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Karpov SV, Iakunkov A, Chernyaev DA, Kurbatov VG, Malkov GV, Badamshina ER. A Theoretical Investigation of the Polyaddition of an AB 2+A 2+B 4 Monomer Mixture. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:426. [PMID: 38337315 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are widely applied nowadays as functional materials for biomedicine needs, nonlinear optics, organic semiconductors, etc. One of the effective and promising ways to synthesize HBPs is a polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers that is generated in the A2+CB2, AA'+B3, A2+B'B2, and A2+C2+B3 systems or using other approaches. It is clear that all the foundational features of HBPs that are manufactured by a polyaddition reaction are defined by the component composition of the monomer mixture. For this reason, we have designed a structural kinetic model of AB2+A2+B4 monomer mixture polyaddition which makes it possible to predict the impact of the monomer mixture's composition on the molecular weight characteristics of hyperbranched polymers (number average (DPn) and weight average (DPw) degree of polymerization), as well as the degree of branching (DB) and gel point (pg). The suggested model also considers the possibility of a positive or negative substitution effect during polyaddition. The change in the macromolecule parameters of HBPs formed by polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers is described as an infinite system of kinetic equations. The solution for the equation system was found using the method of generating functions. The impact of both the component's composition and the substitution effect during the polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers on structural and molecular weight HBP characteristics was investigated. The suggested model is fairly versatile; it makes it possible to describe every possible case of polyaddition with various monomer combinations, such as A2+AB2, AB2+B4, AB2, or A2+B4. The influence of each monomer type on the main characteristics of hyperbranched polymers that are obtained by the polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers has been investigated. Based on the results obtained, an empirical formula was proposed to estimate the pg = pA during the polyaddition of an AB2+A2+B4 monomer mixture: pg = pA = (-0.53([B]0/[A]0)1/2 + 0.78)υAB2 + (1/3)1/2([B]0/[A]0)1/2, where (1/3)1/2([B]0/[A]0)1/2 is the Flory equation for the A2+B4 polyaddition, [A]0 and [B]0 are the A and B group concentration from A2 and B4, respectively, and υAB2 is the mole fraction of the AB2 monomer in the mixture. The equation obtained allows us to accurately predict the pg value, with an AB2 monomer content of up to 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Karpov
- Department of Polymers and Composites, Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Avenue, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Artem Iakunkov
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dmitry A Chernyaev
- Department of Polymers and Composites, Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Avenue, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Kurbatov
- Department of Polymers and Composites, Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Avenue, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Georgiy V Malkov
- Department of Polymers and Composites, Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Avenue, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Elmira R Badamshina
- Department of Polymers and Composites, Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Avenue, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Li J, Xiao Y, Mu W, Wang Z, Song L, Yu J. Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resins Modified with Few-Layer Black Phosphorus. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071655. [PMID: 37050271 PMCID: PMC10097328 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Few-layer black phosphorus (BP)- and red phosphorus (RP)-modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A-based epoxy resins (EP) was prepared with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone as a curing agent. The thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of the modified EPs were compared. Both BP and RP were able to improve the flame-retardant properties of EPs, while the BP showed higher flame-retardant efficiency than RP. As a two-dimensional nanomaterial, BP exhibited good compatibility, high flame-retardant efficiency, and negligible impact on the mechanical and thermal stability of EP. Pyrolysis-gas Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of EP showed that the addition of BP significantly inhibited the release of pyrolysis products in the gas phase. The modes of action for flame-retardant BPs in gas phase and condensed phase were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yifan Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Wenmin Mu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Liang Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Hu J, Zhang L, Chen M, Dai J, Teng N, Zhao H, Ba X, Liu X. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Flame Retardants with Varied Branched Chains' Rigidity and Performance of Modified Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020449. [PMID: 36679329 PMCID: PMC9863857 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the high flammability and brittleness of epoxy resins without sacrificing their glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties, three epoxy-terminated hyperbranched flame retardants (EHBFRs) with a rigid central core and different branches, named EHBFR-HB, EHBFR-HCM, and EHBFR-HBM, were synthesized. After chemical structure characterization, the synthesized EHBFRs were introduced into the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured with 4, 4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The compatibility, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant resins were evaluated. Results showed that all three EHBFRs could significantly improve the fire safety of cured resins, and 30 wt. % of EHBFRs (less than 1.0 wt. % phosphorus content) endowed cured DGEBA with a UL-94 V-0 rating. In addition, the increased rigidity of branches in EHBFRs could increase the flexural strength and modulus of cured resins, and the branches with appropriate rigidity were also beneficial for improving their room temperature impact strength and Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Mingxuan Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Na Teng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (X.L.)
