1
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Goual N, Métivier R, Laurent G, Retailleau P, Nakatani K, Xie J. Tuning the Thermal Stability of Tetra-o-chloroazobenzene Derivatives by Transforming Push-Pull to Push-Push Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401737. [PMID: 39224068 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches provide interesting tools to reversibly control various biological functions with light. Thanks to its small size and easy introduction into the biomolecules, azobenzene derivatives have been widely employed in the field of photopharmacology. All visible-light switchable azobenzenes with controllable thermostability are highly demanded. Based on the reported tetra-o-chloroazobenzenes, we synthesized push-pull systems, by introducing dialkyl amine and nitro groups as strong electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the para-positions, and then transformed to push-push systems by a simple reduction step. The developed push-pull and push-push tetra-o-chloroazobenzene derivatives displayed excellent photoswitching properties, as previously reported. The half-life of the Z-isomers can be tuned from milliseconds for the push-pull system to several hours for the push-push system. The n-π* and π-π* transitions have better resolution in the push-push molecules, and excitation at different wavelengths can tune the E/Z ratio at the photostationary state. For one push-pull molecule, structure and absorption spectra obtained from theoretical calculations are compared with experimental data, along with data on the push-push counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Goual
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Guillaume Laurent
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Keitaro Nakatani
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Juan Xie
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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2
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Tarnowicz-Staniak N, Staniak M, Dudek M, Grzelczak M, Matczyszyn K. Thermoplasmonic Effect Enables Indirect ON-OFF Control over the Z-E Isomerization of Azobenzene-Based Photoswitch. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404755. [PMID: 39225377 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Proper formulation of systems containing plasmonic and photochromic units, such as gold nanoparticles and azobenzene derivatives, yields materials and interfaces with synergic functionalities. Moreover, gold nanoparticles are known to accelerate the Z-E isomerization of azobenzene molecules in the dark. However, very little is known about the light-driven, plasmon-assisted Z-E isomerization of azobenzene compounds. Additionally, most of the azobenzene-gold hybrids are prepared with nanoparticles of small, isotropic shapes and azobenzene ligands covalently linked to the surface of nanostructures. Herein, a formulation of an innovative system combining azobenzene derivative, gold nanorods, and cellulose nanofibers is proposed. The system's structural integrity relies on electrostatic interactions among components instead of covalent linkage. Cellulose, a robust scaffold, maintains the material's functionality in water and enables monitoring of the material's plasmonic-photochromic properties upon irradiation and at elevated temperatures without gold nanorods aggregation. Experimental evidence supported by statistical analysis suggests that the optical properties of plasmonic nanometal enable indirect control over the Z-E isomerization of the photochromic component with near-infrared irradiation by triggering the thermoplasmonic effect. The proposed hybrid material's dual plasmonic-photochromic functionality, versatility, and ease of processing render a convenient starting point for further advanced azobenzene-related research and 3D printing of macroscopic light-responsive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tarnowicz-Staniak
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland
| | - Mateusz Staniak
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Wrocław, pl. Grunwaldzki 2/4, Wrocław, 50-384, Poland
| | - Marta Dudek
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland
| | - Marek Grzelczak
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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3
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Dang T, Zhang ZY, Li T. Visible-Light-Activated Heteroaryl Azoswitches: Toward a More Colorful Future. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19609-19620. [PMID: 38991225 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Azobenzenes (Ph-N═N-Ph) are known as the most widely studied molecular photoswitches, and the recent rise of azoheteroarenes (Het-N═N-Ph or Het-N═N-Het) offers great opportunities to advance this already mature field. A common limitation is that azo-switches generally require harmful UV light for activation, which hinders their application across various fields. Despite great efforts in developing visible-light azobenzenes over the past few decades, the potential of visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches remains largely unexplored. This Perspective summarizes the state-of-the-art advancements in visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches, covering molecular design strategies, the structure-property relationship, and potential applications. We highlight the distinctive advantages of azoheteroarenes over azobenzenes in the research and development of visible-light switches. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging field and propose potential solutions to address crucial issues such as spectral red-shift and thermal half-life. Through this Perspective paper, we aim to provide inspiration for further exploration in this field, in anticipation of the growing prosperity and bright future of visible-light azoheteroarene photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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4
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Volarić J, van der Heide NJ, Mutter NL, Samplonius DF, Helfrich W, Maglia G, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Visible Light Control over the Cytolytic Activity of a Toxic Pore-Forming Protein. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:451-461. [PMID: 38318850 PMCID: PMC10877574 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Enabling control over the bioactivity of proteins with light, along with the principles of photopharmacology, has the potential to generate safe and targeted medical treatments. Installing light sensitivity in a protein can be achieved through its covalent modification with a molecular photoswitch. The general challenge in this approach is the need for the use of low energy visible light for the regulation of bioactivity. In this study, we report visible light control over the cytolytic activity of a protein. A water-soluble visible-light-operated tetra-ortho-fluoro-azobenzene photoswitch was synthesized by utilizing the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction for installing a solubilizing sulfonate group onto the electron-poor photoswitch structure. The azobenzene was attached to two cysteine mutants of the pore-forming protein fragaceatoxin C (FraC), and their respective activities were evaluated on red blood cells. For both mutants, the green-light-irradiated sample, containing predominantly the cis-azobenzene isomer, was more active compared to the blue-light-irradiated sample. Ultimately, the same modulation of the cytolytic activity pattern was observed toward a hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. These results constitute the first case of using low energy visible light to control the biological activity of a toxic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Stratingh
Institute for Organic Chemistry, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nieck J. van der Heide
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie L. Mutter
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F. Samplonius
- Department
of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Department
of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh
Institute for Organic Chemistry, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh
