1
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De Boni F, Pilot R, Milani A, Ivanovskaya VV, Abraham RJ, Casalini S, Pedron D, Casari CS, Sambi M, Sedona F. Structure and vibrational properties of 1D molecular wires: from graphene to graphdiyne. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11211-11222. [PMID: 38775497 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Graphyne- and graphdiyne-like model systems have attracted much attention from many structural, theoretical, and synthetic scientists because of their promising electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, which are crucially affected by the presence, abundance and distribution of triple bonds within the nanostructures. In this work, we performed the two-step bottom-up on-surface synthesis of graphyne- and graphdiyne-based molecular wires on the Au(111). We characterized their structural and chemical properties both in situ (UHV conditions) through STM and XPS and ex situ (in air) through Raman spectroscopy. By comparing the results with the well-known growth of poly(p-phenylene) wires (namely the narrowest armchair graphene nanoribbon), we were able to show how to discriminate different numbers of triple bonds within a molecule or a nanowire also containing phenyl rings. Even if the number of triple bonds can be effectively determined from the main features of STM images and confirmed by fitting the C1s peak in XPS spectra, we obtained the most relevant results from ex situ Raman spectroscopy, despite the sub-monolayer amount of molecular wires. The detailed analysis of Raman spectra, combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations, allowed us to identify the main features related to the presence of isolated (graphyne-like systems) or at least two conjugated triple bonds (graphdiyne-like systems). Moreover, other spectral features can be exploited to understand if the chemical structure of graphyne- and graphdiyne-based nanostructures suffered unwanted reactions. As in the case of sub-monolayer graphene nanoribbons obtained by on-surface synthesis, we demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be used for a fast, highly sensitive and non-destructive determination of the properties, the quality and the stability of the graphyine- and graphdiyne-based nanostructures obtained by this highly promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Boni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pilot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Viktoria V Ivanovskaya
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Raichel J Abraham
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Casalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Danilo Pedron
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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2
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Tang K, Li Y, Chen Y, Cui W, Lin Z, Zhang Y, Shi L. Encapsulation and Evolution of Polyynes Inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:966. [PMID: 38869590 PMCID: PMC11174086 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Polyyne is an sp-hybridized linear carbon chain (LCC) with alternating single and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Polyyne is very reactive; thus, its structure can be easily damaged through a cross-linking reaction between the molecules. The longer the polyyne is, the more unstable it becomes. Therefore, it is difficult to directly synthesize long polyynes in a solvent. The encapsulation of polyynes inside carbon nanotubes not only stabilizes the molecules to avoid cross-linking reactions, but also allows a restriction reaction to occur solely at the ends of the polyynes, resulting in long LCCs. Here, by controlling the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), polyynes were filled with high yield below room temperature. Subsequent annealing of the filled samples promoted the reaction between the polyynes, leading to the formation of long LCCs. More importantly, single chiral (6,5) SWCNTs with high purity were used for the successful encapsulation of polyynes for the first time, and LCCs were synthesized by coalescing the polyynes in the (6,5) SWCNTs. This method holds promise for further exploration of the synthesis of property-tailored LCCs through encapsulation inside different chiral SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinong Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Z.L.)
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Z.L.)
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, School of Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Zhou Z, Johnson MA, Wei Z, Bühringer MU, Garner MH, Tykwinski R, Petrukhina MA. Bending a Cumulene with Electrons: Stepwise Chemical Reduction and Structural Study of a Tetraaryl[4]Cumulene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304145. [PMID: 38433113 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of a [4]cumulene with cesium metal was explored, and the structural changes stemming from electron acquisition are detailed using X-ray crystallography. It is found that the [4]cumulene undergoes dramatic geometric changes upon stepwise reduction, including bending of the cumulenic core and twisting of the endgroups from orthogonal to planar. The structural deformation is consistent with early theoretical reports that suggest that the twisting should occur upon reduction of both even and odd [n]cumulenes. The current results, on the other hand, are inconsistent with a previous experimental study of a [3]cumulene in which the predicted twisting is not observed upon reduction. DFT calculations reveal that the barrier to deformation is an order of magnitude lower in a [3]cumulene than a [4]cumulene, allowing the barrier to be overcome in the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| | - Matthew A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB-T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| | - Martina U Bühringer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc H Garner
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rik Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB-T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
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4
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Banhart F. The Formation and Transformation of Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310462. [PMID: 38700071 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene- or graphite-based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
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5
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Jeevanandham S, Kochhar D, Agrawal O, Pahari S, Kar C, Goswami T, Sulania I, Mukherjee M. Unravelling the formation of carbyne nanocrystals from graphene nanoconstrictions through the hydrothermal treatment of agro-industrial waste molasses. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2390-2406. [PMID: 38694474 PMCID: PMC11059479 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The delicate synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanostructures from two-dimensional (2D) graphene moiré layers holds tremendous interest in materials science owing to its unique physiochemical properties exhibited during the formation of hybrid configurations with sp-sp2 hybridization. However, the controlled synthesis of such hybrid sp-sp2 configurations remains highly challenging. Therefore, we employed a simple hydrothermal technique using agro-industrial waste as the carbon source to synthesize 1D carbyne nanocrystals from the nanoconstricted zones of 2D graphene moiré layers. By employing suite of characterization techniques, we delineated the mechanism of carbyne nanocrystal formation, wherein the origin of carbyne nanochains was deciphered from graphene intermediates due to the presence of a hydrothermally cut nanoconstriction regime engendered over well-oriented graphene moiré patterns. The autogenous hydrothermal pressurization of agro-industrial waste under controlled conditions led to the generation of epoxy-rich graphene intermediates, which concomitantly gave rise to carbyne nanocrystal formation in oriented moiré layers with nanogaps. The unique growth of carbyne nanocrystals over a few layers of holey graphene exhibits excellent paramagnetic properties, the predominant localization of electrons and interfacial polarization effects. Further, we extended the application of the as-synthesized carbyne product (Cp) for real-time electrochemical-based toxic metal (As3+) sensing in groundwater samples (from riverbanks), which depicted superior sensitivity (0.22 mA μM-1) even at extremely lower concentrations (0.0001 μM), corroborating the impedance spectroscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
| | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
| | - Omnarayan Agrawal
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
| | - Siddhartha Pahari
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Chirantan Kar
- Amity Institute of Applied Science, Amity University Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 700135 India
| | - Tamal Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University Uttar Dinajpur Raiganj West Bengal 733134 India
| | - Indra Sulania
- Inter University Accelerator Centre Vasant Kunj New Delhi Delhi 110067 India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
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6
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Melesi S, Marabotti P, Milani A, Pigulski B, Gulia N, Pińkowski P, Szafert S, Del Zoppo M, Castiglioni C, Casari CS. Impact of Halogen Termination and Chain Length on π-Electron Conjugation and Vibrational Properties of Halogen-Terminated Polyynes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2703-2716. [PMID: 38507898 PMCID: PMC11017249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We explored the optoelectronic and vibrational properties of a new class of halogen-terminated carbon atomic wires in the form of polyynes using UV-vis, infrared absorption, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, and DFT calculations. These polyynes terminate on one side with a cyanophenyl group and on the other side, with a halogen atom X (X = Cl, Br, I). We focus on the effect of different halogen terminations and increasing lengths (i.e., 4, 6, and 8 sp-carbon atoms) on the π-electron conjugation and the electronic structure of these systems. The variation in the sp-carbon chain length is more effective in tuning these features than changing the halogen end group, which instead leads to a variety of solid-state architectures. Shifts between the vibrational frequencies of samples in crystalline powders and in solution reflect intermolecular interactions. In particular, the presence of head-to-tail dimers in the crystals is responsible for the modulation of the charge density associated with the π-electron system, and this phenomenon is particularly important when strong I··· N halogen bonds occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Melesi
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Pietro Marabotti
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Institut
für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt
Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Nurbey Gulia
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Piotr Pińkowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Mirella Del Zoppo
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
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7
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Arora A, Baksi SD, Weisbach N, Amini H, Bhuvanesh N, Gladysz JA. Monodisperse Molecular Models for the sp Carbon Allotrope Carbyne; Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Diplatinum Polyynediyl Complexes with PtC20Pt to PtC52Pt Linkages. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2225-2240. [PMID: 38161378 PMCID: PMC10755852 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Extended conjugated polyynes provide models for the elusive sp carbon polymer carbyne, but progress has been hampered by numerous synthetic challenges. Stabilities appear to be enhanced by bulky, electropositive transition-metal endgroups. Reactions of trans-(C6F5)(p-tol3P)2Pt(C≡C)nSiEt3 (n = 4-6, PtCxSi (x = 2n)) with n-Bu4N+F-/Me3SiCl followed by excess tetrayne H(C≡C)4SiEt3 (HC8Si) and then CuCl/TMEDA and O2 give the heterocoupling products PtCx+8Si, PtCx+16Si, and sometimes higher homologues. The PtCx+16Si species presumably arise via protodesilylation of PtCx+8Si under the reaction conditions. Chromatography allows the separation of PtC16Si, PtC24Si, and PtC32Si (from n = 4), PtC18Si and PtC26Si (n = 5), or PtC20Si and PtC28Si (n = 6). These and previously reported species are applied in similar oxidative homocouplings, affording the family of diplatinum polyynediyl complexes PtCxPt (x = 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 in 96-34% yields and x = 44, 48, 52 in 22-7% yields). These are carefully characterized by 13C NMR, UV-visible, and Raman spectroscopy and other techniques, with particular attention to behavior as the Cx chain approaches the macromolecular limit and endgroup effects diminish. The crystal structures of solvates of PtC20Pt, PtC24Pt, and PtC26Si, which feature the longest sp chains structurally characterized to date, are analyzed in detail. All data support a polyyne electronic structure with a nonzero optical band gap and bond length alternation for carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Weisbach
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - Hashem Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
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8
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Consiglio G, Gorcyński A, Petralia S, Forte G. Predicting the dye-sensitized solar cell performance of novel linear carbon chain-based dyes: insights from DFT simulations. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15995-16004. [PMID: 37847522 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01856c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we employ density functional theory (DFT) simulations to predict the energy conversion efficiency of a novel class of organic dyes based on linear carbon chain (LCC) linkers for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We investigate the role of the anchoring group, which serves as a bridge connecting the linker and the surface. Specifically, we compare the performance of cyanoacrylic acid, dyes PY-4N and PY-3N, with that of phosphonate derivatives, dyes PY-4NP and PY-3NP, wherein the carboxylic group of the cyanoacrylic moiety is replaced with phosphonic acid. The observed variations in the UV/VIS absorption spectra have a slight impact on the light harvesting efficiency (LHE). Based on the empirical parameters we have taken into account, the electron injection efficiency (Φinj) and electron collection efficiency (ηcoll) values do not impact the short-circuit current density (JSC) values of all the studied dyes. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) is theoretically predicted using the improved normal model (INM) method. Among the dyes, PY-4N and PY-3N demonstrate the highest Voc values. This can be attributed to a more favorable recombination rate value, which is related to the energy gap between the HOMO level of the dyes and the conduction band minimum (CBM) of the surface. Dyes PY-4N and PY-3N are predicted to demonstrate remarkably high photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) values of approximately 21.79% and 16.52%, respectively, and therefore, they are expected to be potential candidates as organic dyes for applications in DSSCs. It is worth noting that PY-4NP and PY-3NP exhibit strong adsorption energy on the surface and interesting PCE values of 11.66% and 8.29%, respectively. This opens up possibilities for their application in DSSCs either as standalone sensitizers or as co-sensitizers alongside metal-free organic dyes or organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Consiglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125, Italy
| | - Adam Gorcyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Department of Drug Sciences and Health, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Drug Sciences and Health, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125, Italy.
