside, was also very active in concentration of 2–16 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Krivokuća
- Pharmacy Department, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marjan Niketić
- Natural Hystory Museum, Njegoševa 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Milenković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carla Masia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Scaltrito
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sisto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Tatjana Kundaković
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Fahey JW, Stephenson KK, Wallace AJ. Dietary amelioration of Helicobacter infection. Nutr Res 2015; 35:461-73. [PMID: 25799054 PMCID: PMC4465045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We review herein the basis for using dietary components to treat and/or prevent Helicobacter pylori infection, with emphasis on (a) work reported in the last decade, (b) dietary components for which there is mechanism-based plausibility, and (c) components for which clinical results on H pylori amelioration are available. There is evidence that a diet-based treatment may reduce the levels and/or the virulence of H pylori colonization without completely eradicating the organism in treated individuals. This concept was endorsed a decade ago by the participants in a small international consensus conference held in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, and interest in such a diet-based approach has increased dramatically since then. This approach is attractive in terms of cost, treatment, tolerability, and cultural acceptability. This review, therefore, highlights specific foods, food components, and food products, grouped as follows: bee products (eg, honey and propolis); probiotics; dairy products; vegetables; fruits; oils; essential oils; and herbs, spices, and other plants. A discussion of the small number of clinical studies that are available is supplemented by supportive in vitro and animal studies. This very large body of in vitro and preclinical evidence must now be followed up with rationally designed, unambiguous human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed W Fahey
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Katherine K Stephenson
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison J Wallace
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
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