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Interfacial gluing strategy derived closely-coupled ternary LDH@P-RGO nanohybrid towards constructing fire-safe epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lu JH, Li Z, Chen JH, Li SL, He JH, Gu S, Liu BW, Chen L, Wang YZ. Adaptable Phosphate Networks towards Robust, Reprocessable, Weldable, and Alertable-Yet-Extinguishable Epoxy Vitrimer. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9846940. [PMID: 36299449 PMCID: PMC9575472 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9846940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) combine the uniqueness of thermoplastics and thermosets to allow for reprocessability while being covalently crosslinked. However, it is highly desirable but rarely achieved for CANs to simultaneously demonstrate reversibility and mechanical robustness. Herein, we report a feasible strategy to develop a novel epoxy vitrimer (EV) composed of adaptable phosphate networks (APNs), by which the EVs exhibit promising mechanical properties (tensile strength of 62.5 ~ 87.8 MPa and tensile modulus of 1360.1 ~ 2975.3 MPa) under ambient conditions. At elevated temperatures, the topology rearrangement occurs relied on phosphate transesterification, which contributes to the shape memory performance, self-healing, reprocessing, and welding behaviors. Moreover, the incorporation of APNs allows for improvements in anti-ignition and also the inhibition of both heat release and smoke generation to avoid empyrosis, asphyxiation, and toxication during burning, showing expected intrinsic fire safety. Thermal, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the reprocessed EVs after hot pressing are very close to those of the original EVs, which is attributed to the sufficient reversibility of APNs. Accordingly, combining the aforementioned features, EVs are manufactured as flame-triggered switches for fire alarms, which symbolizes the innovative development of high-performance covalent adaptable polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shu-Liang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jie-Hao He
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Song Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Shi Q, Huo S, Wang C, Ye G, Yu L, Fang Z, Wang H, Liu Z. A phosphorus/silicon-based, hyperbranched polymer for high-performance, fire-safe, transparent epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Synergistic Effects of DOPO-Based Derivative and Organo-Montmorillonite on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122372. [PMID: 35745948 PMCID: PMC9227306 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP), as a general thermoplastic polymer, is broadly used in different fields. However, the high flammability, melt dripping and poor mechanical properties of PP are a constraint to the expansion of its applications. In this paper, PP composites containing a combination of a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative (PN-DOPO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared via melt blending. The synergistic effects of PN-DOPO and OMMT on the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP composites were investigated systematically. The results showed that 20 wt% addition of PN-DOPO with OMMT improved the flame retardancy of PP composites. In particular, the introduction of 17 wt% PN-DOPO and 3 wt% OMMT increased the LOI values of the PP matrix from 17.2% to 23.6%, and the sample reached the V-0 level and reduced the heat release rate and total heat release. TGA indicated that OMMT could improve the thermal stability of the PP/PN-DOPO blends and promote the char residues of PP systems. Rheological behaviour showed a higher storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites, suggesting a more effective network structure. In addition, the tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength of the PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites actually increased for a good dispersion effect. Combined with the char layer analysis, the introduction of OMMT promoted more continuous and compact structural layers containing an aluminium-silicon barrier and phosphorus-containing carbonaceous char in the condensed phase. OMMT can improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP, and, thus, PN-DOPO/OMMT blends can serve as an efficient synergistic system for flame-retarded PP composites.