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9
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Wang ZY, Zhu R. Conjugated [5]Cumulene Polymers Enabled by Condensation Polymerization of Propargylic Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23755-23763. [PMID: 37853723 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Cumulenes, sp-hybridized carbon motifs featuring consecutive double bonds, have rarely been explored as π-elements for conjugated polymers. Long cumulenic conjugated polymers can serve as models for approaching carbyne, an intriguing yet elusive carbon allotrope. However, their synthesis is notoriously difficult due to intrinsic instability. To date, only few [3]cumulene-based polymers have been synthesized, mostly relying on surface chemistry. Higher cumulene-based polymers remain unknown. Here, we present a "meet in the middle" strategy to overcome this challenge and synthesize high-molecular-weight, stable, and solution-processable conjugated [5]cumulene polymers (Mw up to 67.9 kg/mol). Our approach involves a new polymerization method called step-growth condensation polymerization of propargylic electrophiles (step-growth CPPE). The structures and molecular weights of the cumulenic polymers are established by various spectroscopic methods, including a comparative analysis of a discrete oligomer series. By introducing ortho-substituents on the aryl side groups, we successfully address the stability-conjugation dilemma. Electronic communication between cumulene units is found to be contingent upon the aromaticity of the π-spacers, enabling flexible energy-level adjustment and new narrow band gap polymers. The synthetic methodology and structure-property relationship established in this work serve as the starting points for the exploration of this fascinating family of sp-carbon-rich materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Liu Z, Wang J, Zhou Q, Lu T, Wang X, Yan X, Zhao M, Yuan A. Size dependence of optical nonlinearity for H-capped carbon chains, H-(CC) n-H ( n = 3-15): analysis of its nature and prediction for long chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29165-29172. [PMID: 37870160 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on a computational approach that can accurately describe their geometric structures and electronic spectra, we have theoretically studied the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of H-capped carbon chains, H-(CC)n-H (n = 3-15), for the first time. Special attention was paid to the size dependence of the molecular (hyper)polarizability of these species through the nonlinear fitting of the data, which formed two power-law formulas of αiso(∞) = -0.206 + 0.264n1.498 and γ‖(∞) = -0.624 + 0.006n3.368 and was thoroughly discussed at the electronic structure level by in-depth wavefunction analyses. The fundamental gap (ΔE) between vertical ionization energy (VIE) and vertical electron affinity (VEA) is found to be related to the molecular (hyper)polarizability. The calculated (hyper)polarizability of the carbon chains H-(CC)n-H (n = 3-15) is more sensitive to the density functional theory (DFT) applied than to the basis set selected. The results are expected to provide theoretical guidance for the property prediction of arbitrarily long carbon chains not yet synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing 100022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiufen Yan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Kabaciński P, Marabotti P, Fazzi D, Petropoulos V, Iudica A, Serafini P, Cerullo G, Casari CS, Zavelani-Rossi M. Disclosing Early Excited State Relaxation Events in Prototypical Linear Carbon Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18382-18390. [PMID: 37525883 PMCID: PMC10450801 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) linear nanostructures comprising sp-hybridized carbon atoms, as derivatives of the prototypical allotrope known as carbyne, are predicted to possess outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties. Despite recent advances in their synthesis, their chemical and physical properties are still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the photophysics of a prototypical polyyne (i.e., 1D chain with alternating single and triple carbon bonds) as the simplest model of finite carbon wire and as a prototype of sp-carbon-based chains. We perform transient absorption experiments with high temporal resolution (<30 fs) on monodispersed hydrogen-capped hexayne H─(C≡C)6─H synthesized by laser ablation in liquid. With the support of computational studies based on ground state density functional theory (DFT) and excited state time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations, we provide a comprehensive description of the excited state relaxation processes at early times following photoexcitation. We show that the internal conversion from a bright high-energy singlet excited state to a low-lying singlet dark state is ultrafast and takes place with a 200 fs time constant, followed by thermalization on the picosecond time scale and decay of the low-energy singlet state with hundreds of picoseconds time constant. We also show that the time scale of these processes does not depend on the end groups capping the sp-carbon chain. The understanding of the primary photoinduced events in polyynes is of key importance both for fundamental knowledge and for potential optoelectronic and light-harvesting applications of low-dimensional nanostructured carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kabaciński
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Marabotti
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università degli studi di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasilis Petropoulos
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Iudica
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrick Serafini
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie IFN-CNR, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Zavelani-Rossi
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie IFN-CNR, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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Liu F, Wang Q, Tang Y, Du W, Chang W, Fu Z, Zhao X, Liu Y. Carbon nanowires made by the insertion-and-fusion method toward carbon-hydrogen nanoelectronics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6143-6155. [PMID: 36892226 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanowires (CNWs), long linear carbon chains encapsulated inside carbon nanotubes, exhibit sp hybridization characteristics as one of one-dimensional nanocarbon materials. The research interests on CNWs are accelerated by the successful experimental syntheses from the multi-walled to double-walled until single-walled CNWs recently but the formation mechanisms and structure-property relationships of CNWs remain poorly understood. In this work, we studied the insertion-and-fusion formation process of CNWs at an atomistic level using ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations with particular focus on the hydrogen (H) adatom effects on the configurations and properties of carbon chains. The constrained MD shows that short carbon chains can be inserted and fused into long carbon chains inside the CNTs due to the van der Waals interactions with little energy barriers. We found that the end-capped H atoms of carbon chains may still remain as adatoms on the fused chains without C-H bond breaking and could transfer along the carbon chains via thermal activation. Moreover, the H adatoms were found to have critical effects on the distribution of bond length alternation as well as the energy level gaps and magnetic moments depending on the varied positions of H adatoms on the carbon chains. The results of ReaxFF MD simulations were validated by the DFT calculations and ab initio MD simulations. The diameter effect of the CNTs on the binding energies suggest that multiple CNTs with a range of appropriate diameters can be used to stabilize the carbon chains. Different from the terminal H of carbon nanomaterials, this work demonstrated that the H adatoms could be used to tune the electronic and magnetic properties of carbon-based electronic devices, opening up the door toward rich carbon-hydrogen nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Liu
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wan Du
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Weiwei Chang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zewei Fu
- Yunnan Tin Industry Group (Holding) Co. Ltd. R & D Center, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Xinluo Zhao
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
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13