Institute for Organic Chemistry, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Medved' M, Di Donato M, Buma WJ, Laurent AD, Lameijer L, Hrivnák T, Romanov I, Tran S, Feringa BL, Szymanski W, Woolley GA. Mechanistic Basis for Red Light Switching of Azonium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19894-19902. [PMID: 37656631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Azonium ions formed by the protonation of tetra-ortho-methoxy-substituted aminoazobenzenes photoisomerize with red light under physiological conditions. This property makes them attractive as molecular tools for the photocontrol of physiological processes, for example, in photopharmacology. However, a mechanistic understanding of the photoisomerization process and subsequent thermal relaxation is necessary for the rational application of these compounds as well as for guiding the design of derivatives with improved properties. Using a combination of sub-ps/ns transient absorption measurements and quantum chemical calculations, we show that the absorption of a photon by the protonated E-H+ form of the photoswitch causes rapid (ps) isomerization to the protonated Z-H+ form, which can also absorb red light. Proton transfer to solvent then occurs on a microsecond time scale, leading to an equilibrium between Z and Z-H+ species, the position of which depends on the solution pH. Whereas thermal isomerization of the neutral Z form to the neutral E form is slow (∼0.001 s-1), thermal isomerization of Z-H+ to E-H+ is rapid (∼100 s-1), so the solution pH also governs the rate at which E/E-H+ concentrations are restored after a light pulse. This analysis provides the first complete mechanistic picture that explains the observed intricate photoswitching behavior of azonium ions at a range of pH values. It further suggests features of azonium ions that could be targeted for improvement to enhance the applicability of these compounds for the photocontrol of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 241/27, Olomouc, 783 71 Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- CNR-ICCOM, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adèle D Laurent
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lucien Lameijer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AF Groningen, The Netherlands
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Hrivnák
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Romanov
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susannah Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AF Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AF Groningen, The Netherlands
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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6
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Zhang Z, Le GNT, Ge Y, Tang X, Chen X, Ejim L, Bordeleau E, Wright GD, Burns DC, Tran S, Axerio-Cilies P, Wang YT, Dong M, Woolley GA. Isomerization of bioactive acylhydrazones triggered by light or thiols. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1285-1295. [PMID: 37308709 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The acylhydrazone unit is well represented in screening databases used to find ligands for biological targets, and numerous bioactive acylhydrazones have been reported. However, potential E/Z isomerization of the C=N bond in these compounds is rarely examined when bioactivity is assayed. Here we analysed two ortho-hydroxylated acylhydrazones discovered in a virtual drug screen for modulators of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and other bioactive hydroxylated acylhydrazones with structurally defined targets reported in the Protein Data Bank. We found that ionized forms of these compounds, which are populated under laboratory conditions, photoisomerize readily and the isomeric forms have markedly different bioactivity. Furthermore, we show that glutathione, a tripeptide involved with cellular redox balance, catalyses dynamic E⇄Z isomerization of acylhydrazones. The ratio of E to Z isomers in cells is determined by the relative stabilities of the isomers regardless of which isomer was applied. We conclude that E/Z isomerization may be a common feature of the bioactivity observed with acylhydrazones and should be routinely analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Giang N T Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Ge
- Department of Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linda Ejim
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Bordeleau
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy C Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susannah Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Axerio-Cilies
- Department of Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Gaur AK, Gupta D, Mahadevan A, Kumar P, Kumar H, Nampoothiry DN, Kaur N, Thakur SK, Singh S, Slanina T, Venkataramani S. Bistable Aryl Azopyrazolium Ionic Photoswitches in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10584-10594. [PMID: 37133353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a new class of arylazopyrazolium-based ionic photoswitches (AAPIPs). These AAPIPs with different counter ions have been accessed through a modular synthetic approach in high yields. More importantly, the AAPIPs exhibit excellent reversible photoswitching and exceptional thermal stability in water. The effects of solvents, counter ions, substitutions, concentration, pH, and glutathione (GSH) have been evaluated using spectroscopic investigations. The results revealed that the bistability of studied AAPIPs is robust and near quantitative. The thermal half-life of Z isomers is extremely high in water (up to years), and it can be lowered electronically by the electron-withdrawing groups or highly basic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Gaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Debapriya Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Anjali Mahadevan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Pravesh Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Dhanyaj Narayanan Nampoothiry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Thakur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542, Prague 6, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
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8
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Cataldi E, Raschig M, Gutmann M, Geppert PT, Ruopp M, Schock M, Gerwe H, Bertermann R, Meinel L, Finze M, Nowak-Król A, Decker M, Lühmann T. Amber Light Control of Peptide Secondary Structure by a Perfluoroaromatic Azobenzene Photoswitch. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200570. [PMID: 36567253 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of photoswitches into the molecular structure of peptides and proteins enables their dynamic photocontrol in complex biological systems. Here, a perfluorinated azobenzene derivative triggered by amber light was site-specifically conjugated to cysteines in a helical peptide by perfluoroarylation chemistry. In response to the photoisomerization (trans→cis) of the conjugated azobenzene with amber light, the secondary structure of the peptide was modulated from a disorganized into an amphiphilic helical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cataldi
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Raschig
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick T Geppert
- Universität Würzburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruopp
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Schock
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Gerwe
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Universität Würzburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Universität Würzburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Nowak-Król