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Santiago D, Serra À. Enhancement of Epoxy Thermosets with Hyperbranched and Multiarm Star Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2228. [PMID: 35683901 PMCID: PMC9182725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers and multiarm star polymers are a type of dendritic polymers which have attracted substantial interest during the last 30 years because of their unique properties. They can be used to modify epoxy thermosets to increase their toughness and flexibility but without adversely affecting other properties such as reactivity or thermal properties. In addition, the final properties of materials can be tailored by modifying the structure, molecular weight, or type of functional end-groups of the hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers. In this review, we focus on the modification of epoxy-based thermosets with hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers in terms of the effect on the curing process of epoxy formulations, thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties, and their advantages in fire retardancy on the final thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat–Chemical Technologies Unit, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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Daglar O, Alkan B, Gunay US, Hizal G, Tunca U, Durmaz H. Ultrafast synthesis of phosphorus-containing polythioethers in the presence of TBD. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Lin S, Tao B, Zhao X, Chen G, Wang DY. Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus via Amine Compounds and Its Impacts on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213635. [PMID: 34771191 PMCID: PMC8588435 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, lots of effort has been placed into stabilizing black phosphorus (BP) in the air to improve its compatibility with polymers. Herein, BP was chemically functionalized by aliphatic amine (DETA), aromatic amine (PPDA) and cyclamine (Pid) via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, aiming to develop an intensively reactive BP flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP). The -NH2 group on BP-DETA, BP-PPDA and BP-Pid reacted with the epoxide group at different temperatures. The lowest temperature was about 150 °C for BP-DETA. The impacts of three BP-NH2 were compared on the flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of EP. At 5 wt% loading, EP/BP-NH2 all passed UL 94 V 0 rating. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of EP/BP-PPDA was as high as 32.3%. The heat release rate (HRR) of EP/BP-DETA greatly decreased by 46% and char residue increased by 73.8%, whereas HRR of EP/BP-Pid decreased by 11.5% and char residue increased by 50.8%, compared with EP. Average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) of EP/BP-Pid was lower than that of EP/BP-DETA and EP/BP-PPDA. In view of the flame-retardant mechanism, BP nanosheets functionalized with aliphatic amine and aromatic amine played a dominant role in the condensed phase, while BP functionalized with cyclamine was more effective in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoling Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Boqing Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (D.-Y.W.)
| | - Guohua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Spain
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (D.-Y.W.)
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12
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Hyperbranched flame retardant to simultaneously improve the fire-safety, toughness and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Synergistic effect between a novel silane-containing hyperbranched polyphosphamide and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Strasser P, Teasdale I. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1716. [PMID: 32276516 PMCID: PMC7181247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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Wei Z, Wu J, Liu Z, Gu Y, Luan G, Sun H, Yu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z. Effect of ethyl‐bridged diphenylphosphine oxide on flame retardancy and thermal properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Wei
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Application R & D DepartmentQingdao Fusilin Chemical Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Qingdao China
| | - Zongru Liu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yanan Gu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Guifang Luan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hejing Sun