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Cao W, Xu H, Liu P, He Y, Yang G. The kinked structure and interchain van der Waals interaction of carbyne nanocrystals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:338-344. [PMID: 36687340 PMCID: PMC9811524 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbyne with one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon atoms is the third form of carbon following diamond and graphite. Although carbyne nanocrystals have been synthesized, little is known about its structural details. Here, we report experimental evidence of the kinked structure of carbon chains and interchain van der Waals interaction of carbyne nanocrystals by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. We measure the resonance and the feature peaks of the kinked configuration of carbon chains and the van der Waals interaction between chains of carbyne nanocrystals using NEXAFS spectroscopy. We also perform theoretical calculations of density functional theory and simulations based on the super-cell core-hole method for carbon K-edge NEXAFS. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements, which demonstrates that carbyne nanocrystals are van der Waals crystals with kinked chains as structural units. Note that the peak at 288.5 eV in the simulated NEXAFS spectrum implies the possible presence of hydrogen-terminated kinks or hydrogen-terminated chains in carbyne nanocrystals, which clarifies the understanding of the C-H bond in carbyne nanocrystals. These findings are enlightening and significant for pursuing physics and potential applications of carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Huakai Xu
- College of Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical TechnologyMaoming525000GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yan He
- College of Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical TechnologyMaoming525000GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275GuangdongP. R. China
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14
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Abstract
The formation and study of molecules that model the sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, carbyne, is a challenging field of synthetic physical organic chemistry. The target molecules, oligo- and polyynes, are often the preferred candidates as models for carbyne because they can be formed with monodisperse lengths as well as defined structures. Despite a simple linear structure, the synthesis of polyynes is often far from straightforward, due in large part to a highly conjugated framework that can render both precursors and products highly reactive, i.e., kinetically unstable. The vast majority of polyynes are formed as symmetrical products from terminal alkynes as precursors via an oxidative, acetylenic homocoupling reaction based on the Glaser, Eglinton-Galbraith, and Hay reactions. These reactions are very efficient for the synthesis of shorter polyynes (e.g., hexaynes and octaynes), but yields often drop dramatically as a function of length for longer derivatives, usually starting with the formation of decaynes. The most effective approach to circumvent unstable precursors and products has been through the incorporation of sterically demanding end groups that serve to "protect" the polyyne skeleton. This approach was arguably identified in the early 1950s by Bohlmann and co-workers with the synthesis of tBu-end-capped polyynes. During the next 50 years, a polyyne with 14 contiguous alkyne units remained the longest isolated derivative until 2010, when the record was extended to 22 alkyne units. The record length was broken again in 2020, when a polyyne consisting of 24 alkynes was isolated and characterized. Beyond polyynes, there have been several reports describing the potential synthesis of carbyne, but conclusive characterization and proof of structure have been tenuous. The sole example of synthetic carbyne arises from synthesis within carbon nanotubes, when chains of thousands of sp carbon atoms have been linked to form polydisperse samples of carbyne. Thus, model compounds for carbyne, the polyynes, remain the best means to examine and predict the experimental structure and properties of this carbon allotrope.This Account will discuss the general synthesis of polyynes using homologous series of polyynes with up to 10 alkyne units as examples (decaynes). The limited number of specific syntheses of series with longer polyynes will then be presented and discussed in more detail based on end groups. The monodisperse polyynes produced from these synthetic efforts are then examined toward providing our best extrapolations for the expected characteristics for carbyne based on 13C NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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15
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Niu M, Cui C, Tian R, Zhao Y, Miao L, Hao W, Li J, Sui C, He X, Wang C. Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes in carbon nanotube fibers under tension-torsion loading. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30085-30093. [PMID: 36329939 PMCID: PMC9585649 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In carbon nanotube fibers (CNFs) fabricated by spinning methods, it is well-known that the mechanical and thermal performances of CNFs are highly dependent on the mechanical and thermal properties of the inherent CNTs. Furthermore, long CNTs are usually preferred to assemble CNFs because the interaction and entanglement between long CNTs are effectively stronger than between short CNTs. However, in CNFs fabricated using long CNTs, the interior carbon nanotubes (CNTs) inevitably undergo both tension and torsion loading when they are stretched, which would influence the mechanical and thermal performances of CNFs. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to study the mechanical and thermal properties of individual CNTs under tension–torsion loading. As for mechanical properties, it was found that both the fracture strength and Young's modulus of CNTs decreased as the twist angle α increased. Besides, step-wise fracture happened due to stress concentration when the twisted CNTs are stretched. On the other hand, it could be seen that the thermal conductivity of CNTs decreased as α increased. This work presents the systematic investigation of the mechanical and thermal properties of CNTs under tension–torsion loading and provides a theoretical guideline for the design and fabrication of CNFs. Systematically investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of SWCNT under tension and torsion loadings and provide references for fabricating next-generation super-CNF.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowen Niu
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering Beijing 100076 China
| | - Chongxiao Cui
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China
| | - Rui Tian
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yushun Zhao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China.,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Miao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China
| | - Weizhe Hao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China
| | - Chao Sui
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China.,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China.,Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd Shenzhen 518000 China.,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China .,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China.,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 P. R. China
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16
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron Difluoride Formazanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Erin L. Cotterill
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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17
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Gronowski M, Kołos R. A DFT Study on the Excited Electronic States of Cyanopolyynes: Benchmarks and Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185829. [PMID: 36144567 PMCID: PMC9500640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly unsaturated chain molecules are interesting due to their potential application as nanowires and occurrence in interstellar space. Here, we focus on predicting the electronic spectra of polyynic nitriles HC2m+1N (m = 0–13) and dinitriles NC2n+2N (n = 0–14). The results of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations are compared with the available gas-phase and noble gas matrix experimental data. We assessed the performance of fifteen functionals and five basis sets for reproducing (i) vibrationless electronic excitation energies and (ii) vibrational frequencies in the singlet excited states. We found that the basis sets of at least triple-ζ quality were necessary to describe the long molecules with alternate single and triple bonds. Vibrational frequency scaling factors are similar for the ground and excited states. The benchmarked spectroscopic parameters were shown to be acceptably reproduced with adequately chosen functionals, in particular ωB97X, CAM-B3LYP, B3LYP, B971, and B972. Select functionals were applied to study the electronic excitation of molecules up to HC27N and C30N2. It is demonstrated that optical excitation leads to a shift from the polyyne- to a cumulene-like electronic structure.