- Universität Würzburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Universität Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Kempfer-Robertson EM, Avdic I, Haase MN, Pike TD, Thompson LM. Protonation state control of electric field induced molecular switching mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5251-5261. [PMID: 36723228 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy tip-induced deprotonation has been demonstrated experimentally and can be used as an additional control mechanism in electric-field induced molecular switching. The goal of the current work is to establish whether (de)protonation can be used to inhibit or enhance the electric field controlled thermal and photoisomerization processes. Dihydroxyazobenzene is used as a model system, where protonation/deprotonation of the free hydroxyl moiety changes the azo bond order, and so modifies the rate of electric field induced isomerization. Through the combined action of deprotonation and applied field, it was found that the cis-to-trans thermal isomerization barrier could be completely removed, changing the isomerization half-life from the order of several months. In addition, due to the presence of multiple isomerization mechanisms, electric fields could modify the isomerization kinetics by increasing the number of energetically viable isomerization pathways, rather than reducing the activation barrier of the lowest energy pathway. Excited state calculations indicated that the protonation state and electric field could be used together to control the presence of electronic degeneracies along the rotation pathway between S0/S1, and along all three pathways between S1/S2. This work provides insight into the mechanisms that enable the use of protonation state, light, and electric fields in concert to control molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma Avdic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
| | - Meagan N Haase
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
| | - Thomas Dane Pike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
| | - Lee M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
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10
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Gu X, Yuan H, Zhao W, Sun N, Yan W, Jiang C, He Y, Liu H, Cheng J, Guo D. Optical-Controlled Kinetic Switch: Fine-Tuning of the Residence Time of an Antagonist Binding to the Vasopressin V 2 Receptor in In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Models of ADPKD. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1454-1466. [PMID: 36563185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of a small-molecule ligand is linked to its receptor residence time. Therefore, precise control of the duration for which a ligand binds to its receptor is highly desirable. Herein, we designed photoswitchable ligands targeting the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R), a validated target for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We adapted the photoswitching trait of azobenzene to the parent V2R antagonist lixivaptan (LP) to generate azobenzene lixivaptan derivatives (aLPs). Among them, aLPs-5g was a potential optical-controlled kinetic switch. Upon irradiation, cis-aLPs-5g displayed a 4.3-fold prolonged V2R residence time compared to its thermally stable trans configuration. The optical-controlled kinetic variations led to distinct inhibitory effects on cellular functional readout. Furthermore, conversion of the cis/trans isomer of aLPs-5g resulted in different efficacies of inhibiting renal cystogenesis ex vivo and in vivo. Overall, aLPs-5g represents a photoswitch for precise control of ligand-receptor residence time and, consequently, the pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
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11
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Kerckhoffs A, Christensen KE, Langton MJ. Fast relaxing red and near-IR switchable azobenzenes with chalcogen and halogen substituents: periodic trends, tuneable thermal half-lives and chalcogen bonding. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11551-11559. [PMID: 36320400 PMCID: PMC9555560 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04601f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches operating in the red to near-IR region with controllable thermal relaxation rates are attractive components for photo-regulating biological processes. Herein, we report the synthesis of red-shifted azobenzenes functionalised with the heavier chalcogens and halogens that meet these requirements for biological application; namely fatigue-resistant photo-switching with red and near IR light and functional handles for further functionalisation for application. We report robust periodic trends for the chalcogen and halogen azobenzene series, and exploit intramolecular chalcogen bonding to tune and redshift the absorption maxima, supported by photo-physical measurements and solid-state structural analysis. Remarkably, the rate of the Z → E thermal isomerisation can be tuned over timescales spanning 107 s by judicious choice of chalcogen and halogen substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Kerckhoffs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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12
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Volarić J, Thallmair S, Feringa BL, Szymanski W. Photoswitchable, Water‐soluble Bis‐azobenzene Cross‐linkers with Enhanced Properties for Biological Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies GERMANY
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- University Medical Center Groningen Department of Radiology Hanzeplein 1 9747AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
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13
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Rickhoff J, Arndt NB, Böckmann M, Doltsinis NL, Ravoo BJ, Kortekaas L. Reversible, Red-Shifted Photoisomerization in Protonated Azobenzenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10605-10612. [PMID: 35921095 PMCID: PMC9396658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Azobenzenes are among the best-studied molecular photoswitches
and play a key role in the search for red-shifted photoresponsive
materials for extended applications. Currently, most approaches deal
with aromatic substitution patterns to achieve visible light application,
on occasion paired with protonation to yield red-shifted absorption
of the azonium species. Appropriate substitution patterns are essential
to stabilize the latter approach, as conventional acids are known
to induce a fast Z- to E-conversion.
Here, we show that steady-state protonation of the azo-bridge instead
is possible in simple azobenzenes when the pKa of the acid is low enough, yielding both the Z- and E-azonium as supported by UV–vis- and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as density functional theory calculations.
Moreover, the steady-state protonation of para-methoxyazobenzene,
specifically, yields photoisomerizable azonium ions in which the direction
of switching is essentially reversed, that is, visible light produces
the out-of-equilibrium Z-azonium. Although the current
conditions render the visible light photoswitch unsuitable for in
vivo and material application, the demonstrated understanding of simple
azobenzenes paves the way for a great range of further work on this
already widely studied photoswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rickhoff
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas B Arndt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luuk Kortekaas
- Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Jiao J, Maisonneuve S, Xie J. Synthesis and Azobenzene Isomerization Investigation of Photoswitchable Glycomacrocycles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8534-8543. [PMID: 35729754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic glycoazobenzenes, as an emerging class of photoswitchable chiral macrocyclic compounds, have shown interesting properties since their discovery in 2017. We have recently employed the azobenzene-ester-linked glycosyl donor-acceptor pairs to study the influence of photoisomerization on intramolecular glycosylation. To continue the investigation on the stereoselectivity aspect of glycosylation and also to enlarge the diversity of photoswitchable glycomacrocycles, we have chosen azobenzene-triazole linkers in the present study and shown that the stereoselectivity of the glycosylation is dependent on the linker length, the configuration of the azobenzene template, as well as the reaction concentration. We have optimized the reaction conditions to prepare in good yields new glycomacrocycles, which displayed excellent photochromic properties. The influence of glycosylation reagents and acidity on the stability of the Z-azobenzene substrates and cyclic glycoazobenzenes has also been investigated, demonstrating that isomerization of macrocyclic azobenzene can be tuned by photo-, thermo-, and acid stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Jiao