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Jin S, Liu Z, Qian L, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Xu B. Epoxy thermoset with enhanced flame retardancy and physical-mechanical properties based on reactive phosphaphenanthrene compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yuan Y, Shi Y, Yu B, Zhan J, Zhang Y, Song L, Ma C, Hu Y. Facile synthesis of aluminum branched oligo(phenylphosphonate) submicro-particles with enhanced flame retardance and smoke toxicity suppression for epoxy resin composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:121233. [PMID: 31557714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and submicro-scale aluminum branched oligo(phenylphosphonate) (AHPP) has been successfully synthesized and embedded into a polymeric substrate to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). The chemical structures of intermediates and target products were characterized using the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Morphology analysis confirmed that all of the as-synthesized AHPP submicro-particles are mutually well-separated. Combustion results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index value is increased to 30.5% from 23.5% while the PHRR and THR are decreased by ca. 68.1% and 41.2%, respectively for the EP/AHPP-7.5 composite compared to the corresponding values for pure EP. In addition, the binary blends display the satisfying smoke toxicity suppression performance during combustion. The total smoke production and the total CO yield for EP/AHPP-7.5 are dramatically reduced by 62.0% and 32.3%, respectively, which may mainly be ascribed to the catalytic carbonization performance of the polymers and formation of Al2O3 layers on the surface of the char residues. As a result, the findings in this study enabled the submicro-scale phosphorus-containing flame retardant to be a potential candidate as an efficient additive for reducing smoke toxicity of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Jing Zhan
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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19
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Battig A, Markwart JC, Wurm FR, Schartel B. Sulfur’s role in the flame retardancy of thio-ether–linked hyperbranched polyphosphoesters in epoxy resins. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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21
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Aromatic vs. Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyphosphoesters as Flame Retardants in Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213901. [PMID: 31671913 PMCID: PMC6864611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for future flame retardants (FRs) goes to novel efficient halogen-free materials, due to the ban of several halogenated FRs. Among the most promising alternatives are phosphorus-based FRs, and of those, polymeric materials with complex shape have been recently reported. Herein, we present novel halogen-free aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs), which were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization and investigated them as a FR in epoxy resins. We compare their efficiency (aliphatic vs. aromatic) and further assess the differences between the monomeric compounds and the hbPPEs. The decomposition and vaporizing behavior of a compound is an important factor in its flame-retardant behavior, but also the interaction with the pyrolyzing matrix has a significant influence on the performance. Therefore, the challenge in designing a FR is to optimize the chemical structure and its decomposition pathway to the matrix, with regards to time and temperature. This behavior becomes obvious in this study, and explains the superior gas phase activity of the aliphatic FRs.
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22
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Ai L, Chen S, Zeng J, Yang L, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Boron and Magnesium Hydroxide. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3314-3321. [PMID: 31459546 PMCID: PMC6648587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to develop an organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardant and to reduce the dosage and cost of flame retardants, organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardants, hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B), and magnesium hydroxide (MH) were chosen. The flame retardant properties of CP-6B/MH in epoxy resin (EP) were discussed. EP/CP-6B/MH had better flame retardancy and heat resistance compared with EP/CP-6B and EP/MH. A limiting oxygen index of EP/3.0%CP-6B/0.5%MH of 31.9% was achieved, and vertical burning V-0 rating was achieved. Compared with EP, the cone calorimeter dates of EP/CP-6B/MH decreased. CP-6B/MH inhibited combustion and did little to damage mechanical properties. Besides, the flame retardant mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CP-6B/MH exerted good synergistic effects.