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18
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Marabotti P, Tommasini M, Castiglioni C, Serafini P, Peggiani S, Tortora M, Rossi B, Li Bassi A, Russo V, Casari CS. Electron-phonon coupling and vibrational properties of size-selected linear carbon chains by resonance Raman scattering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5052. [PMID: 36030293 PMCID: PMC9420137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
UV resonance Raman spectroscopy of size-selected linear sp-carbon chains unveils vibrational overtones and combinations up to the fifth order. Thanks to the tunability of the synchrotron source, we excited each H-terminated polyyne (HCnH with n = 8,10,12) to the maxima of its vibronic absorption spectrum allowing us to precisely determine the electronic and vibrational structure of the ground and excited states for the main observed vibrational mode. Selected transitions are shown to enhance specific overtone orders in the Raman spectrum in a specific way that can be explained by a simple analytical model based on Albrecht's theory of resonance Raman scattering. The determined Huang-Rhys factors indicate a strong and size-dependent electron-phonon coupling increasing with the sp-carbon chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marabotti
- Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory-NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chem. Eng. 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - C Castiglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chem. Eng. 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - P Serafini
- Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory-NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - S Peggiani
- Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory-NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tortora
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 114 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Rossi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 114 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Li Bassi
- Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory-NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - V Russo
- Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory-NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - C S Casari
- Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory-NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterrill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S Dhindsa
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Erin L. Cotterrill
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Michael Anghel
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- The University of Western Ontario Department of Chemistry 1151 Richmond St. N. N6A 5B7 London CANADA
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20
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Sun B, Oakley MS, Yoshida K, Yang Y, Tommasini M, Zanchi C, Lucotti A, Ferguson MJ, Hampel F, Klobukowski M, Tykwinski RR. The Effects of Ring Strain on Cyclic Tetraaryl[5]cumulenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200616. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Meagan S. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Zanchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
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21
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Serafini P, Milani A, Tommasini M, Castiglioni C, Proserpio DM, Bottani CE, Casari CS. Vibrational properties of graphdiynes as 2D carbon materials beyond graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10524-10536. [PMID: 35442257 PMCID: PMC9425158 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00980c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid sp–sp2 carbon systems are an appealing subject for science and technology. For these materials, topology and structure significantly affect electronic and vibrational properties. We investigate here by periodic density-functional theory (DFT) calculations the Raman and IR spectra of 2D carbon crystals belonging to the family of graphdiynes (GDYs) and having different structures and topologies. By joining DFT calculations with symmetry analysis, we assign the IR and Raman modes in the spectra of all the investigated systems. On this basis, we discuss how the modulation of the Raman and IR active bands depends on the different interactions between sp and sp2 domains. The symmetry-based classification allows identifying the marker bands sensitive to the different peculiar topologies. These results show the effectiveness of vibrational spectroscopy for the characterization of new nanostructures, deepening the knowledge of the subtle interactions that take place in these 2D materials. Raman and IR spectra investigation of 2D carbon crystals belonging to the family of graphdiynes (GDYs) and having different structures is performed in this paper, focusing on how these spectra are affected by different topological features.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- P Serafini
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 23/3, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - A Milani
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 23/3, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chem. Eng. 'G.Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C Castiglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chem. Eng. 'G.Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D M Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C E Bottani
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 23/3, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - C S Casari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 23/3, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Pecorario S, Scaccabarozzi AD, Fazzi D, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vurro V, Maserati L, Jiang M, Losi T, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Casari CS, Caironi M. Stable and Solution-Processable Cumulenic sp-Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110468. [PMID: 35178779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed, large-area, and flexible electronics largely relies on the excellent electronic properties of sp2 -hybridized carbon molecules, either in the form of π-conjugated small molecules and polymers or graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon with sp-hybridization, the foundation of the elusive allotrope carbyne, offers vast opportunities for functionalized molecules in the form of linear carbon atomic wires (CAWs), with intriguing and even superior predicted electronic properties. While CAWs represent a vibrant field of research, to date, they have only been applied sparingly to molecular devices. The recent observation of the field-effect in microcrystalline cumulenes suggests their potential applications in solution-processed thin-film transistors but concerns surrounding the stability and electronic performance have precluded developments in this direction. In the present study, ideal field-effect characteristics are demonstrated for solution-processed thin films of tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the shortest semiconducting CAW. Films are deposited through a scalable, large-area, meniscus-coating technique, providing transistors with hole mobilities in excess of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 , as well as promising operational stability under dark conditions. These results offer a solid foundation for the exploitation of a vast class of molecular semiconductors for organic electronics based on sp-hybridized carbon systems and create a previously unexplored paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorario
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | | | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maserati
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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23
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Tschannen CD, Vasconcelos TL, Novotny L. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of confined carbon chains. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044203. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0073950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago L. Vasconcelos
- Materials Metrology Division, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Johnson MA, Martin M, Cocq K, Ferguson M, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Acylation of Hexaphenylbenzene for the Synthesis of [5]Cumulenes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Martin
- FAU Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kévin Cocq
- University of Alberta Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | | | - Norbert Jux
- FAU: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- University of Alberta Department of Chemistry T6G 2G2 Edmonton CANADA
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25
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Balakrishnan A, Vijayakumar S. Highly delocalised molecular orbitals in boron-, carbon- and nitrogen-based linear chains: a DFT study. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.2020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Vijayakumar
- Department of Medical Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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26
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The transport properties of poly(G)-poly(C) DNA oligomers in the Harrison's model. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 112:108138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Matsuda A, Tani K, Takeuchi Y, Hayakawa Y, Hishikawa A. Association Reaction of Gaseous C 2H 4 in Femtosecond Laser Filaments Studied by Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29862-29868. [PMID: 34778659 PMCID: PMC8582076 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Association reactions by femtosecond laser filamentation in gaseous C2H4 were studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry of neutral reaction products. Direct sampling from the reaction cell to a mass spectrometer via a differential pumping stage allowed the identification of various hydrocarbon molecules C n H m with n = 3-7 and m = 4-7, which includes species not observed in the previous studies. It was found that products containing three and four carbon atoms dominate the mass spectrum with smaller yields for higher-mass species, suggesting that carbon chain growth proceeds through the reaction with C2H4 in the reaction cell. The product distribution showed a clear dependence on the laser pulse energy for filamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Matsuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tani