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Stéphane Maisonneuve
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Juan Xie
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
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15
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Küllmer F, Gregor L, Arndt HD. Systematic modifications of substitution patterns for property tuning of photoswitchable asymmetric azobenzenes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4204-4214. [PMID: 35543370 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suitable designed photoswitches based on azobenzenes are essential structural features for photopharmacological compounds. Optimized azobenzenes are important for serving as building blocks in "azo extension" strategies, and for designing photodrugs with tailored properties. Herein we present the synthesis and characterization of a variety of asymmetric azobenzenes by addressing selected structural features of the diazene core, such as polarity, steric demand, and electronic properties. Systematic exploration led to photoswitches with a relaxation half-life of seconds, minutes, hours, or days. Furthermore, the influence of different substitution patterns on the photophysical properties was charted. For analysis of all switches, robust characterization as well as examination under near-to physiological conditions was established, in order to assist with photoswitch choice for specific biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Küllmer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lucas Gregor
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Xu X, Wang G. Molecular Solar Thermal Systems towards Phase Change and Visible Light Photon Energy Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107473. [PMID: 35132792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have attracted tremendous attention for solar energy conversion and storage, which can generate high-energy metastable isomers upon capturing photon energy, and release the stored energy as heat on demand during back conversion. However, the pristine molecular photoswitches are limited by low storage energy density and UV light photon energy storage. Recently, numerous pioneering works have been focused on the development of MOST systems towards phase change (PC) and visible light photon energy storage to increase their properties. On the one hand, the strategy of simultaneously capturing isomerization enthalpy and PC energy between solid and liquid can not only offer high latent heat, but also promote the development of sustainable energy systems. On the other hand, the efficient photon energy storage in the visible light range opens a tremendously fascinating avenue to fabricate MOST systems powered under natural sunlight. Here, the recent advances of MOST systems towards PC and visible light photon energy storage are systematically summarized, the most promising advantages and current challenges are analyzed, and emerging strategies and future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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17
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Kennedy ADW, DiNardi RG, Fillbrook LL, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible-Light Switching of Metallosupramolecular Assemblies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104461. [PMID: 35102616 PMCID: PMC9302685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A photoswitchable ligand and palladium(II) ions form a dynamic mixture of self-assembled metallosupramolecular structures. The photoswitching ligand is an ortho-fluoroazobenzene with appended pyridyl groups. Combining the E-isomer with palladium(II) salts affords a double-walled triangle with composition [Pd3 L6 ]6+ and a distorted tetrahedron [Pd4 L8 ]8+ (1 : 2 ratio at 298 K). Irradiation with 410 nm light generates a photostationary state with approximately 80 % of the E-isomer of the ligand and results in the selective disassembly of the tetrahedron, the more thermodynamically stable structure, and the formation of the triangle, the more kinetically inert product. The triangle is then slowly transformed back into the tetrahedron over 2 days at 333 K. The Z-isomer of the ligand does not form any well-defined structures and has a thermal half-life of 25 days at 298 K. This approach shows how a thermodynamically preferred self-assembled structure can be reversibly pumped to a kinetic trap by small perturbations of the isomer distribution using non-destructive visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray G. DiNardi
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Lucy L. Fillbrook
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - William A. Donald
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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18
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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19
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Su P, Wen L, Yan J, Zheng K, Zhang N. Baso-chromic spiropyrrolizine: The spiromerocyanine isomerization and alkaline detection. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Ramírez-Rave S, Flores-Alamo M, Yatsimirsky AK. Structures, solvatochromism, protonation and photoswitching of tetra-( ortho)substituted azobenzenes bearing 3,5-dimethoxy groups. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Di-ortho-methoxy azobenzenes demonstrate high basicity, the ability to bind metal ions in water and an inverted solvent effect on the rate of thermal cis-to-trans isomerization, which decreases on increase in the solvent polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramírez-Rave
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
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21
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Peverini L, Dunning K, Peralta FA, Grutter T. Photo-isomerizable tweezers to probe ionotropic receptor mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 62:109-116. [PMID: 34965483 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC, also referred to as ionotropic receptors) are important transmembrane proteins that open to allow ions to flow across the membrane and locally modify the membrane potential in response to the binding of a ligand. For more than a decade, a tremendous effort has been carried out in the determination of many LGIC structures in high resolution, leading to an unprecedented molecular description of channel gating. However, it is sometimes difficult to classify experimentally derived structures to their corresponding functional states, and alternative methods may help resolve or refine this issue. In this review, we focus on the application of photo-isomerizable tweezers (PIT) as a powerful strategy to interrogate molecular mechanisms of LGIC while assessing their functionality by electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Peverini
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kate Dunning
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Francisco Andres Peralta
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Abstract
Azobenzenes are archetypal molecules that have a central role in fundamental and applied research. Over the course of almost two centuries, the area of azobenzenes has witnessed great achievements; azobenzenes have evolved from simple dyes to 'little engines' and have become ubiquitous in many aspects of our lives, ranging from textiles, cosmetics, food and medicine to energy and photonics. Despite their long history, azobenzenes continue to arouse academic interest, while being intensively produced for industrial purposes, owing to their rich chemistry, versatile and straightforward design, robust photoswitching process and biodegradability. The development of azobenzenes has stimulated the production of new coloured and light-responsive materials with various applications, and their use continues to expand towards new high-tech applications. In this Review, we highlight the latest achievements in the synthesis of red-light-responsive azobenzenes and the emerging application areas of photopharmacology, photoswitchable adhesives and biodegradable materials for drug delivery. We show how the synthetic versatility and adaptive properties of azobenzenes continue to inspire new research directions, with limits imposed only by one's imagination.
