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Bononi G, Lonzi C, Tuccinardi T, Minutolo F, Granchi C. The Benzoylpiperidine Fragment as a Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1930. [PMID: 38731421 PMCID: PMC11085656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenyl(piperidin-4-yl)methanone fragment (here referred to as the benzoylpiperidine fragment) is a privileged structure in the development of new drugs considering its presence in many bioactive small molecules with both therapeutic (such as anti-cancer, anti-psychotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-tubercular, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective agents) and diagnostic properties. The benzoylpiperidine fragment is metabolically stable, and it is also considered a potential bioisostere of the piperazine ring, thus making it a feasible and reliable chemical frame to be exploited in drug design. Herein, we discuss the main therapeutic and diagnostic agents presenting the benzoylpiperidine motif in their structure, covering articles reported in the literature since 2000. A specific section is focused on the synthetic strategies adopted to obtain this versatile chemical portion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.B.); (C.L.); (T.T.); (F.M.)
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Zhang X, Qiu L, Sultan DH, Luehmann HP, Yu Y, Zhang X, Heo GS, Li A, Lahad D, Rho S, Tu Z, Liu Y. Development of a CCR2 targeted 18F-labeled radiotracer for atherosclerosis imaging with PET. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 130-131:108893. [PMID: 38422918 PMCID: PMC10964492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CC motif chemokine ligand 2 and its corresponding cognate receptor 2 (CCL2/CCR2) signaling has been implicated in regulating monocyte recruitment and macrophage polarization during inflammatory responses that plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a novel 18F radiolabeled small molecule radiotracer for CCR2-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in atherosclerosis. The binding affinity of this radiotracer to CCR2 was evaluated via in vitro binding assay using CCR2+ membrane and cells. Ex vivo biodistribution was carried out in wild type mice to assess radiotracer pharmacokinetics. CCR2 targeted PET imaging of plaques was performed in two murine atherosclerotic models. The sensitive detection of atherosclerotic lesions highlighted the potential of this radiotracer for CCR2 targeted PET and warranted further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin Qiu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debbie H Sultan
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah P Luehmann
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Divangana Lahad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shinji Rho
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Wang J, Jin C, Zhou J, Zhou R, Tian M, Lee HJ, Zhang H. PET molecular imaging for pathophysiological visualization in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:765-783. [PMID: 36372804 PMCID: PMC9852140 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia worldwide. The exact etiology of AD is unclear as yet, and no effective treatments are currently available, making AD a tremendous burden posed on the whole society. As AD is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, and most biomarkers are dynamic in the course of AD, a range of biomarkers should be established to evaluate the severity and prognosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a great opportunity to visualize AD from diverse perspectives by using radiolabeled agents involved in various pathophysiological processes; PET imaging technique helps to explore the pathomechanisms of AD comprehensively and find out the most appropriate biomarker in each AD phase, leading to a better evaluation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the application of PET in the course of AD and summarized radiolabeled compounds with favorable imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Chentao Jin
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Jinyun Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Rui Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Mei Tian
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Hong Zhang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XKey Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
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4
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Yue X, Luo Z, Liu H, Kaneshige K, Parsons SM, Perlmutter JS, Tu Z. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of a fluorine-18 labeled radioligand targeting vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3425-3430. [PMID: 30274694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) is a reliable biomarker for assessing the loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain that is associated with cognitive impairment of patients. 5-Hydrotetralin compound (±)-5-OH-VAT is potent (Ki = 4.64 ± 0.32 nM) and selective for VAChT (>1800-fold and 398-fold for σ1 and σ2 receptor, respectively) with favorable hydrophilicity (LogD = 1.78), while (-)-5-OH-VAT originally serves as the radiolabeling precursor of (-)-[18F]VAT, a promising VAChT radiotracer with a logD value of 2.56. To evaluate (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT as a radiotracer for VAChT, we performed in vitro binding assay to determine the potency of the minus enantiomer (-)-5-OH-VAT and plus enantiomer (+)-5-OH-VAT, indicating that (-)-5-OH-VAT is a more potent VAChT enantiomer. Radiosynthesis of (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT was explored using three strategies. (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT was achieved with a good yield (24 ± 6%) and high molar activity (∼37 GBq/µmol, at the end of synthesis) using a microwave assisted two-step one-pot procedure that started with di-MOM protected nitro-containing precursor (-)-6. MicroPET studies in the brain of nonhuman primate (NHP) suggest that (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT readily penetrated the blood brain barrier and specifically accumulated in the VAChT-enriched striatum with improved washout kinetics from striatum compared to [18F]VAT. Nevertheless, the lower target to non-target ratio may limit its use for in vivo measurement of the VAChT level in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Yue