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yui Hayakawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hishikawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Research
Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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28
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Yang F, Li C, Li J, Liu P, Yang G. Carbyne Nanocrystal: One-Dimensional van der Waals Crystal. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16769-16776. [PMID: 34609830 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In terms of carbon-atom hybridization, well-established forms of carbon are the first carbon diamond with three-dimensional sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and the second carbon graphite with two-dimensional sp2-hybridized carbon atoms which have been known and utilized for millennia. Sequentially, there is the third carbon, i.e., carbyne with one-dimensional (1D) sp-hybridized carbon atoms, which would result in an allotrope of carbon. Here, we demonstrate that carbyne nanocrystals (CNCs) are 1D van der Waals crystals (1D-vdWCs) composed of 1D carbon chains with sp-hybridized carbon atoms, and van der Waals action occurs between carbon chains based on an atomic insight into 1D sp-carbon chains. CNCs are synthesized by laser ablation in liquids, and the relevant spectroscopic analyses confirm that CNCs are composed of 1D carbon chains with the alternating carbon-carbon single and triple bonds. The crystal structure of CNCs is determined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including selective electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and scanning TEM (STEM) and the corresponding simulations. SAED and HRTEM images reveal the translational symmetry of CNCs, and STEM images show the specific position of the carbon chain in CNCs and the arrangement of atoms on the carbon chain. Experimental data are in good agreement with the simulations, which demonstrate that CNCs are 1D-vdWCs with a hexagonal lattice in which the 1D carbon chain has a kinked structure consisting of an alternating carbon-carbon single bond and a triple bond of eight carbon atoms in a cycle. These findings bring out an emerging era of the third carbon carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, TUT-FEI Joint Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Porous Functional Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
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29
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da Silva C, Nisioka K, Moura-Moreira M, Macedo R, Del Nero J. Tunneling rules for electronic transport in 1-D systems. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1976427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.A.B. da Silva
- Faculdade de Física, Universidade Federal do Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - K.R. Nisioka
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - M. Moura-Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - R.F. Macedo
- Faculdade de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - J. Del Nero
- Facudade de Física, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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30
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Serafini P, Milani A, Proserpio DM, Casari CS. Designing All Graphdiyne Materials as Graphene Derivatives: Topologically Driven Modulation of Electronic Properties. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:18456-18466. [PMID: 34476043 PMCID: PMC8404194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c04238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Designing new 2D systems with tunable properties is an important subject for science and technology. Starting from graphene, we developed an algorithm to systematically generate 2D carbon crystals belonging to the family of graphdiynes (GDYs) and having different structures and sp/sp2 carbon ratios. We analyze how structural and topological effects can tune the relative stability and the electronic behavior, to propose a rationale for the development of new systems with tailored properties. A total of 26 structures have been generated, including the already known polymorphs such as α-, β-, and γ-GDY. Periodic density functional theory calculations have been employed to optimize the 2D crystal structures and to compute the total energy, the band structure, and the density of states. Relative energies with respect to graphene have been found to increase when the values of the carbon sp/sp2 ratio increase, following however different trends based on the peculiar topologies present in the crystals. These topologies also influence the band structure, giving rise to semiconductors with a finite band gap, zero-gap semiconductors displaying Dirac cones, or metallic systems. The different trends allow identifying some topological effects as possible guidelines in the design of new 2D carbon materials beyond graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Serafini
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Samara
Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS), Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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31
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Balakrishnan A, Shankar R, Vijayakumar S. Polyyne-metal complexes for use in molecular wire applications: A DFT insight. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Zhang C, Jaculbia RB, Tanaka Y, Kazuma E, Imada H, Hayazawa N, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kim Y. Chemical Identification and Bond Control of π-Skeletons in a Coupling Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9461-9467. [PMID: 34143618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly unsaturated π-rich carbon skeletons afford versatile tuning of structural and optoelectronic properties of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures. However, methods allowing more precise chemical identification and controllable integration of target sp-/sp2-carbon skeletons during synthesis are required. Here, using the coupling of terminal alkynes as a model system, we demonstrate a methodology to visualize and identify the generated π-skeletons at the single-chemical-bond level on the surface, thus enabling further precise bond control. The characteristic electronic features together with localized vibrational modes of the carbon skeletons are resolved in real space by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Our approach allows single-chemical-bond understanding of unsaturated carbon skeletons, which is crucial for generating low-dimensional carbon nanostructures and nanomaterials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rafael B Jaculbia
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imada
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hayazawa
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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33
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Lam CS, Lau KC. Thermochemical Trends in Carbon Chain Molecules HC 2kH/HC 2k-1H ( k = 1-6) Studied by Explicitly Correlated CCSD(T)-F12b Composite Methods. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5385-5396. [PMID: 34121392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a composite procedure based on explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 calculations for accurate energetic predictions for carbon chain molecules HCnH encompassing both the even (HC2kH) and odd series (HC2k-1H), with the shorter members playing a key role in the evolution of cosmic carbon compounds in both circumstellar envelopes and interstellar medium. This approach considers the contributions of core-valence correlation, scalar relativistic effect, spin-orbit coupling, and zero-point vibrational energy in an additive manner. The computed ionization energies demonstrate outstanding agreement (±0.07 eV) up to a chain size of k = 6 and the literature heats of formation for k ≤ 2 are reproduced with "chemical accuracy" of 1 kcal mol-1. Among the various corrections included, the importance of core-valence correlation effect has been highlighted in the thermochemical calculations for carbon chain growth. The thermochemical trend toward infinite length is also highlighted by extrapolation of ionization energy and triplet-singlet splitting at the CCSD(T) level for k up to 15. The correlation between the end-group effect and the even-odd parity effect observed for HCnH chains has been established with the aid of intrinsic bond orbital localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Shing Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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34
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Cui W, Shi L, Cao K, Kaiser U, Saito T, Ayala P, Pichler T. Isotopic Labelling of Confined Carbyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9897-9901. [PMID: 33599368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbyne is a one-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other with exceptional strength. Its outstanding mechanical, optical, and electronic properties have been theoretically predicted, but its stability has only been achieved when grown encapsulated in the hollow core of carbon nanotubes. One of the advantages of this confinement is that its properties can be controlled by the chain's length and surrounding environment. We investigated an alternative way of gaining control of its properties is using isotope labelling as tuning mechanism. The optimized liquid precursor was first chosen among several options, which can greatly enhance the yield of the confined carbyne. Then isotopic labelled liquid precursor was encapsulated for further synthesis of isotopic labelled confined carbyne. This allowed us to obtain pioneering results on isotope engineered carbyne with around 11.9 % of 13 C-labelling using 13 C-methanol as precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Cui