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23
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Seyednoruziyan B, Zamanloo MR, Esrafili MD, Shamkhali AN, Alizadeh T, Noruzi S. Y-shape structured azo dyes with self-transforming feature to zwitterionic form as sensitizer for DSSC and DFT investigation of their photophysical and charge transfer properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 261:120062. [PMID: 34147738 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two novel azo dyes with D-π-A-π-D structures were designed and synthesized to investigate the relationship between molecular structure and sensitizing performance on applying for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in comparison with their linear counterparts. Introducing hydroxyl auxiliary groups and arranging π-conjugation length as two parallel and series structural architectures, Y-shape and linear, led to red shift in absorption wavelength and increase in absorption intensity for the Y-shape pattern providing an efficient charge transfer pathway and improved Jsc and η of the DSSCs. Emerging a zwitterionic form, azonium structure, of the sensitizer in parallel configuration for the dyes 1a.p and 1b.p, enhanced light absorption domain and changed anchoring fashion could engendering improved electronic overlapping. The easily-synthesized dyes were evaluated for photophysical and electrochemical properties and turned out that the parallel-decorated dyes displayed better results than the series types as photosensitizers for DSSCs. ATR and Raman spectra clearly showed the adsorption of these dyes on the TiO2 surface. Operational tests of DSSCs, coated by titled azo dyes, illustrated that decorating π-conjugation pattern as parallel structure as well as accessorizing the donor unit with hydroxyl groups improved the photovoltaic performance. Optimized band gap due to participating the azonium structure and restricted electron recombination as well as rectified dye regeneration were proposed as main elements in enhancing performance parameters. A higher solar conversion efficiency was recorded for DSSCs based on the Y-shape dyes compared to other meta azo dye-based cells that were previously reported. Computational calculations were used to corroborate the opto-electrochemical traits of the dyes with a special concern on the influence of structural pattern on photovoltaic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Seyednoruziyan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Zamanloo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi D Esrafili
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amir Nasser Shamkhali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Taher Alizadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Noruzi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Physics, University College of Science, University of Alzahra, P.O. Box 1993891176, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Kortekaas L, Simke J, Arndt NB, Böckmann M, Doltsinis NL, Ravoo BJ. Acid-catalysed liquid-to-solid transitioning of arylazoisoxazole photoswitches. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11338-11346. [PMID: 34667544 PMCID: PMC8447883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03308e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches play a vital role in the development of responsive materials. These molecular building blocks are particularly attractive when multiple stimuli can be combined to bring about physical changes, sometimes leading to unexpected properties and functions. The arylazoisoxazole molecular switch was recently shown to be capable of efficient photoreversible solid-to-liquid phase transitions with application in photoswitchable surface adhesion. Here, we show that the arylazoisoxazole forms thermally stable and photoisomerisable protonated Z- and E-isomers in an apolar aprotic solvent when the pK a of the applied acid is sufficiently low. The tuning of isomerisation kinetics from days to seconds by the pK a of the acid not only opens up new reactivity in solution, but also the solid-state photoswitching of azoisoxazoles can be efficiently reversed with selected acid vapours, enabling acid-gated photoswitchable surface adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Julian Simke
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Niklas B Arndt
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
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26
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Chen H, Chen W, Lin Y, Xie Y, Liu SH, Yin J. Visible and near-infrared light activated azo dyes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Qi J, Liang XJ, Yoon J. Advances in Application of Azobenzene as a Trigger in Biomedicine: Molecular Design and Spontaneous Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007290. [PMID: 34028901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene is a well-known derivative of stimulus-responsive molecular switches and has shown superior performance as a functional material in biomedical applications. The results of multiple studies have led to the development of light/hypoxia-responsive azobenzene for biomedical use. In recent years, long-wavelength-responsive azobenzene has been developed. Matching the longer wavelength absorption and hypoxia-response characteristics of the azobenzene switch unit to the bio-optical window results in a large and effective stimulus response. In addition, azobenzene has been used as a hypoxia-sensitive connector via biological cleavage under appropriate stimulus conditions. This has resulted in on/off state switching of properties such as pharmacology and fluorescence activity. Herein, recent advances in the design and fabrication of azobenzene as a trigger in biomedicine are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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28
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Nie C, Liu C, Sun S, Wu S. Visible‐Light‐Controlled Azobenzene‐Cyclodextrin Host‐Guest Interactions for Biomedical Applications and Surface Functionalization. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shaodong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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29
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Younis M, Long J, Peng SQ, Wang XS, Chai C, Bogliotti N, Huang MH. Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3655-3661. [PMID: 33826348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younis
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jonathan Long
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shan-Qing Peng
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 UniversityAvenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chunpeng Chai
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mu-Hua Huang
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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30
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Medved' M, Hoorens MWH, Di Donato M, Laurent AD, Fan J, Taddei M, Hilbers M, Feringa BL, Buma WJ, Szymanski W. Tailoring the optical and dynamic properties of iminothioindoxyl photoswitches through acidochromism. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4588-4598. [PMID: 34163724 PMCID: PMC8179557 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-responsive functional molecules are key for obtaining user-defined control of the properties and functions of chemical and biological systems. In this respect, pH-responsive photochromes, whose switching can be directed with light and acid-base equilibria, have emerged as highly attractive molecular units. The challenge in their design comes from the need to accommodate application-defined boundary conditions for both light- and protonation-responsivity. Here we combine time-resolved spectroscopic studies, on time scales ranging from femtoseconds to seconds, with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate and apply the acidochromism of a recently designed iminothioindoxyl (ITI) photoswitch. We show that protonation of the thermally stable Z isomer leads to a strong batochromically-shifted absorption band, allowing for fast isomerization to the metastable E isomer with light in the 500-600 nm region. Theoretical studies of the reaction mechanism reveal the crucial role of the acid-base equilibrium which controls the populations of the protonated and neutral forms of the E isomer. Since the former is thermally stable, while the latter re-isomerizes on a millisecond time scale, we are able to modulate the half-life of ITIs over three orders of magnitude by shifting this equilibrium. Finally, stable bidirectional switching of protonated ITI with green and red light is demonstrated with a half-life in the range of tens of seconds. Altogether, we designed a new type of multi-responsive molecular switch in which protonation red-shifts the activation wavelength by over 100 nm and enables efficient tuning of the half-life in the millisecond-second range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University Tajovského 40 SK-97400 Banská Bystrica Slovak Republic
| | - Mark W H Hoorens
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Adèle D Laurent
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR UN-CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes Nantes F-44000 France
| | - Jiayun Fan
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Maria Taddei
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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31
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Optical Assessment of Nociceptive TRP Channel Function at the Peripheral Nerve Terminal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020481. [PMID: 33418928 PMCID: PMC7825137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free nerve endings are key structures in sensory transduction of noxious stimuli. In spite of this, little is known about their functional organization. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have emerged as key molecular identities in the sensory transduction of pain-producing stimuli, yet the vast majority of our knowledge about sensory TRP channel function is limited to data obtained from in vitro models which do not necessarily reflect physiological conditions. In recent years, the development of novel optical methods such as genetically encoded calcium indicators and photo-modulation of ion channel activity by pharmacological tools has provided an invaluable opportunity to directly assess nociceptive TRP channel function at the nerve terminal.