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Kota Kaneshige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Stanley M Parsons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Luo Z, Liu H, Jin H, Gu J, Yu Y, Kaneshige K, Perlmutter JS, Parsons SM, Tu Z. Exploration of Sulfur-Containing Analogues for Imaging Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter in the Brain. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1978-1987. [PMID: 30071131 PMCID: PMC6422167 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen new sulfur-containing compounds targeting the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were synthesized and assessed for in vitro binding affinities. Enantiomers (-)-(1-(3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)(4-(methylthio)phenyl)methanone [(-)-8] and (-)-(4-((2-fluoroethyl)thio)phenyl)(1-(3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaph-thalen-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanone [(-)-14 a] displayed high binding affinities, with respective Ki values of 1.4 and 2.2 nm for human VAChT, moderate and high selectivity for human VAChT over σ1 (≈13-fold) and σ2 receptors (>420-fold). Radiosyntheses of (-)-[11 C]8 and (-)-[18 F]14 a were achieved using conventional methods. Ex vivo autoradiography and biodistribution studies in Sprague-Dawley rats indicated that both radiotracers have the capacity to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, with high initial brain uptake at 5 min and rapid washout. The striatal region had the highest accumulation for both radiotracers. Pretreating the rats with the VAChT ligand (-)-vesamicol decreased brain uptake for both radiotracers. Pretreating the rats with the σ1 ligand YUN-122 (N-(4-benzylcyclohexyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamide) also decreased brain uptake, suggesting these two radiotracers also bind to the σ1 receptor in vivo. The microPET study of (-)-[11 C]8 in the brain of a non-human primate showed high striatal accumulation that peaked quickly and washed out rapidly. Although preliminary results indicated these two sulfur-containing radiotracers have high binding affinities for VAChT with rapid washout kinetics from the striatum, their σ1 receptor binding properties limit their potential as radiotracers for quantifying VAChT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jiwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kota Kaneshige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stanley M Parsons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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6
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In Vivo and In Vitro Characteristics of Radiolabeled Vesamicol Analogs as the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Imaging Agents. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:4535476. [PMID: 30008624 PMCID: PMC6020543 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4535476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), a presynaptic cholinergic neuron marker, is a potential internal molecular target for the development of an imaging agent for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders with cognitive decline such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since vesamicol has been reported to bind to VAChT with high affinity, many vesamicol analogs have been studied as VAChT imaging agents for the diagnosis of cholinergic neurodeficit disorder. However, because many vesamicol analogs, as well as vesamicol, bound to sigma receptors (σ1 and σ2) besides VAChT, almost all the vesamicol analogs have been shown to be unsuitable for clinical trials. In this report, the relationships between the chemical structure and the biological characteristics of these developed vesamicol analogs were investigated, especially the in vitro binding profile and the in vivo regional brain accumulation.
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Yue X, Dhavale DD, Li J, Luo Z, Liu J, Yang H, Mach RH, Kotzbauer PT, Tu Z. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of quinolinyl analogues for α-synuclein aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1011-1019. [PMID: 29482941 PMCID: PMC5870887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 25 new quinolinyl analogues for α-synuclein aggregates. Three lead compounds were subsequently labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18 to directly assess their potency in a direct radioactive competitive binding assay ng both α-synuclein fibrils and tissue homogenates from Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. The modest binding affinities of these three radioligands toward α-synuclein were comparable with results from the Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. However, all three ligand also showed modest binding affinity to the AD homogenates and lack selectivity for α-synuclein. The structure-activity relationship data from these 25 analogues will provide useful information for design and synthesis of new compounds for imaging α-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Yue
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhruva D Dhavale
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul T Kotzbauer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.
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