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23
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Zhao W, Li Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang G. Investigation of the Structure-Property Effect of Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfone on Decomposition and Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E380. [PMID: 30960364 PMCID: PMC6419410 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The flame retardant modification of epoxy (EP) is of great signification for aerospace, automotive, marine, and energy industries. In this study, a series of EP composites containing different variations of phosphorus-containing polysulfone (with a phosphorus content of approximately 1.25 wt %) were obtained. The obtained EP/polysulfone composites had a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and high flame retardancy. The influence of phosphorus-containing compounds (ArPN₂, ArPO₂, ArOPN₂ and ArOPO₂) on the thermal properties and flame retardancy of EP/polysulfone composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter tests. The phosphorus-containing polysulfone enhanced the thermal stability of EP. The more stable porous char layer, less flammable gases, and a lower apparent activation energy at a high degree of conversion demonstrated the high gas inhibition effect of phosphorus-containing compounds. Moreover, the gas inhibition effect of polysulfone with a P⁻C bond was more efficient than the polysulfone with a P⁻O⁻C bond. The potential for optimizing flame retardancy while maintaining a high Tg is highlighted in this study. The flame-retardant EP/polysulfone composites with high thermal stability broaden the application field of epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Yongxiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qiushi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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24
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Ma T, Li L, Liu T, Guo C. Synthesis of a caged bicyclic phosphates derived anhydride and its performance as a flame‐retardant curing agent for epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Liping Li
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Chuigen Guo
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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25
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Markwart JC, Battig A, Kuckhoff T, Schartel B, Wurm FR. First phosphorus AB 2 monomer for flame-retardant hyperbranched polyphosphoesters: AB 2vs. A 2 + B 3. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs) are promising flame retardants. Herein we synthesized the first phosphorus-based AB2 monomer for the synthesis of hbPPEs and assess its flame-retardant performance in an epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz
| | - Alexander Battig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Kuckhoff
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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26
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Battig A, Markwart JC, Wurm FR, Schartel B. Hyperbranched phosphorus flame retardants: multifunctional additives for epoxy resins. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00737g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphorus-based hyperbranched polymers provide multifunctional flame retardancy to epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Battig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
| | | | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
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27
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Hunold J, Wolf T, Wurm FR, Hinderberger D. Nanoscopic hydrophilic/hydrophilic phase-separation well below the LCST of polyphosphoesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3414-3417. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The complex phase separation process of thermoresponsive polyphosphoesters (PPEs) with an identical side-group structure but different copolymer compositions is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hunold
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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28
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molecular Firefighting-How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10450-10467. [PMID: 29318752 PMCID: PMC6099334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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29
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molekulare Brandbekämpfung – wie moderne Phosphorchemie zur Lösung der Flammschutzaufgabe beitragen kann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Exzellenz-Graduiertenschule “Materials Science in Mainz” Staudinger Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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30
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Fei B. Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E876. [PMID: 30960801 PMCID: PMC6403615 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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31
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Ma C, Qiu S, Wang J, Sheng H, Zhang Y, Hu W, Hu Y. Facile synthesis of a novel hyperbranched poly(urethane-phosphine oxide) as an effective modifier for epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Bhat SI, Ahmadi Y, Ahmad S. Recent Advances in Structural Modifications of Hyperbranched Polymers and Their Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Islam Bhat
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Younes Ahmadi
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sharif Ahmad
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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33
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Yang AH, Deng C, Chen H, Wei YX, Wang YZ. A novel Schiff-base polyphosphate ester: Highly-efficient flame retardant for polyurethane elastomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Bauer KN, Tee HT, Velencoso MM, Wurm FR. Main-chain poly(phosphoester)s: History, syntheses, degradation, bio-and flame-retardant applications. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Popa S, Iliescu S, Ilia G, Plesu N, Popa A, Visa A, Macarie L. Solid polymer electrolytes based on phosphorus containing polymers for lithium polymer batteries. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Ye X, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Yan H. A novel hyperbranched poly(phosphorodiamidate) with high expansion degree and carbonization efficiency used for improving flame retardancy of APP/PP composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Breathing air as oxidant: Optimization of 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane synthesis as a precursor for phosphoryl choline derivatives and cyclic phosphate monomers. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Rabe S, Chuenban Y, Schartel B. Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E455. [PMID: 28772815 PMCID: PMC5459085 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identified in each respective system and at each respective concentration. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in combination with infrared spectroscopy of the evolved gas to determine the pyrolysis behavior, residue formation and the release of phosphorus species. Forced flaming tests in the cone calorimeter provided insight into burning behavior and macroscopic residue effects. The results were put into relation to the phosphorus content to reveal correlations between phosphorus concentration in the gas phase and flame inhibition performance, as well as phosphorus concentration in the residue and condensed phase activity. Total heat evolved (fire load) and peak heat release rate were calculated based on changes in the effective heat of combustion and residue, and then compared with the measured values to address the modes of action of the flame retardants quantitatively. The quantification of flame inhibition, charring, and the protective layer effect measure the non-linear flame retardancy effects as functions of the phosphorus concentration. Overall, this screening approach using easily preparable polymer systems provides great insight into the effect of phosphorus in different flame retarded polymers, with regard to polymer structure, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rabe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuttapong Chuenban
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Branched Macromolecular Architectures for Degradable, Multifunctional Phosphorus-Based Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
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40
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Becker G, Vlaminck L, Velencoso MM, Du Prez FE, Wurm FR. Triazolinedione-“clicked” poly(phosphoester)s: systematic adjustment of thermal properties. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal properties of halogen-free flame retardant poly(phosphoester)s from acyclic diene metathesis polycondensation have been optimized by a systematic post-modification using 1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
| | - Laetitia Vlaminck
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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41
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Zhao W, Wang G, Liu J, Ban D, Cheng T, Liu X, Li Y, Huang Y. Synthesis, structure–property and flame retardancy relationships of polyphosphonamide and its application on epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polyphosphonamides (PPDA) with heteroatoms and phosphonamide structures are proposed as highly effective flame retardants in epoxy resins (EP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Gong Wang
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Guizhou Normal University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Tianjin Cheng
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongqing Huang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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42
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Duan L, Yang H, Song L, Hou Y, Wang W, Gui Z, Hu Y. Hyperbranched phosphorus/nitrogen-containing polymer in combination with ammonium polyphosphate as a novel flame retardant system for polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Steinmann M, Wagner M, Wurm FR. Poly(phosphorodiamidate)s by Olefin Metathesis Polymerization with Precise Degradation. Chemistry 2016; 22:17329-17338. [PMID: 27781304 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Degradable polymers are a currently growing field of research for biomedical and materials science applications. The majority of such compounds are based on polyesters and polyamides. In contrast, their phosphorus-containing counterparts are much less studied, in spite of their potential precise degradation profile and biocompatibility. Herein, the first library of poly(phosphorodiamidate)s (PPDAs) with two P-N bonds forming the polymer backbone and a pendant P-OR group is prepared through acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. They are designed to vary in their hydrophilicity and are compared with the structural analogues poly(phosphoester)s (PPEs) with respect to their thermal properties and degradation profiles. The degradation of PPDAs can be controlled precisely by the pH: under acidic conditions the P-N linkages in the polymer backbone are cleaved, whereas under basic conditions the pendant ester is cleaved selectively and almost no backbone degradation occurs. The PPDAs exhibit distinctively higher thermal stability (from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) and higher glass transition and/or melting temperatures (from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) compared with analogous PPEs. This renders this exotic class of phosphorus-containing polymers as highly promising for the development of future drug carriers or tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Steinmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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44
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High temperature, flame-retardant, and transparent epoxy thermosets prepared from an acetovanillone-based hydroxyl poly(ether sulfone) and commercial epoxy resins. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Müller P, Morys M, Sut A, Jäger C, Illerhaus B, Schartel B. Melamine poly(zinc phosphate) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of fire residues. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Alexandrino EM, Wagner M, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Poly(phosphoester) Colloids by Interfacial Polycondensation in Miniemulsion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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47
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Bauer KN, Tee HT, Lieberwirth I, Wurm FR. In-Chain Poly(phosphonate)s via Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polycondensation. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N. Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hisaschi T. Tee
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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49
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Müller P, Schartel B. Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
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50
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Soller BS, Salzinger S, Rieger B. Rare Earth Metal-Mediated Precision Polymerization of Vinylphosphonates and Conjugated Nitrogen-Containing Vinyl Monomers. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1993-2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt S. Soller
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Stephan Salzinger
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, GME/D-B001, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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