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32
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Wu K, Sun J, Ma Y, Wei D, Lee O, Luo H, Fan H. Spatiotemporal regulation of dynamic cell microenvironment signals based on an azobenzene photoswitch. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9212-9226. [PMID: 32929441 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic biochemical and biophysical signals of cellular matrix define and regulate tissue-specific cell functions and fate. To recapitulate this complex environment in vitro, biomaterials based on structural- or degradation-tunable polymers have emerged as powerful platforms for regulating the "on-demand" cell-material dynamic interplay. As one of the most prevalent photoswitch molecules, the photoisomerization of azobenzene demonstrates a unique advantage in the construction of dynamic substrates. Moreover, the development of azobenzene-containing biomaterials is particularly helpful in elucidating cells that adapt to a dynamic microenvironment or integrate spatiotemporal variations of signals. Herein, this minireview, places emphasis on the research progress of azobenzene photoswitches in the dynamic regulation of matrix signals. Some techniques and material design methods have been discussed to provide some theoretical guidance for the rational and efficient design of azopolymer-based material platforms. In addition, considering that the UV-light response of traditional azobenzene photoswitches is not conducive to biological applications, we have summarized the recent approaches to red-shifting the light wavelength for azobenzene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanzhe Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Oscar Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongrong Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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33
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Ludwanowski S, Ari M, Parison K, Kalthoum S, Straub P, Pompe N, Weber S, Walter M, Walther A. pH Tuning of Water-Soluble Arylazopyrazole Photoswitches. Chemistry 2020; 26:13203-13212. [PMID: 32427368 PMCID: PMC7693175 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Arylazopyrazoles are an emerging class of photoswitches with redshifted switching wavelength, high photostationary states, long thermal half-lives and facile synthetic access. Understanding pathways for a simple modulation of the thermal half-lives, while keeping other parameters of interest constant, is an important aspect for out-of-equilibrium systems design and applications. Here, it is demonstrated that the thermal half-life of a water-soluble PEG-tethered arylazo-bis(o-methylated)pyrazole (AAP) can be tuned by more than five orders of magnitude using simple pH adjustment, which is beyond the tunability of azobenzenes. The mechanism of thermal relaxation is investigated by thorough spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the concepts of a tunable half-life are transferred from the molecular scale to the material scale. Based on the photochromic characteristics of E- and Z-AAP, transient information storage is showcased in form of light-written patterns inside films cast from different pH, which in turn leads to different times of storage. With respect to prospective precisely tunable materials and time-programmed out-of-equilibrium systems, an externally tunable half-life is likely advantageous over changing the entire system by the replacement of the photoswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ludwanowski
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Straße 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Straße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Meral Ari
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Karsten Parison
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Straße 3179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Somar Kalthoum
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Paula Straub
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Straße 3179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Nils Pompe
- Institute for Physical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute for Physical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg Center for, Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Straße 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Straße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg Center for, Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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34
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Kerckhoffs A, Langton MJ. Reversible photo-control over transmembrane anion transport using visible-light responsive supramolecular carriers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6325-6331. [PMID: 32953027 PMCID: PMC7472928 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02745f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular anion carriers responsive to visible light enable reversible two-colour photo-control over transmembrane anion transport.
Ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes in biology is controlled by membrane proteins, which in turn are regulated in response to chemical-, physical- and photo-stimuli. The design of synthetic supramolecular ion transporters able to be precisely controlled by external signals, in particular bio-compatible wavelengths of visible light, is key for achieving spatio-temporal control over function. Here we report two-colour responsive molecular photo-switches that act as supramolecular transmembrane anion carriers. Reversible switching of the photo-switch within the lipid bilayer membrane is achieved using biocompatible visible wavelengths of light, such that temporal control over transmembrane anion transport is achieved through alternating irradiation with red and blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Kerckhoffs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
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35
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Klaue K, Han W, Liesfeld P, Berger F, Garmshausen Y, Hecht S. Donor–Acceptor Dihydropyrenes Switchable with Near-Infrared Light. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11857-11864. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Klaue
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenjie Han
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pauline Liesfeld
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Berger
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Garmshausen
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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36
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Lesca E. Light-Sensitive Membrane Proteins as Tools to Generate Precision Treatments. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:81-86. [PMID: 32248246 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BY ANA-NICOLETA BONDAR, BIOPHYSICS SECTION HEAD EDITOR: This issue of the Journal of Membrane Biology inaugurates Up-and-Coming Scientist, in which investigators at early career stages are invited to present recent research in the broad context of their discipline. We inaugurate Up-and-Coming Scientist with the essay by Dr. Elena Lesca of the ETH Zürich and the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. Dr. Lesca has completed her doctoral degree at the Technical University München, Germany, in 2014, and pursued postdoctoral research at the ETH Zürich and Paul Scherrer Institut, where she is Senior Assistant since 2019. Two recent papers by Dr. Lesca et al. (references 33 and 39) have used X-ray crystallography and experimental biophysics approaches to shed light on the mechanism of action of a membrane receptor from the G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family, Jumping Spider Rhodopsin-1 (JSR-1). JSR-1 is a visual rhodopsin activated upon absorption of light by its covalently bound retinal chromophore. Unlike the better-understood bovine rhodopsin GPCR, which is monostable, JSR-1 is bistable (i.e., in JSR-1 the Schiff base that binds retinal to the protein stays protonated throughout the reaction cycle), and absorption of a second photon resets the retinal ligand to the resting state configuration. In her essay, Dr. Lesca discusses the implications of her work on JSR-1 and, more broadly, GPCR research, for state-of-the-art applications in optogenetics and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesca
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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37
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Konrad DB, Savasci G, Allmendinger L, Trauner D, Ochsenfeld C, Ali AM. Computational Design and Synthesis of a Deeply Red-Shifted and Bistable Azobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6538-6547. [PMID: 32207943 PMCID: PMC7307923 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We computationally
dissected the electronic and geometrical influences
of ortho-chlorinated azobenzenes on their photophysical
properties. X-ray analysis provided the insight that trans-tetra-ortho-chloro azobenzene is conformationally
flexible and thus subject to molecular motions. This allows the photoswitch
to adopt a range of red-shifted geometries, which account for the
extended n → π* band tails. On the basis of our results,
we designed the di-ortho-fluoro di-ortho-chloro (dfdc) azobenzene and provided computational
evidence for the superiority of this substitution pattern to tetra-ortho-chloro azobenzene. Thereafter, we synthesized dfdc azobenzene by ortho-chlorination via
2-fold C–H activation and experimentally confirmed its structural
and photophysical properties through UV–vis, NMR, and X-ray
analyses. The advantages include near-bistable isomers and an increased
separation of the n → π* bands between the trans- and cis-conformations, which allows for the generation