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Paola Ayala
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Cui W, Shi L, Cao K, Kaiser U, Saito T, Ayala P, Pichler T. Isotopic Labelling of Confined Carbyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Cui
- Faculty of Physics University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies Nanotechnology Research Center School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Nanomaterials Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Paola Ayala
- Faculty of Physics University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
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36
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Gawel P, Woltering SL, Xiong Y, Christensen KE, Anderson HL. Masked Alkyne Equivalents for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Polyynes*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5941-5947. [PMID: 33253464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyyne polyrotaxanes, encapsulated cyclocarbon catenanes and other fascinating mechanically interlocked carbon-rich architectures should become accessible if masked alkyne equivalents (MAEs) can be developed that are large enough to prevent unthreading of a macrocycle, and that can be cleanly unmasked under mild conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new bulky MAE based on t-butylbicyclo[4.3.1]decatriene. This MAE was used to synthesize a polyyne [2]rotaxane and a masked-polyyne [3]rotaxane by Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling. Glaser cyclo-oligomerization of the [2]rotaxane gave masked cyclocarbon catenanes. The unmasking behavior of the catenanes and rotaxanes was tested by photolysis at a range of UV wavelengths. Photochemical unmasking did not proceed cleanly enough to prepare extended encapsulated polyyne polyrotaxanes. We highlight the scope and challenges involved with this approach to interlocked carbon-rich architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka, 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steffen L Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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37
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Qasemnazhand M, Khoeini F, Marsusi F. Predicting the new carbon nanocages, fullerynes: a DFT study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2511. [PMID: 33510291 PMCID: PMC7844298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, based on density functional theory, we propose a new branch of pseudo-fullerenes which contain triple bonds with sp hybridization. We call these new nanostructures fullerynes, according to IUPAC. We present four samples with the chemical formula of C4nHn, and the structures derived from fulleranes. We compare the structural and electronic properties of these structures with those of two common fullerenes and fulleranes systems. The calculated electron affinities of the sampled fullerynes are negative, and much smaller than those of fullerenes, so they should be chemically more stable than fullerenes. Although fulleranes also exhibit higher chemical stability than fullerynes, but pentagon or hexagon of the fullerane structures cannot pass ions and molecules. Applications of fullerynes can be included in the storage of ions and gases at the nanoscale. On the other hand, they can also be used as cathode/anode electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Khoeini
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Farah Marsusi
- Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Shi L, Senga R, Suenaga K, Kataura H, Saito T, Paz AP, Rubio A, Ayala P, Pichler T. Toward Confined Carbyne with Tailored Properties. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1096-1101. [PMID: 33427471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Confining carbyne to a space that allows for stability and controlled reactivity is a very appealing approach to have access to materials with tunable optical and electronic properties without rival. Here, we show how controlling the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotubes opens the possibility to grow a confined carbyne with a defined and tunable band gap. The metallicity of the tubes has a minimal influence on the formation of the carbyne, whereas the diameter plays a major role in the growth. It has been found that the properties of confined carbyne can be tailored independently from its length and how these are mostly determined by its interaction with the carbon nanotube. Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to interpret these findings. Furthermore, the choice of a single-walled carbon nanotube host has been proven crucial even to synthesize an enriched carbyne with the smallest energy gap currently reported and with remarkable homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ryosuke Senga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kataura
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Alejandro Pérez Paz
- Chemistry Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Simons Foundation Flatiron Institute, New York 10010, New York, United States
| | - Paola Ayala
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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39
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Gückel S, Safari P, Bagher Hosseini Ghazvini SM, Hall MR, Gluyas JBG, Kaupp M, Low PJ. Iron Versus Ruthenium: Evidence for the Distinct Differences in the Electronic Structures of Hexa-1,3,5-triyn-1,6-diyl-bridged Complexes [Cp*(dppe)M}{μ-(C≡C)3}{M(dppe)Cp*}]+ (M = Fe, Ru). Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gückel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Parvin Safari
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Michael R. Hall
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Josef B. G. Gluyas
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul J. Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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40
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Gawel P, Woltering SL, Xiong Y, Christensen KE, Anderson HL. Masked Alkyne Equivalents for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Polyynes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw Poland
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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41
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Ag-Au Colloidal Nanoparticles after Interaction with Linear Carbon Chains. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The results of X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) characterization of the surface of Ag-Au colloidal nanoparticles (Ag-Au NPs), prepared by laser ablation in water before and after interaction with linear carbon chains (LCC), are presented. No additional features appear in high-energy resolved XPS core level spectra of Ag-Au NPs which indicates that surface is not oxidized. The measurements of XPS Ag 3d-spectrum of (Ag-Au)@LCC manifests the additional low-energy structure that is associated with the formation of Ag–C bonds. The charge transfer between Au atoms on the NPs surface and LCC was established. Additionally, some oxidation of the Ag atoms on the surface of (Ag-Au)@LCC is observed which arises during laser ablation in water. We assume that oxidative species will preferably interact with the areas outside the LCC instead of oxidizing the carbon chains which was confirmed by XPS C 1s spectra.
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42
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Rabia A, Tumino F, Milani A, Russo V, Bassi AL, Bassi N, Lucotti A, Achilli S, Fratesi G, Manini N, Onida G, Sun Q, Xu W, Casari CS. Structural, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of a Two-Dimensional Graphdiyne-like Carbon Nanonetwork Synthesized on Au(111): Implications for the Engineering of sp-sp 2 Carbon Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:12178-12187. [PMID: 33392466 PMCID: PMC7771048 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphdiyne, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure based on sp-sp2 hybridization is an appealing system potentially showing outstanding mechanical and optoelectronic properties. Surface-catalyzed coupling of halogenated sp-carbon-based molecular precursors represents a promising bottom-up strategy to fabricate extended 2D carbon systems with engineered structure on metallic substrates. Here, we investigate the atomic-scale structure and electronic and vibrational properties of an extended graphdiyne-like sp-sp2 carbon nanonetwork grown on Au(111) by means of the on-surface synthesis. The formation of such a 2D nanonetwork at its different stages as a function of the annealing temperature after the deposition is monitored by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), Raman spectroscopy, and combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. High-resolution STM imaging and the high sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy to the bond nature provide a unique strategy to unravel the atomic-scale properties of sp-sp2 carbon nanostructures. We show that hybridization between the 2D carbon nanonetwork and the underlying substrate states strongly affects its electronic and vibrational properties, modifying substantially the density of states and the Raman spectrum compared to the free standing system. This opens the way to the modulation of the electronic properties with significant prospects in future applications as active nanomaterials for catalysis, photoconversion, and carbon-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rabia
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Tumino
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nicolò Bassi
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Simona Achilli
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nicola Manini
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Giovanni Onida
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
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43