of unusually high levels of the cis-isomer by irradiation
with green/yellow light as well as red light within the biooptical
window.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Lars Allmendinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 712, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ahmed M Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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Duan R, Wu D, Tang L, Hu X, Cheng L, Yang H, Li H, Geng F. Interactions of the cis and trans states of an azobenzene photoswitch with lysozyme induced by red and blue light. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:117965. [PMID: 31869683 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the interaction between an azobenzene-based photoswitch and natural protein can help elucidate how the photo-control of an optical molecule participates in the transmission and delivery of proteins, as well as the effects of azo-switch trans and cis states on protein configurations. In this study, fluorescence analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the interaction among different configurations of tetra-ortho-methoxy substituted azobenzene di-maleimide (toM-ABDM), a red light-induced optical azo-switch, and lysozyme (LYZ). Results showed that toM-ABDM caused the static quenching of LYZ. The cis toM-ABDM had stronger binding affinity than trans toM-ABDM. The noncovalent interaction, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, could not regulate the conformation of LYZ in photo-control. A binding model of toM-ABDM and LYZ in different forms induced by red and blue light was further established by computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Duan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Lan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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Imperatore C, Valadan M, Tartaglione L, Persico M, Ramunno A, Menna M, Casertano M, Dell’Aversano C, Singh M, d’Aulisio Garigliota ML, Bajardi F, Morelli E, Fattorusso C, Altucci C, Varra M. Exploring the Photodynamic Properties of Two Antiproliferative Benzodiazopyrrole Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041246. [PMID: 32069905 PMCID: PMC7072997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of molecules whose biological activity can be properly modulated by light is a promising therapeutic approach aimed to improve drug selectivity and efficacy on the molecular target and to limit the side effects compared to traditional drugs. Recently, two photo-switchable diastereomeric benzodiazopyrrole derivatives 1RR and 1RS have been reported as microtubules targeting agents (MTAs) on human colorectal carcinoma p53 null cell line (HCT 116 p53-/-). Their IC50 was enhanced upon Light Emitting Diode (LED) irradiation at 435 nm and was related to their cis form. Here we have investigated the photo-responsive behavior of the acid derivatives of 1RR and 1RS, namely, d1RR and d1RS, in phosphate buffer solutions at different pH. The comparison of the UV spectra, acquired before and after LED irradiation, indicated that the trans→cis conversion of d1RR and d1RS is affected by the degree of ionization. The apparent rate constants were calculated from the kinetic data by means of fast UV spectroscopy and the conformers of the putative ionic species present in solution (pH range: 5.7–8.0) were modelled. Taken together, our experimental and theoretical results suggest that the photo-conversions of transd1RR/d1RS into the corresponding cis forms and the thermal decay of cisd1RR/d1RS are dependent on the presence of diazonium form of d1RR/d1RS. Finally, a photo-reaction was detected only for d1RR after prolonged LED irradiation in acidic medium, and the resulting product was characterized by means of Liquid Chromatography coupled to High resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Imperatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Mohammadhassan Valadan
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
- CoNISMa–Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy/DIFARMA, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; (A.R.); (M.L.d.G.)
| | - Marialuisa Menna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Marcello Casertano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Carmela Dell’Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
- CoNISMa–Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Manjot Singh
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Francesco Bajardi
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Elena Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (C.A.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-081-678544 (C.F.); +39-081-676293 (C.A.); +39-081-678540 (M.V.)
| | - Carlo Altucci
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (C.A.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-081-678544 (C.F.); +39-081-676293 (C.A.); +39-081-678540 (M.V.)
| | - Michela Varra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.I.); (L.T.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (C.A.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-081-678544 (C.F.); +39-081-676293 (C.A.); +39-081-678540 (M.V.)
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40
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Two-Photon Excitation of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Synthetic Optogenetics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic optogenetics is an emerging optical technique that enables users to photocontrol molecules, proteins, and cells in vitro and in vivo. This is achieved by use of synthetic chromophores—denoted photoswitches—that undergo light-dependent changes (e.g., isomerization), which are meticulously designed to interact with unique cellular targets, notably proteins. Following light illumination, the changes adopted by photoswitches are harnessed to affect the function of nearby proteins. In most instances, photoswitches absorb visible light, wavelengths of poor tissue penetration, and excessive scatter. These shortcomings impede their use in vivo. To overcome these challenges, photoswitches of red-shifted absorbance have been developed. Notably, this shift in absorbance also increases their compatibility with two-photon excitation (2PE) methods. Here, we provide an overview of recent efforts devoted towards optimizing azobenzene-based photoswitches for 2PE and their current applications.
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41
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Kennedy ADW, Sandler I, Andréasson J, Ho J, Beves JE. Visible‐Light Photoswitching by Azobenzazoles. Chemistry 2020; 26:1103-1110. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isolde Sandler
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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42
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Martínez-López D, Babalhavaeji A, Sampedro D, Woolley GA. Synthesis and characterization of bis(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methoxy)azobenzene derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:3000-3008. [PMID: 31976009 PMCID: PMC6964645 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoazobenzene derivatives with four ortho substituents with respect to the N–N double bond are a relatively unexplored class of azo compounds that show promise for use as photoswitches in biology. Tetra-ortho-methoxy-substituted aminoazobenzene compounds in particular can form azonium ions under physiological conditions and exhibit red-light photoswitching. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two bis(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methoxy)azobenzene derivatives. These compounds form red-light-absorbing azonium ions, but only under very acidic conditions (pH < 1). While the low pKa makes the azonium form unsuitable, the neutral versions of these compounds undergo trans-to-cis photoisomerization with blue-green light and exhibit slow (τ1/2 ≈ 10 min) thermal reversion and so may find applications under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-López
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
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43
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Roche A, Oriol L, Tejedor RM, Piñol M. Polymeric Self-Assemblies Based on tetra- ortho-Substituted Azobenzene as Visible Light Responsive Nanocarriers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122060. [PMID: 31835773 PMCID: PMC6960964 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of reported polymeric light-responsive nanocarriers make use of UV light to trigger morphological changes and the subsequent release of encapsulated cargoes. Moving from UV- to visible-responsive units is interesting for the potential biomedical applications of these materials. Herein we report the synthesis by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of a series of amphiphilic diblock copolymers, into which either UV or visible responsive azobenzenes have been introduced via copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). These copolymers are able to self-assemble into spherical micelles or vesicles when dispersed in water. The study of the response of the self-assemblies upon UV (365 nm) or visible (530 or 625 nm) light irradiation has been studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) studies. Encapsulation of Nile Red, in micelles and vesicles, and Rhodamine B, in vesicles, and its light-stimulated release has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy. Appreciable morphological changes have been induced with green light, and the subsequent release of encapsulated cargoes upon green light irradiation has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Roche
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza‒CSIC, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.); (L.O.)
| | - Luis Oriol
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza‒CSIC, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.); (L.O.)
| | - Rosa M. Tejedor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza‒CSIC, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.); (L.O.)
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Academia General Militar, Ctra. de Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.T.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-976-762279 (M.P.)
| | - Milagros Piñol
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza‒CSIC, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.); (L.O.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.T.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-976-762279 (M.P.)
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44
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Krawczyk KM, Field RL, Liu LC, Dong M, Woolley GA, Miller RD. Illuminating the photoisomerization of a modified azobenzene single crystal by femtosecond absorption spectroscopy. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of isomerization for azobenzene is a topic still to be completely elucidated. Here, we describe the ultrafast dynamics of a brominated dioxane-methoxy-azobenzene under single crystal conditions by means of femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Upon excitation with 400 nm light, spectral components with decays of 0.72, 2.9, and >10 ps are observed. The fast components of the system correspond to vibrational cooling of the population on the S1 excited state, with a decay to a local minimum in the reaction coordinate, followed by a longer evolution to a dark intermediate state prior to relaxing to the ground state, S0. The long time constant can be used to describe the isomerization process, returning excited population to the ground state. Spectral frequencies observed at 33 and 82 cm−1 suggest that both rotation and inversion occur in the system, with a stronger contribution coming from the latter due to a weakened N–N double bond in the excited state. This information provides insight into the structural nature of modified azobenzene systems and sets the stage for future structural studies of the molecule’s isomerization dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil M. Krawczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Ryan L. Field
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Lai Chung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Street, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - G. Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - R.J. Dwayne Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Building 99 (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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45
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Shao B, Aprahamian I. pH‐Induced Fluorescence and Thermal Relaxation Rate Modulation in a Hydrazone Photoswitch. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baihao Shao
- Baihao Shao, Prof. Ivan Aprahamian Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College 6128 Burke Laboratory Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Baihao Shao, Prof. Ivan Aprahamian Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College 6128 Burke Laboratory Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA
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46
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Gibson RSL, Calbo J, Fuchter MJ. Chemical
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Isomer Switching of Arylazopyrazoles Using Acid. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosina S. L. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Department of MaterialsImperial College London Royal School of Mines Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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47
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Yasuike N, Blacklock KM, Lu H, Jaikaran ASI, McDonald S, Uppalapati M, Khare SD, Woolley GA. Photoswitchable affinity reagents: Computational design and efficient red-light switching. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019; 3:431-440. [PMID: 32856001 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photo-controlled affinity reagents seek to provide modular spatiotemporal control of bioactivity by conferring photo-switchability of function on an affinity reagent scaffold. Here we used Rosetta-based computational methods to screen for sites on the Fynomer affinity reagent structure for attachment of photoswitchable cross-linkers. Both established UV-based cross-linkers (azobenzene-iodoacetamide (IAC)) and an azonium-based efficient red light switchable cross-linker, piperazino-tetra-ortho-methoxy azobenzene (PIP), were then tested experimentally. Several sites compatible with Fynomer function were identified, including sites showing rapid (<10s) red light (633 nm) modulation of function. While a range of overall target binding affinities were observed, the degree of photo-switchability of Fynomer function was generally small (<2-fold). Computational models suggest that local flexibility limits the degree of switching seen in these designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Yasuike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada.,JSR Corporation, 1-9-2, Higashi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8640, Japan
| | - Kristin M Blacklock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Huixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Anna S I Jaikaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sherin McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, U.S.A
| | - Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, U.S.A
| | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
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48
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Yasuike N, Lu H, Xia P, Woolley GA. Intramolecular cross-linking of proteins with azobenzene-based cross-linkers. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:129-149. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Kong L, Yang J. Rational molecular design: functional quinoline derivatives for PA detection, gaseous acid/base switching and anion-controlled fluorescence. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
D-π-A quinoline derivatives were applied in PA detection, gaseous acid/base switching and anions-controlled fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ma
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functional Materials
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functional Materials
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Kong
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functional Materials
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functional Materials
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
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50
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Dong L, Feng Y, Wang L, Feng W. Azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels: design, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7339-7368. [PMID: 30168543 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of renewable energy technologies has been a significant area of research amongst scientists with the aim of attaining a sustainable world society. Solar thermal fuels that can capture, convert, store, and release solar energy in the form of heat through reversible photoisomerization of molecular photoswitches such as azobenzene derivatives are currently in the limelight of research. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art account on the recent advancements in solar thermal fuels based on azobenzene photoswitches. We begin with an overview on the importance of azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels and their fundamentals. Then, we highlight the recent advances in diverse azobenzene materials for solar thermal fuels such as pure azobenzene derivatives, nanocarbon-templated azobenzene, and polymer-templated azobenzene. The basic design concepts of these advanced solar energy storage materials are discussed, and their promising applications are highlighted. We then introduce the recent endeavors in the molecular design of azobenzene derivatives toward efficient solar thermal fuels, and conclude with new perspectives on the future scope, opportunities and challenges. It is expected that continuous pioneering research involving scientists and engineers from diverse technological backgrounds could trigger the rapid advancement of this important interdisciplinary field, which embraces chemistry, physics, engineering, nanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, polymer science, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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