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The loss of endgroup effects in long pyridyl-endcapped oligoynes on the way to carbyne. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1143-1149. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Stabilization of Linear C 3 by Two Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of L-C 3 -L (L=PPh 3 , NHC Me , cAAC Me )*. Chemistry 2020; 26:14211-14220. [PMID: 32743817 PMCID: PMC7702110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory and ab initio methods have been carried out for the molecules L-C3 -L with L=PPh3 (1), NHCMe (2, NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene), and cAACMe (3, cAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene). The calculations predict that 1 and 2 have equilibrium geometries where the ligands are bonded with rather acute bonding angles at the linear C3 moiety. The phosphine adduct 1 has a synclinal (gauche) conformation whereas 2 exhibits a trans conformation of the ligands. In contrast, the compound 3 possesses a nearly linear arrangement of the carbene ligands at the C3 fragment. The bond dissociation energies of the ligands have the order 1<2<3. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that 3 is best described as a cumulene with electron-sharing double bonds between neutral fragments (cAACMe )2 and C3 in the respective electronic quintet state yielding (cAACMe )=C3 =(cAACMe ). In contrast, 1 and 2 possess electron-sharing and dative bonds between positively charged ligands [(PPh3 )2 ]+ or [(NHCMe )2 ]+ and negatively charged [C3 ]- fragments in the respective doublet state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
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45
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Buntov EA, Zatsepin AF. Carbon Bond Breaking under Ar +-Ion Irradiation in Dependence on sp Hybridization: Car–Parrinello, Ehrenfest, and Classical Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9128-9132. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Buntov
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Anatoly F. Zatsepin
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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46
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Zieleniewska A, Zhao X, Bauroth S, Wang C, Batsanov AS, Krick Calderon C, Kahnt A, Clark T, Bryce MR, Guldi DM. Resonance-Enhanced Charge Delocalization in Carbazole-Oligoyne-Oxadiazole Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18769-18781. [PMID: 33084308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are notably few literature reports of electron donor-acceptor oligoynes, even though they offer unique opportunities for studying charge transport through "all-carbon" molecular bridges. In this context, the current study focuses on a series of carbazole-(C≡C)n-2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (n = 1-4) as conjugated π-systems in general and explores their photophysical properties in particular. Contrary to the behavior of typical electron donor-acceptor systems, for these oligoynes, the rates of charge recombination after photoexcitation increase with increasing electron donor-acceptor distance. To elucidate this unusual performance, we conducted detailed photophysical and time-dependent density functional theory investigations. Significant delocalization of the molecular orbitals along the bridge indicates that the bridging states come into resonance with either the electron donor or acceptor, thereby accelerating the charge transfer. Moreover, the calculated bond lengths reveal a reduction in bond-length alternation upon photoexcitation, indicating significant cumulenic character of the bridge in the excited state. In short, strong vibronic coupling between the electron-donating N-arylcarbazoles and the electron-accepting 1,3,4-oxadiazoles accelerates the charge recombination as the oligoyne becomes longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zieleniewska
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Xiaotao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Changsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei S Batsanov
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Krick Calderon
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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47
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Optical gap and fundamental gap of oligoynes and carbyne. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4797. [PMID: 32968057 PMCID: PMC7511338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of various carbon allotropes and nanomaterials have been well established, while the purely sp-hybridized carbyne remains synthetically inaccessible. Its properties have therefore frequently been extrapolated from those of defined oligomers. Most analyses have, however, focused on the main optical transitions in UV-Vis spectroscopy, neglecting the frequently observed weaker optical bands at significantly lower energies. Here, we report a systematic photophysical analysis as well as computations on two homologous series of oligoynes that allow us to elucidate the nature of these weaker transitions and the intrinsic photophysical properties of oligoynes. Based on these results, we reassess the estimates for both the optical and fundamental gap of carbyne to below 1.6 eV, significantly lower than previously suggested by experimental studies of oligoynes. Carbyne, a linear sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, is synthetically inaccessible and its properties are extrapolated from those of defined oligomers. Here the authors analyze weak optical bands in two series of oligoynes and reassess the optical and fundamental gap of carbyne to lower values than previously suggested.
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48
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Tschannen CD, Gordeev G, Reich S, Shi L, Pichler T, Frimmer M, Novotny L, Heeg S. Raman Scattering Cross Section of Confined Carbyne. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6750-6755. [PMID: 32786933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally quantify the Raman scattering from individual carbyne chains confined in double-walled carbon nanotubes. We find that the resonant differential Raman cross section of confined carbyne is on the order of 10-22 cm2 sr-1 per atom, making it the strongest Raman scatterer ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Heeg
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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49
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Kutrovskaya S, Osipov A, Baryshev S, Zasedatelev A, Samyshkin V, Demirchyan S, Pulci O, Grassano D, Gontrani L, Hartmann RR, Portnoi ME, Kucherik A, Lagoudakis PG, Kavokin A. Excitonic Fine Structure in Emission of Linear Carbon Chains. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6502-6509. [PMID: 32787174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied monatomic linear carbon chains stabilized by gold nanoparticles attached to their ends and deposited on a solid substrate. We observe spectral features of straight chains containing from 8 to 24 atoms. Low-temperature PL spectra reveal characteristic triplet fine structures that repeat themselves for carbon chains of different lengths. The triplet is invariably composed of a sharp intense peak accompanied by two broader satellites situated 15 and 40 meV below the main peak. We interpret these resonances as an edge-state neutral exciton and positively and negatively charged trions, respectively. The time-resolved PL shows that the radiative lifetime of the observed quasiparticles is about 1 ns, and it increases with the increase of the length of the chain. At high temperatures a nonradiative exciton decay channel appears due to the thermal hopping of carriers between parallel carbon chains. Excitons in carbon chains possess large oscillator strengths and extremely low inhomogeneous broadenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kutrovskaya
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, Vladimir 600000, Russia
| | - Anton Osipov
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, Vladimir 600000, Russia
- ILIT RAS-Branch of FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Shatura 140700, Russia
| | - Stepan Baryshev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | | | - Vladislav Samyshkin
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, Vladimir 600000, Russia
| | - Sevak Demirchyan
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Olivia Pulci
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Grassano
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mikhail E Portnoi
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Alexey Kucherik
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, Vladimir 600000, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Kavokin
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
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50
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Seenithurai S, Chai JD. TAO-DFT investigation of electronic properties of linear and cyclic carbon chains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13133. [PMID: 32753715 PMCID: PMC7403413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been challenging to adequately investigate the properties of nanosystems with radical nature using conventional electronic structure methods. We address this challenge by calculating the electronic properties of linear carbon chains (l-CC[n]) and cyclic carbon chains (c-CC[n]) with n = 10-100 carbon atoms, using thermally-assisted-occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT). For all the cases investigated, l-CC[n]/c-CC[n] are ground-state singlets, and c-CC[n] are energetically more stable than l-CC[n]. The electronic properties of l-CC[n]/c-CC[n] reveal certain oscillation patterns for smaller n, followed by monotonic changes for larger n. For the smaller carbon chains, odd-numbered l-CC[n] are more stable than the adjacent even-numbered ones; c-CC[[Formula: see text]]/c-CC[4m] are more/less stable than the adjacent odd-numbered ones, where m are positive integers. As n increases, l-CC[n]/c-CC[n] possess increasing polyradical nature in their ground states, where the active orbitals are delocalized over the entire length of l-CC[n] or the whole circumference of c-CC[n].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonai Seenithurai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Da Chai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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